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Intergroup Relations Between Blacks and Latinos in Philadelphia, 1950S to 1980S

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Intergroup Relations Between Blacks and Latinos in Philadelphia, 1950S to 1980S “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S by Alyssa M. Ribeiro BS, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Alyssa M. Ribeiro It was defended on March 18, 2013 and approved by Laurence Glasco, Associate Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Associate Professor, Department of History Rob Ruck, Professor, Department of History Joe W. Trotter, Professor, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation Advisor: Edward K. Muller, Professor, Department of History ii Copyright © by Alyssa M. Ribeiro 2013 iii “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S Alyssa M. Ribeiro, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation is a case study that explores black and Latino relations in North Philadelphia neighborhoods from the 1950s through the 1980s. It draws upon community organization records, local government documents, newspapers, and oral histories. In the fifties and sixties, scarce housing, language barriers, Puerto Ricans’ ambiguous racial identity, and slow adaptation by local institutions contributed to racial tension and social segregation. But from the late sixties through the late seventies, black-Latino relationships markedly improved. During this crucial decade, blacks and Latinos increasingly drew upon their shared circumstances to form strategic alliances. They used grassroots organizing to pressure existing institutions, focusing on basic issues like schools, housing, and police. Coinciding developments like the election of a racially- polarizing mayoral administration and greater federal funding for antipoverty programs boosted these efforts. The Philadelphia case provides a counterpoint to studies that have emphasized black-Latino conflict and contributes to an emerging literature on multiracial coalitions. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... IX 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 HISTORIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 12 1.3 THE PHILADELPHIA CASE ............................................................................. 14 2.0 LIFE IN THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE ............................................................. 19 2.1 AN EVOLVING CITY .......................................................................................... 19 2.2 ORIGINS OF BLACK AND LATINO PHILADELPHIA ................................ 27 2.3 A TENSE ATMOSPHERE ................................................................................... 34 3.0 IN THE TARGET AREA: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN FEDERAL PROGRAMS, 1960S-70S ........................................................................................................... 45 3.1 WAR ON PHILADELPHIA POVERTY ............................................................ 46 3.2 IN THE TRENCHES: THE COMMUNITY ACTION COUNCILS ............... 50 3.3 FUNDING AND PROGRAMS ............................................................................. 62 3.4 MODEL CITIES COMES TO PHILADELPHIA.............................................. 75 3.5 FORMATION OF THE AREA WIDE COUNCIL ............................................ 77 3.6 THE CHANGING ROLE OF AWC .................................................................... 82 3.7 A FRACTURED RELATIONSHIP ..................................................................... 84 v 3.8 THE IMPACT OF PHILADELPHIA’S ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS ....... 88 4.0 START YOUNG: BLACK AND LATINO YOUTH INTERACTIONS ...................... 89 4.1 SHARED RESIDENTIAL SPACES AND CHILD CARE ................................ 91 4.2 YOUTH BATTLES ............................................................................................... 98 4.3 SCHOOLS ............................................................................................................ 103 4.4 LANGUAGE BARRIERS ................................................................................... 107 4.5 STUDENTS SPEAK OUT .................................................................................. 113 4.6 ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS ........................................................................... 117 4.7 BLACK PANTHERS AND YOUNG LORDS .................................................. 119 4.8 SHARED SPACES AND EXPERIENCES ....................................................... 124 5.0 AT HOME: BLACK AND LATINO STRUGGLES FOR BASIC RESOURCES .... 126 5.1 WELFARE RIGHTS ........................................................................................... 126 5.2 FOOD ACCESS AND CONSUMER RIGHTS ................................................. 134 5.3 HOUSING ............................................................................................................. 138 5.4 SITUATIONAL ALLIANCES ........................................................................... 154 6.0 AT WORK: BLACK AND LATINO EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCES ................. 155 6.1 THE OCCUPATIONAL LANDSCAPE ............................................................ 156 6.2 THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ...................................................... 158 6.3 TRAINING PROGRAMS ................................................................................... 162 6.4 ON THE JOB ....................................................................................................... 168 6.5 ALLIANCES IN A CHANGING ECONOMY ................................................. 176 7.0 IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD: BLACK AND LATINO INVOLVEMENT IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ....................................................................................... 178 vi 7.1 MULTIRACIAL COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ................................... 179 7.2 ADAPTING TO CHANGING NEIGHBORHOODS....................................... 192 7.3 BLACK AND LATINO COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ............................ 204 8.0 PART OF THE CITY: BLACKS, LATINOS, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ...... 206 8.1 POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS ............................................................ 207 8.2 POLICE HIRING ................................................................................................ 221 8.3 SCHOOL POLICY .............................................................................................. 226 8.4 ELECTORAL POLITICS IN BLACK AND PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................. 230 8.5 FRANK RIZZO AS DIVIDER AND UNIFIER ............................................... 238 8.6 CONNECTIONS AND MENTOR RELATIONSHIPS ................................... 244 8.7 PHILADELPHIA POLITICS TRANSFORMED ............................................ 246 9.0 ASSESSING BLACK AND LATINO RELATIONS IN PHILADELPHIA .............. 248 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 257 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. North Philadelphia: Relation to City Boundaries .......................................................... 28 Figure 2. North Philadelphia: Selected Neighborhood Boundaries .............................................. 36 Figure 3. North Philadelphia Black Population in 1980 ............................................................... 37 Figure 4. North Philadelphia Latino Population in 1980 .............................................................. 38 Figure 5. War on Poverty Community Action Council Areas ...................................................... 52 Figure 6. Model Cities Hub/Neighborhood Council Areas .......................................................... 79 Figure 7. Location of Neighborhoods of Ludlow and Kensington ............................................. 180 Figure 8. Ludlow and Kensington: Locations of Institutions and Organizations ....................... 193 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not exist without the immense support, both personal and institutional, that I received over the past several years. It has been crafted over a time of transition, written in pieces at desks, on couches, and in coffee shops in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Durham, and Pasadena. First and foremost, Alex Fore has been incredibly understanding of the demands of my scholarly career, including the huge personal library, the strange working hours, and even the time spent living apart. His companionship throughout my years of research and writing kept me sane and grounded. My parents, Barbara and Anthony Ribeiro, have also been unwavering in their support. They are forever willing to do whatever they can to help, whether that means dog sitting for months at a time or proofreading things at the last minute. While an undergraduate at Georgia Tech, my interest in history was nurtured and encouraged
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