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The Perfect Man a Comparative Study in Indian and Iranian Philosophical Thought Abstract Thesis^^ THE PERFECT MAN A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDIAN AND IRANIAN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT ABSTRACT THESIS^^ SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF f/ V -^ C Soctor of $I)tlQS(opt)P II IN PHILOSOPHY w BY S. MOHSEN MIRI Under the Supervision of PROF. MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALI6ARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2000 [ Ace. No ABSTRACT THE PERFECT MAN A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDIAN AND IRANIAN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT BY S. MOHSEN MIRI The first chapter of the thesis deals with some discussions, which are to be considered as an introduction to the main topic. Since the main topic is of a comparative nature, first of all an attempt has been made to define and discuss different aspects of this discipline. Conditions necessary to be observed in order to achieve desirable purposes in such studies are described and some problems, which arose in this field during the two past centuries due to not taking into consideration these conditions, are also dealt with. Secondly, necessity of taking up this kind of comparative study, the prevailing global crisis and the need of achieving a more spiritualized world is explained. Thirdly, the importance of a comparative study concerning the perfect man in the Iranian and Indian traditions is expounded. Finally - the two traditions which have very rich and spiritualized resources to deal with such important issues and can offer solutions to the present man's problems and crisis in the world has been discussed. In the end, the brilliant connection between India and Iran, which could raise such brilliant thinkers as Al-Birouni, Dara Shikoh, etc. - is dealt with. In the second, third, forth, and fifth chapters perspectives of four thinkers belonging to the Iranian- Islamic tradition on the one hand and to the Indian one, on the other - namely Mawlawi Rumi, Mulla Sadra, Sri Aurobindo, and Swami Vivekananda respectively-have been thoroughly discussed. In all chapters, life of the respective thinker and the social, cultural circumstances of his times are briefly discussed first. This discussion may in turn indicate such socio-cultural grounds that influenced their minds. Secondly, some of their main, fundamental thoughts are dealt with in a glance. Thirdly, such principles of the thinker which play key roles in forming the theory of the perfect man in his thought without whose knowledge one cannot comprehend that theory, are discussed. Some of those principles concern man himself such as levels of man's soul, man's being made of soul and body, the ways by following which man can attain perfection like Yoga man's ultimate goal, and so forth while some others are concerned the outwardly world - although they concerned man but not directly-such as the ultimate realit , distributions of attributes of perfection in the whole world, the relation between this world and the world to come, the goalseekingness of the universe, the process of Descent and Ascent or evolution and involution in the universe, and so on.And finally. The Perfect Man and his characteristics such as his being God's vicegerent; his being the manifestation of God; his annihilation into God and his subsistence by God; his being the purpose and ultimate cause of creation; the type of his power, the way he looks at himself; the world, the society, and God; his being intermediary of grace of God to the world and people, and some other characteristics. The sixth chapter compares those great philosophers, thoughts, to show their similarities and differences. Interestingly, this chapter indicates that similarities are more than differences. In the end of the thesis, the Bibliography has been given. It is hoped that this comparative study should be treated as a step in enriching the connection between Indian and Iranian cultures and as an approach to the ending man's contemporary crises. THE PERFECT MAN A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDIAN AND IRANIAN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT M/'^> THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ©octor of ^I|iIos;opI)p IN \< \^ PHILOSOPHY <3L BY S. MOHSEN MIRI Under the Supervision of PROF. MUAAMMAD RAFIQUE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2000 V^^ i ( Ace. No. u.n tfnr'-^ V' T5332 Mohammad Rafique FACULTY OF ARTS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY Professor of Pfiilosophy Aligarh-202 002 (U.P.) INDIA DEAN External. 0571-400174 Phones Internal; 400926 (Extn, 337) Dated 24.11,2000. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that the thesis entitled " The Perfect Man, A Comparative Study in Indian and Iranian Philosophical Thought " submitted by Mr. Mohsin Miri is the result of the original research work carried out by him under my supervision. The thesis is complete in all respects and is fit for submission for evaluation for the award of Ph.D. degree in Philosophy of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. (MOHD. RAFIQUE) Phone (Resi.) : 0571-401466 E-mail (Off) [email protected] E-mail (Resi.) : seemi@nde.\/snl.net.in IN THE NAME OF GOD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Prof.Muhammad Rafique, Dean, Faculty of Arts, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, who has taken great pains in guiding the present thesis. I have greatly beneflfited from his erudition, constructive suggestions and inspiring guidance. I have great pleasure in expressing my profound sense of gratitude also to Prof. Jalalul Haq, Chairman of the Department, and other respected teachers. I am obliged to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for all help and kindness to me without which I could not have completed this project. (S. MOHSEN MIRI) CONTENTS Chapter 1: Indo-Iran Cultural Relations and Comparative Studies Page 1 1.1 Comparative Studies in Philosophy and Religion 1.2 Necessary conditions for a comparative study 1.3 The necessity of comparative studies 1.4 The historical Background of modern comparative studies. 1.5 The Necessity of discussing Perfect Man. 1.6 The Necessity of comparative study of the perfect man from the Islamic-Iranian and the Indian viewpoints. 1.7 A review of Indo-Iranian cultural relations and comparative studies 1.8 The Historical Background of discussing the perfect man Chapter 2 : Mawlawi Rumi Page 34 2.1 His Life and Thoughts 2.2 The Nature of God, World and Creatures 2.3 Levels of Existence 2.4 The Constant Creation and Renewal of Ideas in the world 2.5 Opposition in the World 2.6 Distribution of attributes of Perfection in the whole world 2.7 Evolution and Ascent of the Universe and Man 2.8 The Relation between this World and the Hereafter 2.9 Man being composed of Soul and Body 2.10 Kind of man's soul 2.11 Levels of Man's soul 2.12 Purpose of Creation of the World 2.13 Man as Vicegerent of God 2.14 Man's attaining the station of Perfect Man 2.15 Annihilation into God and subsistence by God 2.16 Characteristics of Perfect Man II 2.17 Perfect Man and the Society Chapter 3 : MuUa Sadra: t'oqe 78 3.1 His Life and Thoughts 3.2 Self - Evidency and Necessity of the Essence of Reality 3.3 Principiality of Existence. 3.4 Gradation of the Essence of Existence 3.5 Cause and Effect relation among Existents 3.6 Flow of all Perfections in all levels of Existence 3.7 Levels of existence 3.8 Trans - Substantial Motion of the Matter 3.9 Goalseekingness of the universe 3.10 Material generation of the Soul 3.11 Speculative and practical faculties of man's soul 3.12 The Four Intellectual Journeys 3.13 Characteristics of Perfect Man 3.14 Perfect Man and the Society Chapter 4 : Sri Aurobindo Page 123 4.1 His Life and Thoughts 4.2 The four theories of the nature of the Ultimate Reality 4.3 Hierarchy of existence 4.4 The Process of Descent and Assent 4.5 The Three Transformations 4.6 Characteristics of The Perfect Man 4.7 Divine Life 4.8 The Personality in the Perfect Man 4.9 Integral Yoga and its role in perfect Man's realization Chapter 5 : Swami Vivekananda Page 167 5.1 His Life and Thoughts Ill 5.2 The Ultimate Reality 5.3 World and Creatures as real things 5.4 Maya and its Role in the world 5.5 Evolution and Involution 5.6 The World is Purposeful 5.7 Nature of Man 5.8 Soul and its Perceptions 5.9 Man's status and his relation with God 5.10 Man's Ultimate Goal 5.11 On the Way towards God 5.12 Ways of realization of The Perfect Man 5.13 Characteristics of the Perfect Man 5.14 Perfect Man and Society Chapter 6 : Comparisons and Reflections Page 219 6.1 The Essence of Reality 6.2 Levels of Existence 6.3 The Evolutionary Journey of Existents to God 6.4 The world of creatures aims at God 6.5 Composition of Man's soul and body 6.6 Conceptual characteristics of Man's soul 6.7 The Purpose of creation, necessity of the 'Vicegerent' i.e. Man 6.8 Wayfarer to God 6.9 The Perfect Man as the mediator in God's grace 6.10 The Perfect Man as the perfect manifestation of God 6.11 The Perfect Man's knowledge 6.12 The Perfect Man's Power 6.13 His Resurrection in this world 6.14 The Perfect Man is not influenced by changes 6.15 Taking into consideration both Materiality and Spirituality 6.16 The Return to God IV 6.17 Annihilation into God, subsistence by God, and subsistence of Personality 6.18 The Perfect Man and the Society BffiLIOGRAPHY Page 271 CHAPTER 1 Indo-Iran Cultural Relations and Comparative Studies Studies in Comparative Philosophy and Religion To define a comparative study, we may say that it is to place different religions or philosophies of the world together whose comparing and contrasting may bring about a reliable estimate of their respective claims and values' Necessary conditions for a comparative study 1.
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