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INSECT MONITORING SYSTEMS !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!.$2/0)#!, ! 6 %"6+*6 6-6%6 .16.()"6(+6$)%.)+%6 )"4.-6 +$4-6 0+-.-6 &6(.+6)+-.6 )")*.+6'6 4$%)*.+6 6+61+46+(/-.6 /%+6+!)+(/-6#6)%.)%-6 46+6" .3.6-46.(6,+56 2.+ %62.+*+()6%6-46 .(6%-.""6 6---$"6 +*"56-.)+66%6/-6"--6 -.(+6-*6.%6 /%%#6.+*-6 $$ $ #$$ $ $$ "$$$"!$ # $ $$ $ /-> 65>+>;3+95> /">7#5> )>)$>1->)> )/)> :))%>0.> /5>< 8!)>7>5(>5- 5>,#%+<>=>8>5(>#&'4>0> *+7>5 )!!)7%= 0)8 >) >. > )%>2.> 2 2 02. ,.2$$!( 2 2 2 2 0 /0 12 2 '/"+)2 ()/2 +-*%2 +-)&2 %2+''-2 -!2 -"2 +!#2)2 (%2-"2 -"2 -"2 Alpha Scents, Inc., 1089 Willamette Falls Drive, West Linn, OR 97068 Tel. 503-342-8611 • Fax. 314-271-7297 • [email protected] www.alphascents.com beetles, longhorn beetles, wood wasps, and other timber infesting pests. 25 20 Panel Trap is commercially available for ts Comparative Trapping of Forest Coleoptera, ns ec f i 15 # o PT and Multi-Funnel Trap, Cranberry Lake, NY, 10 5 0 Three types of traps were tested: PT treated with Rain-X , PT untreated (PT), and Multi-Funnel Trap (Phero-Tech, Inc.). The traps were baited with three lure prototypes: (1) standard lure (alpha-pinene (ap), ipdienol (id), PT #1-R 12 Funnel #1 ipsenol (ie), (2) turpentine lure (turpentine, id, ie), and (3) ethanol lure (ethanol, ap, id, ie). 14 ec t s 12 ns 10 of i PT and Multi-Funnel # Summer 2002 8 Comparative Trapping of Forest Coleoptera, 6 4 2 0 effective toolThe for Panel monitoring Trap is Cerambycids,an as well as Scolytids, Buprestids, and other forest Coleoptera. It also captures fewer beneficial insects. The PT outperformed Phero Tech’s Multi-Funnel Trap for most tested insect species. Higher beetle captures and increased detection Trap & Lure type capability in a less expensive trap equates to Multi -Funne l Trap Park, WI, Summer 2002 Cerambycids greater efficiency of forest pest monitoring Scolytids programs. The Panel Trap is now PT #1 Predators commercially available. Trap, Mirror Lake State PT #2-R PT #3-R Cerambycids Scolytids Predators 70 INT P T ts 60 ins ec 50 f 40 # o Comparative Trapping of Forest Coleoptera, 30 20 PT and Multi-Funnel Trap, Duluth, MN, 10 0 monitoring bark PT-R #1 s 25 ec t 20 Comparative Trapping of Forest Co ins of 15 # Comparative Trapping of Cerambycids, 10 5 0 Summer 2002 12 Funnel #1 # of insects PT and Multi-Funnel PT #1-R 12 Funnel #1 120 Funnel Trap, Forest Grove, OR, Summer 2002 Raleigh, NC, July 2002 100 80 60 40 Trap & Lure type 20 0 PT #1 PT-R #2 PT-R #3 Buprestids Cerambycids Scolytids PTBB-R #1 (16) Predators T r e a PTBB-R #1 (12) t m e Trap & Lure type Trap, n t Funnel #1 (16) Funnel #1 (12) PT #1 PTBB #1 (16) leoptera, PT and Multi- PTBB #1 (12) PT #2-R PT #3-R PTBB-R #2 (16) PTBB-R #2 (12) PTBB-R #3 (16) PTBB-R #3 (12) B u p C r e e s r S a t i o c m d P s b l y r c y e t i d d i d a s s t o r s PANEL TRAP PERFORMANCE Table 1. Pine Pitch Canker Vector Survey 2000, Salem, OR (Oregon Department of Agriculture): Capture comparison between Lindgren Funnel Trap (Funnel) and Panel Trap (Panel). NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS ORDER FAMILY SPECIES FUNNEL PANEL TOTAL Coleoptera Anobiidae Coelostethus quadrulus 1 1 Coleoptera Anobiidae Hadrobregmus gibbicollis LeConte 1 3 4 Coleoptera Bostrichidae Melaglus confertus 1 3 4 Coleoptera Bostrichidae Scobicia declivis 16 38 54 Coleoptera Buprestidae Buprestis aurulenta 5 5 Coleoptera Buprestidae Buprestis subornata LeConte 1 1 Coleoptera Buprestidae Chalcophora angulicollis (LeConte) 3 3 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Asemum caseyi 1 1 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Megasemum asperum 1 2 3 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Monochamus obtusus obtusus Casey 8 1 9 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Neoclytus leucozonus (Lap. & Gory) 1 1 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Xestoleptura behrensi 1 1 Coleoptera Cerambycidae Xylotrechus longitarsis 8 5 13 Coleoptera Cleridae Enoclerus lecontei Wolcott 4 1 5 Coleoptera Cleridae Enoclerus moesta 1 1 Coleoptera Cleridae Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius 5 7 12 Coleoptera Cleridae Phyllobaenus tristis Schaeffer 1 1 Coleoptera Colydiidae Lasconotus complex 1 1 Coleoptera Colydiidae Lasconotus subcostulatus 4 3 7 Coleoptera Colydiidae Lasconotus vegrandis 2 2 Coleoptera Colydiidae Microsicus variegatus (LeConte) 1 1 2 Coleoptera Curculionidae Pissodes radiatae Hopkins 1 1 Coleoptera Elateridae Megapenthes atterimus (Motschulsky) 20 24 44 Coleoptera Eucnemidae Asiocnemus basalis (LeConte 1 1 Coleoptera Eucnemidae Asiocnemus nitens (Horn) 1 1 Coleoptera Melandryidae Eustrophus tomentosus Say 1 1 2 Coleoptera Nitidulidae Epuraea sp. 1 1 2 Coleoptera Nitidulidae Pityophagus rufipennis 1 2 3 Coleoptera Rhizophagidae Hesperobaenus abbreviatus Motschulsky 1 9 10 Coleoptera Rhizophagidae Macreurops longicollis Horn 1 1 Coleoptera Rhizophagidae Rhizophagus grouvellei Meq. 3 3 Coleoptera Scolytidae Dendroctonus valens 1 1 Coleoptera Scolytidae Gnathotrichus sulcatus 79 91 170 Coleoptera Scolytidae Hylastes gracilis 1 1 Coleoptera Scolytidae Hylastes nigrinus 3 1 4 Coleoptera Scolytidae Hylastes tenuis 1 4 5 Coleoptera Scolytidae Hylurgops porosus 5 1 6 Coleoptera Scolytidae Hylurgops reticulatus 4 4 Coleoptera Scolytidae Ips mexicanus 8 8 Coleoptera Scolytidae Pityophthorus spp. 28 8 36 Coleoptera Scolytidae Pseudohylesinus nebulosus nebulosus (LeConte) 1 1 Coleoptera Scolytidae Pseudohylesinus pini Wood 3 3 Coleoptera Scolytidae Pseudohylesinus sericeus 1 1 Coleoptera Scolytidae Xyleborinus saxeseni 36 177 213 Coleoptera Scolytidae Xyleborus intrusus Blandford 2 2 Coleoptera Staphylinidae Scaphisoma castanea Motschulsky 1 1 Coleoptera Throscidae Trixagus mendax Horn 1 1 2 Coleoptera Throscidae Trixagus sericeus LeConte 3 3 Coleoptera Trogositidae Temnochila chloridia virescens 23 28 51 Coleoptera Trogositidae Tenebroides crassicornis Horn 1 1 Hemiptera Aradidae Aradus sp. 1 1 Hymenoptera Orussidae Orussus sp. 1 1 Hymenoptera Siricidae Sirex juvencus californicus 3 10 13 Hymenoptera Siricidae Urocerus albicornis 1 1 Isoptera Hodotermitidae Zootermopsis angusticollis 1 1 TOTAL INDIVIDUALS 280 449 729 TOTAL SPECIES 36 43 55 NO. UNIQUE SPECIES 12 19 INSECT MONITORING SYSTEMS Panel Trap 1 1. Hanging wire 2. Hood 3. Main Body 4. Collecting funnel 5. Collecting cup 6. Plastic retainer 7. Lure hanging opening 2 8. Hanging tabs with holes Assembly instructions: 7 1. Align the tabs of the main body with the slots in the hood and collecting funnels, 3 2. Push the tabs through the holes as much as possible, 3. Protrude at least two plastic retainers through the holes in tabs (8)(that emerge from the collecting funnel). Attach collecting cup by hooking ends of the retainers in the keyholes in the corner of the cup (5a), 4. Attach the hanging wire through two holes in the opposite tabs protruding through the hood of the trap, 5. Mount lure into the lure opening (7) by putting the lure holder through the hole located directly above 4 the opening. 8 6 5 8 5a Alpha Scents, Inc., 1089 Willamette Falls Dr., West Linn, OR 97068 Tel. 503-342-8611 " Fax. 314-271-7297 " [email protected] www.alphascents.com.
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  • Developmental Plasticity, Ecology, and Evolutionary Radiation of Nematodes of Diplogastridae

    Developmental Plasticity, Ecology, and Evolutionary Radiation of Nematodes of Diplogastridae

    Developmental Plasticity, Ecology, and Evolutionary Radiation of Nematodes of Diplogastridae Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Vladislav Susoy aus Berezniki, Russland Tübingen 2015 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 5 November 2015 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ralf J. Sommer 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Heinz-R. Köhler 3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hinrich Schulenburg Acknowledgements I am deeply appreciative of the many people who have supported my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisors, Professor Ralf J. Sommer and Dr. Matthias Herrmann for giving me the opportunity to pursue various research projects as well as for their insightful scientific advice, support, and encouragement. I am also very grateful to Matthias for introducing me to nematology and for doing an excellent job of organizing fieldwork in Germany, Arizona and on La Réunion. I would like to thank the members of my examination committee: Professor Heinz-R. Köhler and Professor Hinrich Schulenburg for evaluating this dissertation and Dr. Felicity Jones, Professor Karl Forchhammer, and Professor Rolf Reuter for being my examiners. I consider myself fortunate for having had Dr. Erik J. Ragsdale as a colleague for several years, and more than that to count him as a friend. We have had exciting collaborations and great discussions and I would like to thank you, Erik, for your attention, inspiration, and thoughtful feedback. I also want to thank Erik and Orlando de Lange for reading over drafts of this dissertation and spelling out some nuances of English writing.