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Baltu Filoloģija XXII (1) 2013 LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTE Humanitāro zinātņu fakultāte Baltu valodniecības katedra UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA Faculty of Humanities Baltic Linguistics BALTU FILOLOĢIJA XXII (1) 2013 Baltu valodniecības žurnāls Journal of Baltic Linguistics LU Akadēmiskais apgāds BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 1 26.11.2013 15:25:50 UDK 811(082)(051) Ba 418 BALTU FILOLOĢIJA Redaktors / Editor Pēteris Vanags Latvijas Universitāte, Stockholms universitet Redaktora vietnieki / Associate Editors Lidija Leikuma Edmundas Trumpa Latvijas Universitāte Latvijas Universitāte Redakcijas kolēģija / Editorial Board Aleksej Andronov Nicole Nau Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet Universytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Laimute Balode Latvijas Universitāte, Juozas Pabrėža Helsingin yliopisto Šiaulių universitetas Pietro U. Dini Jurgis Pakerys Università degli Studi di Pisa Vilniaus universitetas Trevor G. Fennell William R. Schmalstieg Flinders University of South Australia Pennsylvania State University Inta Freimane Wojciech Smoczyński Latvijas Universitāte Uniwersytet Jagielloński Artūras Judžentis Bonifacas Stundžia Lietuvių kalbos institutas Vilniaus universitetas Jenny Larsson Lembit Vaba Stockholms universitet Tampereen yliopisto Benita Laumane Jānis Valdmanis Liepājas Universitāte Latvijas Universitāte Dace Markus Steven Young Rīgas Pedagoģijas un University of Maryland, izglītības vadības akadēmija Baltimore County Baltu filoloģija ir recenzējams izdevums ar starptautisku redakcijas kolēģiju. Visus iesniegtos rakstus pirms to publicēšanas recenzenti novērtē un akceptē. Baltu filoloģija is a fully refereed journal with an international panel of referees. All articles submitted are assessed by our referees before being accepted for publication. Sējuma valodas konsultanti: Lidija Leikuma (latviešu valoda), William R. Schmalstieg (angļu valoda), Edmundas Trumpa (lietuviešu valoda). Language consultants for this volume: Lidija Leikuma (Latvian), William R. Schmalstieg (English), Edmundas Trumpa (Lithuanian). Redakcijas adrese / Editorial Address Baltu valodniecības katedra Humanitāro zinātņu fakultāte Latvijas Universitāte Visvalža iela 4A Rīga, LV-1050, Latvia © Latvijas Universitāte, 2013 e-pasts: [email protected] ISSN 1691-0036 ISBN 978-9984-45-785-7 BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 2 26.11.2013 15:25:51 SATURS – CONTENTS Raksti – Articles Maigone BEITIŅA Sintaktiskā sinonīmija Georga Elgera vārdnīcā Dictionarivm Polono-Latino-Lottauicum (1683) . 5 Valgerður BJARNADÓTTIR, Merlijn DE SMIT Primary Argument Case-Marking in Baltic and Finnic . 31 Brigita BUŠMANE Kartupeļu biezputras nosaukumi latviešu valodas izloksnēs . 67 Renāte SILIŅA-PIŅĶE, Anta TRUMPA Seno leksikogrāfisko avotu uzdotās mīklas Latviešu valodas vēsturiskajā vārdnīcā . 93 Hronika – Chronicle 20 Jahre Institut für Baltistik an der Universität Greifswald (Rainer Eckert) . 104 Report from the 45th Annual Meeting of Societas Linguistica Europea (SLE) and the workshop Baltic languages in the European context: Theoretical, comparative and typological perspectives (Valgerður Bjarnadóttir) . 107 Recenzijas – Reviews Bo Andersson & Raimo Raag (eds.). Från Nyens skans till Nya Sverige: Språken i det Svenska Riket under 1600-talet. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 2012. (Rune Bengtsson) . 111 Edmunds Trumpa. Latviešu ģeolingvistikas etīdes. Rīga: Zinātne, 2012. (William R. Schmalstieg) . 118 Izdošanas principi – Publication Policy . 125 BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 3 26.11.2013 15:25:51 BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 4 26.11.2013 15:25:51 Sintaktiskā sinonīmija Georga Elgera vārdnīcā .. MAIGONE BEITIŅA Baltu filoloģija XXII (1) 2013 SINTAKTISKĀ SINONĪMIJA GEORGA ELGERA VĀRDNĪCĀ DICTIONARIVM POLONO-LATINO-LOTTAUICUM (1683) Maigone BEITIŅA Liepājas Universitāte Ievads Georga Elgera (1585 –1672) Dictionarivm Polono-Latino-Lottauicum ir viena no trim zināmajām 17. gadsimtā publicētām latviešu valodas vārd- nīcām – blakus Georga Manceļa vācu-latviešu vārdnīcai Lettus (1638) un anonīmajai četru valodu vārdnīcai Vocabularium (1688), jo, kā zināms, citas 17. gs. tapušās vārdnīcas – J. Langija, K. Fīrekera, L. Depkina, Manuductio Lettico-Germanicum – publicētas tikai 20., 21. gadsimtā. Elgera vārdnīca lat- viešu valodniecībā pētīta daudz mazāk, salīdzinot ar citām 17. gs. vārdnīcām; tās sintaktisko konstrukciju izpēte ir tikko aizsākta, tāpēc rakstam izvēlēts temats, kas liek iepazīt dažādus sintaktisko konstrukciju variantus. Sinonīmu kopums objektīvi rāda katras valodas resursus, vārdnīcā izmantotie sinonīmi var apliecināt leksikogrāfa zināšanu apjomu un viņa subjektīvo vēlmi to de- monstrēt, bet sinonīmu izmantošanas iespējas lielā mērā atkarīgas no vārdnīcas struktūras, no šķirkļu izveides. Georga Elgera triju valodu vārdnīca nav visa paša, pavisam patstāvīgi radīta, tās pamatā ir divas citas, kā rāda tekstu salīdzinājums, līdzīga rakstura triju valodu vārdnīcas: Konstantīna Sirvīda (Konstantinas Sirvydas, Konstanty Szyrwid) poļu-latīņu-lietuviešu Dictionarivm trivm lingvarvm (Vilnæ, 1642, 3. izd.) un poļu garīdznieka, izcila leksikogrāfa Gregora Knapska (Grzegorz Knapski) poļu-latīņu-grieķu vārdnīca Thesavrvs Polonolatinogræcvs sev Promt- varivm lingvæ Latinæ et Græcæ (Cracoviæ, 1621). Pētnieku domas dalās, kura no tām Elgeram bijusi nozīmīgākā. Daina Zemzare (1961: 64), arī Zigms Zinkevičs (Zinkevičius 1988: 252) domā, ka Elgers izmantojis Sirvīda darbu, bet jezuītu teologs Staņislavs Kučinskis (1954: 33), kas ilgstoši pētījis Elgera dzīvi un darbus, ir pārliecināts, ka Elgera vārdnīcas pamatā ir Knapska tēzaurs. Fakts ir tāds, ka visām trijām vārdnīcām līdzīga ir šķirkļa sākumdaļa – vārds vai vārdi poļu valodā, taču Knapska tēzaurā šķirkļu ir ievērojami vairāk: atsevišķā šķirklī nodalīti dažādi vārda atvasinājumi, semantiskie varianti. Piemēram, leksēmai bystro ‘ātri’ ar atvasinājumiem veltīti 9 šķirkļi: bystro/ bystrʒé, bystrooki, bystro pátrʒe, bystrość rʒeki, bystrość, bystry (3 varianti), bystrʒéię. KTh 56, 57 . No tiem Sirvīds pārņēmis trīs šķirkļus – bystro/bystrʒe, bystrośc rʒeki, bystry. SzD 26. 5 BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 5 26.11.2013 15:25:51 Maigone BEITIŅA. Sintaktiskā sinonīmija Georga Elgera vārdnīcā .. Elgers izmantojis divus: Bystro/bystrʒe. Rapidè. D r y ʒ . ED 29 Bystry. Rapax. S t ra u m s . ED 29 Otra šķirkļa sadaļa – latīņu tulkojums – ievērojami atšķiras apjoma ziņā: Knapska tēzaurā latīņu lietvārdiem un darbības vārdiem vietumis do- tas pamatformas; ir ļoti plašs ilustratīvais materiāls no antīkās literatūras. Sirvīda vārdnīcā latīņu valodas sadaļā ir tikai jau Knapska dotie tulkojuma vārdi, parasti bez gramatiskiem komentāriem un bez literāriem piemēriem. Elgera vārdnīcā latīņu sadaļā tulkojumi tie paši, bet ar pamatformu norādēm nomeniem un verbiem (ne visur), bez piemēriem. Elgera vārdnīcas šķirkļu vārdu saraksts pamatos sakrīt ar Sirvīda vārdnīcā uzņemtajiem poļu vārdiem, taču atsevišķos gadījumos konstatēju papildināju- mus, piemēram, ED 225 ir šķirklis Miotła ná niebie. Cometa. (æ. m.) S l o t i n s aʃtita ʒwaixna. Sirvīda vārdnīcā šā šķirkļa nav. Šķirkļa trešā sadaļa – lietuviešu un latviešu tulkojumi – bieži atšķiras pēc apjoma. Lietuviešu tulkojumi mēdz būt lakoniski, minimāli – viens vai, retāk, 2–3 vārdi. Elgers turpretī lielāko tiesu piedāvā divus vai vairākus tulkojuma variantus – gan vārdus, gan vārdkopu, arī predikatīvu vienību. Bez tam darbības vārdus Elgers bieži raksta ne tikai tagadnes 1. personā, bet arī pagātnē un nenoteiksmē; gan ne konsekventi. Ilustrācijai varam salīdzināt poļu vārda milcʒeć ‘klusēt’ šķirkli vienā un otrā vārdnīcā: Milcʒę / Sileo, ʃileʃco, obticeo, taceo. Ti l i u . SzD 174 Milcʒę. Sileo, es: taceo, es: obticeʃco, is: ʃileʃco. Es kluʃʃu cæß / es klus palêku / es turru muttu. ED 223 Ne velti Sirvīda vārdnīcā ir 560 lappuses, Elgera – 665 (faktiski vairāk, jo vietām jaukta lappušu numerācija). Domājot par sinonīmijas pētīšanas iespējām, ir vērojami vairāki šķirkļu paveidi apjoma ziņā. 1) minimālais apjoms – viens vārds šķirkļa iesākumā un pa vienam vārdam tulkojošās valodās – Biały; Albus. B a lt s . ED 13 2) vairāki latīņu vārdi poļu šķirkļa vārda semantikas nianšu tulkoju- mam, bet tikai viens latviešu vārds, kas Elgeram šķitis pietiekami skaidrs un precīzs tulkojums – Cewka nići. Panus, i. m. rhombus, turbo, inis, tramæ involucrum. Atspola. ED 31 3) minimālas poļu un latīņu valodas šķirkļa sadaļas, bet izvērsta latviešu valodas daļa – ar diviem, trim un dažkārt vairākiem iederīgiem tulkojumiem – 6 BaltuFilol-22-1.indd 6 26.11.2013 15:25:52 Baltu filoloģija XXII (1) 2013 Mglisty. Nebuloʃus / caliginoʃus. Migglains / miggligs / miggliga dêna. apmigglots / apmacis / m u k l s layks / makôns layks. ED 216 Tamuię. Appono moles, aggero. E s d a m b e / es ayʒdambe / es taysy dambi / es ʃaber ʒemme. ED 541 Šādu šķirkļu nav mazums, un tieši tie ir avots pētījumam par sintaktisko sinonīmiju Elgera vārdnīcā. Termina sinonīmija izpratnei par noderīgu pieņemu „Valodniecības pa- matterminu skaidrojošās vārdnīcas“ doto sinonīmijas raksturojumu: „Divu vai vairāku valodas vienību (parasti vārdu, bet plašākā nozīmē arī vārdformu, morfēmu, frazeoloģismu, teikumu) nozīmes vienādums vai tuvums, piemēram, sinonīmiskas ir vārdformas celieties! un celties! pavēles nozīmē, piedēkļi -ien- un -en-, nosaucot sievas, saimnieces; teikumi Par to jau sen runā un Par to jau sen tiek runāts; frazeoloģismi pliks kā zirnis un pliks kā baznīcas žurka.“ (VPSV 2007: 354) Sintaktiskās sinonīmijas analīzē par sinonīmiskām sintakses vienībām šeit vērtēts vārds, vārdkopa, prepozicionāls savienojums, predikatīva vienība, arī palīgteikumus . Sinonīmās sintaktiskās konstrukcijas
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