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October 22, 1962 Amintore Fanfani Diaries (Excepts)
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified October 22, 1962 Amintore Fanfani Diaries (excepts) Citation: “Amintore Fanfani Diaries (excepts),” October 22, 1962, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Italian Senate Historical Archives [the Archivio Storico del Senato della Repubblica]. Translated by Leopoldo Nuti. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115421 Summary: The few excerpts about Cuba are a good example of the importance of the diaries: not only do they make clear Fanfani’s sense of danger and his willingness to search for a peaceful solution of the crisis, but the bits about his exchanges with Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Carlo Russo, with the Italian Ambassador in London Pietro Quaroni, or with the USSR Presidium member Frol Kozlov, help frame the Italian position during the crisis in a broader context. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Italian Contents: English Translation The Amintore Fanfani Diaries 22 October Tonight at 20:45 [US Ambassador Frederick Reinhardt] delivers me a letter in which [US President] Kennedy announces that he must act with an embargo of strategic weapons against Cuba because he is threatened by missile bases. And he sends me two of the four parts of the speech which he will deliver at midnight [Rome time; 7 pm Washington time]. I reply to the ambassador wondering whether they may be falling into a trap which will have possible repercussions in Berlin and elsewhere. Nonetheless, caught by surprise, I decide to reply formally tomorrow. I immediately called [President of the Republic Antonio] Segni in Sassari and [Foreign Minister Attilio] Piccioni in Brussels recommending prudence and peace for tomorrow’s EEC [European Economic Community] meeting. -
Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
ICRC President in Italy…
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS ICRC President in Italy... The President of the ICRC, Mr. Alexandre Hay, was in Italy from 15 to 20 June for an official visit. He was accompanied by Mr. Sergio Nessi, head of the Financing Division, and Mr. Melchior Borsinger, delegate-general for Europe and North America. The purpose of the visit was to contact the Italian authorities, to give them a detailed account of the ICRC role and function and to obtain greater moral and material support from them. The first day of the visit was mainly devoted to discussions with the leaders of the National Red Cross Society and a tour of the Society's principal installations. On the same day Mr. Hay was received by the President of the Republic, Mr. Sandro Pertini. Other discussions with government officials enabled the ICRC delegation to explain all aspects of current ICRC activities throughout the world. Mr. Hay's interlocutors were Mr. Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Minister of Finance; Mr. Aldo Aniasi, Minister of Health; Mrs. Nilde Iotti, Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies; Mr. Amintore Fanfani, President of the Senate; Mr. Paulo Emilio Taviani, Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies' Foreign Affairs Commission and Mr. Giulio Andreotti, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Affairs Commission. Discussions were held also with the leaders of the Italian main political parties. On 20 June President Hay, Mr. Nessi and Mr. Borsinger were received in audience by H.H. Pope John-Paul II, after conferring with H.E. Cardinal Casaroli, the Vatican Secretary of State, and H.E. Cardinal Gantin, Chairman of the "Cor Unum" Pontifical Council and of the pontifical Justice and Peace Commission. -
Francesco Saverio Nitti and the United States of Europe
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2016 Francesco Saverio Nitti and the United States of Europe Silvio Berardi Associate Professor of Contemporary History University Niccolò Cusano Rome This essay is based on Francesco Saverio Nitti’s pro-European production during and after the Great War. I need to give before some brief and certainly not exhaustive biographical hints about Nitti in order to favor a better contextualization1. Nitti was born in Melfi, Basilicata, on July 19, 1868. His father volunteered in Garibaldi’s troops and in his political growth Mazzini’s democratic republican culture found full internalization2. In 1882 he moved with his family to Naples, where he completed his high school studies in 1890 and then graduated in Law. Just in Naples he had the opportunity to know Giustino Fortunato3, another great exponent of the Italian Southern Question. He started an intense journalistic activity collaborating with several papers including the «Corriere di Napoli», founded by Edoardo Scarfoglio4. In 1894 he founded «La Riforma Sociale» where, next to the strong interest in the economic problems of his country, he particularly focused on the development of his South5. After obtaining the teaching of Science of Finance at the University of Naples, in 1904 Nitti was elected deputy for the Radical Party in the College of Muro Lucano. In 1911 he became Minister of Industry and Trade in Giolitti’s government. Nitti would become later in June, 1919, at the end of the conflict, President of the Council, a position he held until June of the following year. -
Preparing for a Level History – Transition Tasks
Preparing for A Level History – Transition tasks https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/A%20Level/History/2015/Specification%20and%20sample%20ass essments/9781446914366_GCE_2015_A_HIST.pdf Unit Content and Mode of Assessment Weighting Paper 1 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918 - 89 30% Paper 2 2G.1: The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46 20% Paper 3 35.1. Britain: losing and gaining and Empire, 1763-1914 30% Coursework An independently researched enquiry The topic is to be decided 20% Key questions (answer these in as much detail as you can): 1. What were the consequences of World War One for Germany? (include in your answer- Treaty of Versailles, political upheaval, Weimar Constitution). 2. Why did the Weimar Republic collapse in 1933? (include in your answer- the rise of the Nazis, the economic and social problems caused by the Wall Street Crash, weaknesses with the Weimar Constitution, the role of Papen and Hindenburg) 3. How did the Nazis create a dictatorship? 4. What was the FRG and how did it's constitution (The Basic Law) differ from that of the Weimar constitution? 5. Produce a fact-file on each of the FRG chancellors. (include key information like when they were chancellor what party they belonged to what policies they had, what problems they faced) 6. Write an account of the opposition groups that the Weimar Republic faced. (for example the Spartacists and Nazis) 7. What opposition did the Nazi regime face? Why was this unsuccessful? 8. What opposition did the FRG face? 9. How did the role and status of women change from 1918-1989 in Germany and West Germany? 10. -
Elezione a Presidente Del Senato
SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA VIII LEGISLATURA 530a SEDUTA PUBBLICA RESOCONTO STENOGRAFICO GIOVEDI" 9 DICEMBRE 1982 Presidenza del vice presidente MORLINO, indi del vice presidente OSSICINI e del presidente MORLINO INDICE CALENDARIO DEI LAVORI DELL'ASSEM- Votazione Pag. 10 BLEA . Pag. 4 Insediamento del Presidente 11 . CONGEDI 3 ENTI PUBBLICI CONSIGLIO D'EUROPA Trasmissione di documenti 18 Elezione di vice presidente della delega- zione italiana . .. o..... 14 GOVERNO CORTE COSTITUZIONALE Accettazione delle dimissioni del secondo Governo Spadolini e composizione del Ordinanze emesse da autorità giurisdizioo quinto Governo Fanfani S nali per il giudizio di legittimità 18 Trasmissione di documenti . 16 Trasmissione di sentenze 19 DISEGNI DI LEGGE ORDINE DEL GIORNO PER LE SEDUTE DI VENERDI' 10 DICEMBRE 1982 . 19 Annunzio di presentazione 14 Assegnazione . 14 PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Nuova classificazione . 14 Trasmissione di risoluzioni 18 Presentazione di relazioni . 15 Trasmissione dalla Camera dei deputati 14 PROCEDIMENTI D'ACCUSA Trasmissione di ordinanze da parte della DOMANDE DI AUTORIZZAZIONE A PRO- CEDERE IN GIUDIZIO Commissione parlamentare . 3 Deferimento 18 SENATO, UFFICIO DI PRESIDENZA ELEZIONE DEL PRESIDENTE Cessazione dalla carica del presidente Fan- fani e del vice presidente Ferralasco: PRESIDENTE . 8, 9 SPADACCIA(Misto-PR) . 8 PRESIDENTE............. 7 TIPOGRAFIA DEL SENATO (1200) ~ 4 Senato della Repubblica ~ 8 ~ VIII Legislatura 530a SEDUTA ASSEMBLEA - RESOCONTO STENOGRAFICO 9 DICEMBRE1982 Con la sua comunicazione il presidente funzionari del Senato per l'amichevole, af- Fanfani scandisce un momento significativo fettuosa collaborazione manifestata nei miei della sua biografia umana e politica ed un riguardi anche in momenti per me partico- momento importante nella vita del Senato larmente difficili. della Repubblica. Voglia gradire, signor Vice Presidente, j Es,primo a !I1ome di tutti i senatori e mio miei più deferenti ossequi. -
A British Reflection: the Relationship Between Dante's Comedy and The
A British Reflection: the Relationship between Dante’s Comedy and the Italian Fascist Movement and Regime during the 1920s and 1930s with references to the Risorgimento. Keon Esky A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. University of Sydney 2016 KEON ESKY Fig. 1 Raffaello Sanzio, ‘La Disputa’ (detail) 1510-11, Fresco - Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican. KEON ESKY ii I dedicate this thesis to my late father who would have wanted me to embark on such a journey, and to my partner who with patience and love has never stopped believing that I could do it. KEON ESKY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis owes a debt of gratitude to many people in many different countries, and indeed continents. They have all contributed in various measures to the completion of this endeavour. However, this study is deeply indebted first and foremost to my supervisor Dr. Francesco Borghesi. Without his assistance throughout these many years, this thesis would not have been possible. For his support, patience, motivation, and vast knowledge I shall be forever thankful. He truly was my Virgil. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the whole Department of Italian Studies at the University of Sydney, who have patiently worked with me and assisted me when I needed it. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Rubino and the rest of the committees that in the years have formed the panel for the Annual Reviews for their insightful comments and encouragement, but equally for their firm questioning, which helped me widening the scope of my research and accept other perspectives. -
Sergio Mattarella
__________ Marzo 2021 Indice cronologico dei comunicati stampa SEZIONE I – DIMISSIONI DI CORTESIA ......................................................................... 9 Presidenza Einaudi...........................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Gronchi ..........................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Segni ..............................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Saragat.........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Leone ...........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Pertini ..........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Cossiga ........................................................................................................................11 Presidenza Ciampi .........................................................................................................................11 Presidenza Mattarella ....................................................................................................................11 SEZIONE II – DIMISSIONI EFFETTIVE ........................................................................ -
Revolting Peasants: Southern Italy, Ireland, and Cartoons in Comparative Perspective, 1860–1882*
IRSH 60 (2015), pp. 1–35 doi:10.1017/S0020859015000024 r 2015 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Revolting Peasants: Southern Italy, Ireland, and Cartoons in Comparative Perspective, 1860–1882* N IALL W HELEHAN School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Peasants in general, and rural rebels in particular, were mercilessly ridiculed in the satirical cartoons that proliferated in European cities from the mid-nineteenth century. There was more to these images than the age-old hostility of the townspeople for the peasant, and this article comparatively explores how cartoons of southern Italian brigands and rural Irish agitators helped shape a liberal version of what was modern by identifying what was not: the revolting peasant who engaged in ‘‘unmanly’’ violence, lacked self-reliance, and was in thrall to Catholic clergymen. During periods of unrest, distinctions between brigands, rebels, and the rural populations as a whole were not always clear in cartoons. Comparison suggests that derogatory images of peasants from southern Italy and Ireland held local peculiarities, but they also drew from transna- tional stereotypes of rural poverty that circulated widely due to the rapidly expanding European publishing industry. While scholarly debates inspired by postcolonial perspectives have previously emphasized processes of othering between the West and East, between the metropole and colony, it is argued here that there is also an internal European context to these relationships based on ingrained class and gendered prejudices, and perceptions of what constituted the centre and the periphery. -
Benedetto Croce S Cultural and Political Contribution to the Struggle Against Fascism*
CONTRIBUTI LA FAMIGLIA ITALIANA : BENEDETTO CROCE S CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE STRUGGLE AGAINST FASCISM* FABIO F. RIZI Toronto, Ontario Abstract: The essay deals with Croce s cultural and political activities against the fascist regime, from 1925 to 1943. It stresses the anti-fascist value of his historical books and the political importance of his periodical. It also pays close attention to Croce s personal relations with the anti-fascist leaders and his co-operation with the underground movements, both in Italy and abroad. Key-words: Croce, Liberalism, Fascism, Anti-fascism, Resistance. he aim of this paper, like the book on which it is based, is to show that Croce s anti-fascism was not passive, as his critics have claimed, but rather active, and it was not only cultural but also political, and not without danger for himself and his family. In the struggle against fascism, Croce s most important contribution was his intellectual activity. In this respect he assumed a position of leadership, and his influence was unmatched, affecting in different ways the old and new generations and the cultural and political movements of the time. His books were Croce s way of defending liberal and democratic ideals, and their wide readership gave him the moral leadership of the anti-fascist resistance, as well as assuring his personal security against the dictatorship. It is now evident that, given the nature of fascism, Croce s refusal to go into exile or to join the underground was an inspired and fruitful choice. He chose the field and assumed the position in which he could be most effective and where his contribution could be most productive and influential. -
Tra Oblio E Rimozione Ideologica La Biografia Di Francesco Saverio Nitti E L’Identità’ Italiana Del Primo Dopoguerra
SÉMATA, Ciencias Sociais e Humanidades, 2020, vol. 32: 131-149 Tra oblio e rimozione ideologica La biografia di Francesco Saverio Nitti e l’identità’ italiana del primo dopoguerra Between Oblivion and Ideological Repression. The Biography of Francesco Saverio Nitti and the Italian Identity after Great War FRANCESCA CANALE CAMA Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (Italia) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-0961 [email protected] Sinossi Nel movimentato quadriennio (1919-1922) che in Italia seguì la fine della prima guerra mondiale, l’uscita dalla guerra e la gestione dei problemi ad essa connessi, la crisi sociale divampante quasi contemporaneamente al ritorno della pace - in una parola la ricostruzione morale e materiale della nazione - sono generalmente messi in relazione con il “ritorno al liberalismo” incarnato dalla figura e dal governo di Francesco Saverio Nitti tra il 1919 ed il 1920. Instancabile artefice di un progetto di pace europea di ampio respiro che egli andava elaborando per conto dell’Italia vinci- trice, raggiunse il suo massimo ascendente politico internazionale proprio mentre l’umore delle piazze e delle pance del Paese virava senza freno verso quel “sacro egoismo” sempre più incarnato dall’ esperienza dell’occupazione di Fiume e dal mito della “vittoria mutilata”. Il fallimento del suo governo nel giugno del 1920 è spesso indicato come autentica incarnazione della fine del liberalis- mo italiano e, non senza punte di aspra critica, come esempio di quella debolezza istituzionale che favorì non poco l’ascesa del fascismo. Non si trattava, però, del semplice fallimento di un governo e del suo presidente: si apriva una pagina nuova e ricca di sviluppi sia per la storia nazionale che per la biografia umana di Nitti. -
Democrazia E Libertà. Problemi E Immagini Dello Stato Nella Riflessione Di Francesco Saverio Nitti
Democrazia e libertà. Problemi e immagini dello Stato nella riflessione di Francesco Saverio Nitti giuseppe mecca 1. Dalla periferia all’esilio volontario la libertà di espatrio a tutti i cittadini, sot- toponeva ad una rigida regolamentazione l’attività degli agenti e dei subagenti che La libertà è il solo regime di sano vigore, che per- svolgevano attività d’intermediazione degli mette i contrasti e fa dischiudere tutte le nuove energie. Ogni restrizione di libertà che non sia emigranti. L’opera era dedicata a Giustino giustificata da un pericolo imminente o da una Fortunato, deputato lucano dal 1880, suo necessità inevitabile è un danno, perché ogni po- mentore e protettore nel cui salotto Nitti ve- tere autoritario tende a soffocare la varietà che è niva a contatto con numerosi intellettuali4. la causa di tutte le più vaste trasformazioni e di Parlare dei rapporti tra Nitti e Fortunato tutte le grandi opere dello spirito umano. La li- significa tenere anche in considerazione il bertà non si eredita, si conquista, e ogni perdita di libertà è diminuzione del carattere e delle at- contesto in cui operavano e la fitta rete di titudini1. relazioni personali e culturali. Tra Napoli e la Lucania, comune terra di origine, si era Queste parole sono state scritte da Fran- formato un ceto intellettuale, in gran parte cesco Saverio Nitti a Parigi durante l’esilio di formazione giuridica, che suscitò l’am- dall’Italia fascista. Era nato nel 1868 a Melfi mirazione di Vittorio Emanuele Orlando5. 2 da una famiglia dal passato repubblicano . La generazione è quella del menzionato Sin dalla giovinezza fu d’ingegno vivace Don Giustino, del costituzionalista France- come ricorderà Benedetto Croce.