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Atlanta's Civil Rights Movement, Middle-Class
“To Secure Improvements in Their Material and Social Conditions”: Atlanta’s Civil Rights Movement, Middle-Class Reformers, and Workplace Protests, 1960-1977 by William Seth LaShier B.A. in History, May 2009, St. Mary’s College of Maryland A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 10, 2020 Dissertation directed by Eric Arnesen James R. Hoffa Teamsters Professor of Modern American Labor History The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that William Seth LaShier has passed the Final Examinations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of November 20, 2019. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. “To Secure Improvements in Their Material and Social Conditions”: Atlanta’s Civil Rights Movement, Middle-Class Reformers, and Workplace Protests, 1960-1977 William Seth LaShier Dissertation Research Committee Eric Arnesen, James R. Hoffa Teamsters Professor of Modern American Labor History, Dissertation Director Erin Chapman, Associate Professor of History and of Women’s Studies, Committee Member Gordon Mantler, Associate Professor of Writing and of History, Committee Member ii Acknowledgements I could not have completed this dissertation without the generous support of teachers, colleagues, archivists, friends, and most importantly family. I want to thank The George Washington University for funding that supported my studies, research, and writing. I gratefully benefited from external research funding from the Southern Labor Archives at Georgia State University and the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Books Library (MARBL) at Emory University. -
Greater Atlanta Traffic & Safety Council Aubrey Couch
MINUTES OF THE FORTIETH MEETING OF THE METROPOLITAN ATLANTA RAPID TRANSIT AUTHORITY MAY 6, 1969 The Board of Directors of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid .Transit Authority held its regular meeting on May 6/ 1969 at 3:30 P.M. in the Conference Room/ 619 Glenn Building/ Atlanta/ Georgia. Mr. Roy A, Blount/ Vice Chairman/ presided. MEMBERS PRESENT: Dr. Sanford S. Atwood (DeKalb County) M. C. Bishop (Fulton County) Roy A. Blount (DeKalb County) S. Truett Cathy (Clayton County) Rawson Haverty (City of Atlanta) K. A. McMillon (Gwinnett County) L. D. Milton (City of Atlanta) John C. Staton (Fulton County) MEMBERS ABSENT: Richard H. Rich (City of Atlanta) John C. Wilson (City of Atlanta) OTHERS PRESENT: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority H. L. Stuart/ General Manager E. W. Nelson/ Chief Engineer King Elliott/ Public Information Director Edmund W. Hughes/ Authority Secretary H. N. Johnson/ Administrative Assistant Consultants W. O. Salter/ PBQ&D/ San Francisco J. A. Coil and Ray Gustafson/ PETE, Atlanta E. E. Gilcrease/ PBQ&D/ St. Louis Don Hyde/ PBQ&D/ New York W. Stell Huie/ Huie and Harland Robert Keith/ Alan M. Voorhees and Associates/ Inc./ McLean/ Va. Others Jan Richey/ Planning Dept./ City of Atlanta Edgar E. Schukraft/ Southwest Atlanta Association Andy Springer/ Greater Atlanta Traffic & Safety Council Jeff Wingfield/ Atlanta Region Metropolitan Planning Commission Aubrey Couch/ Decatur/DeKalb Development Association The meeting was called to order by the Vice Chairman. MINUTES Minutes of the April meeting had been mailed to the members and upon motion by Mr. Bishop, seconded by Mr, Haverty, they were unanimously approved. -
Preliminary Pages
The ‘Fabulous’ Fox Theatre and Atlanta, 1929-1975 by Michael James Zarafonetis A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 14, 2010 Keywords: history, culture, film, architecture, Atlanta, Fox Theatre Copyright 2010 by Michael James Zarafonetis Approved by Lindy Biggs, Chair, Associate Professor of History David Carter, Associate Professor of History Larry Gerber, Professor Emeritus of History Carla Keyvanian, Assistant Professor of Architecture Abstract The Fox Theatre, currently one of Atlanta’s most prestigious performance venues and architectural icons, has stood at the corner of Peachtree Street and Ponce de Leon Avenue since its construction in 1929. Its fantastical aesthetic combines a monumental Arabesque exterior with various Middle Eastern interior decorative motifs. The opulence of the Fox was common to movie palaces around the country during their brief heyday in the 1920s. Relatively few of these palaces, however, have survived to become icons of their city like Atlanta’s “Fabulous” Fox. The Fox was originally conceived as a Shriners headquarters and community center, but spiraling construction costs forced the fraternal organization to lease the building’s auditorium to William Fox, which he would operate as a first-run movie theater. Economic troubles during the Great Depression bankrupted both William Fox and the Shriners, casting doubt over the future of the theater, but under new ownership and stable management in the mid-1930s it performed strongly. Both Atlanta and the Fox boomed during World War II, with the city assuming major military and industrial importance during wartime. -
Communication in History: the Key to Understanding
NATIONAL HISTORY DAY 2021 Communication in History: The Key to Understanding. Ideas for Topics for National History Day 2021 using Collections at the Georgia Archives Communication in History: the Colonial Experiment The Transactions of the Trustees are useful for documenting Georgia’s colonial experiment. They include Edgemont’s Journals, the private record of a leading trustee. Communication to parliament from two different camps, those loyal to James Oglethorpe, and the discontented group of colonists known as the Malcontents, ultimately doomed the vision of Oglethorpe and the trustees. Transactions of the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, 1738-1744, https://tinyurl.com/yckwkt3s Communication in History: Georgia governors’ communication with constituents and state departments https://georgiaarchives.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/classification_terms/153 Georgia’s governors left a large quantity of records documenting the state’s affairs: correspondence of governors, executive minutes, proclamations, and treaties. Communication in History: Stage/mail routes went from Washington to Milledgeville to Montgomery. The Federal Capitol had to communicate with the state capitol. Private stage companies with a mail contract. They were advertised through newspapers. Communication in History: Covering the legislature through newspapers. Communication in History: Rural power and telephone projects (1950s - 1970s). Information about bringing rural Georgia “up to standard.” The Georgia Archives has inactive corporation files for several phone, power, and telegraph companies. Communication in History: Trademark Registration books available in the Virtual Vault: https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/trade Communication in History: Transportation and Communication. Western and Atlantic Railroad: https://georgiaarchives.as.atlas- sys.com/repositories/2/classifications/22 Documents in this collection date from 1837 to 1888. -
The Elegant Side of Ponce Was Raised a Mile and a Half Away, and When I Was 10 and 11, Druid Hills Was the Place
The Elegant Side Of Ponce was raised a mile and a half away, and when I was 10 and 11, Druid Hills was the place. In my opinion, it still is.' This is the second of two parts on Ponce de Leon, one of Atlanta's oldest thoroughfares. By Gayle White Conilitulion Slat Writer T MUST have been a "Life With Father" kind of world in the early 1900s when Druid Hills was young. I If you drive, jog or bicycle down Ponce de Leon from Briarcliff Road to Decatur, ills easy to imagine when proper businessmen — moderately wealthy to very rich — raised proper children in proper houses, shook their heads over their daughters' choice of escorts, and then took their sons-in-law into the family business. Going east from Atlanta, from the point where Ponce de Leon divides Briarcliff Road on the north from More- land Avenue* on the south, the old street enters a new dimension and a different county. The service stations, bars and early apartments west of the intersection in Ful- ton County give way in DeKalb to churches — everything from Krishna to Primitive Baptist, from Christian Scien- tist to Mormon — and grand old houses in various states of disrepair. In some houses, estimated to sell for between $140,000-1250,000, as well as in newer condominiums and apartments, proper families still live a genteel kind of existence close to the city. The Ashcraft House. Mrs. W.D. Warren, the for- mer Rebecca Ashcraft, lived with her family in the NeeNe l Reid-designed house at 1341 Ponce de Leon during the eer a "when parties were very elaborate and you entertained at home." St*tf Photo—Louie Ftvoritt See PONCE DE LEON, Page 5-B At top, the Hebebrands with their daughter AnnAnt the dining room of the Ashcraft House at 1341 Ponce de Leon Ave. -
Silhouette (1932)
^ LU^A^cj. ^/f-A-^CC-n. Remembrance only makes the footsteps last, When winged time which fixed the prints is past." » » » COPYRIGHT 19 3 2 PENELOPE BROWN Editor-in-Chief BETTY PEEPLES Business Manager Photography by White Studio Engravings by Southwestern-Photoprocess Printing and Binding by Foote and Davies Co. 'U. Mmh^i^^^iiiu..^- — \ ' F- ^ - 7 'the W SILHOUETTE 1932 —. / / i;\ '^ ' '' \ I '-4/ ''^'^^::^;^: ^//;>. % ^ jy ^'//<=Sc vM'//^ \ y¥; Z/'/> .1 Published by the Students I f AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE Decatur, Georgia 1 r| \ Volume Twenty-Eight ^ ''''"''mffffWM/JWM/WMfMfMW/UI.Wf!r^ilf^!JW^'^f"^^ -a.El,UH»E!.£. i D D C To one of a long line of torcfi bearers: wfio^ as a student of Agnes Scott gave her best to the col- lege,- as assistant dean for many years merited the sin- cere admiration 'of faculty and students alike,- and as > ( \ "Dicl<"won the confidence and love of every girl, we dedicate this 1932 k^^'Silhouette.^to ) A T O N T H The traditions of Asnes Scott have become a real part of our lives in the years of college experi- ence. The constant selec- tions of thoughts, discov- eries, feelings, and events, which have become so precious to us are a herit- age from the past. Each successive generation, as torchbearers, has helped to make the flame of tra- dition brighter. Realizing M » the amount of love and care which has gone to the making of these tradi- tions, we have endeav- ored to imprint them in a material way upon our memory, just as they have already been in our hearts through the years. -
Focus on the Future of Georgia 1970-1985. INSTITUTION Georgia State Dept
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 075 482 TM 002 560 AUTHCR Schabac };er, William H., Ed.; And Others TITLE Focus on the Future of Georgia 1970-1985. INSTITUTION Georgia State Dept. of Education, Atlanta. Georgia. Assessment Project. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 520p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$19.74 DESCRIPTORS *Educational Objectives; *State Programs; *State Surveys; *Statewide Planning; Technical Reports IDENTIFIERS *Georgia Assessment Project ABSTRACT As part of the Georgia Assessment Project (GAP), initiated in January 1969 to provide statewide measurement of the impact of educational programs, services, and resources on children and youth, 19 position papers were prepared by specialists to assist the Advisory Commission on Education Goals. The papers, some with critiques, concern Georgia's current status and probable status in 1985 with respect to the social, economic, technological, political, and cultural environment. The subjects discussed are Georgia's econcmy,-industrial development trends and forecasts, agriculture, automation, transportation, manpower and employment, demography, the individual, social disorganization, religion, civil rights, equality of educational opportunities, governmental structure, political culture, perspectives on health care, ecology, communications systems and mass media, leisure and recreation, and the arts. (DB) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY cc FocusonWe oFuturegfGeorgia, 1970 -1985 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOL.UML-NT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY .S RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR 0!1GANIZATION ()RIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR PPM IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY Focus on the Future of Georgia 1970-1985 Edited by William H. Schabacker Russell S. Clark Homer C. -
Race, Transportation, and the Future of Metropolitan Atlanta
Partnership for Southern Equity TOGETHER WE PROSPER Opportunity Deferred: Race, Transportation, and the Future of Metropolitan Atlanta Every day in metropolitan Atlanta, residents face traffic gridlock that’s often ranked among the worst in the nation. For some, this daily ritual is a minor inconvenience endured in the relative safety and comfort of their climate-controlled cars. But for residents with limited resources and inadequate transportation options, commuting to work, school and other destinations represents a major roadblock to improving the quality of life for themselves and for their loved ones. While their transportation experiences may be dramatically different, both groups share more in common than many realize. The contemporary challenges we face – as individuals and as a community – have been undeniably shaped by a history of structural racism and divisive policy decisions that have hindered our collective potential to thrive in an ever-changing economy. In order to achieve more successful transportation outcomes for all sectors of our society, acknowledging our troubling past is an important first step. Going forward, we must courageously commit to making more equitable transportation and land use decisions now, and in the future. The unsuccessful 2102 referendum that was intended to create a truly regional transportation network for metro Atlanta offers a powerful reminder of how much the forces of racial inequity, unchecked sprawl, and de facto segregation still plague us today. The vote conjured historic comparisons to the tortured efforts 40 years earlier to win local approval for creation of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA). In both instances, the pernicious legacy of policies deeply rooted in race and class effectively deprived the region of access to funding for much-needed transportation infrastructure. -
John Knox, Vi Q
JOHN KNOX, VI Q: This is an interview with John Summerville Knox VI of Atlanta, Georgia. The interview is being conducted on November 1, 2009, at the Knox residence. The interviewers are Wright Mitchell, Chad Wright and grandson John O. Knox, Jr. representing the Buckhead Heritage Society, Atlanta, Georgia. A: I would very much like to have a copy of that. I just wanted – Q: You will. You’ll get a digital copy of the DVD as well as CDs, so you can listen to yourself. Q: Tell us a little bit about where you were born, where you grew up. A: I was born at Wesley Memorial Hospital which is now Emory University Hospital. Q: Downtown? A: The building is still there, the main building at Emory. We were living at the time in the Knox Apartments there on Peachtree at Pershing Point. My grandfather was, I think, probably the biggest real estate person in Atlanta from about 1895 to the Depression. He built hundreds of houses, buildings and many apartment houses that are still up around town. Q: That was Fitzhugh Knox, correct? A: That was Fitzhugh Knox, yes. Q: Any specific neighborhoods he focused on, or was he all around? A: He was one of the first builders in Inman Park and he built the second house on Piedmont Avenue in 1906, which he said he built it there because it was halfway between Piedmont Park and St. Luke’s Episcopal Church, which you could walk each way, so that was a very big, 11-bedroom colonial home with columns and all that. -
Urban Renewal, and the Re‐Making Of
FROM ‘CRACKERTOWN’ TO THE ‘ATL’: RACE, URBAN RENEWAL, AND THE RE‐MAKING OF DOWNTOWN ATLANTA, 1945‐2000 by IRENE VALERIE HOLLIMAN (Under the Direction of PAUL S. SUTTER) ABSTRACT This dissertation considers the many ways in which successive waves of postwar urban renewal transformed the city of Atlanta. I contend that each renewal effort was inherently flawed because each attracted opposing interest groups with conflicting visions of how the city of Atlanta should be repaired and what the city of Atlanta, when “fixed,” should look like. Atlanta city planners, elected officials, businessmen, along with housing and Civil Rights advocates sought out federal Urban Renewal funding shortly after the end of the Second World War as a means of eliminating dilapidated housing and stabilizing downtown property values. In the 1960s, as federal renewal funding shifted away from programs that razed and re‐built the physical environment towards more comprehensive welfare programs, Atlanta’s governing power coalition of white elites and black middle class resisted incorporating federal antipoverty measures that mandated citizen participation of the poor. The city’s first black elected officials, many of whom had cut their political teeth in Civil Rights Movement protests, came to power just as early urban renewal failures and the end of segregation de jure convinced the city’s affluent tax base (both white and black) to relocate in the suburbs. Beginning in the mid‐1970s, the city’s tenuously reconfigured power coalition, faced with a sharp decline in the availability of federal renewal funding, turned to private and quasi‐privately funded downtown redevelopment plans for Atlanta. -
Atlanta Transit History ERA Presentation FINAL, 7-3-17
Transit in Atlanta – Past, Present, and Future Electric Railroaders’ Association Conference July 3, 2017 About Me 2 The Early Years 1861 Atlanta Street Railway starts first mule-powered street railway. Over a dozen street railways are incoroporated in the following 30 years. 1889 Atlanta & Edgewood Street Railroad Co begins operation of the city’s first electrified line. 1890s Major consolidation begins. The Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway and Atlanta Rapid Transit Company begin the “Second Battle of Atlanta.” 1901 All streetcar operations are consolidated into the Georgia Railway & Electric Company (today’s Georgia Power). 3 The Early Years Above: a mule car on Peachtree St in 1872. At the location of today’s Five Points Station. Upper Right: Track construction at Five Points, 1891. Right: Atlanta & Edgewood Street Railroad car barn on Edgewood Ave circa 1894. The building still stands today as an event facility. 4 Photo credits: Railga.com, New South Construction Second Battle of Atlanta § Two feuding figures: Joel Hurt and Henry M. Atkinson § Built competing lines blocks away, created legal obstructions, vandalized each other’s tracks; even rumors of a duel. § Hurt’s Atlanta Consolidated Street Ry ultimately merged into Atkinson’s Atlanta Railway & Power Co, forming Georgia Railway & Power (GR&P). 5 Photo credits: Railga.com, New South Construction The Georgia Power Years Period of Expansion and Improvement § System trimmed after the “Second Battle of Atlanta” § Profitable routes double-tracked § New interurban lines to suburbs § 1924 – 200 miles, 404 streetcars § 1925 - start of bus operations § 1930 - start of one- man operations 6 Photo credits: Beeler Report The Georgia Power Years Challenges and Change 1936 First bus substitutions 1937 Trackless trolleys introduced 1940s WWII delayed trackless conversion plans, cut buses, and increased streetcar use 1945 First air-conditioned trackless trolley, ridership of 150,964,244 1946 Start of wide streetcar/ trackless trolley conversions 1949 Last streetcar run Top: A streetcar on the #5-Highland/S Pryor line. -
B-169491 Grants to Improve Bus Transit Systems
REPORT TO THE CONGRESS 09W26 Grants To Improve @us Transit Systems - Progres$ And Problems B-769497 Urban Mass Transportation Admhstratton Department of Transportation BY THE COMPTROLLER GENEhAL OF THE UNITED STATES ’ COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON DC 20548 B-169491 To the Speaker of the House of Representatives c and the President pro tempore of the Senate I This 1s our report entitled “Gryts to Improve Bus Transit Systems--Progress and Problems We made our review pursuant to the Budget and Accountmg Act, 1921 (31 U S C 53), and the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950 (31 U S C 67) We are sendmg copies of this report to the Director, Office of Management and Budget, and to the Secretary of Transportation 1 ?.-P 9 2 A+- Comptroller General of the United States . Contents Page DLGE ST 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Program obJectives 2 Scope of review 3 2 PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS IN MEETING UMTA PROGRAM OBJECTIVES 4 Growing operating deficits 4 Attracting new riders 6 Impact of traffic congestion 7 General improvements m service 9 Levels of service 9 E qulpment and f acllltles 10 Fare structure 11 Public commumcatlons 11 Special services to transit dependents 12 Improving the urban environment 13 Reducing air pollution 14 Impact on energy consumption 15 3 NEED FOR UMTA TO BECOME A MORE POSI- TIVE FORCE IN FOSTERING NEEDED IM- PROVEMENTS IN BUS TRANSIT 17 Strengthening role of transit development plans 17 Improving progress reporting 21 Collectmg and exchanging lnformatlon on transit improvement 22 Conclusions 24 Recommendations