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Home , Amhara Region, Solomonic dynasty, Sultanate of Ifat, Yohannes I, Zagwe dynasty

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HISTORY WORKSHEET (short notes & questions) FOR GRADE 11

(UNIT SEVEN-UNIT ELEVN)

AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE EDUCATION BUREAU

August 2012 E.C

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Unit Seven

7,1 Restoration of Solomonic and the Christian highland kingdom

The major rivals of the came from the . The Amhara ruling class also took away political power from their predecessors around 1270. The founder of new dynasty was a local ruler in Amhara called Yekuno-Amlak. From 1270 until fall of despotic HaileSelasie I rule in 1974, all Ethiopian kings who assumed power over the central state claimed descent from this family. This means that the ‘Solomonic’ dynasty can be said to have lasted for over700 years. It is known that Yekuno-Amlak maintained friendly relation with Christian rulersand traders of the Zagwe dynasty as well as the traders of . The main center of around Tegulet district in northern Shewa during that time it was strong military, economically and politically. But after the death of Yekuno-Amlak in 1285 there was internal instability, the main royal prison was Ambagishen. However the reign of Yekuno- Amlakthe kingdom had peaceful relations with all its neighbors.

The rise of AmdeSeyon (1314-44) grandson of Yekuno-Amlak the Christian kingdom began territorial expansion against the neighboring states and peoples. AmdeSeyon was the most expansionist king of the medival period.

The economy of the Solomonic dynasty Mainly depend on agriculture which was dominated by mixed farming Trade took a very important place in economy at the muslims sultanates in southern part of the region. The main trade port had completely overtaken Dahlak as a getway of internal and external trade. The main trade item was slaves, Ivory and Gold. In general trade played a very important role during the medieval period.

Another development of the period was the expansion of orthodox church and also territorial expansion.

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Administration

The main administration system was Feudal administration. The king maintained both hereditary chiefs and appointed officials. This man enjoyed economic and political privilege over the peasants under him. Most of the tributes are kept by the bala-gult:

 Balagult is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in his region.  Gult had two purpose in Christian kingdom 1. To maintain large territorial army 2. To administering the vast Christian kingdom  The main feature of this period of was mobile nature of . In fact some kings after the middle of the 15th century tried to stay one region run many years. For example Zara-Yacob (1434-68) found the town of Debre-Birhan in 1454. 7.2 Muslim states in the Ethiopian region and the up to 1529 was introduced to the region throughtwo directions, the and the coasts. Generally Islam penetrated the region through two gates. Such as - Dahlack island in Red Sea - The most was the port of Zeila on the gulf of Aden coast. The Muslim Sultanates shared common features. - Their population was made up of Muslim communities - Exercised both religion and political powers - They practiced mixed farming economy but mainly depended on trade

During the medieval period Muslim states in regions as follows;

The  It occupied in North Eastern half of the present province by that name.  It was the oldest Muslim state  The ruling dynasty was called Makhzumite  It claimed the clan of South Arabia. The sultanate of Dahlack

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 Dahlack is a common name for the group of Island the Red Sea. It located not far from the port of Massawa. The economy of the sultanate was based on trade and piracy.  For most of its existence the sultanate of Dahlak had attracted the interest of three powerful states. Mamluksof , Yemen and Ethiopian Christian kingdom.

The sultanate of ifat  It was emerged in the lowlands east of the Shewan plateau. It was found by local family, ofWalasma.  The ruler was Umar Walasma  The first historically known, Ifat attained military and political prominence during his reign (Yekuno-Amlak) . But after several battle Ifat was defeated The sultanate of Hadya We do not know when Hadya came to power however Hadyaoccupied the most westerly territory of the Ethiopian region. In the western from rivers of Hadya touched the gibe river. In south it stretched up to LakeAwasa up to north of LakeZiway. The economy of Hadya a mainly depend on mixed farming. The sultanate of Hadya possessed rich natural resources and mainly it was known for its wealth in human resource. The ruler had the little of grad. The sultanate of Bali We do not know when Bali emerged as a state. Bali occupied the most southerly territory of the Ethiopian region. In the north of Bali existed the sultanate of Dawaro and Sharka. In eastern was occupied by the sultanate of Adal. The sultanate of sharka The present territory of the Arsi Oromo was made by the sultanate of sharka. Some groups of the were also part of the medieval population of sharka. The sultanate of Dawaro Dawaro was situated south of shoa, bordering on Ifat on the right bank of Awash extended south words as far as river We bi. The present day Dawaro people also trace their origin to Dawaro. The sultanate of Dera Dera was located east of the between Dawaro and Bali. The sultanate of Fatagar

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The sultanate of Fatagar emerged the middle the thirteen centuries. It was located between lake Ziway in the south and present and present town of Bisheftu(debrezeit) in the north. It included the district of Minjar,Shenkora and Ada’s inshewa. The Sultanate of Arbabini It is location which comes from an Arab historian called Al-Umani. It existed south of the Awash River between the sultanate of Adya and Dawaro. The Sultanate of Adal Adal emerged towards the end of the 14thcentury.ifat and Adal shared common history. It was ruled by the same dynasty called Walasma. The first center of Adal was at Deker, south east of which later shifted to Harar .

Ahmed Badlay was one of the strongest sultanates of Adal. He led a series of military campaigns against his Christian king Zara Yakob (1434-1468). Badlay was complete defeat in 1445.

7.3 Omotic states in the Ethiopian Region and horn of Africa up to 1529

There were also states whose communities mainly followed traditional religion. Omoticstates were at the following.

The kingdom of Damot

Damot was one of the oldest and strongest states in Ethiopian region. Damot occupied the western and south western part of Ethiopian region what is now the territory of the regional state of Beni-Shangul-Gumuz. In northern part at the present day northern shewa and Damot included the centeral and southern part of Shewa. A vast territory south of the Abay gorge was also the part territory of Damot.

The dominance of Damot in the Ethiopian region continued during the zagweperiod. Among the kings of Damot of Motolomi is constantly mentioned in the records of the period.

The kingdom of Kafa

Kafa was located south of Gojeb river The people of kafa called Keficho. The origin of Kafa called Minjo. The administration of Kfa was divided in to provinces. The council of Kafa called mikrecho.

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The king title called Tato. The economy depended on trade and agriculture. Kafa incorporated by Menilik II in the late of 1890’s.

The kingdom of Enarya

 It was located north of Gojeb River and west of upper course of the Gibe rivers.  Enarya was the main source of trade items for the trade of the region. Later history of Enarya closely related to the history of the Oromo people. Enarya expansion of the Oromo. The kingdom of Bizamo The kingdomof Bizamo existed on southern bend of the AbayRiverjust opposite to the present discrit of Womberma in southern Gojam. But we do not know Bizamo came in to existence. Bizamo are speaking Omotic language family. The kingdom of Walayta Welayita was located south of the sultanate of Hadya. The origin from ancientkingdom of Damot .Welayita became the tributary of the Christian kingdom during the king Yeshaq (1413-1430). Welayita was invaded by Imam Ahmed Ibrahim. The kings of Welayita used the title of Kawo. The founder of the dynasty was Motalami. The Kingdom of Yama  It was existed between Gibe River and the upper course of the Oromo River.  The first kings Yema belonged to dynasty called Halmam Gama. The economy of Yama mainly depended on agriculture. Trade played a secondary role of its economy.

7.4 Hegemony of the Christian Highland Kingdom in the horn of Africa up to 1529

From 1270 – 1529 the Kristian kingdom was in constant way particularly with the Muslim sultanates states. The main cause of the conflict was the control of trade routes along which the long distance trade in the region. This trade was totally monopolized by Muslim traders. Therefore the war expansion of the Christian kingdom was initiated by AmdeSeyon. The first military campaign of Made Seyon was Damot, Falasha and Gojam. He was annexed to Christian kingdom in 1316 and 1317. Among the sultanate as stated earlier Ifat was the most powerful state. The success of the Christian army alarmed the Muslim communities in Ifat. After this victory AmdeSeyon had conquered the sultanate of Hadya around 1317. The leader of the front was was the sultanate of Ifat called Sabreddin who launched his attack in 1332. When he defeated he escaped to the sultanate of Dawaro. Made Seyon continued his campaign to Dawaro where Sabreddin capturing and also other Muslim sultanate states. Finally AmdeSeyon died in 1344. His successors the Christian dominance was continued at the battle of ShimbraQure in 1529. After this battle the dominance of Christian high land kingdom was declined.

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Unit Eight

Major events of the 16th century Ethiopian region and The Horn of Africa and their Impacts

8.1 Portuguese and Ottoman Turkish Rivalries in the Ethiopian Region and the Horn of Africa

The major cause of Portuguese and Ottoman Turkish rivalries in the Ethiopian Region and the Horn of Africa was the control of long distance trade in the region. Therefore the 16thcentury rivalry between the Portuguese and Ottoman Turkish was intensified on Read Sea and Indian Ocean trade routes. While the pretext cause f the two rivalry European countries was the support of religious aspects. Because during the conflict between Christian highland kingdom and Muslim sultanate of Adal. To that end Queen Eleni the wife of ZaraYacob and the regent ruler of the Christian kingdom sent a mission to in 1512. In her letter Portuguese government for military help against the sultanate of Adal. The military conflict between the Christian kingdom and the sultanate of Adal beginning from 1541 when the Portuguese force arrived in Ethiopia. Thus the military conflict between the Christian kingdom and the sultanate of Adal of Portugal and Ottoman Turkey. But the Christian kingdom played a very decisive role in bringing about the final defeat of the army of Adal in 1543.

8.2 conflict between the sultanate of A dal and the high land Christina kingdom

After the Zara Yacob victory over the army of Ahmed Badlay of Adal in 1445, the sultanate of Adal was reduced to a tributary. However the successor of Ahmed Badlay to led a revolt against the Christina kingdom. For example only few imams held power for long years. Mahfuz was one of the powerful emirs against christen kingdom from the last decade of the 15th century onwards. Finally he was killed in battle with the army of Lbne-Degel (1508-1540) in 1517. After the death of Mahfuth various emirs fought one another for power. Muslim sultanate of Adal passed to power full imam called Ahmed Ibn Ibrahimal-ahazi or another name Ahmed Gragn.Ahmed fought a major battle with christian army led by Lebn-Dengel in march 1529 at a place called Shim braQure near Mojo. After this battle the Muslim sultanate was dominance over in Ethiopian region and the horn of Africa. The battle of WoynaDega brought the dominance of the sultanate of Adal in the Ethiopian region to an end in 1543.

At the result of this war

o It brought much destruction; several churches, monasteries and were looted and burnt.

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o Large number of men died on both sides o It was loss of several cultural heritages.

8.3 Oromo population Movement

8.3.1 Original home land of the Oromo

According to traditions the original home land of the Oromo people is the highland of the present Bale and Sidamo provinces. The ritual political center more known was MaddaWlabu.

8.3.2 Oromo institutionand Social organization

 Oromo organized in to two separate confederacies called Borena and Barentu.  Borena consisted of Mecha -TulmaGuji and Southern Borenaclans.  Barentu consisted of KarayuIftu, Marawa, Akachu, Warantisha and humbana.

Religion Before their conversion to Islam or ,the oromo worshiped their own traditional religion. Oromo believedin one supreme god called waqa. Waqa means both the sky and the sky god .the spiritual leader in the Oromo traditional religion was known Qallu. The Qallu was also called Abba Muda i.e father of an ointment. This name from the ceremony named Muda. The Gada system Oromo developed a democratic socio-political structure known as the Gada system. Gada is;  An arrangement of social categories by grades.  An arrangement of men in to groups or ‘sets’  An arrangement of task to be performed.  An arrangement of ideas, principles and rules.

This grades or eight years period through which parties /classes or ‘age sets’ passed are

No Grade Number of years Age of individual 1 Iti-Mako 0-8 8-16 2 Dabelle 8-16 16-24 3 Folle 16-24 24-32 4 Qondala 24-32 32-40 5 Luba 32-40 40-48

Each Gada grades has their own function; - Iti-Mako serve as messenger - Deballe serve as herding of live stock. - Folle serve as military battalions

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- Qandala serve as transition grade and they acted as the reserve army to assist the Folle military. - Luba serve as the ruling grade which means they served political authority - The Gada government called Chaffe(assembly) was set up by from the member of the Gada class. Forinstance Abba Boku or Abba Gada the father of the Gada ; the spokes man. - Abba Dula the commander of the army. - Abba sera the chief of judge - Council known has ‘Shanee ‘ or ‘Salgee’ In general Gada system preserved the unity of the Oromo people for many years. 8.3.3 Cause and Direction of the Oromo movement The main cause for the movement of Oromo was population pressure. Directions Between 1550s and 1580s there were was a rapid movement into the central, south eastern, western, southern and northern region of Ethiopia. The Oromo also moved to the present day of Kenya and . 8.3.4 Consequence of Oromo population movement  The result of the movement equally affected both Oromo and states and societies of the period.  The movement dispersed the Oromo clans over a large territory.  Many peoples of Ethiopia share several common social and cultural values.

Unit Nine The Ethiopian Christian Highland kingdom (1543-1855)

9.1 Attempt to consolidate and shift the political center of the highland Christian kingdom

 After the death of Imam Ahmed at the battle of Weyna Dega in 1543, the raids from Adal did not cease. However, among the three kings (1540-1559) was the first confront the raids of Adal and the Oromo incursions.  Gelawdewos had to consolidate his power in the northern provinces i.e. Gojam, Begemidir, , Simen and Tigray.  In 1559 Gelawdewos led his army in a fatal campaign against Adal. Imin Nur Ibn Mujahid was defeated by Oromo.  Gelawdewos was succeeded by his brother Minas (1559-1563). During this time Christian king shift the center from Shewa to the north of Abbay river.  This event abruptly changed political geography of the Christian kingdom was restricted to the old provinces of Denbya ,Gojam, Begemdir, Lasta, Semen and Tigray.  The successor of Minas was his son Sarse Dingil (1563-1597).  In the late 1570’s the attention of Sersa Dengil shifted to towards another problem. This was the encroachment of the Ottoman Turkey on the northern territory of the kingdom.

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 Since 1557 the Ottoman Turkey had occupied the port of Massawa. However Sarsa Dengil reversed his decision and marched south ward across the Abbay in 1595. Sarsa Dengil was defeated by Enarya in 1597. After his death of Sarsa Dengil the Christian kingdom again fell in to political disorder and civil war. For instance the conflict between from 1597 to 1601 by YacobZadengil and Susenyos. Finally Susenyos was succeeded from 1601-1632. 9.2 Catholicization and civil wars The Society of was the outcome of the reaction of the against protestant Reformation. It was founded in 1540 by Spaniard named Ignatius Loyala. The mission of the society was to purify and reorganized the Catholic Church and to stop the expansion of the protestant church. It was the member of this Society who took the responsibility of converting the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia to Catholicism. Then catholic were come to Ethiopia i.e. Rodriquez, Oviedo, Pedro Paez and Alfonso Mendez were successfully. Susniyos himself was officially converted to Catholicism in public and made official state religion in 1622. The first peasant rebellion against Susenyos and Catholicism broke ought in 1617 and from 1626 to 1632 Susenyos fought many battles. He was leading the country to bloody civil war. So after his last battle of Dengez in 1632 he decided to release his power or abdicated in the favor of his son Fassiledes.

9.3 The Period (1636-1769)

 The period between1636 and 1769 is commonly known as Gondarine period.  Gondar was established by Fusillades in 1636. In 1632.  Gondar also became the center of an active trade. The trade was mainly dominated by Muslims.  Gondar experienced a period of glory and splendor only during the reign of its three kings. These were fasllades (1632-67), (1667-82) and (1682-1706).  The reign Iyasu I or the great was also important in many other respects i.e. Civil code the Fitha Negest was revised, land laws were amended etc.

9.4 The Zemene Mesafint ( the Era of the lands)

The Zemene Mesafint is the period in the history of Ethiopian between 1769 and lasted until 1855. The characteristics of the Zemene Mesafint were;

There were several regions with no effective central authority. There was endless civil war in the country. The Christian king virtually lost their traditional power and authority. Several regional lords were struggle for the title of Bitweded There was no political unity. There was foreign threat to the country.

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Besides this Zemene Mesafint came to an end in 1855. Kassa was crowned as king of king Tewodros II (1855-1868). Thus his rise to power marked the end of the Zemene Mesafint.

Unit Ten

Capitalism and the Growth of Democracy

10.1 China and Japan in the 16th and 17th Centuries

China; China was ancient civilization of the world. China was reunified under (221BC-206 BC). The Chinese officials were educated, cultured men but very conservative in outlook. China had different dynasty. These were; A. The Miny Dynasty; the Miny Dynasty was at first powerful and effective. B. The Chiny Dynasty; the chiny dynasty was a foreign non Chinese Dynasty from from Manchuria. The Chiny Dynasty ruled china in the traditional Chinese way and encouraged Chinese culture. Japan ; Japan had an ancient civilization through not as ancient as Chinas. In Japan government power was in the hand of the army commander called the Shogun. The great feudal lords were called daimyos. The Tokugawa daimyo family was in the successful power of Japan. 10.2 The English Revolution The major cause of English revolution such as; constitutional, religious, development and press question. The immediate cause of English revolution attempt to impose Angelical liturgy in Scotland, the serious conflict between the king and the parliament began in the reign of Charles I(1625-1649) and cooperation between the king and the ruling class began to break down. The most serious disputes were about foreign policy then money and religion due to this there was several civil war held in England. Finally parliamentary was won over the king. Parliamentary Supremacy and Bill of Rights Parliament presented to them a declaration that became known as the Bill of Rights. This famous document assumed the people certain basic civil rights. It stands with Magna Carta and petition of English liberty. 10.3 The Enlightenment

 It was the 18th c intellectual movement in Europe and colonial North America.  The content of the enlightenment was France.  The most influential figure of Enlightenment philosophers were the following. - John Lock (1632-1704) - Charles de Montesquieu (1689.1755) - Denis Diderot (1717-!784) - Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) and - Voltaire (1694-1778)

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10.4 The American war of independence

 The cause of American war of independence was class difference with economic inequalities in the 13 colonies.  Finally 13 colonies were successful from 1776 to 1783. The major results of the American war of independence were: It created a new nation states The immediate cause of French Revolution of 1789 For liberation of the Spanish and Portuguese in American continents and Latin America.

10.5 The French Revolution

- The period from the middle of the 17thc to 1789 in France was called the old regime. The old regime government was absolute with no constitution. - Society in old regime France was still divided in to three states. Estates meaning social group these were  1st estate was the catholic clergy  The second estate was the  The 3rd estate constituted the bourgeois, petty bourgeois, wage workers and peasants. - In the second half of the 18th c there was increasing criticism in France of Absolute monarchy which people now called “despotism”. - The immediate cause of the Revolution was Frances participation in the America war of independence (1778 -1783). - The war led to revolution in two ways; A/ Officers who had served in America returned to France. B/ the war was very expensive and crisis for the government

Significance of the French Revolution

The French Revolution brought about great changes in the society and government of France. The French Revolution proclaimed individuals democratic rights in its slogan Liberty Equality, Fraternity, Liberty meant freedom for all persons.

- The revolution which lasted from 1789 to 1799 with its ideals of democracy had a far- reaching effect on the rest of Europe. 10.6 The Napoleonic era (1799-1815) and its consequence  Napoleon had received his education in military school and become a second lieutenant in French army at the age of 16. In 1799 Napoleon overthrew the directory and proclaimed a new constitution for France.  Napoleons own title was to be first consul

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 Napoleon filled the position of first consul of France from 1799 to 1804.  In 1804 Napoleon cast aside his title of first consul of French Republic and became emperor of the French.  By 1810 the French empire itself had been extended to include Belgium, Holland, Western Germany, North Western I tally and part of what is now Yugoslavia.  Napoleon was control of France during his reign, he set up a centralized efficient government for France many things were built. E.g. Road, canals, bridge, various schools and universities etc. 10.7 The industrial Revolution The term industrial Revolution means; - The invention and use of machines in place of hard labor. - The machines of the Industrial Revolution were operated by the new form of power. - Industrial Revolution was first appeared in England. - During Industrial Revolution several different new machines invented. example - Steam power - Pumped water - Rail way - Locomotive technology e.t.c. The Development of socialist Thought and action During the early 19th c several writers and reformers criticized industrialism as the cause of great hardship and suffering among working people. Karl Marx a German economist social philosopher became the most influential socialist of the 19th c. His basic socialist ideas were communist manifesto (1848). Marx called his socialism a scientific socialism. The victorious working class would then set up a society based on common ownership of the means of production, not economic privilege. Darwin’s theory of Evolution and its impact

Social Darwinism in the belief that people in society complete for survival and that superior individual, social groups and races become powerful and wealthy.

10.8 The age of Reaction (1815-1848)

The congress of Vienna and its provisions . The congress of Vienna was a meeting held from September 1814to June 1815. . The chief decisions were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple alliance Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and of Russia. . The congress of Vienna was bitterly criticized for many years. Because it ignored the strong democratic and nationalistic sentiments of many Europeans. The Revolution of 1820-21 in Italy and Spain

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The most famous of these secret societies was the carbonari (‘charcoal burners’) . it was organized in Italy and spread to other countries. By 1820 the political pot began to bubble in every country. In January 1820 the Spanish soldiers revolted and forced Ferdinand VII to proclaim the old Spanish constitution adopted in 1812 in the time of Napoleon. The Spanish revolution was suppressed by France with the consent of Russia, Prussia and Austria but in the face of strong protest by England.

The Latin America Revolution of 1810-1823

Many Latin Americans believed that was time that they were granted a voice in their government. The main cause was the question of natural rights. They were stirred by the American Declaration of Independence and American Revolution.

The Revolution of 1830-32 in France and Belgium

 The July revolution of 1830took place in Paris when the French people revolted against King Charles x. Because King Charles had tried to make France an absolute Monarchy.  The middle class and the workers fighting behind barricades in the streets took over the city in three days. Charles x abdicated the throne and fled to England.  Belgium was their independence from the Dutch. Belgium had been under successive foreign rule. The 1848 Revolution in France, Austria, Italy and Germany - For 10 years there had been increasing dissatisfaction with the government of Louis Philippe - The government of Louis Philippe refused to consider any of these reforms. - Thus as first revolutionary movement seemed to be successful. But within little more than a year the entire revolutionary movement had hopelessly collapsed. Consequence of the 1848 Revolutions

For ten years they were fairly successful but then a more liberal spirit spread abroad, which culminated first in the revolution of 1830-32 and later in the spread upheaval known as the revolution of 1848.

Unit Eleven

Peoples and States in Pre-colonial Africa (1000-1884)

11.1 North Africa

Mamuk Egypt;  Mamluks were self-preserving military aristocracy that ruled Egypt from 1250-1517.  They originated from white Turkish slaves.  Egypt attained greatness and prosperity under the Mamluks.

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 Mamluk Egypt actively participated in the trans-Saharan trade.

The Funj Sultanate o The Funj Sultanate emerged in 1504 in Nubia the present day territory of the republic of the center of Sennar. o The origin of the Funj nomads is still controversial.

The Almoravids  The western half of North Africa called Mahrib.  The Almoravid movements was organized by Sanhaja Berbers  At the beginning the movement had a religion character,  The leader of Almokaund was Abdallah ibn Yasin, his followers known as al Murabitun. The Almohads . The Almohad movement also began as a religious reform movement. . The movement was led by Ibn Tumart who was born in the present day Morocco about 1075. . The Tumart’s reforms were mainly related to morality , theological dogma and law. . The main purpose of the movement was the over throw of the Almoravid region. 11.2 Western Africa (Western Sudan)  The oldest kingdom in western Sudan was Ghana.  The kingdom got its name from the title of the king  Ghana was founded around the 4th c  Kumbi Saleh was the most important one and the last capital of Ghana.  The main factor for the prosperity and greatness of Ghana was trade. Mali ; the kingdom of Mali was founded before 1000A.D by the Kangaba people, one of the Mandinka people. They were trader. Mali ruled from 1230 to 1255 by Sundiata. Mali attained greatness under Mansa Kankan Musa Commonly known as Mansa Musa. Songhai  Songhai was a west Africa empire centered on the largest bend of the Niger river that reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th c.  Originated in the Deni region of north western Nigeria.

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 Tumbuktu again a thriving cultural center. Kanem-Bornu Empire  It was an Africa state in the lake Chad region  Kanem-Bornu state was founded by the kanuri a mixed Negroid and Berber people living east lake Chad.  The state was subject to the influence of Islam. The Hausa City-States Originally the Hausa people lived in a small region in the Southern edge of a Sahara desert. The most important Hausa city-States were Kano, Katsina, Zazzu (Zaria), Gobir, Kebbi, Rano and Zamfara. The Hausa city-states were prosperous. 11.3 Equatorial Eastern and South Eastern Africa The kingdom of Congo  The kingdom of Congo was founded in the late 14th c by a Bantu people called Bakongo.their king was called Manikongo.  The kingdom of Congo was situated at Mbanzak kongo the present SanSalvador in Northern Angola.  The Bakongo people were clever smiths. Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe at present is a south centeral Africa country. It believed that the Bantu people called the Shona had built the civilization of Zimbabwe. Mwene Mutapa; towards the end of the 15th c Mutota founded the state of Mwene Mutapa. Originally Mwene Mutapa was a title of the Rozwi kings. In the 15th and 16th c Mwene Mutapa dominated the gold trade b/n the plateau and the Zambezi river valley. 11.4 Southern Africa The southern part of Africa was occupied by three major ethnic and linguistic groups. The dominant people of the region were the Bantu. These were; 1.The Khoi-Khoi; they were a pastoral people what is now Southern and Western South Africa. The Khoi-Khoi has also been called Hottentos. Originally the Khoi-Khoi were hunters. They were settled in Botswana and Southern Africa.

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2. The San; The San have lived in Southern Africa for thousands of years. The San have been called Bushmen. They have short height, yellow and copper skin color and kinky hair. 3. The Bantus; The Bantus people have lived in Equatorial and Southern Africa, originated in the border land of what is now Cameroon and Eastern Nigeria migrated from where in to Southern Africa. 11.5 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The beginning the Atlantic Slave trade had been setup by the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the new continent America in 1492. Africa slave trade was conducted through three distinct phases. These were; Piratic slave trade phase Monopolistic slave trade phase Free slave trade phase The horrors of Slave trade; they were suffered torture of various degree at different stages. The abolition of slave trade; with the growth of the abolitionist movement in Europe the leading European nations to champion the abolitionist movement was Great Britain. Consequence of the Slave Trade  More than 15 million young African were exported to the America’s.  Africa lost its most valuable human resources.  Politically consequences of the slave trade were equally fatal for the continent. (Please read your text book for further understanding) Work sheet Questions I . Matching column “A” with column “B”

“A” “ B” 1. It was developed social theory during the of 19th c A. Han 2. Scientific socialism B. Samuri 3. The book entitled the spirit of laws C. Daimyos 4. The book entitled social contract D. Deism 5. Encyclopedia published by E. John Locke 6. Who believed, if man would use their mind and follow up version F. Rousseau 7. Who said that the existence of universe and its national

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law needed the existence of creator G, Montesquieu 8. The great feudal lord H. Karl Marx 9. The feudal warriors I. Darwin 10. The daimyos ruled their land called II. Choose the best answer 11. The magnificent new capital city of Peking was established by the:- A. Ch’ing dynasty C. B. Mongols invaders D. Han emperor 12. Between 1200AD and 1869 AD or nearly 700 years much Japans history had A. Shogun B. Bushido C. D. Samuri 13. Which religion was introduced in to Japan by the Chinese? A. Taoism B. Shintoism C. Buddhism D. Islam 14. In France the period of mass munder which occupied during 1793-1794 and known as the reign of terror was directly by A. National convention C. Legislative assembly B. National assembly D. Committee of public saftey 15. A congress of European powers was assembled in Vienna in 1815 to settle A. The political organization of Italy and harmony B. The boundaries of Austria, Russia and Prussia C. The fate of Poland D. All are correct. 16. Which of the following was not among the most important Hausa city sates? A. Abuja B. Zazzu C. Kano D. Kebbi 17. Which dynasty freed Gao from the domination of Mali? A. Ashia B. Za C. Dia D. Sunni 18. Which of the following places was captured by the second branch of Almoravids army led by Abu Bakr? A. Kumbi Saleh C. The city of Sijilmasa B. Part of Spain D. Morocco 19. Gonder was established as a permanent seat of power by:- A. Minas B. Tewodros II C. Fasiledes D. Suseniyos

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History worksheet

20. One of the following was not an event of the 16th c in Ethiopia? A. The Ottoman Turkish occupation of Massawa B. The Oromo population movement C. The establishment of a parliament capital city D. The Christian – Muslim conflict 21. All make descendents of were detained at a royal prison at:- A. B. Debre Damo C. Amba Gishen D. All 22. Who was the most expansionist king during the Christian highland kingdom A. Zara Yacob B. MadeTsyon C. Fasiledes D. Yekuno Amlak 23. Among the Omotic states one of the oldest and strongest states in Ethiopian region A. Binzamo B. Kaffa C. Damot D. Enarya 24. Who was one of the most powerful of Adal A. Haqqeddin B. Ahmed Badly C. Baad amariyiam D. Yishaq 25. The Makhzumaite dynasty was established by the Sultanate of:- A. Adal B. Dawaro C. Shewa D. Ifat 26. Gult Right was:- A. A right to collect tribute from the peasant B. The right to own land C. A medieval substitute for salary D. B and C 27. The most deceive battle was fought in February 1543 between Christian highland kingdom and Muslim sultanate A. Shimbra kure B. Woina dega C. Embabo D. Adwa 28. Which one of the following the main consequence of Ahmed Ghragn war:- A. Severe population distraction B. Culture intermixing different ethnics groups C. Minimized the religious and ethnic differences D. All are correct 29. The deep root cause of the Oromo population movement was:- A. Population growth C. To control trade routes B. To collect tributes D. All 30. The rulers had the title of Hadya :-

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History worksheet

A. Tato B. Kawo C. Garad D. Miekrcho 31. Which of the following does not belongs to the Borena Confederacy? A. Ittu B. Mecha Tulama C. Guji D. Southern Borena 32. Which grade level is the administration of Oromo population? A. Folle B. Luba C. Iti-mako D. Gondale III, Give brief answers for the following questions. 33. Why did the successor of Zagwe call their dynasty ‘Solomonic’? 34. What factors contributed to the success of Yekunu Amlak in taking power? 35. Explain how the “solomonic” dynasty was consolidated beginning from the early 14th c? 36. How was Islam introduced to Ethiopia and the Horn? 37. Identify some of the economic, political and social features of Muslim sultanate states? 38. List the Muslim sultanates states. 39. Which of the Omotic states have their names survive until the present day? Explain what the names represent today? 40. Explain how the basic and underlined economic interest led to frequent wars between the Christian and Muslim states of the Ethiopian region? 41. Suggest how they could have solved the conflict by peaceful means? 42. How far did the Portuguese military assistance contribute to the victory of the Christian kingdom over the Sultanate of Adal? 43. Explain the consequence of the military conflict of the 16th c.? 44. How the defeat of Imam did come about? 45. Why the Portuguese soldiers did come to Ethiopia? 46. What tradition have you heard about the original home land of the Oromo people? Discus? 47. What was the Oromo traditional religion? 48. Discuss how the Gada system operated? 49. List the direction of the movement of the Oromo people? 50. Explain some of the consequence of the Oromo population movement? 51. Why Gelawdewos was more successful in hi wars against the Sultanate of Adal than against the Oromo? 52. Describe the relationship between Susenyos and the Oromo?

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History worksheet

53. How the Jesuit did come to Ethiopia? 54. Why Susenyos was converted Catholicism? 55. Why the Ethiopian Christian kingdom made closed-door policy with Christian Europeans after the intervention of Jesuits in Ethiopia? 56. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile and fixed capital of Ethiopia? 57. Who were the different religious groups of the town of Gondar? 58. Describe the economic and social conditions in Gondar during the Gondarine period? 59. What is meant Zemene Mesafint? 60. What was the basic characteristic of the Zemene Mesafint?

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