DOCSLIB.ORG

Prawo I Władza Na Przestrzeni Wieków

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prawo I Władza Na Przestrzeni Wieków Prawo i władza na przestrzeni wieków Jan Zabłocki Uchwały rzymskich zgromadzeń ludowych ycie publiczne w Rzymie w okresie republiki, toczyło się głównie na comitia, Żczyli zgromadzeniach ludowych, zwoływanych przez urzędników we właści- wym czasie i w sposób z góry określony dla danego rodzaju zgromadzenia, a towa- rzyszyły temu odpowiednie ceremonie. Przed rozpoczęciem czynności na zgromadzeniu należało nawiązać bezpośred- ni kontakt z bóstwami, by za pomocą różnych znaków na niebie i ziemi poznać ich wolę, czyli dokonać auspicia1. Auspicia należało odbyć w miejscu do tego przezna- czonym, które jednoznacznie wiązało się z miejscem, gdzie odbywały się comitia. Dokonywanie auspicia w innym miejscu powodowało, że czynność, którą poprze- dzały, można było uznać za iniusta. Dyskusyjne jest jednak, czy auspicia były związane z określonym dniem doko- nywania czynności, czy z czynnością, do której się odnosiły. Jeśli bowiem zgroma- dzenie poprzedzone przez auspicia nie dokonało czynności, np. wyboru urzędnika, przed zachodem słońca, bez konieczności dokonywania auspicia, mogły tej czyn- ności dokonać następnego dnia, o ile był to też dies comitialis2. Kiedy jednak au- 1 Gell. 3, 2, 8–10: Sacra sunt Romana partim diurna, alia nocturna; sed ea, quae inter noctem fi unt, diebus addicuntur, non noctibus; quae igitur sex posterioribus noctis horis fi unt, eo die fi eri dicuntur, qui proximus eam noctem inlucescit. Ad hoc ritus quoque et mos auspicandi eandem esse observationem docet: nam magistratus, quando uno die eis auspicandum est et id, super quo auspicaverunt, agendum, post mediam noctem auspicantur et post meridialem solem agunt, auspicatique esse et egisse eodem die dicuntur. 2 L. Ross Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies. From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar, New York 1966, s. 7; J. Farrel, Th e Distinction between ‘Comitia’ and ‘Concilium’, „Athenaeum” 1986, nr 74 (3–4), s. 407, n. 2. Tylko wybór cenzora musiał się odbyć w cią- gu jednego dnia i, jeżeli tylko jeden kandydat uzyskał wymaganą liczbę głosów, wyboru nie ogłaszano, a zgromadzenie musiało być zwołane jeszcze raz pod nowymi auspicia. Por. Liv. 9, 34, 25. Jan Zabłocki spicia wypadły niepomyślnie, ogłaszano, że czynność, którą poprzedzały winna się odbyć alio die3. Auspicia w sprawach państwowych przysługiwały królowi, augurom, a później najwyższym urzędnikom republikańskim w czasie sprawowania ich urzędu oraz patres w czasie wygaśnięcia wszystkich urzędów kurulnych, czyli w okresie interre- gnum, a więc przysługiwały tym, którzy mieli imperium4. Żyjący pod koniec republiki Valerius Messala Rufus, piastujący godność augura przez 55 lat, w swojej pracy De auspiciis, cytowanej przez Aulusa Gelliusa, słyn- nego antykwarystę5 z czasów cesarza Hadriana, dzieli auspicia na auspicia minora6 i auspicia maiora. Auspicia maiora przysługiwały konsulom, pretorom i cenzorom, czyli magistraturom wyższym. Jednakże wśród tych magistratur Gellius postrzegał pewne zróżnicowanie. Jego zdaniem, kolegami konsulów w urzędzie byli preto- rzy. Cenzorzy zaś, choć zaliczani byli do magistratury wyższej, nie byli kolegami w urzędzie ani pretorów, ani konsulów. Auspicia minora przysługiwały natomiast urzędnikom niższym7. Możność dokonywania auspicia wiązała się też z uprawnieniem magistratus do zwoływania zgromadzeń i odpowiednio z kompetencjami tych zgromadzeń. Według wspomnianego Messali, konsul zwoływał lud na contiones i comitia8. Pretor mógł to uczynić jedynie w przypadku, gdy tego nie zrobił konsul. Kiedy jednak zgromadzenie zwołał niższy urzędnik, wówczas nie można było dokonywać wybo- ru urzędnika wyższego. Zwołujący comitia nie mógł też zostać zastąpiony później 3 Cic., De leg. 2, 12, 31. Zob. także: L. Ross Taylor, op. cit., s. 8. 4 Zob.: G. W. Botsford, Th e Roman Assemblies. From their Origin to the End of Republic, New York 1968 (wyd. pierwsze 1909), s. 100 i nast.; P. de Francisci, Primordia civitatis, Romae 1959, s. 511 i nast.; J. Bleicken, Zum Begriff der römischen Amtsgewalt. (‘auspicium – potestas – imperium’), Göttingen 1981, s. 259 i nast. 5 Zob. J. Zabłocki, Th e Intellectual Background of Aulus Gellius, „Diritto@Storia” 2007, nr 6, www.dirittoestoria.it/6/Tradizione-romana/Zablocki-Jan-Intellectual-background-Aulus- Gellius.htm. 6 Zob. Fest., s.v. Minora, L. 148. 7 Gell. 13, 15, 4–7: Propterea ex eo libro verba ipsius Messalae subscripsimus. Patriciorum auspi- cia in duas sunt divisa potestates. Maxima sunt consulum, praetorum, censorum. Neque tamen eorum omnium inter se eadem aut eiusdem potestatis, ideo quod conlegae non sunt censores con- sulum aut praetorum, praetores consulum sunt. […] Reliquorum magistratuum minora sunt auspicia. Ideo illi ‘minores’, hi ‘maiores’ magistratus appellantur. Minoribus creatis magistra- tibus tributis comitiis magistratus, sed iustus curiata datur lege; maiores centuriatis comitiis fi u nt . Zob. także P. Catalano, Contributi allo studio del diritto augurale, Torino 1960, s. 469 i nast.; A. Magdelain, Recherches sur l’imperium. La loi curiate et les auspices d’investiture, Paris 1968, s. 14 i nast.; J. Bleicken, Zum Begriff der römischen Amtsgewalt…, s. 265 i nast. 8 Gell. 13, 16, 1: Consul ab omnibus magistratibus et comitiatum et contionem avocare potest. Praetor et comitiatum et contionem usquequaque avocare potest nisi a consule. Messala wskazuje na możliwość odwołania contio lub comitia przez drugiego urzędnika, ale tylko mającego wyż- szą władzę. W ten sposób konsul mógł odwołać zgromadzenie zwołane przez pretora, ale nie odwrotnie. Stąd można wysnuć wniosek, że konsul miał z pewnością tak ius contionandi, jak i ius agendi cum populo. 4 Uchwały rzymskich zgromadzeń ludowych przez innego urzędnika, a to z tego względu, że władza zwoływania i przewodni- czenia zgromadzeniu była niepodzielna. Ten więc, kto zwoływał zgromadzenie, ten mu też przewodniczył. Chociaż lud na zgromadzenie zwoływał pomocnik kon- sula, to jednak uważano, że zgromadzenie zwołuje sam konsul, a nie wykonujący jego polecenie. Comitia curiata zwoływał liktor, podczas gdy comitia centuriata zwoływał cornix9. Jedne i drugie były też objęte wspólną nazwą comitia calata. Jak można przypuszczać była to inna nazwa na oznaczenie contiones, czyli pierwszej fazy zbierającego się ludu na comitia10. Te rm i n contio miał jednakże wielorakie znaczenie11. Mógł oznaczać zarówno miejsce, jak i trybunę, z której wygłasza się przemówienia do ludu, zgromadzony lud słuchający przemówienia, a nawet samą mowę. Na contio następowało też zwy- kłe przekazanie przez urzędnika informacji, która lud interesowała, czy wyrażenie własnego zdania w sprawach publicznych, a także dokonanie czynności, której ważność była uwarunkowana obecnością ludu12. Rozróżnienie między contio i comitium sprawiało poważne trudności pisarzom greckim przedstawiającym instytucje rzymskie. Polybios, przebywający w Rzymie w połowie II wieku p.n.e., zazwyczaj unikał używania słowa oznaczającego zgro- madzenia, a lud zebrany zarówno na contio, jak i na comitia, nazywał demos. Dio Cassius, pisząc o ustroju pryncypatu, na oznaczenie contio i comitium często uży- wał podobnych terminów. Plutarch i Appian, którzy nie pojmowali różnic między tymi rodzajami zgromadzeń, często oddawali contio poprzez termin ekklesia, ozna- czający w języku greckim zgromadzenie, na którym toczono zarówno dyskusje, jak i przeprowadzano głosowanie13. Powstaje zatem pytanie, czy contio mogła oznaczać zebranie, na którym docho- dziło do głosowania. Wskazywałoby na to wyjaśnienie zwrotu contionem convo- cari jako cum populo agi przez Luciusa Iuliusa Cezara, które przytoczył w swoich 9 Gell. 15, 27, 1–3: In libro Laelii Felicis ad Q. Mucium primo scriptum est Labeonem scribere ‘calata’ comitia esse, quae pro conlegio pontifi cum habentur aut regis aut fl aminum inauguran- dorum causa. Eorum autem alia esse ‘curiata’, alia ‘centuriata’; ‘curiata’ per lictorem curiatum ‘calari’, id est ‘convocari’, ‘centuriata’ per cornicinem. Isdem comitiis, quae ‘calata’ appellari di- ximus, et sacrorum detestatio et testamenta fi eri solebant. 10 Gell. 13, 16, 3: Ex his verbis Messalae manifestum est aliud esse ‘cum populo agere’, aliud ‘con- tionem habere’. Nam ‘cum populo agere’ est rogare quid populum, quod suff ragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet, ‘contionem’ autem ‘habere’ est verba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione. 11 Por. Gell. 18, 7, 5–9: Misit autem paulo post Favorino librum, quem promiserat – Verri, opinor, Flacci erat –, in quo scripta ad hoc genus quaestionis pertinentia haec fuerunt: […] ‘contionem’ autem tria signifi care: locum suggestumque, unde verba fi erent, sicut M. Tullius in oratione, quae inscripta est contra contionem Q. Metelli: ‘escendi’ inquit ‘in contionem, concursus est populi factus’; item signifi care coetum populi adsistentis, sicuti idem M. Tullius in oratore ait: ‘Contiones saepe exclamare vidi, cum apte verba cecidissent. Etenim exspectant aures, ut verbis conligetur sententia’; item orationem ipsam, quae ad populum diceretur. Por. F. Pina Polo, Las ‘contiones’ civiles y mili- tares en Roma, Zaragoza 1989, s. 4 i nast. oraz 41 i nast. 12 Zob. Varro, De ling. Lat. 5, 155; Fest., s.v. Comitiales, L. 34. 13 L. Ross Taylor, op. cit., s. 3. 5 Jan Zabłocki Saturnalia Macrobius14. Jednakże zwrot ten nie odnosił się we wspomnianym przy- padku jednoznacznie do zgromadzenia głosującego15. Natomiast w żadnym innym źródle nie spotyka się terminu contio na oznaczenie zgromadzeń głosujących. Przeciw użyciu słowa contio na oznaczenie zgromadzenia głosującego przema- wia też przekaz Asconiusa. Ten bowiem odróżnia zebranych głosujących
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Ambivalence of Resistance: West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c73n9k4 Author Boyle, Michael Shane Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence By Michael Shane Boyle A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Shannon Jackson, Chair Professor Anton Kaes Professor Shannon Steen Fall 2012 The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence © Michael Shane Boyle All Rights Reserved, 2012 Abstract The Ambivalence of Resistance West German Antiauthoritarian Performance After the Age of Affluence by Michael Shane Boyle Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Shannon Jackson, Chair While much humanities scholarship focuses on the consequence of late capitalism’s cultural logic for artistic production and cultural consumption, this dissertation asks us to consider how the restructuring of capital accumulation in the postwar period similarly shaped activist practices in West Germany. From within the fields of theater and performance studies, “The Ambivalence of Resistance: West German Antiauthoritarian Performance after the Age of Affluence” approaches this question historically. It surveys the types of performance that decolonization and New Left movements in 1960s West Germany used to engage reconfigurations in the global labor process and the emergence of anti-imperialist struggles internationally, from documentary drama and happenings to direct action tactics like street blockades and building occupations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commune Movement During the 1960S and the 1970S in Britain, Denmark and The
    The Commune Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s in Britain, Denmark and the United States Sangdon Lee Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2016 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ⓒ 2016 The University of Leeds and Sangdon Lee The right of Sangdon Lee to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ii Abstract The communal revival that began in the mid-1960s developed into a new mode of activism, ‘communal activism’ or the ‘commune movement’, forming its own politics, lifestyle and ideology. Communal activism spread and flourished until the mid-1970s in many parts of the world. To analyse this global phenomenon, this thesis explores the similarities and differences between the commune movements of Denmark, UK and the US. By examining the motivations for the communal revival, links with 1960s radicalism, communes’ praxis and outward-facing activities, and the crisis within the commune movement and responses to it, this thesis places communal activism within the context of wider social movements for social change. Challenging existing interpretations which have understood the communal revival as an alternative living experiment to the nuclear family, or as a smaller part of the counter-culture, this thesis argues that the commune participants created varied and new experiments for a total revolution against the prevailing social order and its dominant values and institutions, including the patriarchal family and capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Amy | ‘Tis the Season | Meru | the Wolfpack | the Jinx | Big Men | Caring for Mom & Dad | Walt Disney | the Breach | GTFO Scene & He D
    November-December 2015 VOL. 30 THE VIDEO REVIEW MAGAZINE FOR LIBRARIES NO. 6 IN THIS ISSUE Amy | ‘Tis the Season | Meru | The Wolfpack | The Jinx | Big Men | Caring for Mom & Dad | Walt Disney | The Breach | GTFO scene & he d BAKER & TAYLOR’S SPECIALIZED A/V TEAM OFFERS ALL THE PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND EXPERTISE TO FULFILL YOUR LIBRARY PATRONS’ NEEDS. Le n more about Bak & Taylor’s Scene & He d team: ELITE Helpful personnel focused exclusively on A/V products and customized services to meet continued patron demand PROFICIENT Qualified entertainment content buyers ensure frontlist and backlist titles are available and delivered on time SKILLED Supportive Sales Representatives with an average of 15 years industry experience DEVOTED Nationwide team of A/V processing staff ready to prepare your movie and music products to your shelf-ready specifications KNOWLEDGEABLE Full-time staff of A/V catalogers, backed by their MLS degree and more than 43 years of media cataloging expertise 800-775-2600 x2050 [email protected] www.baker-taylor.com Spotlight Review Amy HHH 2011, she died of alcohol toxicity at the age of Lionsgate, 128 min., R, 27. Drawing on early home movies, newsreel DVD: $19.98, Blu-ray: footage, and recorded audio interviews, Amy $24.99, Dec. 1 serves up a sorrowful portrait of an artist’s Publisher/Editor: Randy Pitman This disturbing, dis- deadly downward spiral. Extras include au- concerting, booze ‘n’ dio commentary by the director, previously Associate Editor: Jazza Williams-Wood drugs documentary unseen performances by Winehouse, and Copy Editor: Kathleen L. Florio about British song- deleted scenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern Catholic Reform and the Synod of Pistoia Shaun London Blanchard Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Eighteenth-Century Forerunners of Vatican II: Early Modern Catholic Reform and the Synod of Pistoia Shaun London Blanchard Marquette University Recommended Citation Blanchard, Shaun London, "Eighteenth-Century Forerunners of Vatican II: Early Modern Catholic Reform and the Synod of Pistoia" (2018). Dissertations (2009 -). 774. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/774 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FORERUNNERS OF VATICAN II: EARLY MODERN CATHOLIC REFORM AND THE SYNOD OF PISTOIA by Shaun L. Blanchard, B.A., MSt. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2018 ABSTRACT EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FORERUNNERS OF VATICAN II: EARLY MODERN CATHOLIC REFORM AND THE SYNOD OF PISTOIA Shaun L. Blanchard Marquette University, 2018 This dissertation sheds further light on the nature of church reform and the roots of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) through a study of eighteenth-century Catholic reformers who anticipated Vatican II. The most striking of these examples is the Synod of Pistoia (1786), the high-water mark of “late Jansenism.” Most of the reforms of the Synod were harshly condemned by Pope Pius VI in the Bull Auctorem fidei (1794), and late Jansenism was totally discredited in the increasingly ultramontane nineteenth-century Catholic Church. Nevertheless, many of the reforms implicit or explicit in the Pistoian agenda – such as an exaltation of the role of bishops, an emphasis on infallibility as a gift to the entire church, religious liberty, a simpler and more comprehensible liturgy that incorporates the vernacular, and the encouragement of lay Bible reading and Christocentric devotions – were officially promulgated at Vatican II.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern Italy
    EARLY MODERN ITALY A comprehensive bibliography of works in English & French © Gregory Hanlon Baroque History Enterprises 5539 Columbus Place Halifax B3K 2G7 CANADA (902) 454-0566 4th Edition February 2002 DO NOT PHOTOCOPY! 1 Table of Contents Introduction p. 3 English 1 General studies & historiography p. 7 2 Travel & Historical Geography p. 10 3 Politics & Administration p. 13 4 Economy & Demography p. 28 5 Social stratification & Behaviour p. 40 6 Religion p. 51 7 Language arts & Erudition p. 71 8 Music & Spectacle p. 90 9 Beaux-Arts & Architecture p. 106 10 Science & Technology p. 132 French 1 General studies & historiography p. 150 2 Travel & Historical Geography p. 153 3 Politics & Administration p. 157 4 Economy & Demography p. 176 5 Social stratification & Behaviour p. 193 6 Religion p. 198 7 Language arts & Erudition p. 212 8 Music & Spectacle p. 225 9 Beaux-Arts & Architecture p. 230 10 Science & Technology p. 242 2 EARLY MODERN ITALY: A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY Gregory Hanlon (Dalhousie University, Halifax Canada) The aim of the bibliography compiled below is to refute, once and for all, the notion that the Early Modern period of Italian history has been “forgotten” by historians. Its very existence will allow scholars and students greater ease of consultation, and should stimulate the growth of a field now in full flower. Quite apart from the huge, and often excellent production of Italian scholars, the period has attracted the talent and energy of thousands of authors who have published their work in the two principal languages of the western world, English and French. It is through these languages that a new generation of students and scholars can be introduced to this long and central epoch of Italian and European history.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Varvaro, M. Ciceri: Medioevo Lirico Ed Epico A. Oliverio: Il Gene Senza Morale Li Della Calura
    Tullio Pericoli: Altan di Altan Testi di Fausto Bertinotti, Pasquale De Stefani, Michele Serra M. Bulgheroni, E. Hardwick: Il genio di Margaret Fuller A. Varvaro, M. Ciceri: Medioevo lirico ed epico A. Oliverio: Il gene senza morale li della calura Il sogno della camera rossa Viaggio intorno all'uomo bianco PIETRO CITATI IDA MAGLI Da I giochi del Tao a L'insostenibile Superstizioni, riti, tradizioni, costumi leggerezza dell'essere, dai grandi tribali della società occidentale nella Melanconici a Karen Blixen, da lucida analisi di una grande sant'Agostino a santa Teresa, da Poe antropologa. L. 22.000 a Proust, da Borges a Nabobov a Calvino. L. 20.000 II sogno e le sue voci SERENA FOGLIA Siamo tutti latinisti CESARE MARCHI II sogno: nell'arte, nei miti, nella Josef Gelmi letteratura, nella religione, nella Erga omnes, video, audio, prò capite, magia, nella psicoanalisi, nella vita deficit, omissis, mutatis mutandis, quotidiana. Un altro mondo I PAPI una tantum... La storia. l'origine, le dell'uomo ricco di fascino e di curiosità, gli aneddoti delle 500 mistero. L. 22.000 parole che ogni giorno prendiamo dal latino senza saperlo. L. 18.000 Dello stesso autore: Ipapi Impariamo l'Italiano JOSEF GELMI Il "chi è" di tutti i vicari di Cristo. In Carte false una seria-<i0efficaci ed esaurienti Peccati e peccatori ritratti, l'irripetibile storia di una delle del giornalismo italiano più antiche "monarchie" del mondo. GIAMPAOLO PANSA L. 30.000 Come si può tradire la verità per ignoranza, interesse, viltà. Un Angelo desolato implacabile atto d'accusa firmato da DENNIS MCNALLY un testimone d'eccezione: Giampaolo Pansa.
    [Show full text]
  • Humour As a Guerrilla Tactic: the West German Student Movement’S Mockery of the Establishmentã
    IRSH 52 (2007), pp. 115–132 DOI: 10.1017/S002085900700315X # 2007 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Humour as a Guerrilla Tactic: The West German Student Movement’s Mockery of the Establishmentà Simon Teune Summary: A small group within the German student movement of the 1960s expressed its critique of society in humorous protests that condensed the urge for a non-materialist, individualistic, and libertarian change. In the early phase of an emerging cycle of protest, Spassguerilla [fun guerrilla] contributed to shaping the face of the student movement, despite differences with the more traditional groups within that movement. In happenings, pamphlets, and judicial trials, humorous activists derided conventional ways of thinking and living. A responsive environ- ment played a decisive role in shaping the image of the insurgents, thus reinforcing the impact of their actions and drawing in sympathizers. INTRODUCTION Humour and amusement are probably not the first associations one would make with reference to politics in postwar West Germany. On the contrary, the young state was characterized by a rigid conservatism and the legacy of authoritarianism continued to prevail. Yet a certain type of humour is a telling expression of the political and cultural transformation the country experienced in the 1960s. At the intersection of bohemian circles and anti-authoritarian neo-Marxist currents, the concept of Spassguerilla [fun guerrilla] developed as a witty take on society. The disrespectful behaviour of activists challenging the authorities and taken- for-granted social rules became a sign of a society in transformation. This article will approach humorous forms of protest by focusing on an organizational nucleus of Spassguerilla, Kommune 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Central European Constellation VISEGRAD GROUP CELEBRATES ITS FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY Jirˇí Paroubek
    The Visegrad va Group W aa rsz a wa ha – A Central isl a t European ra Pr BB udap est International Visegrad Fund Constellation W a rsza wa ha a Pr BBratislava udap est International Visegrad Fund The Visegrad Publication Group on the Occasion of the 15th Anniversary A Central of the Visegrad Group. Edited by Andrzej Jagodziƒski European Bratislava 2006 Constellation BRATISLAVA BUDAPEST PRAGUE WARSAW of Visegrad 15 Years The Visegrad Group – A Central European Constellation 13 15 Years of Visegrad VISEGRAD GROUP CELEBRATES ITS FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY Jirˇí Paroubek After the fundamental changes in Central Europe at the end of 1989, it was necessary to move swiftly to get rid of the consequences of totalitarianism, to arrange the withdrawal of Soviet troops, and to quickly prepare the countries of Central Europe for membership in European and trans-Atlantic structures. One of the useful means of achieving these goals was the creation of a common platform represented by the Visegrad Group. During the initial phase of its existence, from 1991 to 1993 – when Czechoslovakia still existed – the Visegrad Group played an important role in our communications with NATO and the European Union. The process of expanding both institutions was both time-consuming and complex. It also contributed to the creation of qualitatively new bilateral relations between the countries in the Group. The ability of the Visegrad countries to cooperate and coordinate their approaches impressed the democratic countries of Western Europe. After the creation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia from the former Czechoslovakia in 1993, when the Visegrad Three became the Visegrad Four, however, that cooperation began to flag.
    [Show full text]
  • Domination and the Arts of Resistance : Hidden Transcripts
    Domination and the Arts of Resistance Domination and the Arts of Resistance Hidden Transcripts James C. Scott YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN AND LONDON For Moorestown Friends' School Copyright 0 1990 by Yale University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- All rights reserved. Publication Data This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in Scott, James C. part, including illustrations, in any form (bgond Domination and the arts of resistance : that cotyingpermitted by Sections 107 and 108 hidden transcripts / fumes C. Scott of the U.S. Copyright Law and excupt by P. cm reviewers for the public press), without written Includes bibliographical references. permission from the publishers. ISBN 0-300-04705-3 (cloth) 0-300-05669-9 (pbk.) Designed by James J. Johnson Set in Ehrhardt Roman type by 1. Passive resistance. 2. Power (Social The Composing Room ofMichigan, Inc. sciences) 3. Dominance (Psychology) Printed in the United States ofAmerica by 4. Intert>ersonal relations. 5. Socialgroups. Edwards Brothers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. I. Title. HM278.S37 1990 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for 303.6' 1-&20 90-35207 permanence and durability of the Committee on CIP Production Guidelinesfor Book Longmi& of the Council on Library Resources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. When the great lord passes the wise peasant bows deeply and silently farts. ETHIOPIAN PROVERB Society is a very mysterious animal with many faces and hidden potentialities, and . it's extremely shortsighted to believe that the face society happens to be presenting to you at a given moment is its only true face.
    [Show full text]
  • Humour As a Guerrilla Tactic: the West German Student Movement’S Mockery of the Establishmentã
    IRSH 52 (2007), pp. 115–132 DOI: 10.1017/S002085900700315X # 2007 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Humour as a Guerrilla Tactic: The West German Student Movement’s Mockery of the Establishmentà Simon Teune Summary: A small group within the German student movement of the 1960s expressed its critique of society in humorous protests that condensed the urge for a non-materialist, individualistic, and libertarian change. In the early phase of an emerging cycle of protest, Spassguerilla [fun guerrilla] contributed to shaping the face of the student movement, despite differences with the more traditional groups within that movement. In happenings, pamphlets, and judicial trials, humorous activists derided conventional ways of thinking and living. A responsive environ- ment played a decisive role in shaping the image of the insurgents, thus reinforcing the impact of their actions and drawing in sympathizers. INTRODUCTION Humour and amusement are probably not the first associations one would make with reference to politics in postwar West Germany. On the contrary, the young state was characterized by a rigid conservatism and the legacy of authoritarianism continued to prevail. Yet a certain type of humour is a telling expression of the political and cultural transformation the country experienced in the 1960s. At the intersection of bohemian circles and anti-authoritarian neo-Marxist currents, the concept of Spassguerilla [fun guerrilla] developed as a witty take on society. The disrespectful behaviour of activists challenging the authorities and taken- for-granted social rules became a sign of a society in transformation. This article will approach humorous forms of protest by focusing on an organizational nucleus of Spassguerilla, Kommune 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy
    Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 THE POLITICS OF RELIGION IN NAPOLEONIC ITALY The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy explores the intense cultural conflict created by French rule in Italy at the start of the nineteenth century. Napoleon’s desire for cultural conformity struck at the heart of Italian reli- gious life. Yet the reforms imposed by French rule created resentment and resistance across Italy, finally leading to Napoleon’s famous quarrel with Pope Pius VII. In this fascinating study, Michael Broers traces the events leading up to the excommunication of Napoleon and the Pope’s arrest and exile from Rome. In particular, attention is given to the impact these reforms had on the Italian masses and popular piety. Using previously neglected French and Italian archival sources, The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy reveals how the alliance between Church and people grew in the face of alien, impe- rial rule. It exposes the vital role this union played in preventing Italy from being totally assimilated into the French empire. Highlighting concepts of cultural imperialism more usually associated with the non-European world, this incisive piece of scholarship reveals much about the prejudices driving French imperial policy. The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy will appeal to historians of modern France and Italy alike. Michael Broers is Reader in the Department of History at the University of Aberdeen. He is the author of several books, including Europe Under Downloaded by [Universite Laval] at 12:50 07 June 2017 Napoleon, 1799–1815 (1996) and Europe After Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism, 1814–1848 (1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Texts on the Display Panels
    Visit to the Permanent Collection at the Museum of Carlism (1st floor) Texts on the display panels Museum of Carlism information sheets available for loan. Property of the Museum of Carlism. Please return this material to the reception desk at the end of your visit. Thank you for your cooperation. Author : Pedro Rújula López (Prof. Titular Historia Contemporánea. Universidad de Zaragoza) Translation into English : Mª Rosa Pan Sánchez (Servicio de Museos) First Ambit Carlism: History and Memory Carlism is an historical movement originated and developed in the past, which has kept a continuous presence in our collective memory. Nowadays, the necessary temporal perspective and historical reflexion provide us the opportunity to contemplate its evolution up to the end of the Spanish Civil War. The Revolution The term “Revolution” refers to the profound changes that took place both in Europe and North America in the second half of the eighteenth century. It was a time when the privileges of the clergy and nobility were abolished, the principles of liberty and equality restored, the division of state powers established, and the constitutional law adopted. The Counter-revolution Some social sectors were not content with the forthcoming changes. The privileged estates of the Ancien Régime: nobility and clergy, and also peasants and craftsmen mobilized, because of different reasons, but all in the same direction, against the new social order. A Wave of Counter-revolutionary Movements At the end of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century Europe went through a wide counter-revolutionary movement which adopted different forms depending on the place and time.
    [Show full text]