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The Sideways March: Mackenzie King's Monumental Quest, 1893-1940 Document generated on 09/26/2021 9:54 p.m. Ontario History The Sideways March Mackenzie King’s Monumental Quest, 1893-1940 Dennis Duffy Volume 100, Number 2, Fall 2008 Article abstract This article concludes with William Lyon Mackenzie King’s successful URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065696ar diversion of the public memory of the struggle for responsible government DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1065696ar from its various historical proponents to his grandfather, William Lyon Mackenzie. This he accomplished through his influence on monuments erected See table of contents in Ontario during his heyday. The article follows this progress as it ambles through a number of other monuments and popular texts, culminating in an idealized testament to an individual apotheosized into a near-allegorical Publisher(s) political presence. The Ontario Historical Society ISSN 0030-2953 (print) 2371-4654 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Duffy, D. (2008). The Sideways March: Mackenzie King’s Monumental Quest, 1893-1940. Ontario History, 100(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065696ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2008 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ 130 ONTARIOThe HISTORY Sideways March: Mackenzie King’s Monumental Quest, 1893-19401 By Dennis Duffy illiam Lyon Mackenzie King the occasion of the monument’s unveil- knew how to work up a ing, thus transforming personal mourn- grand occasion and a grand ing into public monumentality.2 Wmonument too. As a very junior minister King knew how such deeds were in 1905, he had engineered the enshrine- wrought. What then had gone wrong ment adjacent to Parliament Hill of his with what should have been the unal- heroically dead roommate, Bert Harper. loyed delights of his 18 June 1938 un- He had not only raised the funds and se- veiling of a Niagara Falls memorial arch? lected the sculptor and the emblem for After all, its panels marked the progress the memorial (a stalwart Sir Galahad), of Canadian governance and bestowed he had wheedled his way into a site that a culminating role in that pageant to his most viewers would assume was the Hill Grandfather. Though neither the monu- itself, so closely did it adjoin those sacred ment itself nor the attendant ceremony precincts. Most of all, he had convinced lay under his Prime Ministerial sway, he his patron, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, to grace had had his say about both. Its origins lay 1 I am deeply indebted here to an anonymous peer reader whose commentary proved at once learned, generous and transformative. 2 Harper monument: Dennis Duffy, “The Grandfathering of William Lyon Mackenzie King,” American Review of Canadian Studies 32:4 (2002), 581-608. McQuesten: John C. Best, Thomas Baker McQuesten: public works, politics and imagination (Hamilton: Corinth Press, 1991), 126-29; Jean Coutu, Vehicles of Nationalism: Defining Canada in the 1930s,”Journal of Canadian Studies 37:1 (2002), 180-205. Ontario History / Volume C No. 2 / Autumn 2008 131 Abstract in the nationalist designs of a provincial This article concludes with William Lyon Mac- cabinet minister; its unveiling lay in T.B. kenzie King’s successful diversion of the public McQuesten’s hands too. But McQuesten memory of the struggle for responsible govern- was a Liberal, and as such shared Mr. ment from its various historical proponents to King’s estimation of the role that William his grandfather, William Lyon Mackenzie. This he accomplished through his influence Lyon Mackenzie had played in the evolu- on monuments erected in Ontario during his tion of responsible government. He had heyday. The article follows this progress as it consulted with King and even asked him ambles through a number of other monuments for a list of appropriate Scriptural quo- and popular texts, culminating in an ideal- tations for the monument. Ostensibly a ized testament to an individual apotheosized into a near-allegorical political presence. memorial to Upper Canada’s pioneers, the Clifton Gate Arch had broadened the Résumé: Dans la mémoire collective, le nom normal notion of pioneering, expanding de William Lyon Mackenzie reste attaché à la lutte pour l’établissement d’un gouvernement it from a narrative of exploration, land responsable, et cela au détriment d’autres hom- clearance, settlement and defense to one mes politiques qui jouèrent aussi un rôle déter- including the development of political minant dans cette lutte. Cela est dû en grande institutions that came about well after partie, comme nous le montrons dans cet article, the typical pioneering experience had à l’action de William Lyon Mackenzie King qui réussit, lorsqu’il fut au pouvoir, à détourner concluded. One of its most notable bas- en faveur de son grand-père le souvenir de cette relief panels—there were four—depicted lutte. Son influence notamment sur le choix an idealized profile of Grandfather pre- des monuments érigés en Ontario, comme dif- senting to the Upper Canadian Assembly férents discours et écrits public, contribuèrent peu à peu à construire et imposer une image in 1835 his Seventh Report on the defi- idéalisée, une glorification presque allégorique, ciencies of the colonial regime that he de cet homme et de son action politique. would take arms against. The panels’ story was a novel one, recombining various elements of Upper Canadian liberalism. The panels move Canadian history within a teleology that chronologically from French explorers concluded in the 1837 Rebellion where such as La Salle and Hennepin (along Mackenzie had played so prominent a with Père Marquette, the first European role. St. James’ Anglican cathedral in To- to look upon the Falls), to pioneering ronto parades a set of stained glass win- United Empire Loyalists in an ox-drawn dows marking a progress of events origi- wagon, in turn leading to a British reg- nating with the creation of the world and ular along with a sailor and an Indian culminating in the establishment of Trin- defending Upper Canada in 1812. Mac- ity College. The sequence may strike non- kenzie’s Report concludes this process. tribal viewers as bathetic, yet it expresses Rather than a series of events marking a a community’s sense of selfhood and the historical evolution, the sequence more pride taken in its own achievements. closely resembles a set of historical snap- So with the secular faith of Upper shots. Those looking on it with the eyes 132 ONTARIO HISTORY Clifton Memorial Arch. Courtesy of Niagara Falls Public Library of faith beheld a geometry as inevitable The inscription itself summarizes a as the line from first base to home. The visual narrative at once triumphalist and panels’ deft assemblage of constituencies egalitarian in its exaltation of the com- and historical worthies chiselled into the monality: service of a common good could have This memorial was erected to honour the caused no disquiet in the Prime Minis- memory of the men and women in this land ter, himself expert in such constructions. throughout their generation who braved Mackenzie King wanted the struggle for the wilderness, maintained the settlements, responsible government at once focused performed the common task with praise or glory and were the pioneers of political free- upon his ancestor yet decoupled from dom and a system of responsible government the Rebellion, and the panel certainly ac- which became the cornerstone of the British complished that.3 Commonwealth of Nations.4 3 Mackenzie King to McQuesten, 30 March 1937, quoted in Best, Thomas Baker McQuesten ,129. 4 Mark Frank, The Mackenzie Panels. The strange case of Niagara’s fallen arch (Toronto: Red Robin Press, 1987), 2. mackenze kng’s monumental quest, 1893-1940 133 Who can indeed take exception to a pub- advertising and no propaganda,” though lic monument that he has personally in- we have copies of six-minute radio talks scribed? Granted, the wording came his about the upcoming festivities scripts way through the dictation of a panoply of broadcast on area stations. spiritual and actual forbears. The provin- King was pleased with his own re- cial authorities having awarded Macken- marks on the occasion, despite claiming zie King authorship of the inscription, he ignorance about the centrality of his ad- handed the business over to a visionary dress to the ceremony. Calling that promi- array numerous as those trooping across nence “a complete surprise,” his diary flies the stage in Act IV of Macbeth. Public in the face of surviving documents indi- figures such as Laurier and Asquith had cating a closely detailed demarcation of been accompanied by such humble folk the roles played by the various speakers, as King’s mother and father. Grandfa- documents that had to have been scru- ther, the monument’s subject had joined tinized by the Prime Minister’s Office. the company as well, and it was William The attendance (several hundred) struck Lyon Mackenzie’s spirit that had dictated him as inadequate, since he had yearned some alterations.5 Even the Prophet Isai- for a great national rather than a provin- ah had only answered to one editor. cial occasion, though the Memorial Arch Yet even the permanent display of was a provincial project with a provincial this group-writing project could not budget. And then there was the attitude measure up to King’s aspirations. His di- of Premier Mitchell Hepburn, which ary for that Saturday complains of the King denounced as “hateful.” The will- arch’s size.
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