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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 128 284 SO 009 411 AUTHOR Krug, Mark TITLE The Melting of the Ethnics: Education of the Immigrants, 1880-1914. Perspectives in American Education. INSTITUTION Phi Delta Kappa, Bloomington, Ind. PUB DAin 76 NOTE 128p.; For related documents, see SO 009 410-414 AVAILABLE FROMPhi Delta Kappa, P.O. Box 789, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 ($5.00 paperback, $4.00 for PDK members) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; *neerican Culture; Biculturalism; Bilingual Education; Cultural Background; *Cultural Pluralism; Educational Philosophy; Elementary Secondary Education; *Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; *Immigrants; Italian Americans; Jews; Minority Groups; Polish Americans; *Public Education; Sociocultural Patterns; Subculture ABSTRACT This book, one in a five-volume series dealing with perspectives in American education, discusses the education of ethnic groups in the United States. The purpose of the series is to create a better understanding of the education process and the relation of education to human welfare. Chapter one discusses multicultural education, examining the concept of the melting pot, the "Americanization" idea, and the theory of cultural pluralism. Chapter two relates the story of three major immigrant groups: Italians, Jews, and Poles. In chapter three ethnic loyalties and affiliations are investigated. Chapter four examines the educational philosophy of Jane Addams, founder of Chicago's Hull House. Public schools and the upward mobility of immigrant children through them is the theme of chapter five. Specifically examined are bilingual edncation programs, curriculum materials dealing with ethnic cultures, how public education did or did not meet the needs of ethnic groups, and the "mainstream" American culture. The book contains a seleUed bibliography. (Author/RM) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sourccq. ERIC makes every effort * 4- to obtain the best copy available. Neverthens, items of marginal * ?producibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * f the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION F A. PI- I 1,./E PRO. f F FA :I,' ,,, ROM . C.L., OPINIONS I'II-F17,F,F 1 f V qrPRE , r,a, OF E c a' c.r.,t4c-IL V tap? 41.; THE MELTING OF THE ETHNICS: Education of the Immigrants, 1880-1914 By Mark Krug PHI DELTA KAPPA Educational Foundation Bloomingtc,n, Indiana 3 Copyright 1976 © The Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation ISBN 0-87:367-409-x cloth 0-87367-415-4 papk..; LC# 75-26385 4 Perspectives in American Education This book is one ofa five-volume set published by Phi Delta Kappaas part of its national bicentennial year prograni. The other titles in the setare: The Purposes of Education, by StephenK. Bailey Values in Education, by Max i.,erner Alternatives in Education, by Vernon Smith,Robert Barr, and Daniel Burke Women in Education, by Patricia C. Sexton Introduction The two hundredtham:: versary of the American declaration ot separationfrom the government ot England has stimulatedmillions of words ofsenti- ment, analysis, nostalgia, andexpectation. Much of this verbal and pictorialoutpouring has beena Id of patriotic breast-beating.Most of it has been rhetoric. Several yearsago the leadership of Phi Delta Kappa announced its determinationto offer a significant contribution to the bicentennialcelebration ina series of authoritativestatements about major facets ofAmer- ican education that woulddeserve the attention of serious scholars in education,serve the needs of neophytes in the profession,and surviveas an impor- tant permanent contributionto the educational litera- ture. The Board of Directorsand staff of Phi DeltaKappa, the Board of Governors ofthe Phi Delta Kappa Educa- tional Foundation, and theProject '76 Implementation Committee all madeimportant contributionsto the creation of the BicentennialActivities Program, of which this set of 1,00ks;s only one ofseven notable projects. The entireprogram has been made possible by the loyal contributionsof dedicated Kappans who volunteered as Minutemen,Patriots, and Bell Ringers according to the size of theirdonations and by the support of the Educational Foundation,based on the generous bequest of George Reavis. Thepurpose of the Foundation, as statedat its inception, is to contrib- ill 6 iv MELTING OF THE ETHNICS ute to a better understandingof the educative process and the relation of education to humanwelfare. These five volumes should serve that purposewell. A number of persons shouldbe recognized for their contributiom; to the success of this enterprise.The Board of Governors of the Foundation,under the leadership of Gordon Swanson, persevered inthe early planning stages to insure that the effortwould be made. Other members of the board during thisperiod were Edgar Dale, BessieGabbard, Arliss Roaden, Howard Soule, Bill Turney, and TedGordon, now deceased. The Project '76 Implementation Committee,which wrestled successfully with the myriad detailsof plan- ning, financing, and publicizingthe seven activities, included David Clark, Jack Frymier, JamesWalden, Forbis Jordan, and Ted Gordon. The Board of Directors of Phi Delta Kappa,1976 to 1978, includePresident Bill L. Turney, President- Elect Gerald Leischuck, Vice-PresidentsWilliam K. Poston, Rex K. Reckewey, and RayTobiason and District Representatives Gerald L. Berry,Jerome G. Kopp, James York, Cecil K. Phillips, DonPark, Philip G. Meissner, and Carrel Anderson. The major contributors to this set of fiveperspectives on Americaneducation are of course the authors. They have foul-A time in busy professionalschedules to produce substantial and memorable manuscripts,both scholarly and readable. They have things to sayabout education that are worth saying, and theyhave said theni well. They have made a genuinecontribution to the literature, helping tomake a fitting contribution to the celebration of twohundred years of national freedom. More importantly, they havearticulated ideas so basic to the maintenanceof that freedom that they should be read and heeded as valuedguidelines for theyears ahead,hopefully atleast another two hundred. Lowell Rose Executive Secretary Phi Delta Kappa 7 Contents PREFACE vii 1MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION The New Ethnics 1 The Concept of the Melting 'Pot The "Americanization" Idea "Unity in Diversity" 2THE NEW ETHNICITY ANDTHE STORY OF THE MAJOR IMMIGRANTGROUPS 17 The Italian-Americans The Jews The Poles 3VARIETIES OF ETHNIC LOYALTIESAND AFFILIATIONS 45 "Jewishness" "Polishness" The Italian-Americans American Jews and the White EthnicStrategy 4JANE ADDAMS, HULL HOUSE,AND THE EDUCATION OF THE IMMIGRANTS 63 5PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND THEUPWARD MOBILITY OF IMMIGRANTCHILDREN 79 Bilingual Education Programs Ethnic Cultures and the Curriculnm Immigrants and Public Education The "Mainstream" AmericanCulture SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 INDEX 109 8 1 Multicultural Education Sociologists writing in the1940s and '50s about fu- ture trends in American societywere sure thatker was rapidly becoming a homogeneous society. Theypre- dicted that in a few decades,the separate white groups would disappear by total assimilation in th,dorn- inant society. in 1945 W. LloydWarner and LeQ, sole wrote in The Social Systems ofAmerican Ethnic Croups: The. future of American ethnicgroups seems to,be limited; itislikely that they will be quicklY absorbed. Paradoxically,theforceuf Americanequalitanatlio, which attempts to make allmen American and alike, aod the force of our class order, Nvhichcreatesdiffererices among ethnic peoples, have combinedto dissolve ethnic groups. Talcott Parsons predicted thegradual disaPPearalice of the white ethnicgroups. These minorities, he maintained, could not long endureas separate entities M 3 eeritral- ized and primary group; they must soon give wayto the emerging technologically advancedsociety. Louis wirth concluded that the ghettos createdby the Jewish irn- migrantsrepresentedtheirdesiretotransplantthe 9 t; oF THEETHNICS '111" 2 "shtetleol. ,.f.leto"'n118 ih gotiSiaand Poland) Eoropean (li"vbile ,;avv, soine admirable 00the American.oil. iyiettoe, certain that the in the life c)f., tk,sots fotures of the .''' i n JewsWould second and third A generat'ui Aroel."CakE.,their ethnic Of the'r--1 honrboo, 41) forSit ive ollt Ci loyaltiesand identity. ig Nfsfil Eth . The ''ethe of the century, It isevident, a% er L ast -rter Prt)vellci.03)be false. Where that thewpredictions have t? They did not did theseeminent sociologi5tsr Ro to andcould not f"resee thegt eat X°0ges that were place in the decade or "." aii'll their studies were Like it,Illtri.,hersociety had contin- coolpleted. If thei -rendc "" t ai-, Parsons,and they Were ,:-_-Llet.:41.,01e, tiedas whiteethnic North madetheirs't i'dies, Url. 71,ate indeed' 'havegradti. '1)`'` disappeared.But 411 ' asusual,and ,:jtonr)s unmfoaseen 'is ove noexDeet_vtirrt;developinrsntshas t-he falloutfromfteue a new life ajorwhite ethnic andlessitality t° tlIUr" in America. droups the civil rights importan_ and in4110 is " first in corofnunity. 4cthepartially success- revolution inthe bl; h.u.etii.-1901itical
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