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1 Universidade Federal Do Paraná 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ THALITA FERREIRA DE OLIVEIRA A PROPOSTA CONCEITUAL DE RENDA BÁSICA: ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE SEUS CONTEXTOS E PRODUÇÕES CURITIBA 2018 2 THALITA FERREIRA DE OLIVEIRA A PROPOSTA CONCEITUAL DE RENDA BÁSICA: ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE SEUS CONTEXTOS E PRODUÇÕES Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Políticas Públicas, no Programa de Pós- Graduação em Políticas Públicas, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fabiano Abranches Silva Dalto. CURITIBA 2018 3 4 5 “A gente tem que sair do sertão! Mas só se sai do sertão é tomando conta dele a dentro” João Guimarães Rosa, Grande Sertão: Veredas. 6 RESUMO Esta dissertação tem por finalidade investigar a trajetória da ideia de renda básica nos seus principais argumentos, a fim de compreender a relação entre o problema e a solução associados ao conceito a partir da década de 1980, tal como uma transferência monetária, individual, incondicional, universal e paga periodicamente. Através da metodologia da história das ideias, verificou-se como a produção do conceito adotado obedece a certa coerência hegemônica em razão da difusão de uma determinada ideologia. No primeiro momento, remonta-se à ideia de renda básica através da pesquisa sobre sua trajetória histórica, desde a fase embrionária até a consolidação contemporânea. Adiante, apoiado na análise documental das principais obras de André Gorz, reconstrói-se a noção de problema que a concessão dessa renda intenciona solucionar: a diminuição do emprego diante da suposta perda de relevância do papel do trabalho na geração de riqueza capitalista e o consequente aumento da pobreza. Entretanto, os dados da Organização Mundial do Trabalho mostram que não tem havido perda de relevância do trabalho, mas um aumento da população trabalhadora em todos os grupos de países analisados. Se isso é verdade, uma vez que ainda há a imprescindibilidade da força de trabalho, não se trataria da perda de centralidade deste, mas da centralidade do emprego, aquele que constitui as condições institucionais e jurídicas no exercício do trabalho. Portanto, em consonância com a ideologia Neoliberal, a proposta de renda básica aparenta soterrar o que sobrou das prestações sociais do Estado do pós-guerra, levantar a questão a respeito do trabalho sem emprego, ser uma subvenção oculta ao trabalho, cuja intenção é diluir as condições de trabalho e legalizar a precarização. Palavras-chave: Renda Básica. Alocação Universal. Renda de Existência. Pobreza. Emprego. Trabalho. Neoliberalismo. 7 ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the basic income idea trajectory in its central arguments and intends to comprehend the relation between the problem and the solution associated to the 1980’s concept: an individual, unconditional, universal and payed in a regular basis monetary transfer. Through the methodology of the history of ideas, it was verified how the production of the adopted concept obeys a certain hegemonic coherence due to the diffusion of a certain ideology. In the first moment, the idea of basic income goes back through the research on its historical trajectory, from the embryonic phase to the contemporary consolidation. Forward, supported by the documentary analysis of André Gorz's main works, the notion of a problem that the grant of this income is intended to solve is rebuilt: the reduction of employment in the face of the supposed loss of relevance of the role of labor in the generation of capitalist wealth and its consequent poverty. However, data from the International Labour Organization (ILO) show that there has been no loss of work relevance, but an increase in the working population in all groups of countries analyzed. If this is true, since there is still the indispensability of the workforce, it would not be the loss of the centrality of work, but it would be the loss of centrality of employment, which constitutes the institutional and juridical conditions in the exercise of work. Therefore, in line with the Neoliberal ideology, the proposal of basic income seems to bury what is left of the social benefits of the postwar state, to raise the question about work without work, to be a hidden subsidy of work, whose intention is to dilute working conditions and legalize precariousness. Key-words: Basic Income. Universal allocation. Income of Existence. Poverty. Employment. Work. Neoliberalism. 8 RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire a le but d´enquêter la trajectoire du revenu de base en ce qui concerne ses principaux arguments et envisage comprendre la relation entre la problématique et la solution associées au concept à partir des années 1980, telle qu´un transfert monétaire, individuel, inconditionnel, universel et payé sur une base periodique. À travers la méthode de l´histoire des idées, on a vérifié comment la production du concept adopté obéit à une certaine cohérence hégémonique en raison de la diffusion d´une certaine idéologie. D´abord, on reconstruit l´idée d´allocation de base à travers une recherche historique, depuis son étape embryonnaire jusqu`à celle contemporaine. Ensuite, appuyé sur une analyse documentale des principales oeuvres d´André Gorz, on reconstruit la notion de problème que la concession de ce revenu atteint résoudre : la diminution de l´emploi devant une perte censée de la centralité du travail, tel que sujet générateur de richesse capitaliste, et de la conséquente augmentation de la pauvreté. Toutefois, les données de l´Organisation mondiale du travail montrent qui n´a pas été vérifié une perte pertinente du travail, bien au contraire, qu´on assiste à une augmentation de la population travaillante auprès de tous les groupes analysés sur cette étude. Si cela est vrai, une fois que la force de travail est encore indispensable, on n´assisterait pas à une perte de centralité de ce-dernier, mais bien à la perte de la centralité de l´emploi, celui qui constitue les conditions institutionnelles et juridiques pour l´exercice du travail. Cependant, en consonance avec l´idéologie néoliberale, la proposition d´allocation de base semble enterrer le reste des avantages sociaux de l´état providence, soulever la question sur le travail sans emploi, être une subvention occulte au travail dont l´intention est diluer les conditions de travail et légaliser les précarisassions. Mot-clé : Revenu de Base. Allocation Universelle. Revenu d’existance. Pauvreté. Emploi. Travail. Néoliberalisme. 9 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS GRÁFICO 1 - POPULAÇÃO TRABALHADORA POR CATEGORIA E GRUPO DE PAÍS (EM MILHÕES) ....................................................................................................................... 76 GRÁFICO 2 - POPULAÇÃO TRABALHADORA POR SETOR DE 1992- 2017 (EM MILHÕES) ............................................................................................................................... 77 10 LISTA DE TABELAS TABELA 1 - POPULAÇÃO TRABALHADORA POR CATEGORIA (EM MILHÕES, VAR.% ANUAL) ..................................................................................................................... 74 TABELA 2 - POPULAÇÃO TRABALHADORA POR GRUPO DE PAÍSES (EM MILHÕES) ............................................................................................................................... 75 TABELA 3 - POPULAÇÃO TRABALHADORA POR SETOR E GRUPO DE PAÍS (EM %) .................................................................................................................................................. 78 11 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 11 2 PANORAMA DA RENDA BÁSICA INCONDICIONAL ....................................... 15 2.1 GARANTIA DE RENDA SOB A PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA ................................ 15 2.1.1 Os primórdios da renda básica: do século XVI ao XIX. ................................................ 16 2.1.2 Fase madura da renda básica: do século XX à atualidade .............................................. 22 2.2 OS ATRIBUTOS DA RENDA BÁSICA CONTEMPORÂNEA .................................. 27 2.2.1 Transferência monetária ................................................................................................. 27 2.2.2 Renda periódica .............................................................................................................. 28 2.2.3 Política Universal ........................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Benefício Individual ....................................................................................................... 30 2.2.5 Benefício Incondicional .................................................................................................. 30 2.2.6 O funcionamento operacional da renda .......................................................................... 32 2.3 PILOTOS DE RENDA BÁSICA ................................................................................... 33 2.4 A PROPOSTA DE RENDA BÁSICA NO BRASIL ..................................................... 39 2.5 A RENDA BÁSICA COMO NOVO CONSENSO SOCIAL ........................................ 43 3 RENDA BÁSICA E O MERCADO DE TRABALHO ............................................. 47 3.1 ORGANIZAÇÃO DUALISTA DO ESPAÇO SOCIAL DE ANDRÉ GORZ .............. 49 3.2 Desemprego e o direito à renda ...................................................................................... 55 3.3 Sair da sociedade salarial e do capitalismo ...................................................................
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