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German from Russia, Omaha Indian, and Vietnamese-Urban Villagers in Lincoln, Nebraska

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German from Russia, Omaha Indian, and Vietnamese-Urban Villagers in Lincoln, Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of March 2006 IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA Kurt Kinbacher University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the History Commons Kinbacher, Kurt, "IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA" (2006). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA by Kurt E. Kinbacher A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor John R. Wunder Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2006 ii IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA Kurt E. Kinbacher, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2006 Adviser: John. R. Wunder The North American West is a culturally and geographically diverse region that has long been a beacon for successive waves of human immigration and migration. A case in point, the population of Lincoln, Nebraska -- a capital city on the eastern cusp of the Great Plains -- was augmented during the twentieth century by significant influxes of Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese. Arriving in clusters beginning in 1876, 1941, and 1975 respectively, these newcomers were generally set in motion by dismal economic, social, or political situations in their sending nations. Seeking better lives, they entered a mainstream milieu dominated by native-born Americans -- most part of a lateral migration from Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania -- who only established their local community in 1867. While this mainstream welcomed their labor, it often eschewed the behaviors and cultural practices ethnic peoples brought with them. Aware but not overly concerned about these prejudices, all three groups constructed or organized distinct urban villages. The physical forms of these enclaves ranged from homogeneous neighborhoods to tight assemblies of relatives, but each suited a shared preference for living among kinspeople. These urban villages also served as stable anchors iii for unique peoples who were intent on maintaining aspects of their imported cultural identities. Never willing to assimilate to mainstream norms, urban villagers began adapting to their new milieus. While ethnic identity constructions in Lincoln proved remarkably enduring, they were also amazingly flexible. In fact, each subject group constantly negotiated their identities in response to interactions among particular, cosmopolitan, and transnational forces. Particularism refers largely to the beliefs, behaviors, and organizational patterns urban villagers imported from their old milieus. Cosmopolitan influences emanated from outside the ethnic groups and were dictated largely but not exclusively by the mainstream. Transnationalism is best defined as persistent, intense contact across international boundaries. These influences were important as the particularism of dispersed peoples was often reinforced by contact with sending cultures. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii LIST OF FIGURES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 SECTION I CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE MAINSTREAM: IDENTITY, LEGAL ISSUES, AND LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 8 Chapter 1 IDENTITY FORMATION, PLACE, AND PERFORMED CULTURE 9 2 CONFRONTATIONS AND CONVERSATIONS: INDIANS, IMMIGRANTS, AND THE UNITED STATES 45 3 WATCHING THE RIVER FLOW: ETHNICITY AND COMMUNITY IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 76 SECTION II URBAN VILLAGERS: COMMUNITY BUILDING AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION 117 Chapter 4 LIFE IN THE RUSSIAN BOTTOMS: COMMUNITY BUILDING AND IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION AMONG GERMANS FROM RUSSIA 119 5 FROM THE BIG VILLAGE TO THE URBAN VILLAGE: OMAHAS IN LINCOLN 191 6 VIETNAMESE URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN: CLUSTERED COMMUNITIES AND FLEXIBLE IDENTITIES 248 CHAPTER 7 COMPARISONS: IDENTITIES AND COMMUNITIES DURING THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY 318 BIBLIOGRAPHY 344 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3-1. Great Seal of Nebraska Territory. 85 3-2. Thunderbird and Sower on the Nebraska State Capitol. 101 3-3. City and State Population and Population Growth. 103 3-4. Total Indian Population in Nebraska. 110 II-1. Map of Lincoln Neighborhoods. 118 4-1. Map of North and South Russian Bottoms in 1925. 121 4-2. Map of Volga Colonies. 125 4-3. German-Russian Congregations in Lincoln, Nebraska: Point of Origin and 131 Confirmed Membership, 1891-1928. 4-4. Population Growth in Six Volga Colonies, 1772-1912. 135 4-5. American Historical Society of Germans form Russia Headquarters with 181 "German from Russia Pioneer Family" in foreground. 5-1. Estimated American Indian Populations in Lincoln, Nebraska, and the 196 United States, 1930-2003. 5-2. Map of Core Omaha Urban Village in Lincoln, Nebraska. 198 5-3. Map of Omaha Nation and Surrounding Areas. 208 6-1. Foreign-born Vietnamese on Lincoln, Nebraska, 1970-2003. 251 6-2. Vietnamese Refugees and Immigrant Arrivals into the United States, 254 1952-2000. 6-3. Map of Vietnamese Urban Villages and Institutions. 259 6-4. Map of Vietnam, 1975. 267 6-5. Estimated Population of Vietnam, 1890-2005. 311 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people supported my efforts and contributed to this work in all its stages. I would like to thank everyone involved. Specifically, my Adviser John R. Wunder helped frame the scope and topic of this project, read each and every page several times, always offered invaluable pointers, and demonstrated by example what good instruction and mentoring entail. Similarly, my committee members -- Parks M. Coble, Victoria Smith, Miguel Carranza, and Timothy R. Mahoney -- generously provided insight gained from their years of experience. The Department of History provided the intellectual stimulation and financial support that made this portion of my academic career possible. My colleagues, friends, and peers -- especially Maria Muñoz, Elaine Nelson, Dave Nesheim, Wynne Summers, Aaron Wilson, and Ezra Zeitler -- aided in making the graduate student experience a positive one. Ezra Zeitler also drew the maps of the urban villages and offered esthetic advice on the maps of the sending cultures. This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance of the diverse communities that live in Lincoln, Nebraska. I thank you all. Additionally, I would like to recognize specifically Pam Wurst and the entire staff at the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Teresa Trang Nguyen at the Asian Community and Cultural Center; Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Alberta Grant Canby, Emmaline Walker Sanchez, Rory Larson, and all students past, present, and future of the University of Nebraska Omaha Language program; Matt Piersol and the entire staff at the Nebraska State Historical Society; and Adonna Fleming and the staff at Love Library. Finally, none of this would have been possible without the unwavering support of my family -- Ed, Edith, Kye, Arron, Nick, Kris, Chris, Mike, Joellen, Karen, Bernie, Bernie, vii Tammy, Stella, Mary, John, Brendan, Alison, Asa, Lucy, Blossom, and especially Therese McGinn. INTRODUCTION Jacob Giebelhaus, Charles Stabler, and Tran Bai Si were all drawn to Lincoln, Nebraska, by opportunities to "materially or spiritually" improve themselves and their families.1 Giebelhaus departed Norka, Russia -- an ethnically German settlement -- at the turn of the twentieth century; Stabler moved from Omaha Nation -- an Indian Reservation within the United States -- during World War II; and Tran fled the Republic of Vietnam -- a conquered country -- in the late 1970s. Although they came from dramatically different worlds in different eras, all three took employment with the Burlington Northern Railroad, and they surrounded themselves with other members of their ethnic groups and built urban villages.2 These ethnic enclaves served as comfortable centers for group adaptation to a mainstream community that did not always welcome or accept heterogeneity. From these havens, Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians (herein after "Omahas"), and Vietnamese all negotiated flexible and changing identities that responded to multiple forces from both old and new milieus. While these urban villages and their residents were not always acknowledged, Lincoln has long hosted multicultural communities. They were all generally overshadowed by an Anglo-American mainstream that was established by an earlier lateral migration from Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania beginning in the 1850s and 1860s.3 Their community on the eastern cusp of the central Great Plains was erected around educational and state governmental institutions. Also a transportation hub and a regional center for agribusiness, much of the labor that
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