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MOBILITY SOUTHWEST ‘BOSTON’S PEOPLE POWER COORIDOR: MAKES HISTORY’ 17

HEALTH ‘CITIES ALIVE: WALKING A TOWARDS WORLD’ 05 NUMBER 7-R IN-SITU READINGS: FRAMING URBAN EXPLORATIONS INDEX FIVE DESIGN LENSES 03 #LongViewBAC THE LONG VIEW VIEW THE LONG ISSUE The BAC aims to provide excellence in design education emerging from practice and accessible to diverse communities. The college’s vision is to be the recognized leader in the education of design professionals, connecting theory and practice and engaging educators, practitioners, allied professions, and the general public.

Boston Architectural College. 2018 Edited By: Beth Lundell Garver Photography: Bonica Ayala, Sam Rosenholtz, Liz Linder Photography Text: Gil Sans, Adobe Garamond Pro 00_INDEX 0 00_INDEX 0 _ I N D E X

01 HEALTH & HUMAN COMFORT _05 Cities Alive: Towards a Walking World by ARUP (2016)

02 MOBILITY _17 Boston’s Southwest Corridor: People Power Makes History by Neal R. Peirce & Robert Guskind in Breakthroughs: Re-Creating the American City (Bruner Foundation, 1989)

03 OPEN SPACE _31 The Park at Post Offi ce Square, Boston, MA by Jay Farbstein and Richard Wener in Rebuilding Communities: Re-Creating Urban Excellence (Rudy Bruner Award for Excellence in the Urban Environment, 1993)

04 BUILT FORM & DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS _43 Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative, Boston, MA by Lance Hosey and Jay Farbstein and Richard Wener in Building Coalitions for Urban Excellence (Rudy Bruner Award for Excellence in the Urban Environment, 1995)

05 CULTURE & SOCIAL SPACE _53 Remembering by Peter Medoof and Holly Sklar in Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (South End Press, 1994)

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In our mission to shape a better world we must shape better walking to be placed at the heart of all decisions about the built FLWLHV:LWKQHDUO\RIWKHZRUOG¶VSRSXODWLRQVHWWROLYH HQYLURQPHQWDVZDONDEOHFLWLHVDUHEHWWHUFLWLHVIRUHYHU\RQH LQXUEDQDUHDVE\WKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHH[SHULHQFHGE\WKLV :HQHHGWRGHVLJQSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\EDFNLQWRRXUHYHU\GD\ SRSXODWLRQZLOOGHWHUPLQHRXUJOREDOIXWXUH,WLVLQFUHDVLQJO\ lives by incentivising and facilitating walking as a regular daily cities, more than national governments, that have the power to tackle climate change, fuel the global economy, deliver PRGHRIWUDQVSRUW,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHKRVWRIKHDOWKEHQH¿WV WKHUHDUHPDQ\HFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVIRUGHYHORSHUVHPSOR\HUVDQG SURVSHULW\DQGDOOHYLDWHSRYHUW\1:LWKWKHDGYHQWRIVRFLDO media and the growth of the global middle class, urban citizens UHWDLOHUVZKHQLWFRPHVWRZDONLQJ,WLVWKHORZHVWFDUERQOHDVW polluting, cheapest and most reliable form of transport, and have greater power than ever to stop or start projects, choose where they live, work and invest and demand a better quality of LVDOVRDJUHDWVRFLDOOHYHOOHU+DYLQJSHRSOHZDONLQJWKURXJK urban spaces makes the spaces safer for others and, best of all, it OLIH PDNHVSHRSOHKDSS\ Intrinsic to the success of cities and the quality of life they RIIHULVKRZSHRSOHPRYHDURXQGZLWKLQWKHP,QWKHWZHQWLHWK Left: Towards a walking world, FHQWXU\SODQQLQJIRUWKHFLW\ZDVDERXWSODQQLQJIRUWKHFDU EHQH¿WVRIZDONLQJ In this report we make the case for policies that encourage vision & strategy / & strategy vision benefit framework 50 drivers of change covering social, safe & efficient transportation system / system transportation & efficient safe technological, economic, environmental and political domains. 50 benefits

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smart &smart responsive city case studies from across the world to inspire us all towards a walking world.

Towards a walking world framework benefits and actions the research framework consists of 50 the diagram summarises the interrelation drivers of change, 50 benefits, 40 actions between walkability’s benefits and and 80 global case studies suggested implementable actions.

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Leadership Heritage promotion smart and responsive city Redundant spaces reallocation

Urban Governance Urban nightscape

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New modes of city exploration Planning Opportunity Wayfinding systems Accessibility and inclusivity

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Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 7 Actions “Artists, philosophers, urban planners and architects have been

GUHDPLQJZULWLQJDERXWDQGGUDZLQJµLGHDOFLWLHV¶IRUKXQGUHGV visions and strategies: series of urban policies, involving of years...In most of these visions the pedestrian is the measure of city plan policies and innovative interventions, promoting a ideal urban spaces.” diffused walkable approach to the city; VDIHDQGHI¿FLHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVLQWHUYHQWLRQVWKDW —Tracy D. Writes, “Pedestrians’ Quality Needs”, European Cooperation in Science and Technology operate on a city’s infrastructure providing an improved street network; creating liveable environments: set of actions that affects 0RYLQJWRZDUGVDZDONLQJZRUOGUHTXLUHVDFWLRQV*LYLQJ areas of action the urban quality, re-designing public space on the basis of FRQVLVWHQF\WRWKHODUJHVSHFWUXPRIEHQH¿WVLGHQWL¿HGZRXOG pedestrians’ priorities; QHHGWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIDKROLVWLFZDONDEOHVWUDWHJ\(UJRKRZWR vision and strategy VWDUW" safe and efficient sense of place and community: strategies and proposals to transportation system encourage the active and emotional participation of citizen The Walkable CityLVDFLW\WKDWSXWVSHRSOH¿UVWDQGVKDSHVLWVHOI livable environment in everyday urban life; LQDFFRUGDQFHWRLWVFLWL]HQV¶QHHGVDQGGHVLUHV7KHUHIRUHWR sense of place and DGGUHVVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHXUEDQLVVXHVDNDOHLGRVFRSLFVHW smart and responsive cities: technological tools and communities RIDFWLRQVDQGSROLFLHVLVUHTXLUHGGLYHUVL¿HGERWKE\QDWXUHDQG innovative approaches contributing to a city’s monitoring smart and responsive city GLPHQVLRQ7KHVHDFWLRQVFRQFHUQ DQGHYDOXDWLRQ

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Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 8 vision & strategy actions

Car free initiatives Pop-up and temporary initiatives Temporarily removing cars from a city can transform roads into Temporary initiatives reveal how spaces usually deemed public spaces, while raising awareness around car dependency unattractive hold the potential to become destinations, and and also immediately reduce air pollution. But more importantly, are a cheap and powerful way to get people walking. Their it reveals the potential opportunities created by having more – temporary nature allows for more imaginative and creative and safer – spaces for people. Car-free days have been trialled input, resulting in community-oriented spaces best experienced across the globe – from Bogota to Bangalore. In Paris, an on foot. Many cities are trialling pop-up parklets in on-street event was so successful that mayor Anne Hidalgo vowed to parking spots, adding seating, tables and greenery to promote implement a permanent downtown ban on diesel cars by 2020. active streets and to support local businesses.

'Vision Zero' policies Economic incentives 'Vision Zero' is an international movement that began in Financial incentives and disincentives, including subsidies Sweden, which aims to eliminate road-traffic fatalities through and taxes like congestion charges, can be used to encourage speed-reduction and safety measures. As pedestrians are the behaviour change. Businesses can play a major role in most vulnerable users of space, adopting this type of vision incentivising walking by providing economic incentives to could dramatically improve safety for users. encourage healthy choices. Using modern technology, pedestrians can be rewarded for their active lifestyle with points or actual money, which can be redeemed for goods or services.

Pedestrian and health campaigns Virtuous cycles Governments, schools and businesses may initiate Technical innovations allow for the conversion of ordinary walks programmes aimed at improving health through walking, into resources, such as energy or data. They raise awareness with initiatives like Walk To Work Week. Governmental roles for resource scarcities and invite people to walk, but at the include evaluating health impacts, setting out goals, monitoring same time they have the potential to provide sustainable energy progress and gaining support from local organisations. Private to power lampposts, signage and public charging locations. organisations and smartphone apps like Charity Miles or Nexercise may offer rewards to those who walk to work or school.

Local champions Density and mixed functions Celebrities, local heroes and champions can be powerful Location of homes, places of work and facilities are the most advocates of healthy living, and campaigners for pedestrians’ structural determinants of transport demands and transport right. With their money, power and image, they are able to mode choice. The compactness of a city – especially whether get the wheels turning, and set examples for others to follow, or not different land-uses are within walking distance of each promoting walking as an attractive option. other – is the most decisive attribute that gets people walking, or choosing alternative modes of transport. safe & efficient transportation system actions

Road diet Walkable connectivity Road diet, or the reallocation of lanes from highways for new Crossings of pedestrian networks with other transport networks and different functions such as vegetation, cycling or walking and natural barriers such as rivers are often the biggest barriers paths may help achieving systemic improvements and balance to overcome on foot. Preferably, these are crossed with minimal the use of the street environment. Thus, a road diet is a great disruption to the most direct walking route, to maintain the way for cities to reclaim redundant street space dedicated to fastest, most understandable path, while still maintaining a safe cars, expanding mobility to other modes, while also preserving connection. traffic flows and improving safety.

Safe crosswalks and intersections Pedestrian streets Implementing audio or visual aids to crossings and intersections Removing private vehicles from streets is a radical but can reduce the boundaries posed by roads on pedestrian increasingly popular measure to create pedestrian friendly mobility. They are able to increase the safety and ease of travel city centres. By going car free, streets can be fully designed for those on foot, while also raising the awareness of drivers. for pedestrians, usually resulting in safe, vibrant and highly They also make it possible for people with mobility issues or activated public spaces. impairments to manoeuvre junctions independently.

Integration with public transport Traffic calming measures Road share Integrating public transport into a pedestrian network Measures including speed bumps, restrictions or methods of Shared-space, where there is little segregation between contributes to developing a more sustainable, efficient and filtered permeability (restricting vehicular access in favour of people pedestrians, cyclists and drivers, is a holistic approach towards healthy city. Improving factors such as the distance between on foot) directly slows traffic and improves safety on the street, traffic calming and space activation. In shared spaces, the transit stations and walking routes, or improving the legibility while also redefining space for alternative use. In 2015, UK-based uncertainty or a lack of traffic rules encourages drivers to of the network, fosters a pedestrian-friendly environment, and sustainable transport charity Sustrans trialled a number of “street slow down, creating a pedestrian-oriented environment where reduces the general need for cars. kits” – street furniture able to bend and adapt to any road – that people are aware of fellow road users. This is a common temporarily transforms space, while acting as a traffic-calming approach in Danish and Dutch traffic design, which can also be method that also enhances the liveability of a neighbourhood. observed in places like Leonard Circus in London.

Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 9 liveable environment actions

Infrastructure re-use Parklets Unused infrastructure offers major opportunities for facilitating The abundance of parking spots in a city offers an opportunity safe and attractive pedestrian routes and activity spaces. to re-imagine and reclaim public space. By temporarily – or Elevated railways, viaducts or derelict places of gathering often permanently – redesigning car bays as pedestrian havens, held a connecting role in a neighbourhood and can offer new social interaction and safer streets may be an organic outcome.. potential as places of recreational or social value. For example, In Atlanta, staff, students and alumni of the Savannah College of New York City’s High Line – an elevated railway line converted Art and Design created a number of micro-apartments in bays into a green park – attracts nearly 5m visitors annually, linking of a multi-storey car park, to highlight the masses of under-used 1.5 miles of the city’s West Side using a pedestrian-only route. space in the city.

Innovative public spaces Greenways and blueways Walking is a great way to discover new spaces or areas, and Rivers and waterways can be transformed from major barriers inventing new public spaces in previously inaccessible areas, into linear walking and cycling routes by creating green and such as underground or on water, is an attractive way to get accommodating waterfronts. The length of a space presents people exploring on foot. opportunities for longer trips on foot, catering to dog-walkers, runners and recreational walkers.

Street design and furniture Microclimate measures Citizens moving around at street-level will experience People commonly consider weather when choosing a transport space most intensively. Therefore, creating attractive and mode. Measures to improve local microclimates have huge accommodating spaces through thoughtful street design will potential to stimulate walking. Creating an environment that result in improved functionality and often stimulate individuals to protects pedestrians and cyclists from heat, rain, wind or bright walk more. sunlight can do this.

Pocket parks Active facades Urban regeneration creates the opportunity to redevelop small To boost retail spending, shops and businesses can team up pieces of land (often single building lots or irregular land pieces) to create retain destinations, often resulting in better spaces into pocket parks or public spaces with a green character. for pedestrians. Their intention is to make real-life shopping as Although they may be of a temporary nature, pocket parks attractive as possible, by opening shops close together, holding offer little havens of respite for pedestrians, while also providing events and by creating attractive and protected environments permeable surfaces that will alleviate flood risk. with awnings, on-street cafes and resting places.

sense of place and communities actions

Open street events Heritage promotion Public events that take place on temporarily closed streets By nurturing cultural heritage, local history and identity of allow local residents and organisations to enjoy a larger an area, the environment develops a strong and local feel. pedestrian space. They reinvigorate the opportunity to use Often this heritage is best enjoyed on foot, which creates an public space, reactivating areas and instilling a sense of environment where drivers adapt their behaviour accordingly. confidence in the community around the future potential of their local streets for pedestrian use.

Public art Redundant spaces reallocation Inclusive design Public art can help foster an environment where pedestrians Whereas many transport modes need a certain infrastructure Design can remove barriers between physical space and have priority. Art that can best be enjoyed while on foot brings to work, pedestrians need very little to access or pass through communities. The elderly, people with a disability and those a local feel to an area, increasing the cultural vibrancy of the a space. Therefore, underused and redundant spaces have the with mobility issues often need more help than others to street life and the attractiveness for pedestrians. opportunity to be transformed relatively easily into pedestrian conquer physical barriers in cities. By providing public services ones. Their seemingly inaccessible and possibly uncomfortable such as public elevators or wayfinding aids, barriers can be looks will reward its explorers with a feeling of victory. overcome for people with different needs, allowing or assisting with walking and personal mobility.

DIY opportunities Improved urban nightscape Enabling residents and local users of public spaces to improve As trading hours and economic activity extend into the night the local functioning of a neighbourhood is an innovative way of hours, cities are increasingly experienced in the dark. To unveiling local problems, by engaging the community. Locally overcome issues faced by pedestrians in hours of darkness – developed ideas generate a sense of ownership of public space such as safety, navigation and visibility – light installations can and are focussed on creating a more locally oriented public effectively be used to welcome people in dark public spaces. realm.

Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 10 Case studies

“We are realising that if you have people walk and bicycle more, A wide collection of emerging ideas and case studies is a you have a more lively, more liveable, more attractive, more fundamental tool to capture the state of the art of walkable FLWLHV safe, more sustainable and more healthy city. And what are you In order to demonstrate the practicality of the actions previously waiting for?” KLJKOLJKWHGDZLGHGDWDEDVHRIH[DPSOHVKDVEHHQJDWKHUHGE\ DJOREDOWHDPRI$UXSH[SHUWVDQGVXPPDULVHGLQDVHULHVRI —Jan Gehl, Architect, Founding Partner of Gehl Architects FDVHVWXGLHVIURPDFURVVWKHZRUOG Arup Inspire For each action, these show a couple of emerging ideas or A tool for strategic thinking, concepts, recent projects or realisations, with the aim to inspire Inspire is a collection of designers, planners, and decision makers to provide outstanding emerging case studies VROXWLRQVWRZDUGVDZDONLQJZRUOG from around the globe, highlighting change across specific themes and markets. Inspire captures the state- of-the-art, the possible, and the surprising.157 vision and strategy case studies

Pontevedra, a city without cars “Ecomobility Neighbourhood” Car Free Experiment Pontevedra, Spain. Mayor of Pontevedra for public use. Suwon, South Korea. EcoMobility World Festival for public use. In 1999, mayor Miguel Anxo Fernandez Lores decided to As part of the “EcoMobility” World Festival, an area of pedestrianise the 90% of the city to increase liveability. As part Swon City, South Korea, was converted into an ‘ecomobile of pedestrian mobility initiatives across the city, on-street maps neighbourhood’ with aim of providing residents with a taste of called “Metrominuto” illustrate urban walking routes, times and car-free urban living.162 distances in the style of a metro map, encouraging travel on foot rather than by car.

'vision zero' policies 'vision zero' policies Global Road Traffic Safety Initiative Encouraging Active Transport to School Programme Worldwide. National & city governments for public benefit. USA/Canada. National & local governments for public use. Started in Sweden in 1997 and increasingly adopted around The Safe Routes to School initiative helps parents, communities the world, the Vision Zero initiative aims to systematically and governments reduce barriers that prevent children from address the causes of traffic accidents and fatalities through walking or cycling to school, improving health and wellbeing as improved road design, legislation and increased cooperation at well as local infrastructure and community engagement.163 government, industry and community level.

health campaigns health campaigns “Million Pound” Weight Loss Initiative London Transport Health Action Plan Oklahoma City, OK. Mayor of Oklahoma City for public use. London, UK. TfL for public use. A city-wide “million pound” weight loss initiative has been Transport for London is investing £4bn over 10 years to make followed by an integrated pedestrian infrastructure improvement the city’s streets and roads safer, greener and more inviting for plan seeking to encourage healthier leisure and transport pedestrians and cyclists, encouraging Londoners to become choices.160 more physically active.

local champions local champions “Peatonito” Street Hero and Pedestrian Rights “Let’s Move” Anti-Childhood Obesity Initiative Campaigner Washington, D.C. First Lady Michelle Obama for public use. Mexico City, Mexico. Jorge Cáñez for public use. This national initiative aims to tackle the problem of childhood Since 2012, pedestrian rights activist “Peatonito” or “Pedestrian obesity through tactics including better information on healthy Man”, has fought for the rights of the city’s walkers, raising eating, encouraging exercise, and improving food in schools.165 awareness of safety issues and encouraging alternative transport choices.161

Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 11 vision and strategy case studies pop-up temporary initiatives pop-up temporary initiatives Paris Annual Urban Beach Project Milan “#nevicata14” Multi-use Pedestrianisation Initiative Paris, France. Office of the Mayor of Paris for public use. Milan, Italy. Guidarini & Salvadeo, Interstellar Racoons, for public use. The “Paris Plages” project temporarily transforms the right bank This donation-funded, multilayered temporary pedestrian of the Seine into an urban beach, reducing congestion and configuration of a city square featured free wi-fi, smart encouraging people to exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle.166 lighting, public seating, and 12 areas for flexible use which residents could reserve for events, performances, classes or socialising.170

economic incentives economic incentives “Bitwalking” Walking Reward Crypto-Currency App “Freewheeler” Commuter Choice Reward App Japan/UK/Malawi et al. Bitwalking Ltd for public use. Perth, Australia. Freewheeler for commercial use This free smartphone app rewards walking by converting users’ This mobile app promotes healthy living and sustainable footsteps into Bitwalking dollars, a digital crypto-currency transport by awarding those who commute via walking, cycling that can be transferred, traded or spent with participating or public transport with points redeemable at participating local companies.167 businesses.171

virtuous cycles virtuous cycles Central Paris Car-Free Sunday Energy harvesting floor tiles Paris, France. Paris Sans Voiture for public use. London, UK. Pavegen for commercial use. With vehicles banned from 30% of city streets, 27th September These waterproof, kinetic energy converting tiles harvest and 2015 saw Paris’s first “journée sans voiture”, allowing Parisians store up to 7W of power per pedestrian footstep, enough to to reclaim their city on foot and by bicycle, and leading to a drive street lighting, signage and speakers.172 40% drop in noise and air pollution.

density and mixed functions density and mixed functions Twenty Minute Neighbourhood Local Connectivity Plan “Active Transport” Housing Accessibility Concept Melbourne, Australia. Victorian State Government for London, UK. The ATAL Team for New London Architecture. government use. This local area-level concept to tackle the housing shortage in This local area initiative aims to encourage access to a wide range central London aims to unlock new housing supply by investing of social, leisure and retail facilities and services within 20 minutes in high-quality walking and cycling infrastructure.173 of the home, achieved through investment in improved walking and cycling links, ultimately improving safety and inclusiveness. safe and efficient transportation system case studies walkable connectivity walkable connectivity Freeway-Covering Urban Public Park Favela Pedestrian Footbridge Connectivity Scheme Dallas, TX. Woodall Rodgers Park Foundation for public use. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazilian Federal Government for public Built over a recessed section of freeway, “Klyde Warren Park” use. is a privately managed park that offers year-round activities, Part of an ambitious programme of infrastructure improvements to connects two previously separate districts, and increases foot the city’s favelas before the 2016 Olympics, the Oscar Niemeyer- traffic and quality of life. designed concrete footbridge connects Rocinha, Rio’s largest favela, with a controversial new sports centre, providing a new entrance to the district and better integrating it with the city.

pedestrian streets pedestrian streets Madrid’s Car Free Urban Core Initiative 100 City Blocks Pedestrianisation and Improvement Madrid, Spain. City Council of Madrid for public use. Scheme Cars not belonging to residents have been banned from Buenos Aires, Argentina. City of Buenos Aires for public use. Madrid’s four central districts since 2015, helping to tackle By diverting buses away from side streets, city officials could traffic problems, reduce accidents and pollution, and increase partly or fully pedestrianize and landscape up to 100 city quality of life.175 blocks, leading to increases in footfall and night-time activity.

road share road share New Road Shared Space Project Pedestrian-Friendly Shopping Street Redevelopment Brighton, UK. Gehl / Landscape Projects for Brighton & Hove Vienna, Austria. Bureau B+B / orso.pitro for City of Vienna. City Council. Mariahilfer Strasse was redeveloped into a pedestrian-friendly This redevelopment project transformed a run-down city centre shared space with a central ‘car free’ zone, specifically- street into a vibrant, pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly shared designed paved surfaces, street side furniture and trees. space, dramatically boosting the local economy.176 safe and efficient transportation system case studies

road diet road diet “World Class Streets” Enhanced Public and Pedestrian Shanghai Waterfront Public Space Improvement Scheme Space Shanghai, China. Shanghai Government for public use New York, NY. Dept. of Transport for public use. By halving the number of traffic lanes and building a road Based on analysis by Jan Gehl, the 2008 World Class Streets tunnel, city planners reduced vehicle traffic by 70%, improved report set out a new planning approach for New York, pedestrian access and reconnected the historic Bund with the encouraging pedestrian activity and the creation of active, well- Huangpu River. designed public spaces.

safe intersections safe intersections Oxford Circus Pedestrian Crossing Redesign Paris Squares Semi-Pedestrianisation and Redesign London, UK. Atkins for Westminster City Council. Initiative Opened in 2009 and inspired by crossings in Tokyo, the Paris, France. Mayor of Paris for public use. innovative ‘x crossing’ at the intersection of Regent and Oxford Under ambitious plans to improve the city’s public spaces, Streets allows pedestrians to cross diagonally as well as Paris will see seven of its famous squares semi-pedestrianised straight ahead, radically increasing footway space and reducing by 2020, with at least half of each square given over to pedestrian congestion. pedestrians, cyclists and green space, largely to the detriment of road vehicles.

traffic calming measures traffic calming measures City-Wide Speed Reduction Zones Chicago Pedestrian Safety & Street Improvement Plan Paris, France. Mayor of Paris for public use. Chicago, IL. City of Chicago for government use. By establishing numerous ‘eco-quartiers’ across Paris, The 2012 Chicago Pedestrian Plan outlines 250 where speeds are restricted to 30km/h, city authorities are recommendations to improve pedestrian safety, including reducing both accidents and carbon emissions, and creating a signage, bike lanes and road layout changes, as well as pedestrian-friendly city. temporary road closure initiatives, with a stated aim of reducing pedestrian fatalities to zero by 2022.

improved signage improved signage Community-Led Wayfinding System Talking Street Sign Navigation Concept Raleigh, NC. Walk Your City Inc. for commercial use. Copenhagen, Denmark. What the Phonics for public use. Aiming to encourage urban walking as a transport choice, Particularly beneficial to blind and partially-sighted people, “Walk [Your City]” is a set of online tools that gives communities these interactive street signs provide an audio recording of the ability to create, deploy and monitor people-friendly street street names along with illumination of the component sounds, signs. helping pedestrians to pronounce complex Danish place names. liveable environment case studies

infrastructure re-use infrastructure re-use High Line Aerial Greenway Redevelopment Project “The Goods Line” Green Urban Corridor Project New York City, NY. NYC DPR for public use Sydney, Australia. ASPECT Studios for Sydney Harbour This 1.5 mile long stretch of disused elevated railroad track on Foreshore Authority. New York City’s West Side was redeveloped into an extremely By repurposing a disused rail corridor, this landscaped popular urban park, revitalising neighborhoods and providing pedestrian and cycle route connects existing cultural, greenspace. educational and entertainment areas via 500m of new public

space.

innovative public spaces innovative public spaces “Kalvebod Waves” Active Public Waterfront High Density Living Elevated Walkways Concept Redevelopment Stockholm, Sweden. Anders Berensson for the Stockholm Copenhagen, Denmark. JDS for Copenhagen Municipality. Centre Party. Conceived as an opportunity for the inner city to reconnect Providing both dense housing and public space, this central to the harbour, Kalvebod Waves’ boardwalks, plazas and Stockholm scheme envisages a mixed-use development recreation areas bring active public space to a previously sterile of narrow towers linked by rooftop courtyards and elevated district. skywalks.

greenways and blueways greenways and blueways Hamburg “Green Power 2030” Strategic Plan Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project Hamburg, Germany. ORLP for City of Hamburg. Seoul, South Korea. SeoAhn Total Landscape for Seoul This plan aims to achieve 40% green space throughout the city Metropolitan Government. by 2030, creating a network of regenerated, walkable habitats, The restoration of the Cheonggyechon River in Seoul provided mitigating temperature rise, improving air quality and reaping not only a number of environmental benefits to the city but also health benefits. social and economic dividends as well. liveable environment case studies parklets parklets Annual “PARK(ing) Day” Temporary Public Space “Pavement to Parks” Regeneration Programme Initiative San Francisco, CA. SF Planning Dept. for public use Worldwide. REBAR for public use. This urban renewal programme reclaims underutilised patches Critiquing a lack of urban public space, this international, open of land as small as one parking space and quickly converts source initiative encourages participants to occupy metered them into into public parklets, complete with seating and parking spaces for a day, converting them into temporary parks landscaping.202 or other public amenities.

street design and furniture street design and furniture “Green Your Laneways” Side Street Conversion and “Useful Billboards” Pedestrian-friendly Advertising Greening Project Initiative Melbourne, Australia. City of Melbourne for public use. Paris, France, IBM for public use. This pilot project aims to convert four of the city’s two hundred By incorporating seating, shelter and ramp elements, this laneways into green public space, through planting trees, green advertising and pedestrian-engagement initiative transformed walls, planter boxes or by creating small car-free parks. everyday billboards into useful street furniture while encouraging creative urban ideas.203

microclimate measures microclimate measures Blooming Flowers Public Shelter and Street Light Dubai Ventilated Walkway Concept Installation Dubai, UAE. Arup for Dubai Roads & Transport Authority. Jerusalem, Israel. HQ Architects for Jerusalem Municipality. Microclimate experts used thermal modelling to help design In order to improve a dilapidated public square, HQ Architects ‘low energy’ pedestrian walkways, protecting users from both installed four 9m x 9m sculptural flowers that ‘bloom’ in busy traffic and intense heat while navigating through the city. response to pedestrian movement, providing public lighting at night and shade during the day.200

active facades active facades Santa Monica Third Street Promenade Pedestrianisation Boxpark Shipping Container Pop-up Retail Santa Monica, USA. Downtown Santa Monica Inc. for public use London, UK. Boxpark for commercial use. This pedestrianised retail district close to the Santa Monica This pop-up mall in Shoreditch is constructed from repurposed Pier offers a mixed retail, dining and street entertainment in shipping containers, offering retailers low-rent, low-risk space atmospheric surroundings, attracting 6.3m visitors annually.201 for a four-year period.205

sense of place and communities case studies open street events open street events “PubliCity” City Regeneration Programme “100 en 1 dia” Mass Participation Urban Realm Singapore. URA for public use. Improvement Initiative This public space rejuvenation initiative draws on community Bogota, Colombia. 100en1dia for public use. expertise and creativity to identify and improve underused Using the combined power of 100 people, this social movement spaces throughout the city, creating places and events to help encourages rapid urban change in the form of citizen-led make communities more livable.206 interventions, from bike lanes to street art, across the city in a 24-hour period.210

public art public art “Umbrella Sky” Temporary Street Festival Canopy “Strad@perta” Online Street Art Listings Águeda, Portugal. Sextafeira for public use. Milan, Italy. Comune di Milano for public use. Every year as part of the Ágitagueda Art Festival, several Launched in 2013, this online map and calendar allows Milan’s city streets are covered by a temporary canopy of colourful street artists and musicians to promote their work, while helping umbrellas, providing shade for pedestrians and space for a residents and visitors discover free public performances across programme of outdoor events.207 the city.211

diy opportunities diy opportunities LA “People St” Do it Yourself Street Regeneration Leefstraat “Living Streets” Summer Road Closure Initiative Project Los Angeles, USA. LADOT for public use. Ghent, Belgium. City of Ghent for public use. This city-wide initiative rapidly simplifies public-realm This 10-week road closure experiment saw 22 of Ghent’s improvement projects by providing a pre-defined kit to busiest streets closed to traffic and converted into ‘living community groups, transforming underused streets and streets’, featuring pop-up parks and bars helping locals to play, encouraging pedestrian activity. socialise and relax.212 sense of place and communities case studies heritage promotion heritage promotion Hutong Preservation and Pedestrianisation Programme Free Evening Urban Art Walks Beijing, China. Beijing Municipality for public use. Cape Town, South Africa. Gareth Pearson for public use. A result of growing tourist popularity and interest in heritage Every month, the ‘First Thursdays’ evening art walk brings preservation, this government initiative is leading to the people onto the streets to explore galleries across Cape Town’s restoration and pedestrianisation of many of Beijing’s remaining lesser-known areas, helping encourage both walking and art Hutongs. appreciation.

redundant spaces redundant spaces “Dance-O-Mat” Coin-Operated Temporary Public “Elevated Acre” High-rise Park Project Dancefloor New York, NY. Rogers Marvel for 55Water. Christchurch, New Zealand. Gap Filler for public use. This full acre of greenspace is located between two high-rises Responding to a lack of space for dancing after the 2011 in Manhattan’s financial district. In addition to providing a for earthquake, this project installed a huge public dancefloor local workers, the park features concerts, venue rentals and on empty sites across the city, encouraging people to come film screenings. together and dance.215

urban nightscape urban nightscape Singapore Orchard Road Pedestrian Night Initative “Nightseeing” Urban Lighting Exploration Programme Singapore. ORBA & STB for public benefit. Worldwide. Leni Schwendinger for public use. Once a month, this busy shopping street is closed to motor This programme of walks, talks and maps provides activities vehicles, allowing locals to mingle, shop and eat at an evening- based on a city’s lighting networks, bringing public and design long street party featuring live music and entertainment professionals together to raise awareness of urban night-time activities.216 environments.220

inclusive design inclusive design “Cities Unlocked” Sight Impaired Urban Navigation Digitally Responsive Street Furniture Concept Initiative London, UK. Ross Atkin Associates / Marshalls for commercial London, UK. Future Cities Catapult et al. for public use. use. By identifying opportunities and applying new technology, for Using the latest digital connectivity technology, this set of example a 3D soundscape, “Cities Unlocked” helps those with responsive street furniture aims to make cities safer for those sigh loss overcome mobility challenges and navigate cities with mobility problems by adapting according to individual need more easily.217 and proximity, for example providing brighter street lighting or audio on street signs.221 smart and responsive cityy

sensing environment sensing environment “Placemeter” Urban Movement Intelligence Platform “CityVerve” Internet of Things City Demonstrator Project New York, NY. Placemeter for commercial use. Manchester, UK. Greater Manchester LEP et al. for research This urban intelligence platform analyses and quantifies the use. human and vehicular movement of modern cities at scale, CityVerve was chosen as the UK’s Internet of Things City and can predict activity depending on weather, time, date and Demonstrator, with the aim of testing how smart sensors and planned events.230 data analytics can benefit public services and improve quality of life.

mapping safety mapping safety NYC Pedestrian Safety Heat Map Initiative Crowdsourced Sexual Harassment and Urban Safety New York, NY. New York City Council for public use Map This online tool uses open data on traffic volume and road Delhi, India. Safecity for public use. traffic incidents to create interactive heat maps identifying This website aims to make Indian cities safer and more incident hotspots, helping improve the safety of pedestrians accessible by aggregating anonymised reports of sexual and cyclists.231 harassment in public spaces as hot spots on a map, helping to inform citizens, communities and decision-makers.235

city monitoring city monitoring Personal Air-Quality Monitoring Smartphone App and Crowdsourced Quiet Space City Exploration App Sensor Worldwide. Jason Sweeney et al. for public use. London, UK. Drayson Technologies for commercial use. An international project to crowdsource quiet urban locations, Powered by harvesting energy from wireless networks, the the Stereopublic map and iOS app encourages users to “CleanSpace” air-quality monitoring device provides users with capture sounds, images and locations of quiet spaces and to local pollution data via a smartphone app, as well as rewards explore their cities via audio tours.236 for environmentally-friendly behaviour.232 BostonBoston ArchitecturalArchitectural CCollegeollege | CityLabCityLab IntensiveIntensive Reader 16 02_MOBILITY

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BostonBoston Architectural College | CityLabCityLab Intensive Reader 17 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 18 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 19 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 20 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 21 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 22 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 23 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 24 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 25 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 26 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 27 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 28 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 29 BostonBoston Architectural College | CityLabCityLab Intensive Reader 30 03_OPEN SPACE

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49 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 50 Boston Architectural College | CityLab Intensive Reader 51 BostonBoston ArchitecturalArchitectural CCollegeollege | CityLabCityLab IntensiveIntensive Reader 52 2 05_CULTURE

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