Turbo-Folk En Nationalisme in Servië

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Turbo-Folk En Nationalisme in Servië Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Academiejaar 2007-2008 TURBO-FOLK EN NATIONALISME IN SERVIË Scriptie ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van licentiaat in de Oost-Europese Talen en Culturen Promotor: Dr. Stijn Vervaet Door: Joost Gisquière II Dankwoord Een scriptie is nooit het resultaat van het werk van één enkel persoon. Hierbij had ik graag mijn promotor, Dr. Stijn Vervaet, bedankt voor de goede begeleiding, Prof. Spomenka Brašić voor het aandragen van het idee om een scriptie rond het onderwerp “turbo-folk” te schrijven en uiteraard Dina, Nataša en Viktorija voor de warme ontvangst, de vele gesprekken en een introductie in het uitgaansleven van Belgrado. III IV INHOUDSOPGAVE Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Novokomponovana: 1940-eind jaren ‟80. ............................................................................... 4 1.1 Oorsprong ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Stad en platteland. ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Stijl ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Izvorna muzika en novokomponovana. ..................................................................... 6 1.3 Analyse ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Sociaal-culturele analyse ........................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Tekstanalyse en classificatie .................................................................................... 10 1.4 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................ 12 2 Ratni Folk .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Nationalisme: politiek en cultuur. .................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Ratni folk: bevestiging van de neofolk. ................................................................... 14 2.2 Ratni folk: tekstanalyse: ................................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Ratni folk: visuele analyse ....................................................................................... 22 2.3 Ratniĉki šik ..................................................................................................................... 28 3 Turbo-folk: Jaren ‟90- 2008 .................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Rock muziek als bepalende factor van de turbo-folk identiteit. ..................................... 35 3.2 Media: monopolie van RTS, opkomst van TV Pink en TV Palma. ............................... 36 3.2.1 TV Pink ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2 TV Palma ................................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Showbusiness ................................................................................................................. 41 3.3.1 Arkan ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Ceca ......................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.3 Tekst- en clipanalyse Ceca ...................................................................................... 48 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................. 57 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................... 59 Begrippenlijst ........................................................................................................................... 64 Appendix 1 - The Myth ............................................................................................................ 72 Appendix 2 – Ratni Folk .......................................................................................................... 74 Appendix 3 - Ceca Nummers: .................................................................................................. 81 Appendix 4 - Teksten (Overige) ............................................................................................. 117 V VI Inleiding Na een uitgebreide reis door Servië in 2002 werd ik geconfronteerd met de alomtegenwoordigheid van turbo-folk muziek. Deze muziek was te horen in de bus, op radiospelers bij een picknick, in wachtzalen én in een naburig dorp na de kerkdienst was er er telkens een turbo-folk optreden. Zich op publieke plaatsen begeven stond quasi gelijk aan zich blootstellen aan deze muziek. Mijn gezelschap bestond toen uit leden van de studentenorganisatie OTPOR* die geen enkele gelegenheid onbetuigd lieten om deze muziek te veroordelen. Op deze manier ontstond de indruk dat deze muziek wel eens zou kunnen overeenkomen met een politieke of sociale oriëntatie. Deze indruk werd bevestigd door de eerste boeken en artikels die ik las over het onderwerp naar aanleiding van de keuze van een onderwerp voor mijn scriptie. Zo ontstond de vraag wat nu precies de relatie was tussen turbo-folk en nationalisme en hoe deze uitgedrukt werd. De analyse strekt zich uit vanaf het ontstaan van deze stijl in de jaren ‟90 tot op de dag van vandaag. Veel literatuur is er niet voorhanden. Het boek “Smrtonosni sjaj” van Ivana Kronja (2001) is een zeldzaam exemplaar dat over het inhoudelijke aspect van turbo-folk handelt. Wel is er genoeg informatie te vinden over de stijl die aan de basis van de turbo-folk ligt: novokomponovana. Ĉolović (2000), een expert op het gebied van nationalisme, haar symbolen en uitdrukkingsvormen, behandelde deze stijl uitgebreid in zijn werk “Divlja Knjiţevnost” en voerde een uitgebreide tekstanalyse uit. Dragiĉević-Šešić (1994) bekeek in “Neofolk: publika i njene zvezde” deze cultuur vanuit sociologisch standpunt. In het eerste hoofdstuk wordt er aan de hand van deze twee werken een stevige basis gelegd. De volgende hoofdstukken worden aan deze basis getoetst. Er wordt gekeken hoe ze zich tegenover deze muziekcultuur verhouden en wat de verschillen of gelijkenissen zijn. De methode die ik hanteer is een contextuele analyse van tekst en van de visuele clipcultuur. Het contextuele is hier zeer belangrijk, omdat het doel van dit werk het beschrijven is van de relatie tussen turbo-folk en nationalisme. Waar het noodzakelijk is, wordt er verwezen naar politieke gebeurtenissen. Maar het is niet de bedoeling om een gedetailleerde beschrijving te geven van het ingewikkelde politieke toneel van de voorbije twee decennia in Servië. Achteraan in de scriptie is wel een begrippenlijst ingesloten die de lezer de mogelijkheid geeft om het gelezene in te kaderen. De begrippen en woorden die gevolgd worden door een asterisk zijn terug te vinden in de begrippenlijst. De meeste, om niet te zeggen alle deelstaten van ex-Joegoslavië, kenden tijdens de jaren ‟90 een felle opstoot van nationalisme Zo ook Servië. Als we de relatie tussen nationalisme en turbo-folk onderzoeken in een maatschappij die jarenlang overspoeld werd door nationalistische propaganda, is het plausibel dat we deze ook terugvinden in het programma van de media. Waar nodig wordt ook de media beschreven. Zij zijn immers een 1 essentieel onderdeel van de context. Hier stellen we de vraag: “Wat is de relatie tussen turbo- folk en de media?” Eén van de valkuilen bij dit onderwerp is de mogelijke verwarring van nationalisme met het begrip “Servisch”. Het is niet omdat iets typisch Servisch is dat we het onder de noemer “nationalistisch” moeten plaatsen. Daarom baken ik het begrip nationalisme af tot de cultuur rond de idee van een Groot-Servië* en Kosovo*. Ĉolović (2002) behandelt in zijn werk “The politics of symbol in Serbia” uitgebreid haar uitdrukkingsvormen. In appendix A is een compacte, maar gedetailleerde beschrijving van dit gedachtegoed uit zijn werk overgenomen. Een muziekstijl staat niet op zichzelf, maar vormt één geheel met haar doelpubliek. Een bepaalde groep mensen probeert zijn lidmaatschap van deze cultuur uit te drukken door kledij, symbolen en een gedragspatroon. We proberen een antwoord te geven op de vragen: “Hoe drukt het doelpubliek het nationalistische gedachtegoed uit aan de hand van kledij, symbolen of haar gedragspatroon? Zijn turbo-folk performers aanhangers van het nationalistische gedachtegoed en pogen ze deze boodschap mee te geven aan hun doelpubliek?” Muziek wordt in de 20e en in de 21e geconsumeerd via concerten, zenders (bv. radio, tv, internet) en mediadragers ( bv. cassette, CD-ROM, internet). Een typisch fenomeen voor de westerse media (en waarschijnlijk ook andere) is het combineren van muziek met beeldmateriaal. Het beeldmateriaal is een extensie van de inhoud. Om die reden is het interessant naast de inhoud van de muziek ook de bijbehorende videoclips te onderzoeken. Bijgesloten in het werk is er een DVD met het visuele bronnenmateriaal.
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