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TITLE a Study of Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ethnic Minorities Based on the 1970 Census

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TITLE a Study of Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ethnic Minorities Based on the 1970 Census DOCUMENT RESUME ED 107 411 RC 008 539 TITLE A Study of Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ethnic Minorities Based on the 1970 Census. VolumeI: Americans of Spanish Origin. INSTITUTION RJ Associates, Inc., Arlington, Va. SPONS AGENCY Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. REPORT NO HEW-Pub-(0S)-75-120 PUB DATE Jul 74 NOTE 148p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$6.97 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; Age; *Census Figures; Cubans; *Demography; Employment Patterns; Family Structure; Income; Mexican Americans; *Population Trends; Puerto Ricans; *Socioeconomic Background; *Spanish Culture; Statistical Data ABSTRACT Persons of Spanish Origin are the second largest minority group in the United States. In 1970, theynumbered 9.1 million people; 2.4 million of whomwere in poverty. These 9.1 million persons are a diversegroup of people, from divergent areas of the world, and of different national backgrounds.The separate Spanish groups were designated by the 1970Census as the: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, Centraland South Americans, and Other Spanish (thosepersons whose families originated directly from Spain or were living in thiscountry prior to 1848). Selected data from the 1970 U.S. Censuson persons of Spanish Origin was analyzed in this report. Detailed socioeconomic informationon the 3 largest Spanish subgroups in the U.S.--MexicanAmericans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans--was obtained fromU.S. Census Bureau publications based on tabulations from the 1970Census. The analysis of national and local data focusedon such characteristics as immigration and in-migration, geographic and age distributions, nativity, family sturucture, education, employment,income, and poverty. Data from selected local areaswas analyzed to highlight only those situations where local data variedmarkedly from or were otherwise notable in comparison to the national picture. (NQ) 3\3\k . r / A STUDY OF SELECTE _ SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES BASED ON THE 1970 CENSUS Volume I:Americans of Spanish Origin U S OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EOUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGIN A TiNO, IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EOUCATION POSITION OR POLICY OFFICE OF SPECIAL CONCERNS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH , EDUCATION,AND WELFARE rf CD C) Li July, 1974 A STUDY OF SELECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES BASED ON THE 1970 CENSUS Volume I: Americans of Spanish Origin Principals of URBAN ASSOCIATES are now operating as RJ ASSOCIATES Prepared for: Department of Health, Education and Welfare Office of the Secretary 330 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20201 Prepared by: Urban Associates, Inc. 1 1018 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Va. 22209 (703) 524-3360 The work upon which this publication is based was performed pursuant to Contract HEW-OS-72-209 with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (OS) 75-120 0003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Highlights Preface xx I. Introduction 1 A. Differences Between the 1970 Census and Past Census 1 B. Methods Used to Collect Data 3 C. Undercount of Persons of Spanish Origin . 7 II. Methodology and Selection of Local Data 13 III. National and Local Analyses of Persons of Spanish Origin 16 A. Immigration and In-migration 16 B. Population Characteristics 21 C. Family Characteristics 35 D. Education Characteristics 47 E. Employment Characteristics 62 F. Income Characteristics 76 G. Poverty Characteristics 83 H. Cuban Americans 93 IV. Glossary 108 Sources 117 TABLES TITLE PASTE Introduction I-1 Spanish Origin Subgroups According tc, the 197v 2 Census 1-2 Spanish American and Mexican American Pult,'It:.°- 4 of Five Southwestern States as Variously 17(;rn- f.t.d in Censuses of 1930 thru 1970 1-3 Number of Persons of Spanish Origin 1970Censul- 9 and March 1973 Immigration and In-migration A-1 Immigration of Persons of'Spanish Origin,1960-1973 18 A-2 Persons of Puerto Rican Birth and Parentage inthe _) United States: 1910-1973 Population Characteristics B-1Population Characteristics of the U.S. Totalam' 22 Mexican and Puerto Rican Origin Populations,1070 B-2 Urban/Rural Shift of Spanish Population in5 South- :15 western States: 1940-1970 B-3 Destination of Puerto Rican Migrants to the United 26 States: 1965-1970 B-4Age Distribution of Puerto Ricans, 14 Years Oldand 31 Over, Who Came to the U.S. between 1965-1970 B-5 Sex Ratios of Mexican Americans by Age and Residence 33 Family Characteristics C-1 Family Characteristics of theU.S. Total and Mexican 36 and Puertc Rican Origin Populations,1970 C-2 Age Distribution of Female Family Heads:1970 41 C-3 Family Composition: Summary 1970 42 C-4 Marriage Within Own Subgroup 45 C-5 Ethnic Origin of Spouse for MexicanAmericans and 46 Puerto Ricans 000 TABLES TITLE PAGE Education Characteristics D-1 Education Characteristics of the U.S. Total and 48 Mexican and Puerto Rican Origin Populations, 1970 D-2 Vocational Training Completed by Persons 16-64 Years Old with Less Than 3 Years College 53 D-3 Language Usage and Mother Tongue of Mexican Americans 59 and Puerto Ricans: 1969 D-4Mexican AmeriCans and Puerto Ricans Reporting Spanish 60 Currently Spoken at Home, by Age: 1971 D-5Years of School Completed by Mexican Americans and 61 Puerto Ricans 14 Years Old and Over and Language Spoken at Home: 1971 Employment Characteristics E-1 Employment Characteristics ofthe U.S. Total and 63 Mexican American and Puerto RicanOrigin Populations, 1970 E-2 tabor Force Participation of SpanishOrigin Wives 65 and Female Heads E-3 Number of Earners Per Family: bySelected Groups, 66 1969 E-4Puerto Rican Women in Labor Force, by Nativityand 68 Age 1960-1970 E-5Percent Puerto Rican Women in Labor Force, by 69 Nativity and Age, for SelectedStates: 1960-1970 E-6 Mexican American Women in Operative andService 73 Occupations, by State: 1970 Income Characteristics ,%-.1 Income Characteristics of the U.S. Totaland Mexican 77 American and Puerto Rican Populations, 1970 TiBLES TITLE PAGE Poverty Characteristics and Sources of Income G-1 Poverty Characteristics and Sources of Incomes of 84 the U.S. Total and Mexican and Puerto Rican Origin Populations, 1970 G-2 Ratio of Family Income to Poverty Level as a Percent 85 of All Families G-3Percent of All Families in Poverty by Education of 87 of Family Heaa G-4Families with Incomes Near and Below Poverty 88 Cuban Americans H-1 Population and Family Characteriscs of the U.S. 94 Total and Cuban American Populations, 1970 H-2 Sex of Cuban Immigrants, 1960-1973 97 H-3Sex of Cuban American Population, by Age: 1970 97 H-4 Socio-Economic Characteristicsof the U.S. Total 101 and Cuban American Population,1970 H-5 Vocational Training Completed 102 H-6 Distribution of Occupationsof Cuban Immigrants 103 H-7Occupations of Cuban Americans: 1970 104 0 0 0 CHARTS TITLE PAGE Introduction I-a Population in the five Southwestern States of Spanish 5 Persons, According to Census Classifications 1930-1970. Immigration and In-migration A-a Year of Immigration of Spanish Origin Foreign Born popu- 17 lation Population Characteristics B-a% of the Spanish Population of The 5 Southwestern States: 24 % Urban-Rural 1940-1970 B-b Nativity of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, by Age 28 B-c. Nativity and State of Birth: Mexican Americans 29 Family Characteristics C-aFamily Structure Among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans 37 C-b Mexican American and Puerto Ricans Families with Children 39 under 18 Years Old Education Characteristics D-a Schooling Completed by Persons 16 Years of Age and Over, 49 in Selected Groups: 1970 D-bPersons enrolled in School, 14-17 and 18-24 Years of Age, 56 by Sex, for Selected Groups Employment Characteristics E-a Labor Force and Unemployment Rates for .Mexican Americans 67 and Puerto Ricans 16 Years of Age and Over E-bTypes of Occupations of Mexican American and Puerto Rican 71 Males 1970 E-cTypes of Occupations of Mexican American and Puerto Rican 74 Females: 1970 Income Characteristics F-aIncome of Mexican American and Puerto Rican Families by 81 Sex of Head: 1970 0'0,J_CS CHARTS TITLE PAGE Cuban Americans H-a Nativity of Cubans: 1970 95 H-bAge Distribution of Cuban Immigrants at Time of Entry HIGHLIGHTS The highlights of our Study of the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Americans of Spanish Origin are presented below. The full text of the report, including substantiating data, follows.The highlights are organized according to the primary subgroups in the Spanish Origin population: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. 0 ;1 u ii Mexican Americans Population Characteristics Mexican Americans constitute some 2.2% of the total population of the United States. Of all Mexican Americans in the United States,87% live in the five southwestern states: California (41%), Texas (36%), Arizona (5%), New Mexico (3%), and Colorado (2%). Four out of every five Mexican Americanswere born in the United States. More than half (57%) had parents who were also born in this country. Mexican Americans, commonly stereotypedas being farm workers, are more concentrated in the cities than is the total U.S. population. They live mainly in the central cities large metropolitan area. Nearly half of the Mexican Americans (46%) live in central cities, while 32% are.found in suburban areas surrounding these cities. 11% are reported living in smaller urban areas and only 15% live in rural areas. Census Undercount The Census Bureau admits to some degree of undercount for the Spanish Speaking, and recent Census estimates of the number of persons of Spanish Origin in the United States have been revised upward.
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