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The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy

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The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 THE POLITICS OF RELIGION IN NAPOLEONIC ITALY The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy explores the intense cultural conflict created by French rule in Italy at the start of the nineteenth century. Napoleon’s desire for cultural conformity struck at the heart of Italian reli- gious life. Yet the reforms imposed by French rule created resentment and resistance across Italy, finally leading to Napoleon’s famous quarrel with Pope Pius VII. In this fascinating study, Michael Broers traces the events leading up to the excommunication of Napoleon and the Pope’s arrest and exile from Rome. In particular, attention is given to the impact these reforms had on the Italian masses and popular piety. Using previously neglected French and Italian archival sources, The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy reveals how the alliance between Church and people grew in the face of alien, impe- rial rule. It exposes the vital role this union played in preventing Italy from being totally assimilated into the French empire. Highlighting concepts of cultural imperialism more usually associated with the non-European world, this incisive piece of scholarship reveals much about the prejudices driving French imperial policy. The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy will appeal to historians of modern France and Italy alike. Michael Broers is Reader in the Department of History at the University of Aberdeen. He is the author of several books, including Europe Under Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 Napoleon, 1799–1815 (1996) and Europe After Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism, 1814–1848 (1996). Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 THE POLITICS OF RELIGION IN NAPOLEONIC ITALY The war against God, 1801–1814 Michael Broers Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2002 Michael Broers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Broers, Michael. The politics of religion in Napoleonic Italy : the war against God, 1801-1814 / Michael Broers. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Catholic Church–Italy–History–19th century. 2. Christianity and politics–Italy–History–19th century. 3. Christianity and politics–Catholic Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 Church–History–19th century. 4. Italy–Church history–19th century. 5. Italy–Politics and government–1789-1815. I. Title BX1545 .B76 2001 322’.1’094509034–21 2001041600 ISBN 0-203-16590-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-26054-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–26670–X (Print Edition) The eagle of empire cannot lie down with the lamb of God. Nietzsche Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 CONTENTS Preface: The eagle of empire and the lamb of God ix Acknowledgements xv 1 The last barbarian invasion? 1 The motives of French rule in Italy 2 The position of the Tridentine Church 5 2 Centre and periphery: The power and limits of a concept 7 The periphery: First impressions. From ‘nuestras Indías’ to ‘a thousand Vendées’ 11 The centre: Saints or soldiers, Catholics or citizens? 19 3 The religion of the rulers 27 4 The religion of the ruled 52 Madonnas and miracles 54 The lay confraternities 66 Liturgical resistance 77 5 The Concordat and the Italian clergy 86 Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 The episcopate 86 The parish clergy 99 The periphery 102 The centre 114 The regular clergy 125 CONTENTS 6 The Roman clergy and the crisis of the Oath 146 The Oath and the clergy of the Papal states 150 The Roman diaspora 161 The failure of the Concordat of Fontainebleau 166 The priests, the police and the people 168 7 The war against God 175 Borromeo and Bonaparte 175 Church and state in the nineteenth century 179 A theology for reaction and liberation? 185 Notes 190 Bibliography 221 Index 227 Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 viii PREFACE The eagle of empire and the lamb of God All our books are personal to us, or we could not live with them. This book is no exception. I began thinking about it in 1983 and, whatever else I was involved with, it always stayed very close to me. Along the way, there was much encouragement and quite a lot of criticism, most of it constructive, some of it shocking in its incoherent displeasure, all of it revealing. For several very different reasons, I decided to stick to my guns and, for better and for worse, this is the result. First, I felt that the simple idea behind the project was sound: The Catholic religion is a – arguably the – central cultural and social element in Italian life, and to tangle with it would be a considerable undertaking. The French did so, under Napoleon, introducing the wholesale changes of the Concordats. To my knowledge, there is no study of the period that examines this on a wide canvas or at the grassroots, so I began. It was encouraging to do so during a period when the issue of religion was at last finding its place in the history of the revolutionary period. The series of lectures given by Colin Lucas at Oxford in the early 1980s awakened me to much. The work of Donald Sutherland, Timothy Tackett, in particular and of T.C.W. Blanning beyond France, showed me what might be possible.1 In the course of this research, there has been a flowering of fine literature, mainly by Anglo-Saxon scholars, on the mid-century Catholic revival, and this gave me an exciting historical context to which I could attempt to connect my own work on the earlier period.2 This was also the moment when Edward Said’s Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 formulation of cultural imperialism started to make an impact, and I could see much in common with my own work.3 There has been much hostility to this proposition but it still seems valid, if fraught with complications. If there could be cultural imperialism in one country, as foreshadowed in the works of Linda Colley and much earlier – and prophetically – in those of Eugene Weber,4 then there was a fighting chance that it was also there in the largest, most heterogeneous empire the continent of Europe had known in modern times. I believe it was there, and that the concept is present in the archival sources avant la lettre. In the last stages of my work I was given timely encouragement that the concept has a place in the specific historiography ix PREFACE of Italy by the appearance in 1998 of the volume of essays edited by Jane Schneider, Italy’s ‘Southern Question’. Orientalism in One Country.5 It is probably an intellectual failing – nay, one of sheer lack of intelligence – that I am rooted in archival empiricism, but that approach does yield as much objectivity as can be expected in a post-modern world. The evidence came first, the interest in other frameworks came later. There is a very odd, nervous view of Napoleonic Europe that pervades its study: Within France, it represents repression, the death of the dream; yet beyond its borders, it is a beacon of Enlightened reform in a sea of reaction. I do not dispute this, but I feel there are uncomfortable ramifications involved that must be faced. They involve a serious questioning of the char- acter – but not necessarily the intrinsic worth – of the ‘Enlightenment project’. I start from the opinion, derived from the words and deeds of his servants ‘on the ground’ – and from his own diktats – that Napoleon deserves to be seen as the last of the Enlightened absolutists, at least in the areas I have studied; this also admits a belief in the term ‘Enlightened abso- lutist’. If no one else was an Enlightened absolutist – and I am not qualified to say – Napoleon was, at least in his Italian possessions. The struggle for reform here was marked and it meant confrontation with the culture embodied by the Tridentine Church. It was fundamental to the history of the Napoleonic period, and to the history of modern Italy, and it was a struggle Napoleon lost. He was neither the first nor the last to do so, but there is discomfort about bringing this to the centre of events. Should it be accorded such importance? Was the struggle not self-evident and so hardly worthy of detailed study? I do not think so and the stridency of those who told me ‘We knew that anyway’ made me all the more distrustful. There was a subject there if it made some people so upset. To delve into the war between the Church and the Napoleonic regimes reveals a bourgeoisie – and the term is valid, if broad – that was not entirely at ease with the new regime; a peasantry perhaps more politicized than might be comfortable to admit because it was not ‘progressive’ in character.
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