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Aleksi YlГѓВ¶nen | 9781317028574 | | | | | Horn of Africa by Philip Caputo

The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as the land of the Barbara and Habesha[5] [6] [7] the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of DjiboutiEritreaEthiopiaand . Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies. This peninsula has been known by various names. Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to it as Regio Aromatica or Regio Cinnamonifora due to the aromatic plants or as Regio Incognita owing to its uncharted territory. The name Horn of Africa is sometimes shortened to HoA. Quite commonly it is referred to simply as "the Horn", while inhabitants are sometimes colloquially termed Horn Africans. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the is about 12 miles 20 kilometres wide, but 50, years ago it was much narrower and sea The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition were 70 meters lower. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Shell middensyears old have been found in , [14] indicating the diet of early humans included seafood obtained by beachcombing. The findings of the Earliest Stone Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift dated The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition more thanyears ago in combination with the existing archaeological, fossil and genetic evidence, isolate this region as a source of modern cultures and biology, and it is considered the place of origin for humankind. Ethiopian and Eritrean agriculture established the earliest known The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition of the seed grass teff Poa abyssinica between — BCE. Coffee also originated in and has since spread to become a worldwide beverage. The area comprising northern SomaliaDjiboutithe Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Sudan is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt or "Ta Netjeru," meaning god's landwhose first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. With its capital probably at Yehathe kingdom developed irrigation schemes, used plowsgrew milletand made iron tools and weapons. The also known as the Aksumite was an ancient state located in the Eritrea and Ethiopian highlandswhich thrived between the 1st and 7th centuries CE. A major player in the commerce between the and Ancient IndiaAksum's rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsulaeventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Under Ezana fl. Northern Somalia was an important link in the Horn, connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincensemyrrh and spices, all of which were valuable luxuries to the Ancient EgyptiansPhoeniciansMycenaeansBabylonians and Romans. In the classical eraseveral flourishing Somali city-states such as OponeMosylon and also competed with the SabaeansParthians and Axumites for the rich Indo - Greco-Roman trade. The birth of opposite the Horn's Red Sea coast meant that local merchants and sailors living on the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of Muslim families from the Islamic world to the Horn in the early centuries of Islam, and the peaceful conversion of the local population by Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic MogadishuBerberaZeilaBarawa and Merkawhich were part of the Barbara civilization. During the Middle Agesseveral powerful dominated the regional trade in the Horn, including the Adal Sultanatethe Ajuran Sultanatethe Warsangali Sultanatethe The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. The Sultanate of Showaestablished inwas one of the oldest local Islamic states. It was centered in the former province in central Ethiopia. The polity was succeeded by the around Ifat was governed from its capital at in northern Somalia and was the easternmost district of the former Shewa Sultanate. The was a medieval multi-ethnic Muslim state centered in the Horn region. At its height, it controlled large parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Many of the historic cities in the region, such as AmudMadunaAbasaBerberaZeila and Hararflourished during the kingdom's golden age. This period that left behind numerous courtyard housesmosquesshrines and walled enclosures. The Warsangali Sultanate was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the region and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country, an area historically known as Maakhir or the Maakhir Coast. The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of from the Warsangali branch of the Darod The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition, and was ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were also strengthened or re-established, and the state left behind an extensive architectural legacy. Many of the hundreds of ruined castles and fortresses that dot the landscape of Somalia today are attributed to Ajuran engineers, [30] including a lot of the pillar tomb fields, necropolises and ruined cities built during that era. The royal family, the House of Gareen, also expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages and alliances. The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea from approximately to The name of the dynasty comes from the Cushitic -speaking Agaw people of northern Ethiopia. From onwards for many centuries, the ruled the . In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times. The first continuous relations with a European country began in with Portugal under Emperor Lebna Dengelwho had just inherited the throne from his father. When Emperor Susenyos converted to Roman Catholicism inyears of revolt and civil unrest followed resulting in thousands of deaths. On 25 JuneSusenyos's son, Emperor Fasilidesdeclared the state religion to again be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianityand expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans. During the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century the Yejju dynasty more specifically, the Warasek ruled north Ethiopia changing the official language of Amhara people to Afaan Oromo, including inside the court of Gondar which was capital of the empire. The Sultanate of the Geledi was a Somali kingdom administered by the Gobroon dynasty, which ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was established by the Ajuran soldier Ibrahim Adeerwho had defeated various vassals of the Ajuran Empire and established the House of Gobroon. The dynasty reached its apex under the successive reigns of Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahimwho successfully consolidated Gobroon power during the Bardera warsand Sultan Ahmed Yusufwho forced regional powers such as the to submit tribute. The Majeerteen Sultanate Migiurtinia was another prominent Somali sultanate based in the Horn region. Ruled by King Osman Mahamuud during its golden age, it controlled much of northeastern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. Initially, Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamuud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to establish the kingdom of Hobyo, which would rule much of northeastern and central Somalia during the early modern period. In the period following the opening of the Suez canal inwhen European powers scrambled for territory in Africa and tried to establish coaling stations for their ships, Italy invaded and occupied Eritrea. On 1 JanuaryEritrea officially became a colony of Italy. In further Italian incursion into the horn was decisively halted by Ethiopian forces. ByEritrea had aboutinhabitants, The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition 70, Italians. The British continued to administer the territory under a UN Mandate untilwhen Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia, as per UN resolution A and under the prompting of the United States adopted in December The strategic importance of Eritrea, due to its Red Sea coastline and mineral resources, was the main cause for the federation with Ethiopia, which in turn led to Eritrea's annexation as Ethiopia's 14th province in This was the culmination of a gradual process of takeover by the Ethiopian authorities, a process which included a edict establishing the compulsory teaching of Amharicthe main language of Ethiopia, in all Eritrean schools. The lack of regard for the Eritrean population led to the formation of an independence movement in the early swhich erupted into a year war against successive Ethiopian governments that ended in Following a UN-supervised referendum in Eritrea dubbed UNOVER in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence, Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in From untilthe land to the north of the Gulf of situated in modern-day Djibouti was called and was ruled by Somali and Afar Sultanslocal authorities with whom France signed various treaties between and to first gain a foothold in the region. Inon the eve of neighboring Somalia 's independence ina referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. The unrest eventually subsided by April of the year, and Djibouti's ruling People's Rally for Progress party The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition re-elected to office. Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Dervish State successfully repulsed the four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, [54] and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. Italy faced similar opposition from Somali and armies, and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late This occupation lasted untiland was replaced by a British military administration. Northern Somalia would remain a protectoratewhile southern Somalia became a trusteeship. The Union of the two regions in formed the Somali Republic. A civilian government was formed, and on 20 Julythrough a popular referenduma new constitution that had first been drafted the year before was ratified. Due to its longstanding ties with the Arab worldSomalia was accepted in as a member of the Arab League. Somalia's inhabitants subsequently reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secularIslamic or customary lawwith a provision for appeal of all sentences. A Transitional Federal Government was subsequently created in Modern Ethiopia and its current borders are a result of significant territorial reduction in the north and expansion in the east and south toward its present borders, owing to several migrations, commercial integration, treaties as well as conquests, particularly by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena. Italy began a state funded program of resettlement for landless Italians in Eritrea, which increased tensions between the Eritrean peasants and the Italians. Haile Selassie's reign came to an end inwhen a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military juntathe Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariamdeposed him, and established a one-party communist statewhich was called the The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. A transitional government, composed of an member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution, was The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition set up. The first free and democratic election took place later The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st editionwhen Ethiopia's longest-serving Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was elected to office. As with other nations in the Horn region, Ethiopia maintained its historically close relations with countries in the Middle East during this period of change. The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valleya fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly mountainous, the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley. The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition, the Horn and Yemen once formed a single landmass around 18 million years ago, before the Gulf of Aden rifted and separated the Horn region from the Arabian Peninsula. The northern boundary is the Aden Ridge along the coast of Saudi Arabia. The eastern boundary is the Central Indian Ridgethe northern portion of which is also known as the Carlsberg Ridge. The southern boundary is the Southwest Indian Ridge. Extensive glaciers once covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean. Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Horn of Africa politics come to Minneapolis

CNN Scientists working in the Horn of Africa have documented the existence of a remarkable little mammal called the Somali elephant shrew -- or Somali sengi -- for the first time since the s. More Videos A tiny 'elephant' has been rediscovered in Africa While local people were aware that the mouse-sized critters lived in the area, there was no scientific information on their populations, according to research from Duke University published Tuesday. Strangely it is neither a shrew nor a mouse, but is instead closely related to elephants, aardvarks and manatees, all of which have similar trunks. Humans are more closely related to shrews and mice than elephant shrews are, said Heritage. Read More. Another interesting trait is the animal's long hind limbs, which means they are highly adapted to running. Researcher Steven Heritage with a Somali Sengi in his palm. The mammals also form monogamous mating pairs for life, and live in a fairly small home range that's exclusive from other pairs, added Heritage. During a research trip to Djibouti in earlya team including Heritage, Galen Rathbun from the California Academy of Sciences and Houssein Rayaleh from Association Djibouti Nature set out to see if they could find the tiny mammal. Hero shrews have strong, interlocking spines unlike any other The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition, study says. The team set more than 1, live-traps using bait made from peanut butter, oatmeal and yeast -- a far cry from the sengi's normal diet of ants and termites, but Heritage explained why it's not such a strange choice. In a paper published Tuesday in the journal Peer J, the team The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition that not only was the Somali sengi more common than thought, it lives over a larger area that covers Somalia and Djibouti, and potentially Ethiopia. Heritage believes that the lack of urban development and widespread agriculture in the arid areas the Somali sengi calls home is good news for the animal. Heritage plans to return to the Horn of Africa next year to place radio tags on some of the animals in order to work out more about where they live, how much space they use and how pairs are formed. Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State

Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Horn of Africa by Philip Caputo. When Vietnam veteran and foreign correspondent Charlie Gage is recruited by the shadowy Thomas Colfax to assist with something called Operation Atropos, he has no idea he is about to be enlisted for guerilla warfare in northeast Africa. Ever since his young secretary was killed by a grenade at their bu When Vietnam veteran and foreign correspondent Charlie Gage is recruited by the shadowy Thomas Colfax to assist with something called Operation Atropos, he has no idea he is The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition to be enlisted for guerilla warfare in northeast Africa. Ever since his young secretary was killed by a grenade at their The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition office in Beirut a couple of years before, he has lost all volition. Which is why he so readily capitulates not only to Colfax, but also, and more dangerously so, to every command of Jeremy Nordstrand, The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition mystical megalomaniac determined to achieve greatness on their seemingly suicidal mission. Get A Copy. Paperbackpages. Published February 5th by Vintage first published More Details Original Title. Other Editions Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Horn of Africaplease sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition review of Horn of Africa. Nov 26, Chris Wray rated it it was amazing Shelves: I really loved this novel. Just like his earlier Vietnam memoir, this has just the right balance of rawness and studied reflection. And just like that book, this is unrelenting, dark, and gives a uniformly bleak assessment of the human condition, seen through the eyes of a jaded Vitenam veteran and journalist turned mercenary military adviser in the border region between Ethiopia and Sudan. East Africa itself is one of the starring characters, with beautiful descriptions of its landscapes and th I really loved this novel. East Africa itself is one of the starring characters, with beautiful descriptions of its landscapes and the awful emptiness of the Eastern Desert. These are based on Caputo's own travels in the region as a reporter, The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition serve well to reflect the wildness and emptiness that is so evident in his human characters. Caputo's writing has echoes of Conrad, exploring themes of human wickedness, condemnation and redemption, and the impact on our character of being removed from civilisation. There are a lot of similarities to Heart of Darkness, and this novel is in some ways a retelling of that story. Caputo's exploration and reflection on human wickedness is personified in the character of Jeremy Nordstrand. Nordstrand sees himself as one of the elect, a pure and unsullied man among weak and corrupted lesser beings. His character gives a fascinating and unsettling insight into human evil as his stated aim is to discover himself, explore his limits and be himself completely without any interference. That is pretty much a definition of human sinfulness. He goes on to offer some insight into his mindset with his interpretation of Gordon's famous last stand at Khartoum, The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition ultimate power is to be yourself so totally that other people don't even exist for you. I keep thinking of how Gordon must have felt when he ignored his orders to evacuate, knowing he was condemning himself and everyone else to death, He did it on his own authority, without a thought about public opinion, or the history books, or duty, or obligations, or those little vermin in London who'd ordered him to run out. He must have felt totally self-fulfilled and self-possessed in that moment. He must have felt like a god. As narrator, Gage comments that these ideas can only seem harmless in the rarefied air of the academy; but now they are going The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition be translated into action by a determined and ardent believer. As Gage continues to build up a picture of what Nordstrand is like and what drives him he says, "The picture would not have been so disturbing if it had not been so familiar. I realised that it was a picture of myself, not as I was, but as I could have been. Many of Nordstrand's lusts, his rages, and hatreds, were not unknown to me. The demons who dwelled in him dwelled in me, as they do in all men: the attraction to violence, the need to be free from all restrictions, the impulse to follow one's desires wherever they may lead and without regard for others. His appetite was limitless. I had feared him, had respected his strength, had admired the power of his convictions; but now all I felt toward him was an immeasurable disgust. He had come to Africa seeking a forbidden liberty, the freedom of the man in isolation, and the price of that freedom was an enslavement to his miscreant impulses. And so I had a moment of enlightenment I saw him for what he was: neither madman nor monster, but the embodiment of all that was wrong with me, all that is wrong with our crippled natures. Rather, his circumstances have merely given him the opportunity to express his true nature and character. The irony is that in spite of all his strength, resolve and sense of purpose, Jeremy Nordstrand is not a god after all, but a mere man. As such he is ultimately felled, and not by someone stronger or smarter than him, but by something as banal as disease. This comes straight out of Proverbs or Ecclesiastes, as I found my self thinking "Vanity, vanity, all is vanity," and reflecting that man's glory really is like the grass of the field: here today, in the fire tomorrow, never lasting. So it is with Nordstrand, as he lies unburied in the desert; forgotten, weak and utterly insignificant. I found the constellation, and the sight of it comforted me. It was familiar. I had lived under it most of my adult life - in Indochina and in parts of the Middle Ease and North Africa. I had seen thousands die, cities fall, and governments collapse beneath The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition, but the constellation always appeared at its appointed place in the heavens, its cold white crucifix offering no consolation save the proof that all of man's wars, his great conquests and tragic defeats, had not the slightest effect on the order of the universe. This novel is a wonderfully written snapshot of human folly and wickedness, and of how fleeting and weak we really are despite all our pretensions to greatness. What's doubly impressive is that is Caputo's first novel, and I'm looking forward to reading more and discovering how his style and thinking mature. Great read. Jun 25, Geoffrey Benn rated it liked it Shelves: fiction. The nominal commander is Moody, a former British army officer, who joins the mission as a way to atone for past mistakes. He is joined by the narrator of the story, Gage, a former American soldier and journalist, suffering from PTSD after being present during the war in Lebanon. The men successfully join up with the rebels, but are then left to fight alongside them and eventually try to escape. I found the book to be a fairly entertaining adventure yarn, though one that was nearly ruined by the character of Nordstrom. Throughout much The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition the book Nordstrom alternates between childish bullying of the other characters and pseudo-intellectual philosophizing — both of which I found obnoxious. Overall, a decent read, though nothing to be overly excited about. May 25, Vincent O'Neil rated it it was amazing. I read this book over twenty years ago, and it still holds my attention. It is an excellent novel about a small team of CIA operatives sent into the Ethiopian desert to aid a tribal insurrection. Part Heart of Darkness, part James Bond, and eminently readable. Aug 11, John Benson rated it it was ok. I have really enjoyed so many of Philip Caputo's books, both his memoirs and his novels, but this one was not one of them. This was his first The Horn of Africa since the 1960s 1st edition. Three white men get caught up in guerilla warfare in a fictional Ethiopian province. One of the main characters, the most demonic of them, Nordstrand, grew up in Minnesota. Having lived in Minnesota for many years, I found the description of him to not quite fit. Caputo writes of him having grown up in a small town where everyone knew everything abo I have really enjoyed so many of Philip Caputo's books, both his memoirs and his novels, but this one was not one of them. Caputo writes of him having grown up in a small town where everyone knew everything about you and then describes the town as having 20, people. In rural Minnesota, that is a big place. His Africa parts are okay but seem contrived, too. He did not have as much of a personal background in Africa when he wrote this book, except for three weeks in the Eritrean desert. His novels that bring in his personal background as a soldier in Vietnam or a journalist are much stronger than this one. I am afraid this novel disappointed me. Mar 17, Kevin Mayo rated it it was amazing. Great book. Heart of Darkness style.