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Descortezadores Y Sus Enemigos Naturales En Abies Religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl

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Descortezadores Y Sus Enemigos Naturales En Abies Religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl Artículo / Article Descortezadores y sus enemigos naturales en Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham. Bark beetles and their natural enemies in Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham. Alicia Fonseca González1, Armando Burgos Solorio1, Juana Fonseca González2,4, Héctor M. De los Santos Posadas3 y Juana Juárez Muñoz2 Resumen El Parque Nacional “Lagunas de Zempoala” es un área natural protegida que se ubica en los límites de los estados Morelos y el Estado de México, en donde se eligió un oyamel sobramaduro de 20 m de alto para estudiar la distribución de insectos descortezadores, así como la presencia de sus enemigos naturales, a distintas alturas del tronco. El individuo presentó color con gradación en el follaje de amarillento a rojizo, característico del ataque por estos organismos. Se recolectaron los escarabajos presentes en el floema y el cambium provenientes de secciones de corteza extraídas previamente y cuyas dimensiones fueron de 10 x10 cm. Las especies identificadas correspondieron a Pseudohylesinus variegatus y Pityophthorus elatinus; el primero infestó el árbol de la base a los 7 m, y el segundo a partir de los 8 m y hasta los 20 m. La densidad promedio fue de 10.57 ind m-2, antes de los 15.16 m del fuste, al superar este punto aumentó la acumulación de escolítidos para llegar a 222 ind m-2, en promedio. Los enemigos naturales identificados incluyeron a los hongos entomopatógenos: Metarhizium anisopliae y Beauveria bassiana; la bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis; y parasitoides pertenecientes a la familia Pteromalidae. Palabras clave: Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, distribución vertical, hongos entomopatógenos, parasitoides, Pityophthorus elatinus Wood, Pseudohylesinus variegatus Blandford. Abstract The Zempoala Lagoons National Park is a natural protected area located in the limits of the states of Morelos and Mexico, where a 20 m tall overripe sacred fir was selected to study the distribution of bark beetles, as well as the presence of their natural enemies at various stem heights. The foliage of the individual has a color ranging from yellow to red, which is characteristic of attack by these organisms. Beetles were collected from the phloem and the cambium of previously extracted 10 x 10 cm bark sections. The identified species were Pseudohylesinus variegatus and Pityophthorus elatinus; the former infested the tree from the base to a height of 7 m, and the latter, from 8 m up to 20 m. The average density was 10.57 ind m-2, below the stem height of 15.16 m; above this point, the accumulation of Scolytidae increased to an average of 222 ind m-2. The identified natural enemies included the entomopathogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana; the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and parasitoids belonging to the Pteromalidae family. Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, vertical distribution, entomopathogenous fungi, parasitoids, Pityophthorus elatinus Wood, Pseudohylesinus variegatus Blandford. Fecha de recepción/date of receipt: 15 de mayo de 2013; Fecha de aceptación/date of acceptance: 27 de mayo de 2013. 1 Centro de Investigaiones Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Correo-e: [email protected] 2 Área Académica de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo 3 Programa Forestal, Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo. Fonseca et al., Descortezadores y sus enemigos naturales en Abies... Introducción Introduction El Parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala es un área natural The Zempoala Lagoons National Park is a natural protected protegida que se ubica en el estado de Morelos y Estado de area located in the limits of the states of Morelos and Mexico; México; constituye una zona importante para la conservación it is an important area for the preservation of Abies religiosa de los bosques de Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham.; es (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham. forests; it is a source of environmental fuente de servicios ambientales, especialmente, de la recarga services, especially aquifer recharge. However, it raises de los mantos acuíferos; sin embargo, presenta problemas problems due to forest fires, extensive livestock grazing, and the por la presencia de incendios, la ganadería extensiva, y la extraction of resources, all of which cause the deterioration of extracción de recursos. Lo anterior ocasiona el deterioro de its phytosanitary conditions and is reflected in the presence su condición fitosanitaria y se refleja en sitios deforestados y of deforested sites and sick trees (Conanp, 2008). árboles enfermos (Conanp, 2008). Coleopterans that feed on the phloem and the cambium Los coleópteros que se alimentan del floema y el cambium of trees are the most relevant group of pests which attack conifers; de los individuos arbóreos son el grupo más relevante de las the Scolytidae subfamily (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Cibrián plagas que atacan a las coníferas; la subfamilia Scolytinae et al., 1995), among which the insects Scolytus mundus Wood, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Cibrián et al., 1995), de ellos, los Pseudohylesinus variegatus Blandford y Pityophthorus que comúnmente parasitan A. religiosa son Scolytus mundus Wood, elatinus Wood are common parasites of A. religiosa and Pseudohylesinus variegatus Blandford y Pityophthorus elatinus contribute to the death and reincorporation of this species, Wood, insectos que contribuyen a la muerte y reincorporación particularly when they are overripe or affected (Cibrián et de estos árboles, en especial cuando están sobremaduros o al., 1995; Wood, 1982); However, they can also kill seemingly afectados (Cibrián et al., 1995; Wood, 1982); aunque también healthy specimens when these are infested by a large number pueden matar ejemplares aparentemente sanos, cuando of beetles in a short period (Birch, 1984). son infestados por muchos escarabajos en un periodo corto de tiempo (Birch, 1984). The bark beetles are distributed along the stem according to their size; larger beetles require larger diameters, where the El conjunto de descortezadores se distribuye a lo largo del tronco phloem is thicker, ensuring the survival of their brood offspring, de acuerdo con su tamaño; los de tallas mayores requieren diámetros whereas smaller beetles colonize the upper part or the twigs más grandes, en donde el floema es más grueso y asegura (Saint-Germain et al., 2004). The establishment of these la sobrevivencia de sus crías, en cambio los de dimensiones taxa precedes that of associated insects, such as parasitoids menores colonizan la parte superior o las ramillas (Saint-Germain and predators (Santoro et al., 2001) and are very important et al., 2004). El establecimiento de estos taxa precede el de because they control the Scolytidae populations naturally insectos asociados como parasitoides y depredadores (Santoro without exterminating them, as they depend upon them for their et. al., 2001) y tienen una gran importancia, ya que controlan survival; thus, they maintain a balance (Perusquia, 1982). de manera natural las poblaciones de escolítidos, sin llegar a su exterminio, pues dependen de ellos para sobrevivir, por lo The objectives of this study were to identify the species que ambas se mantienen en equilibrio (Perusquia, 1982). of Scolytidae associated to dead A. religiosa individuals, to determine their distribution at different stem heights, and Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron reconocer las to identify their natural enemies in the Zempoala Lagoons especies de escolítidos asociadas a individuos de A. religiosa National Park. muertos, determinar su distribución a diferentes alturas del fuste e identificar sus enemigos naturales en el Parque Nacional Materials and Methods Lagunas de Zempoala. The Zempoala Lagoons National Park is located in the Materiales y Métodos municipalities of Huitzilac (Morelos) and Ocuilán (State of Mexico). The Natural Area comprises a surface of 4 790 ha El Parque Nacional “Lagunas de Zempoala” se localiza en los and is situated in the Neovolcanic Transversal Axis, between the municipios Huitzilac (Morelos) y Ocuilán (Estado de México). El coordinates 19°03’12.80” N and 99°18’46.36” W; its topography Área Natural comprende una superficie de 4 790 ha y se ubica is very rugged, and its altitude ranges between 2 400 en el Eje Neovolcánico Transversal, entre las coordenadas and 3 600 m (Conanp, 2008). In this area, a specimen of 19°03’12.80” N y 99°18’46.36” O; su topografía es muy sacred fir (A. religiosa) with a height of 20 m, and green-yellow to accidentada y la altitud va de 2 400 a 3 600 m (Conanp, reddish brown foliage –a characteristic evidence of attack by bark 2008). En esta zona se seleccionó un ejemplar de oyamel beetles– was selected. The tree was felled and transported to (A. religiosa) de 20 m de altura, con follaje de coloración the Vegetal Parasitology Laboratory at the Center of Biological 91 Rev. Mex. Cien. For. Vol. 5 Núm. 26 verde-amarillento a café rojizo, evidencia característica Research of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos del ataque de descortezadores. El árbol se derribó y se (UAEM), where the stem was cut at intervals of 1 m in length transportó al laboratorio de Parasitología Vegetal del Centro and two 10 x 10 cm samples of the bark (100 cm2) were de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma del collected; in order to carry out the analysis, the bark had to Estado de Morelos (UAEM), donde se seccionó el tronco a be separated from the cambium, leaving the insects and their intervalos de 1 m de longitud y se tomaron
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