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Linguistic, Cognitive and Computational Modelling ANAPHORA PROCESSING LINGUISTIC, COGNITIVE and COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING

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Linguistic, Cognitive and Computational Modelling ANAPHORA PROCESSING LINGUISTIC, COGNITIVE and COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING ANAPHORA PROCESSING AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE General Editor E.F. KONRAD KOERNER (Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie und Universalienforschung, Berlin) Series IV – CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY Advisory Editorial Board Lyle Campbell (Salt Lake City); Sheila Embleton (Toronto) Brian D. Joseph (Columbus, Ohio); John E. Joseph (Edinburgh) Manfred Krifka (Berlin); E. Wyn Roberts (Vancouver, B.C.) Joseph C. Salmons (Madison, Wis.); Hans-Jürgen Sasse (Köln) Volume 263 António Branco, Tony McEnery and Ruslan Mitkov (eds) Anaphora Processing Linguistic, cognitive and computational modelling ANAPHORA PROCESSING LINGUISTIC, COGNITIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING Edited by ANTÓNIO BRANCO Universidade de Lisboa TONY McE NERY Lancaster University RUSLAN MITKOV University of Wolverhampton JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DAARC 2002 (2002 : Lisbon, Portugal) Anaphora processing : linguistic, cognitive, and computational modelling : selected papers from DAARC 2002 / edited by António Branco, Anthony Mark McEnery, Ruslan Mitkov. p. cm. -- (Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series IV, Current issues in linguistic theory, ISSN 0304-0763 ; v. 263) Papers presented at the 4th Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium held in Lisbon in Sept. 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. Anaphora (Linguistics)--Data processing--Congresses. Anaphora (Linguistics)--Psychological aspects--Congresses. P299.A5 D3 2002 45--dc22 2004062375 ISBN 90 272 4777 3 (Eur.) / 588 62 2 (US) (Hb; alk. paper) © 2005 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 36224 • 020 ME Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 2759 • Philadelphia PA 98-059 • USA CONTENTS Editors’ Foreword vii Section I – Computational Treatment A Sequenced Model of Anaphora and Ellipsis Resolution 3 Shalom Lappin How to Deal with Wicked Anaphora? 17 Dan Cristea and Oana-Diana Postolache A Machine Learning Approach to Preference Strategies 47 for Anaphor Resolution Roland Stuckardt Decomposing Discourse 73 Joel Tetreault A Lightweight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named 97 Entities in Text Marin Dimitrov, Kalina Bontcheva, Hamish Cunningham and Diana Maynard A Unified Treatment of Spanish se 113 Randy Sharp Section II – Theoretical, Psycholinguistic and Cognitive Issues Binding and Beyond: Issues in Backward Anaphora 139 Eric Reuland and Sergey Avrutin Modelling Referential Choice in Discourse: A Cognitive 163 Calculative Approach and a Neural Network Approach André Grüning and Andrej A. Kibrik Degrees of Indirectness: Two Types of Implicit Referents and their 199 Retrieval via Unaccented Pronouns Francis Cornish Pronominal Interpretation and the Syntax-Discourse Interface: 221 Real-time Comprehension and Neurological Properties Maria Mercedes Piñango and Petra Burkhardt vi Top-down and Bottom-up Effects on the Interpretation of Weak 239 Object Pronouns in Greek Stavroula-Thaleia Kousta Different Forms Have Different Referential Properties: Implications 261 for the Notion of ‘Salience’ Elsi Kaiser Referential Accessibility and Anaphor Resolution: The Case of the 283 French Hybrid Demonstrative Pronoun Celui-Ci/Celle-Ci Marion Fossard and François Rigalleau Section III – Corpus-Based Studies The Predicate-Argument Structure of Discourse Connectives: 303 A Corpus-Based Study Cassandre Creswell, Katherine Forbes, Eleni Miltsakaki, Rashmi Prasad, Aravind Joshi and Bonnie Webber Combining Centering-Based Models of Salience and Information 329 Structure for Resolving Intersentential Pronominal Anaphora Costanza Navarretta Pronouns Without NP Antecedents: How do we Know when a 351 Pronoun is Referential? Jeanette Gundel, Nancy Hedberg and Ron Zacharski Syntactic Form and Discourse Accessibility 365 Gregory Ward and Andrew Kehler Coreference and Anaphoric Relations of Demonstrative Noun 385 Phrases in Multilingual Corpus Renata Vieira, Susanne Salmon-Alt and Caroline Gasperin Anaphoric Demonstratives: Dealing with the Hard Cases 403 Marco Rocha Focus, Activation, and This-Noun Phrases: An Empirical Study 429 Massimo Poesio and Natalia N. Modjeska EDITORS’ FOREWORD Anaphora is a central topic in the study of natural language and has long been the object of research in a wide range of disciplines such as theoretical, corpus and computational linguistics, philosophy of language, psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology. On the other hand, the correct interpretation of anaphora has played an increasingly vital role in real-world natural language processing applications including machine translation, automatic abstracting, information extraction and question answering. As a result, the processing of anaphora has become one of the most popular and productive topics of multi- and inter-disciplinary research, and has enjoyed increased interest and attention in recent years. In this context, the biennial Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquia (DAARC) have emerged as the major regular forum for presentation and discussion of the best research results in this area. Initiated in 1996 at Lancaster University and taken over in 2000 by the University of Lisbon, the DAARC series established itself as a specialised and competitive forum for the presentation of the latest results on anaphora processing, ranging from theoretical linguistic approaches through psycholinguistic and cognitive work to corpus studies and computational modelling. The series is unique in that it covers anaphora from such a variety of multidisciplinary perspectives. The fourth Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC’2002) took place in Lisbon in September 2002 and featured 44 state-of-the-art presentations (2 invited talks and 42 papers selected from 61 submissions) by 72 researchers from 20 countries. This volume includes extended versions of the best papers from DAARC’2002. The selection process was highly competitive in that all authors of papers at DAARC’2002 were invited to submit an extended and updated version of their DAARC’2002 paper which was reviewed anonymously by 3 reviewers, members of a Paper Selection Committee of leading international researchers. It is worth mentioning that whilst we were delighted to have so many contributions at DAARC’2002, restrictions on the number of papers and pages which could be included in this volume forced us to be more selective than we would have liked. From the 44 papers presented at the colloquium, we had to select the 20 best papers only. viii FOREWORD The book is organised thematically. The papers in the volume have been topically grouped into three sections: (i) Computational treatment (6 papers) (ii) Theoretical, psycholinguistic and cognitive issues (7 papers) (iii) Corpus-based studies (7 papers) However, this classification should not be regarded as too strict or absolute, as some of the papers touch on issues pertaining to more than one of three above topical groups. We believe this book provides a unique, up-to-date overview of recent significant work on the processing of anaphora from a multi- and inter- disciplinary angle. It will be of interest and practical use to readers from fields as diverse as theoretical linguistics, corpus linguistics, computational linguistics, computer science, natural language processing, artificial intelligence, human language technology, psycholinguistics, cognitive science and translation studies. The readership will include but will not be limited to university lecturers, researchers, postgraduate and senior undergraduate students. We would like to thank all authors who submitted papers both to the colloquium and to the call for papers associated with this volume. Their original and revised contributions made this project materialise. We would like to express our gratitude to all members of the DAARC programme committee as well as the members of this volume’s paper selection committee. Without their help, we would not have been able to arrive at such a high quality selection. The following is a list of those who participated in the selection process for the papers in this volume: Mira Ariel (Tel Aviv University, Israel) Amit Bagga (Avaya Inc., USA) Branimir Boguraev (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, USA) Peter Bosch (University of Osnabrück, Institute of Cognitive Science, Germany) FOREWORD ix Donna Byron (The Ohio State University, Computer and Information Science Dept., USA) Francis Cornish (CNRS and Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, Département des Sciences du Langage, France) Dan Cristea (University “Al. I. Cuza” of Iasi, Faculty of Computer Science, Romania) Robert Dale (Macquarie University, Division of Information and Communication Sciences, Centre for Language Technology, Australia) Iason Demiros (Institute for Language and Speech Processing, Greece) Richard Evans (University of Wolverhampton, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, UK) Martin Everaert (OTS, The Netherlands) Claire Gardent (INRIA-Lorraine, LORIA, France) Jeanette Gundel (University of Minnesota, USA and NTNU, Norway) Sanda Harabagiu (University of Texas,
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