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The Many Louisianas: Rural Social Areas and Cultural Islands

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The Many Louisianas: Rural Social Areas and Cultural Islands Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports LSU AgCenter 1955 The am ny Louisianas: rural social areas and cultural islands Alvin Lee Bertrand Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agexp Recommended Citation Bertrand, Alvin Lee, "The am ny Louisianas: rural social areas and cultural islands" (1955). LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports. 720. http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agexp/720 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the LSU AgCenter at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. % / '> HE MANY Ifpsiflnfls rnl Social llreiis Ituri^l Islands in No. 496 June 1955 Louisiana State University AND cultural and Mechanical College cricultural experiment station J. N. Efferson, Director I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY 33 INTRODUCTION 5 Objectives ^ Methodology 6 THE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL HOMOGENEITY 9 School Expenditures per Student 9 Proportion of Land in Farms 9 Age Composition 10' Race Composition . 10 Level of Living 10 Fertility H THE RURAL SOCIAL AREAS OF LOUISIANA 11 Area I, The Red River Delta Area 11 Area II, The North Louisiana Uplands 14 Area III, The Mississippi Delta Area 14 Area IV, The North Central Louisiana Cut-Over Area 15 Area V, The West Central Cut-Over Area 15 Area VI, The Southwest Rice Area 16 Area VII, The South Central Louisiana Mixed Farming Area 17 Area VIII, The Sugar Bowl Area 17 Area IX, The Florida Parishes Area 18 Area X, The New Orleans Truck and Fruit Area .... 19 CULTURAL CONTRASTS AND ISLANDS IN RURAL LOUISIANA 19 The Dividing Line of the "Two Louisianas" 20 Major Cultural Islands of Rural Louisiana 20 The Spanish Americans of Delacroix Island 21 The Hungarian Americans in Livingston Parish 23 The Italian-American Communities in Louisiana.... 24 The Slavonian-Dalmation Americans of Plaquemines Parish 25 The Koasati Indians of Southwest Louisiana 26 The Endogamous Inhabitants of Southwest Louisiana 27 The "Sabines" of Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes 29 Minor Cultural Islands 30 COMPARISON OF THE RURAL SOCIAL AREAS OF LOUISIANA WITH OTHER DELINEATIONS 31 Rural Social Areas Compared with State Economic Areas 31 Comparison of Rural Social Areas with Type-Farming Regions 31 VII. APPENDIX 35 - Statistical Methodology 35 Analysis of Data 35 Weighting ProceduTC 38 LIST OF TABLES I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE 42 FACTORS USED IN THE DETERMINATION OF SOCIO-CUL- TURAL SCORES SHOWING THE VARI- ABLES COMBINED INTO COMPOSITE INDEXES 7 II. SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIATIONS AMONG THE RURAL SOCIAL AREAS OF LOUISIANA 13 III. STEN SCORES OF SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIABLES, BY PARISH 36 IV. MATRIX OF SUMS OF CROSS PRODUCTS OF STEN SCORES OF SOCIO CULTURAL VARIABLES 39 V. CORRELATION MATRIX OF ORIGINAL SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIABLES 40 VI. FINAL REFLECTED MATRIX , 41 VII. RANK ORDER OF PARISHES ON SUMMATION OF STEN SCORES OF SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIABLES IN THE FINAL REFLECTED MATRIX 42 VIII. FINAL RANK ORDER OF PARISHES ON SOCIO- CULTURAL SCORES 44 LIST OF FIGURES 1. RURAL SOCIAL AREAS OF LOUISIANA 12 2. FRENCH LOUISIANA AND MAJOR CULTURAL ISLANDS OF RURAL LOUISIANA 21 3. STATE ECONOMIC AREAS OF LOUISIANA 32 4. MAJOR FARM ENTERPRISES AND OCCUPA- TIONS IN RURAL LOUISIANA 33 The Many Louisianas: A Study of Rural Social Areas and Cultural Islands By Alvin L. Bertrand Department of Rural Sociology Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station INTRODUCTION Persons in charge of administering programs and conducting re- search in rural areas have repeatedly faced a fundamental problem. This problem is directly related to the cultural diversity of rural popula- tions. It comes to light in two ways. First, it is recognized in the in- ability of county agents and others to successfully use the same tech- niques of disseminating information with all groups. Anyone familiar with the situation in states such as Louisiana can appreciate how a cer- tain approach might be quite effective in one part of the state but be completely ineffective and even violently rejected in another area. Sec- ondly, the problem stemming from cultural diversity is seen in the great deal of time and effort spent by researchers in the determination of areas suitable for representative sampling. In this connection, it is evident that conclusions based on inadequate samples lose much of of their applica- bility. The above problems prompted the decision to delineate and des- cribe areas of socio-cultural homogeneity in rural Louisiana. It is felt that a delineation of this sort will be extremely useful to rvual sociolo- gists and agricultural economists as well as to many others. In fact, the inevitable conclusion that the human element must be considered in any action-type agricultural program makes such a tool of help in many technical fields. For example, such specialists as agronomists, soil con- servationists, and foresters can benefit in a great number of ways from a knowledge of the rural cultural landscape. The decision to delineate areas in which there is a high degree of similarity with respect to rural social organization and culture follows the determination of homogeneous areas for other purposes. Professionals in various agricultural and allied fields have delineated geographic areas within which they recommend particular practices. Thus there are maps showing such things as soil types, topography, temperature, and rainfall, to name a few. The specific objectives for the determination of rural social areas are listed below. Objectives The major objectives of the present study may be listed as follows: The first purpose was to ascertain and describe valid criteria for de- termining rural social areas in Louisiana and to use these criteria in the 5 delineation and mapping of homogeneous areas in the state. This was a major undertaking, and the procedure used is explained in the section on methodology and in the appendix. A second purpose was to compare the rural areas delineated with the State Economic Areas of Louisiana utilized by the Seventeenth De- cennial Census. The latter were an innovation in census reporting and tabulation in order to present an intermediate level of data between the county and state levels. The object in mind in comparing the areas delineated with the State Economic Areas was to determine whether or not the Census areas were completely valid for the state of Louisiana. The third objective was to analyze the association of the rural social areas to the type-farming areas of the state. In this connection several studies have shown that the nature of the farm enterprises is tremendous- ly important in conditioning the culture of rural groups. This seemed a hypothesis worth testing in the present study. It may be noted that an up-to-date type-farming map is a by-product of this objective. The absence of a recent detailed map of this kind made it necessary to con- struct one. A final undertaking of the study was concerned with a different type of cultural delineation. This was the location of the zone of transi- tion between French, Catholic south Louisiana and Anglo-Saxon, Pro- testant north Louisiana and the major cultiual islands of the state. Such research has long been overdue. It will be of great utility to persons interested in the cultural landscape of the state as well as aid in the training of Agriculttiral Extensionists and other personnel. In the latter regard, invariably, isolated cultural groups represent special problems in terms of approach and education. Methodology The task of delineating rural social areas is one which falls rmder the heading of a problem of social or human ecology. In other words, it deals with the spatial aspects of human behavior. Subregions of the sort proposed have usually been delineated on the basis of biophysical factors expressed in terms of geographic characteristics and natural resources. However, recent studies have shown the socio-cviltural approach to be more realistic.^ These latter studies provided the point of departure for the methodology used in the present study.- Several refinements have been attempted and it is hoped that these will represent a research con- tribution. 'A description of this approach is found in Charles E. Lively and Cecil L. Gregory, "The Rural Socio-Cultural Area as a Field for Social Research," Rural Sociology, XIX (1954) , 21-31. ^See, for example. C. E. Lively and C. L. Gregory, Rural Social Areas in Mis- souri, Columbia: Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 305, 1939; C. E. Lively and C. L. Gregory. Rural Social Areas in Missouri, Columbia: Mis- souri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 414, 1948; and Harold C. of Bennett, Rural Social Areas of Louisiana , unpublished Master's thesis, Departmen*: Sociology, Louisiana State University, 1952. 6 collection and The first step in the delineational procedure was the irrelevant tabulation of all but the most unreliable, duplicatory and data available by parishes. In this respect, it is recognized that variation line should exists below the parish level and that many times a regional minor civil divisions bisect a, parish. However, the paucity of data for necessitated the use of parish data. Altogether, information was obtained on some 42 variables or factors. Table 1 shows these factors and groups data them according to general headings. The most fruitfuf source of sources were the Seventeenth Decennial Census reports. However, other in utilized for particular types of information and these are shown Table I. The second step involved the systematic combniation of related the variables into composite indexes. This was done not only to reduce characteris- number but to obtain a list of variables measuring different in this manner. Combi- tics. The original 42 variables were reduced to 23 nations made are shown in Table 1.
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