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A Comparative Study of the Myth of “Zoroaster” in the Poetry of Persian and Arab Poets

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A Comparative Study of the Myth of “Zoroaster” in the Poetry of Persian and Arab Poets Archive of SID ادب عربی، سال 12، شمارۀ 4، زمستان 1399 10.22059/jalit.2020.141126.611404 Print ISSN: 2382-9850//Online ISSN: 2676-7627 http://jalit.ut.ac.ir A Comparative Study of the Myth of “Zoroaster” in the Poetry of Persian and Arab Poets MohamadHassan Amraei* Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Velayat University, Iranshahr Received: January 18, 2016; Accepted: April 24, 2020 Abstract Modern and ancient Persian and Arab poets, due to the different literary atmosphere of their works and their different personal tastes, have adopted different approaches to the myth of ancient Iran, Zoroastrianism. Thus, their references to this myth and the consequences of such references can be addressed through a comparative study. The myth of Zoroaster is not often present in the poetry of ancient Persian or Arab poets who usually use mythological concepts for purposes such as showing off their knowledge of sciences, expressing religious experiences, exaggeration in praise of someone, expressing their thoughts, or as a figure of speech, and thus have limited the semantic potentials of this myth. However, some contemporary Arab poets, inspired by the German poet and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, use this myth to achieve an element for political and social struggles and awaken their nations. In this way, the people rise up against the oppression and corruption of the society. Contemporary Arab poets have created a wide range of meanings through this myth, linking modern experiences with the ancient experiences of millions of people. On the contrary, what is left of this myth in the memory of Persian-speaking poets is different; Zoroaster sometimes equals the Prophet Ibrahim and sometimes is depicted as a fraud or fire worshiper. The purpose of this article is to study the myth of Zoroaster in the poetry of Persian and Arab poets, in light of the American school of comparative literature to show what the symbolic thought of Persian and Arab poets about this myth was and for what purpose each of these poets used this myth in their poetry. Keywords: Myth, Persian poetry, Arabic poetry, Zartosht, Zoroaster, Zarathustra. *. Corresponding author: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID 144 بررسی تطبيقی اسطورۀ »زرتشت« در شعر شاعران فارس و عرب بررسی تطبيقی اسطورۀ »زرتشت« در شعر شاعران فارس و عرب محمدحسن امرائی* استادیار گروه زبان و ادبيات عربی دانشگاه وﻻیت، ایرانشهر )از ص 143 تا ص 165( تاريخ دريافت: 28/10/1394، تاريخ پذيرش: 1399/02/05 چكيده فراخوانی اسطورة ايران باستان، زردشت و پیامدهای اين حضور ادبی در شعر جديد و قديم فارس و عرب، غالباً به سبب فضای ادبی متفاوت و نیز سﻻيق شخصی شاعران رويکردهای متفاوتی يافته است، تا جايی که میتوان با رويکرد مقايسهای و تطبیقی بدان پرداخت و جايگاه اين اسطوره را در شعر هر دو شاعران قديم و جديد فارس و عرب به طور همگام تبیین نمود. اسطورة زردشت اگرچه در شعر شاعران قديم عرب غالباً وجود ندارد و شاعران قديم فارس و عرب غالباً از مفاهیم اسطورهای برای اغراضی همانند تفاضل و تفاخر علمی، بیان تجربههای صوفیانه و دينی، مبالغه در مدح ممدوحان و تقرير انديشه يا آرايش کﻻم استفاده کرده و قدرت معنايی آنها را محدود نمودهاند، امّا برخی شاعران معاصر عرب، با الهام از فريدريش نیچه )1844-1900(، شاعر و فیلسوف آلمانی، در چهارچوب »نقابِ« اسطورة »زردشت« در پی دستیابی به عنصری برای مبارزات سیاسی-اجتماعی و بیداری ملتهايشان با شعار اَبَرانسان بوده تا بدين وسیله، خیزشی مردمی در برابر اهريمن ظلم و فساد مستکبران معاصر به پا دارند. شاعران معاصر عرب گسترة معنايی وسیعی را در قالب اسطورهها خلق نموده و تجربههای امروزين را با تجربههای کهن باستانی میلیونها انسان پیوند زدهاند؛ در مقابل، آنچه در خاطرة شاعران فارسیزبان از اين اسطوره بر جای مانده، متفاوت بوده و زردشت گاه در جايگاهی آسمانی با ابراهیم پیامبر برابری نموده و گاه در جايگاهی زمینی همانند حقّهبازی چابكدست يا کافری آتشپرست مینشیند. هدف اين مقاله بررسی تطبیقی اسطورة زرتشت در شعر شاعران فارس و عرب، با تکیه بر مکتب آمريکايی ادبیات تطبیقی است تا نشان دهد که انديشة نمادين و سمبولیك شاعران فارس و عرب دربارة اين اسطوره چه بوده و اصوﻻً هر يك از اين شاعران به چه منظور يا منظورهايی از اين اسطوره در شعر خود بهره بردهاند. واژههای کليدی: اسطوره، شاعران فارس، شاعران عرب، زردشت، زوراستر، زَرَثوشْتَرَ. *. رايانامة نويسندة مسئول: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID ادب عربی، سال 12، شمارۀ 4، زمستان 1399 145 1. مقدّمه ادبیات تطبیقی به زبان ساده، تحلیل تطبیقی ادبیات ملتها با يکديگر است. غالب پژوهشهای تطبیقی معموﻻ بر دو رويکرد تأثیر و تأثّر تاريخی فرانسوی و يا مشابهت آمريکايی استوار است. ادبیات تطبیقی فرانسه، »از نیمه دوم قرن نوزدهم در فرانسه با سخنرانیها و نوشتههای پژوهشگرانی مانند آبل فرانسوا ويلمن و ژان ژاك آمپر آغاز شـد« )يوست، 1386: 37(. از منظر اين مکتب، ادبیات تطبیقی »تحلیل ادبیات يك ملت در رابطة تاريخی آن با ادبیات ملل ديگر، از جنبة چگونگی ارتباط و تأثیرگذاری يکی بر ديگری است« )ندا، 1991: 20(. در قرن بیستم میﻻدی، مهمترين چالش در برابر مکتب فرانسه ظهور کرد؛ سردمداران اين مخالفت، رنه ولك و هنری رماك بودند. رماك، تعريف مبسوطی از ادبیات تطبیقی ارائه میدهد و میگويد: »ادبیات تطبیقی، مقايسة يك اثر ادبی معین با اثر يا آثار ادبی ديگر و يا مقايسة ادبیات با ديگر تعابیر بشری است« )ر.ك: الخطیب، 1999: 50(. اين مکتب آمريکايی، اصول مکتب فرانسه همچون جنبة تاريخی و تأثّر را به چالش میکشد و بر جنبة زيبايیشناختی هنر، ادب و بهويژه تشابهات ادبی تأکید بیشتری دارد )عبود و ديگران، 2001: 32-34(. فرانسوا يوست )-1918 2001( که او را پدر ادبیات تطبیقی آمريکا میدانند، دربارة اين مکتب میگويد: »در مکتب آمريکايی تطبیق آنچه بیش از پیش اهمیت يافته، اين مسئله است که ادبیات تطبیقى در عرصه پژوهش خود را محدود نـساخته اسـت؛ بلکه ويژگی خـاص مـکتب آمريکايی، ماهیت بین رشتهای آن است که به گمان بـسیاری از انـديشمندان سرآغاز رشته جديدی به نام مطالعات فرهنگی شد که امروزه دارای اهمیت و جايگاه خاصی در پژوهشهای علوم انـسانی اسـت. اين مکتب با گـذار از روابـط تـاريخی وارد عرصه پويايی شد که نه تنها از مرزهای ساختگی سیاسی، ملی، زبانی و جغرافیايی فراتر میرفت، بلکه ادبیات را در ارتباط تنگاتنگ با ساير رشتههای علوم انسانی و هنرهای زيبا، مانند تـاريخ، فلسفه، اديان، روانشناسی، جامعهشناسی، نقاشی، موسیقی و سـاير هنرها میديد« )يوست، 1386: 38(. از نـظر ولك، بـعد ادبى، زيبايیشناسى و هنرى بايد در کانون توجه اين رشته باشد )ولك، 1373: 223(. مکتب تطبیقی آمريکا که در نیمة دوم سدة بیستم سر برکشیده بود، زيبايیشناسی و توجه به نقد و تحلیل و نیز تشابهات ادبی را در راس کار تطبیقگر قرار میدهد، بنابراين گسترة ادبیات تطبیقی در میان دو يا چند ملیت مختلف و در پردازشهای هنری روی میدهد. مهمترين اصول حاکم بر اين مکتب عبارتند از: 1. شرط تفاوت زبان و روابط تاريخی بین دو اثـر ادبی مورد تطبیق، يك شرط ضروری و www.SID.ir Archive of SID 146 بررسی تطبيقی اسطورۀ »زرتشت« در شعر شاعران فارس و عرب ﻻزم نیست. 2. بررسی دو ادبیات و يا يك اثر ادبی با اثر ادبی ديگر از جهـات و ابعاد گوناگون امکانپذير است، بدون آن کـه میـان دو ادبیـات و يـا دو اثـر رابطـة تاريخی و فرهنگی باشد و حتی بدون آنکه زبان آنها متفاوت باشد. اين جستار، با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استقراء برخی سرودههای شاعران فارس و عرب، بهطور گزينشی، ريشهها و عﻻئم تأثیرپذيری شاعران فارس و عرب از اين اسطورة ايران باستان را در چشماندازی تطبیقی مورد تحلیل قرار داده است. روش اين تحقیق نیز بر تحلیل نقاط اشتراك و تفاوت انديشههای شاعران دو ملیت از دو زبان و دو مکان متفاوت استوار است و با ديگر جنبههای اين مکتب ادبی از جمله زيباشناسی و نقد چندان ارتباطی ندارد. اگرچه میتوان در مجموع اين جستار را زيرمجموعة دانش نقد ادبی محسوب نمود. بر همین مبنا با روش استقراء در اشعار شاعران فارس و عرب ابتدا به صورت کامﻻً مجزّا به دنبال نماياندن تصوير اسطورة زردشت در شعر شاعران عرب و سپس شاعران فارس بوده و در ادامه نیز به میزان تشابه و تفاوت محتوايی و هنری اشعار هر دو شاعران فارس و عرب، بهطور مبسوط و بهويژه در بخش نتیجة مقاله، پرداختهايم. معیاری که در اين مقاله مبنای پژوهش قرار گرفته است مطالعة رابطة تأثیر و تأثّر يك ادبیات از ادبیات ديگر نیست؛ بلکه بیشتر به همانندیها میپردازد و به مرزبندی- های زبانی، تاريخی يا ملی به عنوان تنها خصوصیت بارز تفاوت ادبیات ملتها توجه نمیکند؛ بلکه بیشتر تﻻش میکند تا همانندیها و ناهمانندیها را در ورای مرزهای تاريخی و داد و ستدهای دو سويه تحلیل کند. همانگونه که قبﻻً هم ذکر شد، در اين پژوهش سعی فراوان نمودهايم تا در چشماندازی تطبیقی و بر اساس مکتب ادبیات تطبیقی آمريکا، به بررسی تطبیقی نگرشهای مثبت يا منفی شاعران فارس و عرب در راستای فراخوانی شخصیّت زردشت بپردازيم تا در خاتمه بتوانیم ضمن تبیین نقاط تشابه و افتراق ادبی آنان در اين مجال، به پرسشهای زير نیز پاسخ گويیم: 1. انگیزهها و اهداف شاعران فارس و عرب در فراخوانی اسطورة زردشت اصوﻻً چه بوده است؟ 2. وجوه اشتراك و افتراق انديشهها و رويکردهای ادبیِ شاعران فارس و عرب در بهکارگیری اسطورة زردشت چیست؟ www.SID.ir Archive of SID ادب عربی، سال 12، شمارۀ 4، زمستان 1399 147 3. تأثیر و تأثّراتی که در نگرش شاعران فارس و عرب به اين اسطوره ديده میشود، کدامند؟ 2-1. پيشينة پژوهش دربارة اسطوره در هر دو زبان فارسی و عربی، تاکنون پژوهشهای مستقلّ ی صورت پذيرفته است که از جملة آنها میتوان به موارد زير اشاره نمود: 1. »اﻷساطیر« )أحمد کمال زکی؛ 1997(. 2. »استدعاء الشخصیّات الرتاثیّة يف ال ّش عر العريب املعاصر« )علی عشری زايد؛ 1997(. 3. »اﻻّّتاهات واحلرکات يف ال ّشعر العريب احلدیث« )سلمی خضراء الجیوسی؛ 2001(.
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