Overview of Microprocessors
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IBM Z Systems Introduction May 2017
IBM z Systems Introduction May 2017 IBM z13s and IBM z13 Frequently Asked Questions Worldwide ZSQ03076-USEN-15 Table of Contents z13s Hardware .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 z13 Hardware ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Performance ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19 z13 Warranty ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23 Hardware Management Console (HMC) ..................................................................................................................... 24 Power requirements (including High Voltage DC Power option) ..................................................................... 28 Overhead Cabling and Power ..........................................................................................................................................30 z13 Water cooling option .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Secure Service Container ................................................................................................................................................. -
TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Diseño E Implementación De Un Sistema De
TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Diseño e implementación de un sistema de monitorización de temperatura capaz de comunicar de manera inalámbrica con un dispositivo móvil Autor: Adrián Paredes Intriago Tutor: Jonathan Crespo Herrero Grado en Ingeniería Electrónica Industrial y Automática Madrid, Septiembre de 2014 II Agradecimientos A mis padres, Juan y Raquel. A mi hermana, Claudia. Por no rendirse jamás. III IV Resumen En este trabajo se desarrolla un sistema de monitorización de temperatura capaz de comunicar de manera inalámbrica con un dispositivo móvil. El sistema está compuesto por un microcontrolador, un sensor de temperatura y un módulo Bluetooth. Las comunicaciones entre los componentes del sistema son llevadas a cabo a través de los buses de comunicación en serie SPI e I²C, mientras que las comunicaciones entre el sistema y el dispositivo móvil se realizan a través del protocolo de comunicación inalámbrica Bluetooth de bajo consumo, también conocido como BLE. En cuanto al dispositivo móvil, todas las comunicaciones con el sistema son gestionadas mediante una aplicación Android. Esta aplicación muestra las mediciones del sistema en tiempo real permitiendo a su vez configurar varios tipos de notificaciones y alarmas. Palabras clave: Sistema de monitorización de temperatura, dispositivos móviles, Bluetooth de bajo consumo, Android. V VI Abstract This work develops a temperature monitoring system able to communicate in a wireless manner to a mobile device. The system consists of a microcontroller, a temperature sensor and a Bluetooth module. The communications between the components of the system are done through the serial buses SPI and I²C, whereas the communications between the system and mobile device are done through Bluetooth low energy, also known as BLE. -
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Computer Arithmetic: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) • Part of the computer that actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data • All of the other elements of the computer system are there mainly to bring data into the ALU for it to process and then to take the results back out • Based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations ALU Inputs and Outputs Integer Representations • In the binary number system arbitrary numbers can be represented with: – The digits zero and one – The minus sign (for negative numbers) – The period, or radix point (for numbers with a fractional component) – For purposes of computer storage and processing we do not have the benefit of special symbols for the minus sign and radix point – Only binary digits (0,1) may be used to represent numbers Integer Representations • There are 4 commonly known (1 not common) integer representations. • All have been used at various times for various reasons. 1. Unsigned 2. Sign Magnitude 3. One’s Complement 4. Two’s Complement 5. Biased (not commonly known) 1. Unsigned • The standard binary encoding already given. • Only positive value. • Range: 0 to ((2 to the power of N bits) – 1) • Example: 4 bits; (2ˆ4)-1 = 16-1 = values 0 to 15 Semester II 2014/2015 8 1. Unsigned (Cont’d.) Semester II 2014/2015 9 2. Sign-Magnitude • All of these alternatives involve treating the There are several alternative most significant (leftmost) bit in the word as conventions used to -
FUNDAMENTALS of COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (Grade 7 for ½ High School Credit) 502900CH (Grade 8 for ½ High School Credit)
EXPLORING COMPUTER SCIENCE NEW NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (grade 7 for ½ high school credit) 502900CH (grade 8 for ½ high school credit) COURSE DESCRIPTION: Fundamentals of Computing is designed to introduce students to the field of computer science through an exploration of engaging and accessible topics. Through creativity and innovation, students will use critical thinking and problem solving skills to implement projects that are relevant to students’ lives. They will create a variety of computing artifacts while collaborating in teams. Students will gain a fundamental understanding of the history and operation of computers, programming, and web design. Students will also be introduced to computing careers and will examine societal and ethical issues of computing. OBJECTIVE: Given the necessary equipment, software, supplies, and facilities, the student will be able to successfully complete the following core standards for courses that grant one unit of credit. RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 9-12 (Preference 9-10) COURSE CREDIT: 1 unit (120 hours) COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS: One computer per student with Internet access RESOURCES: See attached Resource List A. SAFETY Effective professionals know the academic subject matter, including safety as required for proficiency within their area. They will use this knowledge as needed in their role. The following accountability criteria are considered essential for students in any program of study. 1. Review school safety policies and procedures. 2. Review classroom safety rules and procedures. 3. Review safety procedures for using equipment in the classroom. 4. Identify major causes of work-related accidents in office environments. 5. Demonstrate safety skills in an office/work environment. -
The Central Processing Unit(CPU). the Brain of Any Computer System Is the CPU
Computer Fundamentals 1'stage Lec. (8 ) College of Computer Technology Dept.Information Networks The central processing unit(CPU). The brain of any computer system is the CPU. It controls the functioning of the other units and process the data. The CPU is sometimes called the processor, or in the personal computer field called “microprocessor”. It is a single integrated circuit that contains all the electronics needed to execute a program. The processor calculates (add, multiplies and so on), performs logical operations (compares numbers and make decisions), and controls the transfer of data among devices. The processor acts as the controller of all actions or services provided by the system. Processor actions are synchronized to its clock input. A clock signal consists of clock cycles. The time to complete a clock cycle is called the clock period. Normally, we use the clock frequency, which is the inverse of the clock period, to specify the clock. The clock frequency is measured in Hertz, which represents one cycle/second. Hertz is abbreviated as Hz. Usually, we use mega Hertz (MHz) and giga Hertz (GHz) as in 1.8 GHz Pentium. The processor can be thought of as executing the following cycle forever: 1. Fetch an instruction from the memory, 2. Decode the instruction (i.e., determine the instruction type), 3. Execute the instruction (i.e., perform the action specified by the instruction). Execution of an instruction involves fetching any required operands, performing the specified operation, and writing the results back. This process is often referred to as the fetch- execute cycle, or simply the execution cycle. -
Over View of Microprocessor 8085 and Its Application
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. II (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 09-14 www.iosrjournals.org Over view of Microprocessor 8085 and its application Kimasha Borah Assistant Professor, Centre for Computer Studies Centre for Computer Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India Abstract: Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent. Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application Key words: Semi Conductor, Integrated Circuits, CPU, NMOS ,PMOS, VLSI I. Introduction: Microprocessor is derived from two words micro and processor. Micro means small, tiny and processor means which processes something. It is a single Very Large Scale of Integration (VLSI) chip that incorporates all functions of central processing unit (CPU) fabricated on a single Integrated Circuits (ICs) (1).Some other units like caches, pipelining, floating point processing arithmetic and superscaling units are additionally present in the microprocessor and that results in increasing speed of operation.8085,8086,8088 are some examples of microprocessors(2). The technology used for microprocessor is N type metal oxide semiconductor(NMOS)(3). Basic operations of microprocessor are fetching instructions from memory ,decoding and executing them ie it takes data or operand from input device, perform arithmetic and logical operations and store results in required location or send result to output devices(1).Word size identifies the microprocessor.E.g. -
Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, Great Ideas, Moore’S Law, Abstraction, Computer Components, and Program Execution
Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution ITSC 3181 Introduction to Computer Architecture https://passlab.github.io/ITSC3181/ Department of Computer Science Yonghong Yan [email protected] https://passlab.github.io/yanyh/ Lectures for Chapter 1 and C Basics Computer Abstractions and Technology ☛• Lecture 01: Chapter 1 – 1.1 – 1.4: Introduction, great ideas, Moore’s law, abstraction, computer components, and program execution • Lecture 02 - 03: C Basics; Compilation, Assembly, Linking and Program Execution • Lecture 03 - 04: Chapter 1 – 1.6 – 1.7: Performance, power and technology trends • Lecture 04 - 05: Memory and Binary Systems • Lecture 05: – 1.8 - 1.9: Multiprocessing and benchmarking 2 § 1.1 Introduction 1.1 The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology – Underpinned by Moore’s Law • Every two years, circuit density ~= increasing frequency ~= performance, double • Makes novel applications feasible – Computers in automobiles – Cell phones – Human genome project – World Wide Web – Search Engines • Computers are pervasive 3 Generation Of Computers https://solarrenovate.com/the-evolution-of-computers/ 4 New School Computer 5 Classes of Computers • Personal computers (PC) --> computers are PCs today – General purpose, variety of software – Subject to cost/performance tradeoff • Server computers – Network based – High capacity, performance, reliability – Range from small servers to building sized 6 Classes of Computers -
The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer
Microprocessors (0630371) Fall 2010/2011 – Lecture Notes # 1 The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing Introduction to the Microprocessor and computer Outline of the Lecture Evolution of programming languages. Microcomputer Architecture. Instruction Execution Cycle. Evolution of programming languages: Machine language - the programmer had to remember the machine codes for various operations, and had to remember the locations of the data in the main memory like: 0101 0011 0111… Assembly Language - an instruction is an easy –to- remember form called a mnemonic code . Example: Assembly Language Machine Language Load 100100 ADD 100101 SUB 100011 We need a program called an assembler that translates the assembly language instructions into machine language. High-level languages Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, C++, C# and java. We need a compiler to translate instructions written in high-level languages into machine code. Microprocessor-based system (Micro computer) Architecture Data Bus, I/O bus Memory Storage I/O I/O Registers Unit Device Device Central Processing Unit #1 #2 (CPU ) ALU CU Clock Control Unit Address Bus The figure shows the main components of a microprocessor-based system: CPU- Central Processing Unit , where calculations and logic operations are done. CPU contains registers , a high-frequency clock , a control unit ( CU ) and an arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ). o Clock : synchronizes the internal operations of the CPU with other system components using clock pulsing at a constant rate (the basic unit of time for machine instructions is a machine cycle or clock cycle) One cycle A machine instruction requires at least one clock cycle some instruction require 50 clocks. o Control Unit (CU) - generate the needed control signals to coordinate the sequencing of steps involved in executing machine instructions: (fetches data and instructions and decodes addresses for the ALU). -
2200, Canmath 201.Qxd
An Introduction to the Computer Age Computers are changing our world. The small amount of training. Amazingly invention of the internal combustion engine enough, as the size has decreased, the power and the harnessing of electricity have had a has increased and prices have plummeted. profound effect on the way society operates. How does the computer age affect the The widespread use of the computer is Christian? What is the history behind the having a similar and perhaps even greater computer? What are the fundamental parts impact on our society. of a computer and how do they work In only decades, computers have shrunk together? What are the uses, advantages, from mammoth, room-filling machines that and limitations of computers? Do I need a only the highly educated could operate to computer? This LightUnit and those follow - tiny devices held in the palm of the hand ing it will begin to answer some of these that the average person can use after a questions for you. Section 1 Computer Background Any study must be based on definitions very specialized field, new words have come about the subject. If definitions are not into being, and many common words have understood, there is little hope that much acquired new definitions. Some of the words can be learned about the subject. The goal of may already be familiar to you, but in the the first section of this LightUnit is to pro - context of computers, they may take on a vide a basis for the rest of the course by different meaning. Therefore, do not assume defining computer and many terms associ - you know the definition even if the word is ated with computers. -
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture Lesson 1 : Microcomputer Structure 1.1. Learning Objectives On completion of this lesson you will be able to : ♦ draw the block diagram of a simple computer ♦ understand the function of different units of a microcomputer ♦ learn the basic operation of microcomputer bus system. 1.2. Digital Computer A digital computer is a multipurpose, programmable machine that reads A digital computer is a binary instructions from its memory, accepts binary data as input and multipurpose, programmable processes data according to those instructions, and provides results as machine. output. 1.3. Basic Computer System Organization Every computer contains five essential parts or units. They are Basic computer system organization. i. the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ii. the control unit iii. the memory unit iv. the input unit v. the output unit. 1.3.1. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is that part of the computer that The arithmetic and logic actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. All other unit (ALU) is that part of elements of the computer system - control unit, register, memory, I/O - the computer that actually are there mainly to bring data into the ALU to process and then to take performs arithmetic and the results back out. logical operations on data. An arithmetic and logic unit and, indeed, all electronic components in the computer are based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations. Data are presented to the ALU in registers. These registers are temporary storage locations within the CPU that are connected by signal paths of the ALU. -
Performance of a Computer (Chapter 4) Vishwani D
ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Computer Architecture and Design Fall 2013 Performance of a Computer (Chapter 4) Vishwani D. Agrawal & Victor P. Nelson epartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 1 What is Performance? Response time: the time between the start and completion of a task. Throughput: the total amount of work done in a given time. Some performance measures: MIPS (million instructions per second). MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second), also GFLOPS, TFLOPS (1012), etc. SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Corporation) benchmarks. LINPACK benchmarks, floating point computing, used for supercomputers. Synthetic benchmarks. ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 2 Small and Large Numbers Small Large 10-3 milli m 103 kilo k 10-6 micro μ 106 mega M 10-9 nano n 109 giga G 10-12 pico p 1012 tera T 10-15 femto f 1015 peta P 10-18 atto 1018 exa 10-21 zepto 1021 zetta 10-24 yocto 1024 yotta ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 3 Computer Memory Size Number bits bytes 210 1,024 K Kb KB 220 1,048,576 M Mb MB 230 1,073,741,824 G Gb GB 240 1,099,511,627,776 T Tb TB ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 4 Units for Measuring Performance Time in seconds (s), microseconds (μs), nanoseconds (ns), or picoseconds (ps). Clock cycle Period of the hardware clock Example: one clock cycle means 1 nanosecond for a 1GHz clock frequency (or 1GHz clock rate) CPU time = (CPU clock cycles)/(clock rate) Cycles per instruction (CPI): average number of clock cycles used to execute a computer instruction. -
Technical Reference Manual 2.20.14
Technical Reference Manual 2.20.14 September 18, 2020 Change Log This section lists recent changes to the document, with most recent entries first. Each item line should hyperlink to the relevant place in the document where the change has been made. Changes 2020.09.18 Corrected licensing to GPLv2. Wrote a new dasm.sty file to handle the formatting of the documentation. 2020.09.15 • Added DC.S endian-swapping magic directive 2020.09.13 • Added some structure (new chapters) to the document for inclusion of information about the "other" processors and machines. Started to separate the machine from the processor into separate sections. Should we do an all-in listing of opcodes for all processors, like for the 6502? • Removed malformed coments examples as they are no longer applicable • Added link to bugs/issue reporting 2020.09.09 • Correction to how the -m option actually works • Examples for good/bad comment formats added • Notes about SI unit usage • Added the -m (Maximum Output File Size) option • Added the -R (Remove Output File) option 2020.09.08 • Added a new Chapter - Source Code, and inside a description of the source code format, including line ending format,and the various commenting styles. • Clarified the difference in usage of brackets on F8/6502 • Fixed some errors in the Atari 2600 section. Switched to SI standard units for describing powers of 2 sizes. I suspect people may not like that! 2020.09.07 • Added the really unusal (and deprecated) definition for labels... "[ ]...^[ ]...label". This is a suppored/valid format, but it is likely to be removed.