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Home , Satara district

District Level Household and Facility Survey

2007-08

Maharashtra

International Institute for Population Sciences Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Deemed University) Government of -400088 New Delhi-110011

2010

Suggested citation:- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010. District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India. : Mumbai: IIPS.

For additional information, please contact: Director/Project Coordinator (DLHS-3) International Institute for Population Sciences Govandi Station Road, Deonar Mumbai - 400 088 (India) Telephone: 022-2556 3254/5, 022-4237 2465, 42372411, 42372400 Fax: 022-25563257, 25555895 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.rchiips.org http://www.iipsindia.org

Additional Director General (Stat.) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Nirman Bhavan New Delhi 110 011 Telephone: 011 - 23061334 Fax: 011 - 23061334 Email: [email protected]

Chief Director (Stat.) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Nirman Bhavan New Delhi 110 011 Telephone: 011 - 23062699 Fax: 011 - 23062699 Email: [email protected] Website: http: //www.mohfw.nic.in

DLHS-3 Project Coordinators

Chander Shekhar F. Ram L. Ladusingh B. Paswan Sayeed Unisa Rajiva Prasad T.V. Sekher

Research Staff

Akash Wankhede B.Amenla Nuken Puspita Datta

Prakash Malin Namrata Mondal L. Priyananda Singh Arpita Das S. Priyokumar Meitei Ranjan Kr. Prusty Rajesh Kr. Rai Amrita Gupta Erica Kharsyntiew Prakash Chand Meher Mamta Priyanka Dixit

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS TO READERS:

This report is based on data collected from 37,716 households from Maharashtra during 2007-08. From these households, 34,920 ever-married women aged 15-49 years and 7,536 unmarried women aged 15-24 years were interviewed. Most of the tables and analysis presented in the report is based on ever-married women aged 15-49 years. However, for the purpose of comparison with DLHS-2 (2002-04) and the Fact Sheet of DLHS-3, we also provided some indicators based on currently married women aged 15-44 years in selected tables. We request the readers to keep this distinction in mind while using and comparing the DLHS-3 indicators with other surveys.

For more information, visit DLHS website: http://www.rchiips.org

CONTENTS

Page

Background and Objectives of the Survey………………………………………...... 1

Survey Design, Sample Size and Design Weight…………………………………….. 2

Implementation and Quality Control……………………..………………………….. 4

Survey Instruments…..………………………………….……………………………. 4

Household and Village Background...………………………………………………... 6

Characteristics of Women and Fertility Preference ………………………………...... 8

Maternal Health Care…………………………………………………………………. 10

Child Health Care and Immunization………………………………………………… 14

Family Planning and Contraceptive Use……………………………………………... 18

Reproductive Health and Awareness of RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS…………………. 22

Infertility and Childlessness…………………………………………………………... 25

Family Life Education among Unmarried Women…………………………………... 26

Reproductive Health and Awareness of Contraceptives, RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS among Unmarried Women...... 27

Health Facilities - Availability and Quality………………………………………… 29

TABLES

APPENDIX

Sampling Error for Selected Indicators……………………………………………… 179

Page LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Number of households, ever married women & unmarried women interviewed………..………… 33 Table 1.2 Basic demographic indicators……………………………………………………………………… 34 Table 2.1 Household population by age and sex……………………………………………………..………. 37 Table 2.2 Marital status of the household population……………………………………………….…….….. 38 Table 2.3 Age at marriage……………………………………………………………………………..……… 39 Table 2.4 Educational level of the household population…………………………………………….….…… 40 Table 2.5 Currently attending school………………………………………………………………...... 43 Table 2.6 Reasons for dropping out of school……………………………………………………….……….. 43 Table 2.7 Household characteristics………………………………………………………………….………. 44 Table 2.8 Housing characteristics and assets………………………………………………………….…….... 45 Table 2.9 Housing characteristics by districts………………………………………………………...... 46 Table 2.10 Distance from the nearest educational facility…………………………………………….……….. 47 Table 2.11 Distance from the nearest health facility…………………………………………………….……... 47 Table 2.12 Availability of facility and health personnel by districts………………………………………..…. 48 Table 2.13 Knowledge about government health programmes…………………………………….…………... 49 Table 3.1 Background characteristics of ever married women……………………………………………….. 53 Table 3.2 Level of education of ever married women……………………………………… ……………….. 54 Table 3.3 Birth order………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 Table 3.4 Birth order distribution by districts…………………………………………………….…...... 56 Table 3.5 Children ever born………………………………………………………………………... ….…..... 57 Table 3.6 Fertility preferences……………………………………………………………………….………... 58 Table 3.7 Outcomes of pregnancy …………………………………………………………………….……… 59 Table 3.8 Outcome of pregnancy by districts …………………………………………………….…………... 60 Table 4.1 Place of antenatal check-up………………………………………………………………….……... 63 Table 4.2 Place of antenatal care by districts………………………………………………………….……… 64 Table 4.3 Components of antenatal check-up…………………………………………………………..…….. 65 Table 4.4 Women received advice during antenatal care……………………………………..……..………... 66 Table 4.5 (A) Antenatal care: ANC visits and time of first ANC check-up………………………. …….….……. 67 Table 4.5 (B) Antenatal care: TT, IFA and ANC………………………………………………………….……… 68 Table 4.6 Antenatal care indicators and complications by districts………………………………….………. 69 Table 4.7 Place of delivery and assistance ………………...... 70 Table 4.8 Mode of transportation used for delivery and arrangement of transportation……………. ………. 71 Table 4.9 Place of delivery and assistance by districts……………………………………………..…..……. 72 Table 4.10 Reasons for not going to health institutions for delivery…………………………. ……...... 73 Table 4.11 Delivery complications……………………………………………………………………..……… 74 Table 4.12 Post delivery complications………………………………………………………………..………. 75 Table 4.13 Any check-up after delivery …………………………………………………………..…………… 76

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LIST OF TABLES Page Table 4.14 Complications during pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery period ………….………….……….. 77 Table 4.15 Complications during pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery period by districts………….………. 78 Table 4.16 Knowledge of danger sign of new born……………………………………………………..……… 79 Table 5.1 Timing and place of early childhood check-up by background characteristics…………………...... 83 Table 5.2 Initiation of breastfeeding by background characteristics ……………………………………….... 84 Table 5.3 Breastfeeding and weaning status by children’s age……………………………………………….. 85 Table 5.4 Exclusive breastfeeding by background characteristics……………………………………………. 86 Table 5.5 Breastfeeding by districts…………………………………………………………………………… 87 Table 5.6 Vaccination of children by background characteristics ……………………………………………. 88 Table 5.7 Childhood vaccination by districts…………………………………………………………………. 89 Table 5.8 Place of childhood vaccination by background characteristics …………………………………..... 90 Table 5.9 Vitamin-A and Hepatitis-B supplementation for children by background characteristics …...... 91 Table 5.10 Knowledge regarding diarrhoea management by background characteristics …………………...... 92 Table 5.11 Treatment of diarrhoea by background characteristics ………………………………………...... 93 Table 5.12 Knowledge and treatment of acute respiratory infection (ARI) by background characteristics …… 94 Table 5.13 Knowledge of ORS and acute respiratory infection (ARI) by districts…………………..………… 95 Table 6.1 Awareness of contraceptive methods by place of residence...……………………………………… 99 Table 6.2 Awareness of contraceptive methods by background characteristics………………………………. 100 Table 6.3 Awareness of contraceptive methods by districts…………………………………………………... 101 Table 6.4 Ever use of contraceptive methods………………………………………………………..………... 102 Table 6.5 (A) Current use of contraceptive methods……………………………………………………..….…….. 103 Table 6.5 (B) Duration of use of spacing methods…………………………………………………….…….…….. 105 Table 6.6 Age at the time of sterilization……………………………………………………………………… 106 Table 6.7 Contraceptive prevalence rate by districts………………………………………………………….. 107 Table 6.8 Sources of modern contraceptive methods…………………………………………………………. 108 Table 6.9 Cash benefits received after sterilization by districts…………………………….………...... 109 Table 6.10 Health problems with current use of contraception and treatment received…………………….….. 110 Table 6.11 Reasons for discontinuation of contraception……………………………………………..………... 111 Table 6.12 Future intention to use………………………………………………………………………………. 112 Table 6.13 Advice on contraceptive use…………………………………………………………….………….. 113

Table 6.14 Reasons for not using modern contraceptive method among rhythm and withdrawal method users………………………………………………………..……………………………...... 114 Table 6.15 Unmet need for family planning services…………………………………………………………... 115 Table 6.16 Unmet need for family planning services by districts………………………………….…………… 116 Table 7.1 Menstruation related problems by background characteristics……………………………………... 119 Table 7.2 Source of knowledge about RTI/STI by background characteristics ………………………………. 121 Table 7.3 Knowledge of mode of transmission of RTI/STI by background characteristics ………………...... 123 Table 7.4 Symptoms of RTI/STI by background characteristics …………………………………………...... 124 Table 7.5 Discussion about RTI/STI problems with husband and sought treatment by background characteristics …………………………...... 126

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LIST OF TABLES Page Table 7.6 RTI/STI indicators by districts……………………………………………………………………… 127 Table 7.7 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS by background characteristics ………………………………………...... 128 Table 7.8 Knowledge about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS……………………………...... 130 Table 7.9 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods by background characteristics ……………………. 131 Table 7.10 Misconception about transmission of HIV/AIDS by background characteristics …………………. 132 Table 7.11 Knowledge about the place where HIV/AIDS test can be done by background characteristics …... 133 Table 7.12 Undergone HIV/AIDS test by background characteristics ……………………………………….... 135 Table 7.13 HIV/AIDS indicators by districts……………………………………………………………….….. 136 Table 7.14 Ever had infertility problem by background characteristics ……………………………………...... 137 Table 7.15 Childlessness and infertility by background characteristics ……………………………………...... 138 Table 7.16 Treatment for infertility by background characteristics ……………………………………...... 139 Table 7.17 Infertility problem and sought treatment by districts……………………………...... ………… 140 Table 8.1 Background characteristics of unmarried women………………………………………………….. 143 Table 8.2 At what age and standard family life education should be introduced…………………………….. 144 Table 8.3 Sources of family life education………………………………………………………….………... 145 Table 8.4 Ever received family life education by sources……………………………………………………. 146 Table 8.5 Knowledge of legal age at marriage and reported ideal age at marriage for boys and girls ……… 147 Table 8.6 Current status of menstruation and experienced menstruation related problems during last three months and reported problems …………………………………………………………………….. 148 Table 8.7 Practices during menstrual period…………… …………………………………………………….. 149 Table 8.8 Knowledge of contraceptive methods……………………………………………………………… 150 Table 8.9 Sources from where to get pill and condom……………………………………………………….. 151 Table 8.10 Discussion about family planning method by source of information…………………….……….. 152 Table 8.11 Knowledge of RTIs and STIs by sources……………………………………………….…..……… 153 Table 8.12 Knowledge of RTIs/STIs transmission……………………………………………...... …….. 154 Table 8.13 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS by sources…………………………………………………….………... 155 Table 8.14 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission…………………………………………...... ………… 156 Table 8.15 Misconception of HIV/AIDS ……………………………………………………………………… 157 Table 8.16 Knowledge about how to avoid or reduce the chances of infecting HIV/AIDS…………………… 158 Table 8.17 Knowledge where to get tested for HIV/AIDS and sources……………………………………….. 159 Table 8.18 Knowledge of some selected statements…………………………………………………………… 160 Table 8.19 Awareness of Reproductive Health Issues…………………………………………………………. 161 Table 9.1 Average population covered by health facility by districts ……………………………………….. 165 Table 9.2 Percentage of villages having Sub-Centre within villages & ANM available at Sub-Centre and staying in Sub-Centre quarter by districts …………………………..……………………………... 166 Table 9.3 Status of infrastructure at Sub-Centre functioning in government building by districts………...… 167 Table 9.4 Number of Sub-Centres having adequately equipped and essential drugs by districts …………… 168 Table 9.5 Number of Sub-Centres having different activities by districts...... ….. 169 Table 9.6 Available human resources at Primary Health Centres by districts……..…………………………. 170

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LIST OF TABLES Page Table 9.7 Available infrastructures at Primary Health Centres by districts……………………………..….… 171 Table 9.8 Specific health facilities available at Primary Health Centres by districts ………………….….…. 172 Table 9.9 Number of Primary Health Centres having different activities by districts……...... ……... 173 Table 9.10 Human resources available at Community Health Centres by districts ……………………….…... 174 Table 9.11 Specific health care facilities available at Community Health Centres by districts ………………. 175 Table 9.12 Number of Community Health Centres having different activities by districts ……...…….……... 176

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Proportion of households by wealth quintile……………………………….………...... 7 Figure 2 Age-sex pyramid………………………………………………………………………….……..….. 7 Figure 3 Percentage literate by age and sex………..……………………………………………….…..…..… 8 Figure 4 Mean children ever born by district.……………………………………………………..……….… 9 Figure 5 Fertility preference of currently married women………………………………………...……....… 10 Figure 6 Any ANC by background characteristics………………………………………………..………..… 11 Figure 7 Progress in institutional delivery…………………………………………………………...……….. 12 Figure 8 Change in full immunization coverage of children……………………………………...………...... 16 Figure 9 Percent currently married women using contraceptive methods……………...………...... 18 Figure 10 Progress in contraceptive prevalence rate……………………………………………….………….. 19 Figure 11 Change in unmet need for contraception………………………………………………..…………. 21 Figure 12 Contraceptive prevalence rate and unmet need by districts………………………………...………. 22 Figure 13 Heard about RTIs/STIs by background characteristics………………………………………….. 23 Figure 14 Knowledge about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS…………………………………..………… 24 Figure 15 Knowledge about minimum legal age at marriage of boys and girls by background characteristics 27

LIST OF MAPS Map 1 Full antenatal check up by districts….……………………………………………………………... 12 Map 2 Institutional delivery by districts…………………………………………………………………… 13 Map 3 Full immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months by districts.………………..……… 16 Map 4 Contraceptive prevalence rate for any method by districts………………………………..……….. 20

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Preface and Acknowledgements

The District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) is a nationwide survey covering 601 districts from 34 states and union territories of India. This is the third round of the district level household survey which was conducted during December 2007 to December 2008. The survey was funded by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

We are very grateful to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India for designating the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) as the nodal agency for the DLHS-3 Project and providing an opportunity to work closely with the health and programme officials. In particular, we would like thank Ms. K. Sujatha Rao, Secretary-Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India for her advice, suggestions and support. We also thank Shri Naresh Dayal, former Secretary-Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India for the advice and valuable support extended to the project. Our special thanks to Smt. Madhu Bala, the Additional Director General, Dr. Rattan Chand, the Chief Director and Shri. Rajesh Bhatia, the Director-Statistics Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India for their active involvement and suggestions. We are also thankful to Dr. V.K. Malhotra and Shri S.K. Das, former Additional Director Generals, Shri Partha Chattopadhyay, former Chief Director, Shri K. D. Maiti, former Director and Ms. Rashmi Verma, former Deputy Director-Statistics Division, MoHFW, Government of India for the co- operation and support at various stages of this project.

We are grateful to late Dr. P. N. Mari Bhat, former Director, IIPS and Dr. S. Lahiri, former Officiating Director, IIPS for their keen interest and guidance in the initial stages of the project. We acknowledge the contributions of the Centre for Operation Research and Training, Vadodara the regional agency for the field implementation of DLHS-3 in Maharashtra. The monitoring of the field survey was done independently by the Population Research Centre, Gokhale Institute of Economics & Politics, under the guidance of National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.

Our thanks to the members of Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) of DLHS-3 and especially to its Chairman, Dr. P. M. Kulkarni, Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. We also thank Dr. N.K. Singh for guiding the software development and CSPro training for the project staff. We gratefully acknowledge the immense contributions of DLHS-3 project team at IIPS in developing survey instruments, training field staff, monitoring field work, data processing, preparation of district and state level fact sheets, and drafting the reports.

Finally, special thanks to all respondents who spared their valuable time and cooperated with us by providing the required information. DLHS-3 Coordinators International Institute for Population Sciences

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

The National Rural Health Mission (2005-2012) was launched by the Government of India (GoI) in 2005 to provide effective health care to rural population in the country with special focus on states which have poor health outcomes and inadequate public health infrastructure and manpower. The primary focus of the mission is to improve accessibility in rural areas, especially among women and children, to equitable and affordable primary health care. The main goal of NRHM is to reduce infant, child and maternal mortality through promoting newborn care, immunization, antenatal care, institutional delivery and post-natal care.

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) foundation was formulated on community involvement in drawing a village health plan under the auspices of Village Health & Sanitation Committee (VHSC), making rural primary health care services accountable to the community and giving authority to the District Health Mission for implementation of inter-sectoral District Health Plan including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition. The interface between the community and the public health system at the village level is entrusted to a female Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), a health volunteer receiving performance based compensation for promotion of universal immunization, referral and escort services for reproductive & child health (RCH), construction of household toilets, and other health care delivery schemes. To promote institutional delivery, cash incentive programme under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is made an integral component of NRHM.

The third round of the District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) carried out during 2007-08 was designed to collect data at district level on various aspects of health care utilization for RCH, accessibility of health facilities, assess the effectiveness of ASHA and JSY in promoting RCH care, to assess health facility capacity and preparedness in terms of infrastructure. The integration of facility survey with the household survey was done with a view to link the RCH care outcomes to health facility accessibility, availability of medical & paramedical manpower and other infrastructure facilities at village level. The broad objective of DLHS-3 is to provide RCH outcome indicators at the district level in order to monitor and provide corrective measures to the NRHM. The other important objective is to assess the contribution of decentralization of primary health care at the district level and below by way of involving village health committees under the Panchayats in the implementating health care programmes.

The main focus and objectives of DLHS-3 is to provide RCH indicators covering the following aspects:

• Coverage of antenatal check up and immunization services • Institutional/safe deliveries • JSY Beneficiaries • Contraceptive prevalence rates • Unmet need for family planning • ASHA’s involvement • Awareness about RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS • Family life education among unmarried adolescent girls • Health facility and infrastructure

The District Level Household and Facility Survey, 2007-08 (DLHS-3) is the third in the series of district level household surveys. The first one was conducted in 1998-99 followed by the second in 2002-04. For all the three DLHS, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India (GoI) designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the Nodal Agency responsible for the development of survey design, instruments, data entry and tabulation software, training, supervision of field work, analysis and report writing. The sources of funds for DLHS-3 are the MoHFW, GoI and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

A Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) constituted by the MoHFW, GoI guided the designing, implementation, progress, tabulation, basis of selection of RCH indicators and consistency issues.

SURVEY DESIGN, SAMPLE SIZE AND DESIGN WEIGHT A multi-stage stratified systematic sampling design was adopted for DLHS-3. In each district, 50 primary sampling units (PSUs) which were census villages in rural areas and census enumeration blocks (CEBs) in urban areas. In rural areas, villages were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic sampling and in the second stage households were selected by systematic sampling. For urban areas first wards were selected by PPS systematic sampling, in the second stage CEBs by PPS sampling and households in the third stage by systematic sampling. The Census of India, 2001 was the sampling frame for DLHS-3. All villages and urban wards in a district were stratified by household size into three strata of less than 50, 50-300 and 300+ households, percent of SC/ST population into two strata- below and above 20 percent and implicitly by three alternating order of female literacy. The variables used for stratification are from the 2001 Census. The number of households representing a district is either 1000 or 1200 or 1500 depending upon the levels of immunization, antenatal check up and institutional delivery as given by DLHS-2 plus 10 percent over sampling to cushion for non-response. The PSUs are allocated to rural and urban areas of each district proportionally to the actual rural-urban population ratio and within the rural-urban domains. The PSUs are further distributed proportionately to the different sub-strata of combinations of household size, percent of SC/ST population and levels of female literacy. To make a proper rural PSU, selected villages with less than 50 households were linked with another contiguous village and selection probability is adjusted accordingly. Selected villages with more than 300 households were further divided into two or more segments and one or more segments were selected so as to have standard size PSUs. The number of households drawn from PSUs of districts represented by 1000, 1200 and 1500 households are 22, 27 and 33 households respectively. All ever married women age 15-49 years and adolescent’s aged 15-24 years from the sampled households are the respondents for questions on RCH and family life education, while any adult household member is the respondent for household related questions in DLHS-3.

Sampling weight for household, ever married women and unmarried women were generated for each district. These design weights were used for computations of district level demographic and i i i RCH indicators. The selection probabilities f 1, f 2 and f 3 at various stages of randomization pertaining to the ith PSU of a district were the main inputs to generate design weight. These selection probabilities are defined as follows:

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i th f 1 = Probability of selection of i rural PSU in a district * (nr H i) = H

Where, nr is the number of rural PSUs selected from a district, H i refers to the number of th ∑ household in the i PSU and H = H i , total number of rural households in a district.

i

f 2 = Probability of selecting segment (s) from segmented PSU (in case the ith selected PSU is segmented)

= (Number of households in the selected segment) / (number of households in the PSU) i

The value of f 2 is to be equal to one for un-segmented PSU.

i

f 3 = probability of selecting a household from the total listed households of a PSU or in segment(s) of a PSU

= HS i HL i

th Where HLi is the number of households listed in i PSU in a district and HSi the number of households per PSU assigned for the ith PSU is either 22 or 27or 33 depending on whether a district is represented by 1000 or 1200 or 1500 households.

i For urban PSUs, f1 is computed as the ratio of urban population of the selected PSU to the total urban population of the district.

The probability of selecting a household from the district works out as:

i i i i f = (f 1 * f 2 * f 3) th i 1 The non-normalized household weight for the i PSU of the district is, w = i , where HRi f * HRi is the household response rate of the ith sampled PSU, non-response is assumed to be 10 % but actual response rates are used here. The normalized weight used in the generation of district indicators as

n d ∑ i i * w i ni = i , i= 1, 2, 3……………, 50. ∑ n i * w i

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th Where ni is the number of households interviewed in the i PSU. The weight for women is computed in the similar fashion after multiplication of expression for f i by the corresponding response rate. State weights for households and women are further derived from the district weights d th th n i for the i PSU in d district using external control so that sample results do not deviate from the corresponding information about the population.

d d Let, ns = ∑ ni and N sc = ∑ N i , denote the number of households in the sample and census of i i a particular state, then state level households weights work out as: ⎛ d ⎞ ⎜ N i ⎟ s d ⎜ ⎟ d th n = n * sc , where ni represents household sample in i district, is the total i i ⎝ N ⎠ n s ⎛ d ⎞ ⎜ni ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ns ⎠ sample in the state. These households’ weights are computed for rural-urban areas separately. Considering sample and census currently married women age between 15-49 years and married males above 15 years for specified state by districts and rural-urban residence, state level women weights are obtained for estimation of state level indicators.

IMPLEMENTATION AND QUALITY CONTROL Actual field operation of DLHS-3 in different states and union territories were implemented by Regional Agencies (RA) selected by the MoHFW through a competitive bidding process, CORT, Vadodara was designated as RA for implementation of DLHS-3 in Maharashtra. Data from the selected PSUs were collected by a team of five persons consisting of one supervisor, one field editor and three female investigators who are graduates at least. A minimum of two days visit to each sampled PSU is provisioned to ensure 100 percent coverage of selected households, ever married women and unmarried women. Independent team of health investigators, mostly paramedics were entrusted the work of carrying out the accompanying facility survey. A strict quality check protocol was put in place by way of spot and back checks by an independent team received by the nodal agency. The Quality team comprised of two females and one male investigator and was headed by a Research Officer from the monitoring agency. One Research Officer from IIPS was stationed in each state throughout the period of the field work for supervising the survey operations.

SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

The main instrument for collection of data in DLHS-3 was a set of structured questionnaires, namely, household, ever married woman, unmarried woman and village questionnaires. Sub- Centre, Primary Health Centre (PHC), Community Health Centre (CHC) and District Hospital (DH) questionnaires were used to conduct the facility survey. All household level questionnaires were bilingual, with questions in regional languages and English.

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Household Questionnaire The household questionnaire lists all usual residents in each sample household including visitors who had stayed the night before the interview. For individual household member information on age, sex, marital status, relationship to the head of the household and education were collected. Marriages and deaths of members of household were also recorded. Efforts were made to get information about maternal deaths. At household level information was also collected on the main source of drinking water, type of toilet facility, source of lighting, type of cooking fuel, religion and caste of household head and ownership of durable goods in the household. The other information collected relates to awareness of government programmes.

Ever Married Women’s Questionnaire The respondents for the ever-married women’s questionnaire were ever married women aged 15- 49 years living in the sampled households. Details on age, age at marriage and place of birth, educational attainment, number of biological children ever born and surviving by sex were collected. Accounts of antenatal check-up, experience of pregnancy related complications, place of delivery, delivery attendant and post-partum care, together with history of contraceptive use, sex preference of children and fertility intentions were recorded. For the recent births, immunizations status of children was collected either from the immunization card or by asking the mother about the immunization status of the child. The other information collected includes knowledge and awareness about RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS by source and treatment seeking behaviour for RTIs/STIs.

Unmarried Women’s Questionnaire Information that was collected from unmarried women aged 15-24 years (those under 18 years with consent from the parents) included knowledge of family life education, awareness about legal age at marriage, contraception, menstruation related problems and knowledge of RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS by source of information.

Village Questionnaire The questionnaire was prepared to collect information on availability and accessibility of education, health, transport and communication facilities at village level. Additional information on functioning of village health committees and utilization of untied funds were collected from the sampled villages of DLHS.

Facility Survey Questionnaires In the facility survey the information collected at the Sub-Centre level was on the availability of human resources, physical infrastructure, equipments and essential drugs and RCH service provided during the one month preceding the survey. Additional information collected at Primary Health Centre (PHC) level was availability of lady medical officer, functional labour room, operation theatre, number of beds, drug storage facilities, waiting room for OPD, availability of RCH related equipments, essential drugs and essential laboratory testing facilities. Information that was collected for Community Health Centre (CHC) included status of in- position clinical, supporting and Para-medical staff, availability of specialists trained for NSV (Non-Scalpel Vasectomy), emergency obstetric, medically terminated pregnancy (MTP), new

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born care, treatment of RTIs/STIs, Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI), Electrocardiogram (ECG) etc. The information on physical infrastructures of CHC such as, water supply, electricity, communication, waste disposal facilities, OT, Labour Room and availability of residential quarters for doctors were also collected in the facility survey. (All the questionnaires are available at: www.rchiips.org, the website for DLHS-3).

HOUSEHOLD AND VILLAGE BACKGROUND

DLHS-3 Coverage and Response Rate DLHS-3 surveyed a total of 37,716 households, 34,920 ever-married women and 7,536 unmarried women in Maharashtra. The response rates are 94.8, 87.1 and 80.6 percent for households, ever-married women and unmarried women respectively. The lowest response rates for household and for ever-married women are measured in (79.5 percent) and (82.6 percent) respectively and for unmarried women in -65 percent (Table 1.1). The selected demographic indicators noted from 2001 census show that the overall sex ratio is 922 females per 1,000 males. Except in , Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai (857, 826 and 774 females per 1000 males respectively) all other districts have sex ratio more than 900. Sex ratio is lowest in Mumbai (774 females per 1000 males) and highest in (1,135 females per 1000 males). The percentage of urban population is lowest in (6.9 percent) and was highest in district Mumbai (100 percent) (Table 1.2).

Village Characteristics With regards to accessibility of health facilities to the sampled villages, 37.5 percent of villages have Sub-Centres within the village itself and as many as 77.7 percent of the villages have it within 5 km. Only 2.7 percent of the villages have a government dispensary within the village and 11.4 percent have Primary Health Centres (PHC). One noticeable feature of villages in Maharashtra is that 30.2 percent of them have private clinics within the villages (Table 2.11). In Maharashtra, almost two-fifths (38.9 percent) of the rural population is treated by doctors and this varies from 14.3 percent in Thane to 80.6 percent in . Almost all the villages (96.5 percent) in Maharashtra have a Anganwadi worker (Table 2.12).

Household Characteristics DLHS-3 surveyed a total of 1,94,454 persons (Table 2.1) from 37,716 households in Maharashtra covering all the thirty five districts of which 69.9 percent are from rural area and the remaining (30.1 percent) from urban area (Table 2.8). In Maharashtra, 82.6 percent of household heads are Hindus, 7.9 percent are Muslims and 7.7 percent are Buddhist. About 10.2 percent of households are headed by females. The average household size in the state is 5.2 persons and there is not much difference between rural and urban areas. Sixteen percent of household heads belong to scheduled castes, more than 18 percent (18.4 percent) belongs to scheduled tribes; 28.7 percent belongs to other backward classes and 37.1 percent to others. The median age of household head is 45 years (Table 2.7).

More than three-fourth households (77.6 Percent) in Maharashtra have electricity connection, almost 82 percent household have improved source of water, only 18.5 percent of the households

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have access to tap water for drinking, more than 38 percent of households have provision for flush toilet, 26.6 percent of households use LPG for cooking, more than one-fourth of the houses (27.5 percent) are pucca and 39.7 percent households have at least three rooms (Table 2.8). In Maharashtra, 31.5 percent of households have BPL (below poverty line) cards and it varies from a low of 6.9 percent in Mumbai to a high of 55 percent in Nandubar district (Table 2.9).

Household Wealth Index Combining household amenities, assets and durables, a wealth index is computed at the national level and divided into quintiles. Households are categorized from the poorest to the richest groups corresponding to the lowest to the highest quintile at the national level. Based on national cut-off points, in Maharashtra 15 percent of the households are in the lowest wealth quintile and about one-fourth (37.9 percent) households are in the highest wealth quintile. In rural areas one-fifth (20 percent) households are in the lowest or in the second wealth quintile (21 percent) and in urban areas more than half of the households (59 percent) are in the highest wealth quintile, as shown in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1 PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY WEALTH QUINTILE

Urban 2 3 10 26 59

Rural 20 21 27 23 9

Maharashtra 15 16 22 24 24

Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

Age-Sex Composition FIGURE 2 The overall sex ratio in Maharashtra is 974 AGE-SEX PYRAMID 80+ females per 1000 males. The age-sex pyramid 75-79 70-74 Male Female (Fig.2) depicts a scenario of declining fertility 65-69 60-64 with shrinking base of 28.7 percent of the total 55-59 50-54 population below 15 years and indicates a 45-49 gradually aging population with 7.5 percent of the 40-44 35-39 population above the age of 65 years. The 30-34 25-29 remaining 63.8 percent of the population is in the 20-24 15-19 age group 15-64 years. There are more children 10-14 5-9 (29.6 percent) in rural areas than urban areas (27.1 0-4 percent) (Table 2.1). 6420246 Percent The mean age at marriage of men and women in Maharashtra are 24.4 years and 19.3 years respectively. In Maharashtra 12.4 percent men and 17.6 percent women were married before

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attaining the minimum legal age for marriage. Men getting married below legal age is highest in Nandurbar (36.4 percent men and 26.8 percent women) and for women getting married below legal age is highest in Hingoli (26.2 for men and 39.1 for women) and for both men and women getting married below legal age is lowest in Sindhudurg (1.4 percent men and 0.0 percent women) and Wardha (3.6 percent for men and nil for women) (Table 2.3).

Literacy by Age and Sex More than 25 percent of the household FIGURE 3 population aged 7 years and above are PERCENTAGE LITERATE BY AGE AND SEX non-literate; it is 16 percent for males and 96 95 34.7 percent for females. The gender gap 95 91 in literacy is very narrow in the young age 90 groups 7-9 and 10-14 years (1.3 and 1.2 88 percent point respectively). In the older age groups (15-19 years and above) non- literacy is higher for females and as age increases the gender gap also increases, as shown in Fig. 3. There are noticeable gender gaps in rural areas in the older age groups 15-19 years and above and the 7-9 10-14 15-19 gender gap in literacy is lower in urban MALE FEMALE areas compared to rural areas, though the urban area is showing higher literacy rates than rural area (Table 2.4). The information on main reasons for dropping out of school was also collected in DLHS-3. For girls below 18 years as many as 13 percent stated that they were required for household work followed by 10.3 further education not necessary, 10 percent were not interested in studies, got married (9.9 percent) and repeated failure (8.4 percent) as the main reasons for dropping out of school. The reported main reason for boys for dropping out of school are not interested in studies (21.3 percent), required for outside work (14.1 percent), further education is not necessary (11.3 percent), required for work on family or business (10.9 percent), repeated failures (10.7 percent) and required for household work (9.6 percent). The highest 15 percentage of girls and 12.9 percent boys below age 18 years were withdrawn from school due to the other reasons (Table 2.6).

CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN AND FERTILITY

Age at consummation of marriage is minimum 18 years for 47.9 percent of ever-married sampled women aged 15-49 years irrespective of residence. Proportion of non-literate women is more in rural areas (37.7 percent) than in urban areas (16.9 percent) of Maharashtra. The proportion of non-literate husbands was lesser than non-literates women and it is further less in urban Maharashtra (8.9 percent). In Maharashtra, around 21 percent of married women and 35.6 percent married men have at least 10 years of education. About half (47 percent) of ever-married women were married for 15 years or more, 19.3 percent women were with less than 5 years of marital duration. In Maharashtra, only 12.1 percent of ever-married women belong to households in the lowest wealth quintile. In rural areas women belonging to lowest and second lowest wealth quintiles are 16.8 and 19.5 percent respectively and in urban areas, these are 1.0 and 2.9 percent respectively (Table 3.1). The non-literacy rate was comparatively higher among scheduled castes

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(40 percent) and scheduled tribes ever-married women (62.3 percent) as compared to ever- married women in “Other” category of caste/tribes (32.1 percent) (Table 3.2).

Mean Children Ever Born by Districts Mean children ever born (MCEB) to ever-married women aged 15-49 years is found to be 2.5 with almost no differential by residence (2.5 in rural and 2.4 in urban areas), whereas it is 3.2 for non-literate ever-married women and only 1.6 for ever-married women with at least 10 years of education. The completed fertility measured in terms of average children FIGURE 4 MEAN CHILDREN EVER BORN BY DISTRICT ever born to ever married women aged 40-49 years is 3.5 children per women 2.1 (Table 3.5). District-wise MCEB is Mumbai 2.1 Sindhudurg 2.1 depicted in the Fig 4. 2.2 2.2 Out of the total births to ever-married 2.2 Ratnagiri 2.2 women during the three years period Pune 2.2 preceding the survey, almost 27 percent Mumbai (Suburban) 2.2 Wardha 2.3 were of third or higher order births and 2.3 the corresponding figures were 48.1 2.3 percent and 13.3 percent for non-literate Thane 2.3 Raigarh 2.4 and for 10 or more years of schooling Ahmadnagar 2.4 respectively (Table 3.3). There was not Gondiya 2.4 much difference in the proportion of third Buldana 2.5 Maharashtra 2.5 and higher order births according to place Akola 2.5 of residence; it is 27.1 percent in rural 2.5 areas and 26 percent urban areas. The 2.5 2.5 births of third and higher order were more 2.6 among the ever-married women who 2.6 belongs to households in lowest wealth 2.6 Gadchiroli 2.6 quintile (40.9 percent) and those Jalna 2.6 belonging to scheduled tribe category Washim 2.6 Aurangabad 2.6 (34.1 percent) and less to ever-married Hingoli 2.7 women belonging to other backward 2.7 classes (21.8 percent), those belongs to Osmanabad 2.7 Bid 2.7 highest wealth quintile (17.8 percent). 2.8 Births of third and higher order were Nanded 2.8 highest in Nandurbar (43.1 percent) and Nandurbar 2.9 lowest in Chandrapur (11.1 percent) (Table 3.4).

Around nine out of ten pregnancies (90.9 percent) which occurred during the three years preceding the survey to currently married women aged between 15-49 years are found to be live births. In Maharashtra, 4.8 percent of the pregnancies in the three years preceding the survey resulted in spontaneous abortion and this is highest in Sangli (8.8 percent), whereas in there was no incidence of spontaneous abortion and the district is showing highest proportion of live birth (99.5 percent) (Table 3.7).

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Fertility Intention and Preferences of Currently Married Women Fertility intension of currently married women in terms of desire for an additional child and among those with no living children was 52.8 percent who want a child soon within the next two years and 24.7 percent who want a child two or more years later. Among women with one living child, the proportion women wanting an additional child soon (within two years) and after 2 years or later were 20.3 and 35 percents respectively. Around three-fifths and little less than one- fourth of the currently married women with two or more living children are either sterilized or want no more children (64.4 percent and 23.7 percent respectively). As many as 16.7 percent of currently married women want no more children, 10.8 percent want a child soon,10.2 percent women want to delay childbearing for 2 years or more, 2 percent are undecided and 55.9 percent women have undergone sterilization (Fig.5).

FIGURE 5 FERTILITY PREFERENCE OF CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN

Want another later Want another, 10% undecided when 2% Want another soon 11% Undecided 2% Inconsistent response 0%

Want no more Declared infecund 17% 2%

Sterilized 56%

Among the currently married women with no living children but want a child, more than half of the currently married women (59.3 percent) reported that sex of the child does not matter, 20.2 percent say it is up to God, 15.6 and 5.0 percent want a boy and a girl child respectively. With increasing number of living children, longing for a boy among the currently married women who want an additional child, become more visible from 33.2 to 83.8 percent for women with one and three living children respectively and desire for male child had decreased a little to 82.4 percent among the currently married women who have four or more living children (Table 3.6).

MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Maternal health care package of antenatal care is the main component of NRHM to strengthen RCH care. ANC provided by a doctor, an ANM or other health professional comprises of physical checks, checking the position and the growth of foetus and giving TT injection at periodic intervals during the time of pregnancy. At least three check-ups are expected to complete the course of ANC to safeguard women from pregnancy related complications. In

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DLHS-3 the term full ANC refers to percentage of women having at least three visits for antenatal check-up, receiving at least one TT injection and consuming 100 or more IFA tablets/syrup. Institutional delivery and post-natal care at a health facility is promoted through the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in NRHM to improve maternal and new born care.

Any ANC by Selected Background Characteristics Among women who had their last live/still birth since January 1, 2004, 91.8 percent received at least one antenatal check, 43.8 percent from government health facility and 46.1 percent from private health facility and 3.1 percent from community-based services (Table 4.1).

A distinctive feature is that any ANC is low FIGURE 6 78.1 percent among non-literates as against ANY ANC BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS 97.9 percent among women educated for 10 Age group or more years; rural-urban gap stands at 6.1 15-19 92 percent point, with 96.1 percent among 20-24 92 urban residents as depicted in Fig. 6. 25-29 92 30-34 91 35 + 88 The coverage of ANC was highest in district Sindhudurg (99.5 percent) and No. of living children lowest in Nandurbar (60.6 percent). Highest 0 97 1 96 proportion of women had ANC from a 2 93 government facility is in Gondiya district, 3 90 where 74.8 percent received ANC from 4+ 82 government facilities and 23.5 percent Residence received it from a private facility. The Rural 90 proportion of women received ANC from Urban 96 private health facility utilization is highest in Satara district where government and Education private ANC users were only 27.4 and 74.6 Non-literate 78 Less than five years 90 percent respectively (Table 4.2). 5-9 years 95 10 or more years 98 All checks and examinations recommended for ANC are not availed by women who had ANC during pregnancy. The proportion of women who have weight and height measured, blood pressure checked, blood and urine tested, abdomen and breast examined are 81.8, 51, 74, 74.5, 75.8, 71 and 51.6 percent respectively (Table 4.3). Women went for sonography/ultra-sound test (50.3 percent), it is high in urban areas (70.9 percent), women with 10 or more years of schooling (73.4 percent) and women belonging to the households in the highest wealth quintile (82.5 percent) (Table 4.3).

The proportion of women who received at least three ANC is 74.4 percent and among them 61.6 percent women had received first ANC in the first trimester, 88.7 percent women had received at least one TT injection and 33.9 percent of the women received full ANC in Maharashtra (Table 4.6). In district Aurangabad a lowest 14.1 percent and in Satara district a highest of 55.5 percent of women have received full ANC as shown in the Map 1. The proportion of women who consumed 100 IFA tablets/syrup was 45.7 percent for state as a whole (Table 4.6).

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MAP 1 FULL ANTE-NATAL CHECK-UP BY DISTRICTS

Institutional Delivery FIGURE 7 Figure 7 shows that institutional delivery had PROGRESS IN INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY increased from 57.1 percent in DLHS-1 (1998-99) 64 to 57.9 percent in DLHS-2 (2002-04) and 63.5 percent in DLHS-3 (2007-08). Percentage of 58 deliveries which resulted either in still or live births 57 were done in health facilities, either public or private is 63.5 percent. The percentage of institutional delivery ranges from 23.5 percent in Gadchiroli to 93.5 percent in Mumbai (Suburban). Map 2 shows variations in the institutional delivery DLHS-1 DLHS-2 DLHS-3 across the districts. Percentage of safe delivery is highest in 95.3 percent in Mumbai (Suburban) and it is as lowest as 34.0 percent in Nandurbar districts. The proportion of safe delivery is found to be less than the state average (69.2 percent) in twelve districts out of thirty-five districts in Maharashtra (Table 4.9). In Maharashtra, 8.3 percent of the deliveries which took place in institutions since January 1, 2004 have been provided with JSY financial assistance. The mean cost of delivery at government health facility is lower (Rs.1,690/-) as compared to private health facility (Rs.6,282/-). Less than one-fourth (22.7 percent) of the women, who had institutional delivery used an ambulance or jeep or car as

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the mode of transport and mean cost of transportation was Rs. 239/- (Table 4.8). Women who had home delivery, 39.3, 35.2, 17.5 and 13.4 reported no time to go, institutional delivery was not necessary, better care at home and health facility is too far or no transport facility respectively as reasons for not going for institutional delivery (Table 4.10).

MAP 2 INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY BY DISTRICTS

Complications during Pregnancy, Delivery and Post-delivery Period Women who either do not receive any ANC or could not complete the course of ANC are exposed to the risk involved in childbearing. In Maharashtra, as much as 58.2 percent of women who had still /live births had some complications during pregnancy. This varies from 79 percent in Akola to 47.2 percent in Ratnagiri. Only in eight out of 35 districts, almost 50 percent women had suffered from pregnancy complications. Among the women, who had complications during pregnancy 76.6 percent of them sought the treatment.

More than three-fifths (65 percent) of women in Maharashtra had faced at least one delivery complication. The main cause of delivery complications were obstructed labour (71.4 percent), premature labour (46 percent), prolonged labour (33.7 percent) experienced by women who had

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still or live births since January 1, 2004 (Table 4.11). Delivery complications were lowest in Ratnagiri (44.2 percent) and highest in Ahmadnagar (79.6 percent) (Table 4.15).

More than one-third (38.7 percent) of women in Maharashtra had post-delivery complications. The major problems during post-delivery period were lower abdominal pain (54.5 percent), followed by high fever (47.1 percent) (Table 4.12). Post-delivery complications were lowest in district Mumbai (Suburban) (15.6 percent) and highest in district Buldana (69.4 percent). Among the women who had post-delivery complications, 87.7 percent had sought treatment in district Latur and 46 percent in district Nandurbar. Only in seven out of 35 districts women who had post-delivery complications more than 80 percent of them sought treatment (Table 4.15).

CHILD HEALTH CARE AND IMMUNIZATION To improve child survival and to prevent infant mortality, NRHM envisages new born care, breastfeeding and adequate food supplementation at the right time along with a complete package of immunization for children. About three-fourths (74.7 percent) of newborn during the three years period preceding the survey were examined within 24 hours of birth. More newborns to women of urban residents (87.8 percent), women educated up to 10 or more years (90.2 percent) and belonging to other castes (80.6 percent) have received care within 24 hours compared to others. More than one-third (37 percent) of the women who had delivered in the three years preceding the survey availed newborn check up within 24 hours from a government facility. Women who availed newborn care from a private health facility constitute 47.3 percent as compared to newborn care availed from home (14.9 percent) and others (0.7 percent) (Table 5.1).

More than three-fourths (86.1 percent) of children under 3 years of age were fed with colostrum in Maharashtra. Women who are from urban areas (88.4 percent), more than 10 years of education (90.9 percent), other caste groups (87.5 percent) and from highest wealth quintile households (90.8 percent) were more likely to give colostrum to their children than their counterparts who live in rural areas (85.2 percent), non-literate (77.7 percent), belong to scheduled tribes (80.7 percent) and from lowest wealth quintile households (78.1 percent) (Table 5.2). The proportion of children fed with colostrum varies between 72.8 percent in district Dhule to 98.3 percent in district Sindhudurg. In the districts of Akola, Washim, Wardha, Yavatmal, Parbhani, Mumbai, Pune, Ahmadnagar and Sindhudurg, the proportion of children fed with colostrum is more than 90 percent (Table 5.5).

More than half (52.5 percent) of women had initiated breastfeeding within one hour of delivering the birth. About four-fifths of the children (80.3 percent) started breastfeeding within 24 hours of child birth (Table 5.2). The initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth was least practiced among women in district Nandurbar (37.8 percent) and most widely practiced in district Sindhudurg (74 percent). The percent of women initiate breastfeeding within 24 hours of birth of their children ranging from 64.8 in district Dhule to 93 percent in district Wardha (Table 5.5).

Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding of the youngest surviving child was 4.7 months (Table 5.3). For those children who had started food supplementation while still breastfeeding,

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the median age in months at the time of other fluids, semi-solid food and solid food supplementation were 6.6 months, 8.5 months and 12 months respectively. The proportion of youngest surviving child born since January 1, 2004 and had exclusively breastfed for 6 months was 53.9 percent (Table 5.4).

Immunization coverage of Children Aged 12-23 Months In DLHS-3 immunization course of children aged 12-23 months has been recorded either from vaccination card or directly asking from the women in case the card was not available. The vaccination data from children aged 12-23 months who received specific vaccine, 46.4 percent was recorded from the vaccination card in Maharashtra. More than two-third (69 percent) of children aged 12-23 months received full immunization comprising BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio 0) and measles. Only one percent of children could not receive any vaccine (Table 5.6).

Full immunization coverage would have been well above 80 percent, if immunization against DPT were not drop down to 14.6 percent point for first (93.4 percent) to third (78.8 percent) dose and had vaccination against polio not dropped 11.7 percent point for first (98 percent) to third (86.3 percent) dose. The coverage of measles vaccine (84.5 percent) also lower (11.2 percent point) than the coverage of BCG vaccine (95.7 percent). The key to improve full immunization coverage is to monitor drop out at all stages its full course of immunization. Higher coverage of full vaccination is observed among the urban residents (72.6 percent), births of first order (73.6 percent) and children born to women educated up to 10 or more years (80.4 percent), children belong to other caste groups (75 percent) and children from households in the highest wealth quintile (80.7 percent) and it was lower for the children have rural residence (67.6 percent), births of order four and above (52.6 percent), children born to non-literate mother (48.9 percent), children whose mothers belong to scheduled tribe (52.2 percent) and children belong to households in the lowest wealth quintile (43.2 percent). It is found that there is not much gender gap in full vaccination in Maharashtra; for boys it is 69.9 percent while for girls it is 68 percent (Table 5.6). District-wise variation in coverage of full Immunization is depicted in the Map 3.

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MAP 3 FULL IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE OF CHILDREN AGED 12 - 23 MONTHS BY DISTRICTS

The coverage of full immunization decreases from DLHS-1 to DLHS-2 (around 80 to 71 percent) and has decreased further by only two percentage points in DLHS-3 as depicted in Fig.8. The coverage of full immunization of children is well below 50 percent in three districts of FIGURE 8 Maharashtra, Nandurbar (17.0 percent), Dhule (35.0 CHANGE IN FULL IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE OF CHILDREN percent) and Gadchiroli (46.4 percent) and it is more than 85 percent in districts Satara (92 percent), 80 Nagpur (90.5 percent), Sangli (87.5 percent), Gondiya (87.8 percent), Pune (86.1 percent) and Ahmadnagar (85.3 percent). It presents the wide 71 variation of full vaccination among the districts of 69 Maharashtra (Table 5.7). With regard to the place of vaccination, children received it from a Sub-Centre (10.6 percent) and Primary Health Centre (13.1 percent), 71.4 percent from other government health facilities and 13.1 percent from private health facility DLHS-1 DLHS-2 DLHS-3 (Table 5.8).

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In Maharashtra, about three-fourths of children aged 12-35 months (74.9 percent) had received at least one dose of Vitamin-A and 29.3 percent of children had received 3-5 doses of Vitamin-A supplementation (Table 5.9). Children of relatively older age of 24-35 months (79.2 percent), first birth order (76.4 percent), highest wealth quintile households (81.4 percent), other caste groups (78.4 Percent), born to mother educated at least 10 years or more (82.3 percent) are more likely to receive at least one dose of Vitamin-A than children aged 12-23 months (70.9 percent), fourth or higher birth order (65.6 percent), lowest wealth quintile households (60.7 percent), scheduled tribes (64.3 percent) and non-literate mothers (61.5 percent). In Maharashtra, percent children aged 12-23 months received at least one dose of Vitamin-A ranges between lowest in district of Nandurbar (33.7 percent) to highest (94.8 percent) in Satara district (Table 5.7).

Table 5.9 showing that less than half (45.2 percent) of the children had Hepatitis-B vaccination. In Maharashtra, children living in urban areas (53.4 percent), mothers having 10 or more years of education (60.1 percent), those belonging to other backward caste groups (52.3 percent) and from highest wealth quintile households (60.1 percent) are more likely to receive Hepatitis-B vaccine than children living in rural areas (42 percent), non-literate mothers (31.2 percent), those belonging to scheduled tribes (34.3 percent) and from poorest households (24.9 percent).

Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Management DLHS-3 collected information on knowledge of diarrhoea and ARI management from women respondents as part of assessment of child care skills. Three-fourths (75 percent) of women is having knowledge of diarrhoea management (Table 5.10) and more than one-fourth of women (28.9 percent) are aware of danger signs of ARI (Table 5.12). The common practice followed by women for treatment of children who had diarrhoea was to give salt and sugar solution (51.1 percent) and Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) (35.2 percent) (Table 5.10). Among the twenty percent children who suffered from diarrhoea, 77.9 percent sought advice/treatment and 44.2 percent among them were treated by ORS (Table 5.11). Around 31 percent children who had suffered from diarrhoea during two weeks preceding the survey are treated in any government health facility and 69 percent in any private health facility (Table 5.11). In district Ratnagiri nine percent children suffered from diarrhoea in last two weeks prior to the survey and among them 77 percent were sought advice/treatment whereas in district Buldana 31.3 percent children suffered from diarrhoea and 79.2 percent of them sought advice/treatment (Table 5.13). Women who were aware of danger signs of ARI in Maharashtra, about half (50.3 percent) and slight more in proportion (56.5 percent) of them know that difficulty in breathing and pain in chest respectively are the danger signs of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), while for 25.4 percent women each productive cough, wheezing/whistling and rapid breathings are known as the danger signs of ARI (Table 5.12). The prevalence of ARI among children in Maharashtra is 12.0 percent. Eighty-five percent of the children who had suffered from ARI or fever had sought advice/treatment and mostly (81.2 percent) at a private health facility (Table 5.12).

The prevalence of ARI among children varies from 3.8 percent in district Sangli to 21.2 percent in district Buldana. The treatment for ARI or fever ranges between 70.3 percent in district Nandurbar to 98.3 percent in district of Mumbai (Suburban). In all the districts except Nandurbar, Dhule, Amravati, Gadchiroli and Nashik the percentage of children who sought advice/treatment for ARI or fever more than 80 percent (Table 5.13).

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FAMILY PLANNING AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE To achieve population stabilization and to encourage healthy married life, NRHM promotes contraceptive use on voluntary basis through a comprehensive package of improved accessibility and incentive programme. There is near universal awareness of female sterilization for limiting and the awareness is more than male sterilization method. More than 80 percent ever married and currently married women are aware of Pills, followed by around 74 percent about IUD and around 65 percent for Condom as the method for spacing of children in Maharashtra (Table 6.1). Female condom is least known among currently women with just 12.4 percent being aware of this contraceptive method. Emergency contraceptive pills, injectables, withdrawal and rhythm methods were known to respectively 30.3, 36.4, 16 and 31 percent of currently married women. Awareness about any method is less among the rural women compared to their urban counterpart. Similar pattern of knowledge and in awareness of different contraceptives are also observed in all the districts of Maharashtra (Table 6.3).

Among currently married women aged 15-49 years, the most popular method that they had ever used is female sterilization (53.1 percent) followed by condom or Nirodh (11.1 percent), Pill (8.4 percent) and IUD (6 percent). Rhythm and withdrawal are also ever used by 5.7 and 2.3 percent currently married couples. About 77 percent of women between age 30 and 39 years are sterilized and the female sterilizations are more common among rural women (55.9 percent) and those having three or more living children (80 percent). The urban women (46.5 percent) and women educated for at least 10 years (32.3 percent) are less likely to use female sterilization (Table 6.4).

Among the currently married women, the proportion using any modern method is 63.9 percent, 65.1 percent of currently married women used either modern or traditional methods (Fig.9). Oral pills and IUD are being used by only 1.9 and 1.5 percent of ever-married women. Female sterilization is predominant among the contraceptive methods being used by 53 percent of currently married women aged 15-49 years and popular male oriented spacing or temporary method like condom/nirodh is being used by only 4.4 percent of husbands of currently married women (Table 6.5A).

FIGURE 9 PERCENT CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN USING CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

65 64

53

4 1.9 1.5

Any Method Modern Method Female Condom Pill IUD Sterilization Currently married women who are in the age group 30-49 years, more than 80 percent and women who are having three or more living children and also have one or more living sons are

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more likely to use any contraceptive method than women in the younger age groups (7.5 percent in the age group 15-24 years), women who do not have any child (3.9 percent) or have only one girl child (24.8 percent). Female sterilization, regardless of family size, is more common among currently married women who have one or more living son compared to those with no living son. Women in the urban areas, with more than 10 years of education and belonging to richest households are less likely to use female sterilization and they are more likely to use temporary methods- IUD, Pill and Condom/nirodh (Table 6.5 A).

Among the currently married women using IUD as a spacing method, the proportion continuing IUD for less than two, two - three and more than four years are 49.3, 31.2, and 19.4 percent respectively. Oral pill users continuing for more than six months constitute 65.1 percent of the total users and 71.7 percent of condom users are continuing with the same method for longer than 6 months (Table 6.5B). Less than half (42.4 percent) of women between 20-24 years, 35 percent of women aged 25-29 years and 12 percent of women aged 30-34 years have been found to have undergone female sterilization at the time of survey. Mean age of women at the time of sterilization is 25.1 years in Maharashtra (Table 6.6).

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate for Any Method

The contraceptive prevalence rate for any FIGURE 10 method had increased by two percentage of PROGRESS IN CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE points from around 61 to 63 percent in RATE DLHS-1 to DLHS-2 and then to 65 percent in 65 DLHS-3 (Fig.10).

The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) for 63 any method is below 60 percent in eight districts of Maharashtra and it is the lowest in district Jalna (55.6 percent), CPR for any method ranges from 60-78.6 percent in all 61 other districts (Table 6.7), depicted spatially in Map 4. The prevalence of female sterilization is more than 60 percent in districts of Wardha, Osmanabad, Solapur, Satara, Kolhapur and Sangli. In district DLHS-1 DLHS-2 DLHS-3 Gadchiroli female sterilization is lowest (32.6 percent) followed by district Mumbai (37.2 percent). The use of condom is least (1.5 percent) in district Gadchiroli and highest in districts Mumbai (Suburban) (9.6 percent) followed by Mumbai (9.3 percent).

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MAP 4 CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATE FOR ANY METHOD BY DISTRICTS

The contrast in the source of terminal and temporary methods of contraceptives is found in the state, 84.7 percent of sterilizations have been done in a government health facility whereas only 22.4 percent have availed of government health facility services for spacing methods (Table 6.8). The high and low utilization of government health facility for limiting and spacing methods is true for all the districts of Maharashtra. More than two-thirds (70.1 percent) of sterilized women and wives of men who had undergone sterilization got monetary compensation for sterilization and as much as 96.3 percent of them at the time of discharge. In Mumbai, the lowest proportion of 47.8 percent and highest (80.9 percent) in Yavatmal received cash benefits for sterilization (Table 6.9).

By method, 15.7, 42.2 and 33.4 percent of sterilized women, users of IUD and Pills were informed about the side-effects before the adoption and only 14.5, 13.8 and 10.4 percent of women using the aforesaid methods have experienced some side-effects or health problems. The main health problems/side-effects faced by women who have undergone sterilization were body/back ache (65.1 percent), weakness/inability to work (47 percent), abdominal pain (36.8 percent), dizziness (25.8 percent) and nausea/vomiting (14.6 percent). For women using IUD, the main problems were abdominal pain (40.6 percent), body/back ache (37.8 percent), excessive bleeding (35.9 percent), weakness/inability to work (33.4 percent) and dizziness (18.3 percent).

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The proportion of Pill users with health problems/side-effects are nausea/vomiting (42.9 percent), weakness/inability to work (40.8 percent), dizziness (36.6 percent), body/back ache (31.2 percent), followed by abdominal pain (16.2 percent), irregular periods (15 percent), and weight gain (8.3 percent). Those women (78.2 percent) received treatment for side-effect of sterilization, only 39.6 percent obtained from a government facility (Table 6.10).

Among the currently married women who have discontinued contraception the main reason cited is related to fertility (72.2 percent), while 11.9 percent mentioned side effects and 15.9 percent cited other reasons. For the younger women aged 15-29 years the reasons for discontinuation of contraception are mostly fertility related and it is also true for women with no living children or only one child (Table 6.11). Around 19 percent of currently married women aged 15-49 years not using any contraceptive intends to adopt limiting method and three percent intend to use spacing method in future. Among the women who intended to adopt in future, 32.4 percent want to use it within 12 months and 23.1 percent want to use it later, 44.5 percent women are still undecided about the timing to start using any family planning method in Maharashtra (Table 6.12).

Unmet Need for Contraception

The total unmet need for contraception either for FIGURE 11 spacing or limiting is 13.6 percent. Currently married CHANGE IN UNMET NEED FOR fecund women who want more children after two or CONTRACEPTION more years are considered to have unmet need of 14 contraception for spacing. In Maharashtra, 5.9 and

7.7 percent of currently married women have unmet 13 need for spacing and limiting methods of family planning respectively. Unmet need for spacing is 4.9 percent for women who have at least one living child and 21 percent of women aged 15-19 years have unmet need for spacing (Table 6.15). The Unmet need for contraception during DLHS-2 to DLHS-3 is continuing almost the same level of 13-14 percent as DLHS-2 DLHS-3 shown in the Fig. 11.

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate and Unmet Need by Districts Unmet need is 20.9 percent in district Mumbai (Suburban) followed by district Ratnagiri (20.6 percent), the highest amongst the districts and the lowest (6.2 percent) is in district of Wardha. Among currently married women the unmet need for spacing was lowest (3.8 percent) in Nagpur and highest (9 percent) was in district Jalna (Table 6.16). District-wise contraceptive prevalence rate and unmet need for spacing and limiting are depicted in Fig.12.

On the other hand, currently married fecund women who do not want any more children are categorized as having unmet need for limiting method of family planning. The unmet need for limiting is highest (15.5 percent) in district Mumbai (Suburban) and lowest (2.5 percent) in district Wardha (Table 6.16). It can be noted that unmet need for contraception is low for districts with higher contraceptive prevalence rates.

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FIGURE 12 CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATE AND UNMET NEED BY DISTRICTS

Wardha 3 4 79 Solapur 6 4 73 Amravati 5 5 73 Pune 7 5 72 Satara 6 5 71 Kolhapur 6 5 71 Sangli 4 6 70 Nagpur 8 4 70 Bhandara 5 6 70 Nashik 7 5 70 Dhule 4 5 70 Ahmadnagar 7 6 69 Akola 7 4 69 Jalgaon 7 4 69 Yavatmal 6 7 68 Chandrapur 4 7 68 Washim 7 6 67 Osmanabad 7 6 67 Gondiya 5 6 66 MAHARASHTRA 8 6 65 Latur 7 8 65 Buldana 7 7 65 Raigarh 8 7 63 Hingoli 6 7 63 Bid 8 5 62 Mumbai (Suburban) 16 5 61 Ratnagiri 13 7 60 Nanded 9 6 60 Thane 12 5 60 Gadchiroli 8 6 59 Aurangabad 11 7 59 Nandurbar 10 6 59 Mumbai 15 5 59 Sindhudurg 12 6 58 Parbhani 9 9 58 Jalna 10 9 56

30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Unmet Need for Limiting Unmet Need for Spacing Contraceptive prevalence rate for any method

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND AWARENESS OF RTIs/STIs AND HIV/AIDS RTIs/STIs An integrated agenda of NRHM is to promote awareness and knowledge on RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS and to make health facilities accessible for testing and treatment to ensure healthy sexual life, free from fatal infection. One of the responsibilities of health personnel is to provide correct knowledge of reproductive tract infections (RTIs)/sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS and to promote testing and treatment seeking behaviour.

22

Among ever-married women aged 15-49 years, FIGURE 13 25 percent have experienced one or the other HEARD ABOUT RTIs/STIs BY menstruation related problems, mainly painful BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS periods (67.5 percent), irregular periods (27.9 Age group percent), scanty bleeding (23.2 percent), blood 15-19 21 clots/excessive bleeding (10.4 percent) prolonged 20-24 27 bleeding (7.1 percent) and frequent or short 25-29 30 periods (4.3 percent) are the problems reported by 30-34 29 women. More women who face these problems 35-39 28 40-44 25 are from older age groups, consummation of 45-49 26 marriage before 18 years, non-literate or less educated women, less educated husband and it is Marital duration invariant with the types of residence. It is also 0-4 28 found invariant across wealth quintiles of the 5-9 31 household except in the richest wealth quintile 10-14 30 where it is found to be comparatively low (22.9 15+ 25 percent) (Table 7.1). Residence In Maharashtra, 27.1 percent of ever married Rural 24 women have heard of RTIs/STIs and it is more Urban 34 often heard among urban women (34.4 percent), Education women with more than 10 years education (46.8 Non-literate 15 percent) and women married to more educated Less than five years 20 husbands (36.8 percent) than women living in 5-9 years 29 rural areas (24.1 percent), non-literate (15 10 or more years 47 percent) and those married to non-literate husbands (15.5 percent) (Table 7.2) and also shown in Fig. 13. Women have heard of RTIs/STIs from multiple sources like relatives/friends (54.8 percent), TV (43 percent), health personnel (23.3 percent), print media (news papers/books/magazines/slogans/pamphlets/posters) (22.7 percent) and radio (11.5 percent) (Table 7.2). Among those who have heard of RTIs/STIs, 73.2, 22.6, 20.3, 15.1, 14.5 and 12.7 percent have reported unsafe sex with persons who have many partners, unsafe sex with sex worker, unsafe sex with homosexuals, unsafe delivery, unsafe abortion, unsafe IUD insertion, respectively as the reasons for transmission of RTIs/STIs (Table 7.3).

Eighteen percent of ever married women aged 15-49 years have reported having symptoms of RTIs/STIs and 8.6 percent have experienced abnormal vaginal discharge. Among the women who had RTIs/STIs symptoms, more than five percent of women have itching or irritation over vulva and pain in lower abdomen not related to period. Proportion of women vary between 0.5- 3.3 percent who reported that boils/ulcers/warts around vulva, swelling in the groin, painful blister like lesions, pain during sexual act, spotting after sexual act as the RTIs/STIs symptoms (Table 7.4). More than three-fifths (66.4 percent) of the women discussed RTIs/STIs related problems with their husbands. Among the women having RTIs/STIs symptoms, 50.6 percent have taken treatments, mainly from private doctors (75 percent) and followed by government health personnel (22.7 percent) (Table 7.5).

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Nandurbar and Solapur are the two extreme districts as far as ever-married women who have heard of RTIs/STIs are concerned (7.5 and 50.7 percent having heard of it). Among the 35 districts of Maharashtra 14 districts have more than 30 percent of ever married women have heard of RTIs/STIs (Table 7.6). Women who have reported having abnormal vaginal discharge as a symptom of RTIs/STIs is lowest in district Gondiya (2.8 percent) and in district Buldana it is highest (17.1 percent). Pune (66.2 percent) and Nandurbar (39.3 percent) are two extreme districts women sought treatment for any RTIs/STIs problem (Table 7.6).

HIV/AIDS Among the ever-married women aged 15-49 years, 70 percent have heard of HIV/AIDS and have heard of it mostly from TV (70.9 percent), relatives/friends (47.3 percent), print media (news papers/ books/magazines/pamphlets/posters) (29 percent), health personnel (24 percent) and radio (20.4 percent). More than nine percent women have heard of it from leaders or in community meetings and from other sources and 6.1 percent from husband. Like in the case of RTIs/STIs, school/adult education program (5.6 percent) is not a major source of knowledge for HIV/AIDS too (Table 7.7).

The main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS reported by women are unsafe sex with persons having many partners (76.3 percent), transfusion of infected blood (40.9 percent), unprotected sex with an HIV/AIDS infected person (32.1 percent), unsafe sex with sex worker (25.8 percent), infected mother to child (22.5 percent) and unsafe sex with homosexuals (5 percent) (Table 7.8) as presented in Fig.14.

FIGURE 14 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS

76

41 32 26 23

5

Unsafe sex with Transfusion of Unprotected sex Unsafe sex with sex Infected mother to Unsafe sex with person having infected blood with HIV/AIDS workers child homosexuals many partners infected person

There is no significant variation in the knowledge regarding the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS as unsafe sex with person having many partners, unsafe sex with sex workers and unsafe sex with homosexuals by the background of women (Table 7.8). But the knowledge about the mode of transmission as unprotected sex with HIV infected person, infected from mother to child and transfusion of infected blood vary by background characteristics like-place of residence, age at consummation of marriage, marital duration, education level and wealth index. Among women who have heard of HIV/AIDS and reported that transmission of HIV/AIDS can be prevented by restricted sex with one partner or avoiding sex with homosexuals (49.2 percent), using condom correctly in each sexual act constitute 37 percent and avoiding getting infected

24

through blood (safe blood transmission or avoiding sex with persons who inject drugs, use of tested blood, use only new/sterilized needles, avoid drip and razors/blades) comprises of 32.8 percent (Table 7.9). In , women have least heard of HIV/AIDS (28.9 percent) whereas majority of women (94.4 percent) in Mumbai have heard of HIV/AIDS. The correct knowledge that HIV/AIDS transmission can be prevented by using condom is least in Solapur (17 percent) and highest in Chandrapur (57.7 percent) (Table 7.13).

The most common misconception about transmission of HIV/AIDS among the ever married women is that one can get HIV/AIDS from mosquito, flea or bug bites as reported by 23.8 percent of them. This misconception is more among older, rural, non-literate and women belonging to lowest wealth index. The proportion of women who have the misconception regarding HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by shaking hand and hugging, sharing clothes, sharing food and stepping on others urine/stool are 9.5, 9.8, 12.7,13.7 and 13.8 percent respectively (Table 7.10). Regardless of background characteristics, about three-fifths (62.1 percent) of ever married women know the place where HIV/AIDS can be tested. More than 70 percent women in district Wardha, Nagpur, Bhandara, Pune and Satara know the place for testing and less than 50 percent of women in district Latur and district Hingoli are aware of the same (Table 7.13). Most women (37.6 percent) reported HIV/AIDS test can be done in a government hospital/dispensary followed by 36.7 percent reporting private hospital/clinic as the place for testing HIV/AIDS (Table 7.11). Just about 17.9 percent of ever-married women have undergone HIV/AIDS test, among them 55.8 percent have done it more than a year ago and rest of them during the last one year period (Table 7.12).

INFERTILITY AND CHILDLESSNESS Eight percent of ever-married women aged 15-49 years in Maharashtra have infertility problem, which clubbed six percent primary infertility and two percent secondary. About three-fourths (75 percent) of ever married women reported to have experienced problems in conceiving for the first time; 8.4 percent had problems in conceiving after still/live birth and 8.9 percent after undergoing induced abortion (Table 7.14). In Maharashtra, 25.1 percent women have menstruation related problems. In district Buldana it is highest (43.2 percent), and in Raigarh it is lowest (10.5 percent). Dhule, Jalgaon, Buldana, Akola, Washim, Amravati, Yavatmal, Aurangabad, and Nashik are the nine districts where more than 30 percent women have menstruation related problems. Eight percent ever-married women have infertility problem including primary and secondary infertility, in Maharashtra (Table 7.17).

Among currently married women aged 20-49 years, who have been married for at least five years, 2.7 percent were childless and among them 2.1 percent had problem in conceiving. Among the ever married women aged 40-49 years, 1.8 percent of them are childless (Table 7.15). Among currently married women aged 20-49 year, childlessness is high among the women whose age at consummation of marriage is 18 years or more (3.4 percent), with five or more years of education (3.0 percent), 10 or more years of education of husband (2.9 percent), among jain (3.9 percent), Scheduled tribes (3.1 percent) and among those who belong to lowest and second quintile of household wealth index and poorer households (2.9 percent for each category) compared to their other counterparts whose age at consummation of marriage is below 18 years (2.1 percent),less than five years of education (2.2 percent), non-literate husbands (2.2 percent),

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belong to Hindu religion (2.6 percent), other backward classes (2.4 percent) and who belong to highest wealth quintiles (2.5 percent) (Table 7.15).

Women who had primary and secondary infertility among them 76.2 percent and 76.4 percent had sought treatment respectively (Table 7.16). More than 90 percent women who have some infertility problem sought treatment in district Sangli (96.8 percent), district Mumbai (92.3 percent) and district Pune (90.3 percent) (Table 7.17).

FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION AMONG UNMARRIED WOMEN The objective of family life education is providing knowledge about the physiological features of women and men as they grow up and make them understand the norms of marriage and reproductive health of women. In DLHS-3, correct knowledge and source of information about RTIs/STIs, HIV/AIDS, family planning, family life education, marriage and reproductive health were collected from unmarried women aged 15-24 years.

In all 7,536 unmarried women were interviewed in Maharashtra, of which 78.1 percent were between aged 15 and 19 years and the remaining (21.9 percent) were between aged 20 and 24 years. In rural areas unmarried women in the later age group is 16.7 percent as against 30.7 percent in urban areas. Less than half (45.8 percent) of the unmarried women in rural areas have 10 or more years of education and it is 66.5 percent among urban unmarried women. Majority of unmarried women aged 15-24 years belong to Hindu religion in rural and urban areas (86.4 and 65.6 percent respectively). In urban areas, little less than two-thirds (64.8 percent) of unmarried women were from the richest quintile of households (Table 8.1).

Around two-thirds (65.3 percent) of women were aware of family life education. Awareness about family life education is below the state average among women aged 15-19 years, those who live in rural areas, have lower level of education; belonging to schedule tribes, Muslim and women from households belong to lowest wealth quintile. There is a significant gap between the level of awareness and perception of importance of family life education among the unmarried women in Maharashtra and the gap can also be observed according to selected background characteristics. The proportion of women were of the opinion that family life education should be given by age 15 to 17 years is 42.6 percent. About half of unmarried women (49.8 percent) felt that it is important to provide family life education at the tenth standard or above (Table 8.2).

Regarding the opinion on ideal persons who should impart family life education, 74.5 percent of unmarried women felt that parents should provide family life education, while 39.6 percent women were of the view that it should be provided by brother/sister/sister-in-law. Highest proportion of (77 percent) unmarried women aged 15-24 years had viewed that it should be provided by teacher/school/college and 32.5 percent were of the view that it should be provided by friend/peers. More than one out of five (21.6 percent) unmarried women mentioned that healthcare provider/sex education experts were ideal persons to impart such education. Only 1.2 percent women were of the view that husband or partner may be an ideal person (Table 8.3).

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About half (51.5 percent) of the unmarried FIGURE 15 women in Maharashtra had received family life KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MINIMUM LEGAL AGE AT MARRIAGE OF BOYS AND GIRLS BY education. The main source of family life BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS education is school/college (86.7 percent), Wealth index 71 followed by other sources (16.6 percent), Lowest 67 87 government programme/camp (6 percent), youth Second 83 93 Middle 90 club (4.4 percent) and NGO programme/camp 96 Fourth 93 (3.9 percent) (Table 8.4). 98 Highest 97

It has been observed that around nine in every 10 Age group 92 unmarried women (between 15-24 years) have 15-19 89 95 the knowledge of minimum legal age at marriage 20-24 93 for boys and girls (89.8 percent among boys and 92.5 percent among girls). Proportion of Residence 91 Rural 88 unmarried women reported ideal age at marriage 95 for boys as less than 21 years is 5.5 percent, Urban 93 while the remaining 94.5 percent reported more Education than 21 years. On the other hand, almost all 38 Non-literatea 32 59 women (98.8 percent) in the age group of 15-24 Less than five years 53 91 years reported that the ideal age of marriage for 5-9 years 87 99 girls is 18 years and above (Table 8.5). 10 or more years 98 Girls Boys

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVES, RTIs/STIs AND HIV/AIDS AMONG UNMARRIED WOMEN In DLHS-3, the status of menstruation and related problems experienced by unmarried women in the three months preceding the survey were also collected. More than one-fourth of unmarried women (29.1 percent) had menstruation related problems during the last three months preceding the survey. Highest proportion (84.8 percent) of unmarried women had painful periods, followed by irregular periods (20.5 percent) and scanty bleeding (11.6 percent). Some (1.5 to 6.4 percent) women had problems like absence of menstruation, frequent or short menstrual periods, prolonged bleeding and blood clots/excessive bleeding (Table 8.6).

The practices followed during menstruation are important from the consideration of RTI and personal hygiene. Currently menstruating women were asked about the practices followed during the menstrual period. About three-fourths (76.7 percent) of the currently menstruating unmarried women used clothes, 24.1 percent use sanitary napkins and 5.5 percent used locally prepared napkins (Table 8.7).

Education on contraceptive means and methods is an integral component of family life education, besides the knowledge acquired from the mass media. It is imperative to assess the knowledge of contraceptive means and methods among the unmarried women. About 59.4 percent of unmarried women aged 15–24 years had the knowledge of male sterilization and 84.6 percent had knowledge of female sterilization. As regards spacing methods, 70.9 percent had knowledge of pills, 59.6 percent had knowledge of condom/nirodh and 39.1 percent had knowledge of IUD. More than one-fourth (28 percent) of unmarried women had knowledge of

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emergency contraception and about one-third (31.1 percent) have knowledge about injectables (Table 8.8). Information was sought from the unmarried women about the places from where one can get pill and condom. Less than half (42.8 percent) women were of the opinion that pill and condom can be obtained from government health facilities and another 57.6 percent said it can be obtained from private sources too (Table 8.9).

The unmarried women were further asked about their involvement in discussion on family planning. It is found that 19.3 percent women had ever discussed about family planning with someone. Around 17 percent had discussed family planning with parents, 28.3 percent had discussed with brother/sister/sister-in-law, 78 percent with friends/peers, and 16.9 percent discussions with teacher or in school and college (Table 8.10).

More than one-fourth (28.4 percent) of unmarried women had heard of RTIs/STIs, majority (51.6 percent) of unmarried women knew about RTIs/STIs from television, 37.9 percent from relatives/friends, 35.4 percent from adult education programme/school teacher, 33.1 percent from print media (newspaper/books/magazines), 18.1 percent from health personnel and 13 percent heard about it from radio. The other sources of information are cinema, partner, and religious/political leader/community meetings/exhibition/mela. Large socio-economic differentials can be observed in the percentages of women heard of RTIs/STIs (Table 8.11).

More than two-thirds (79.9 percent) of women mentioned that RTIs/STIs can be transmitted through unsafe sex with persons who have many partners, 22.5 percent were of the opinion that it can be transmitted through unsafe sex with sex workers and 17.6 percent think that it can be transmitted through the unsafe sex with homosexuals. About 15.3, 10.1 and 6.9 percent of unmarried women were of the view that RTIs/STIs can also transmit through unsafe delivery, unsafe abortion and unsafe IUD insertion (Table 8.12).

Around 83 percent of unmarried women had ever heard of HIV/AIDS. Among them 79.7 percent women knew about HIV/AIDS from TV, 40.4 percent from print media, 20.9 percent from radio, 17.1 percent from health personnel and 5.2 percent from cinema. Among them about 67.8 percent said that HIV/AIDS can be transmit through unsafe sex with person who have many partners, 53.9 percent said that through transfusion of blood, 34.3 percent said through unprotected sex with HIV/AIDS infected person, 29.4 percent said that from infected mother to child, 19.6 percent said that unsafe sex with sex workers and 8.8 percent said unsafe sex with homosexuals (Table 8.14).

There are still many misconceptions about transmission of HIV/AIDS. Twenty-five percent unmarried women were of the view that one can get HIV/AIDS by mosquito/flea or bedbugs bites, 13.7 percent were of the view that one can get HIV/AIDS by kissing. About 10-11 percent thinks that stepping on urine/stools of someone who has AIDS, sharing cloths, sharing food and 8.8 percent by hugging a HIV/AIDS infected person were the mode of transmission (Table 8.15). These women were further asked about how to avoid or reduce the chances of getting HIV/AIDS. Less than half (44.8 percent) of unmarried women feel they could avoid by limiting the number of sexual partners and avoiding sex with sex workers and 42 percent feel that it can be avoided by abstaining sex with person who inject drugs, 34 percent feel use of condom correctly during each sexual act may reduce chances of infecting HIV/AIDS. 18.4 percent said

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avoid pregnancy when infected with HIV/AIDS and 12.2 percent women feel that abstaining from sex also may reduce the chances of infection of HIV/AIDS (Table 8.16).

In Maharashtra, two-thirds of unmarried women were aware of the place where HIV/AIDS could be tested. They knew that it can be done at the government/private hospitals (75.6 and 39 percent in government and private hospital respectively), CHC/PHC/Sub-Centre (31.5 percent) and government VCTC/ICTC clinics (2 percent) (Table 8.17). About 64 percent of unmarried women knew that it is possible to know the sex of the baby through a medical test before the baby is born, 34.9 percent also knew that pregnancy cannot occur after kissing or hugging. 20.3 percent were of the opinion that a woman was most likely to get pregnant if she had sexual intercourse half way between her menstrual periods (Table 8.18).

HEALTH FACILITIES - AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY Health Facility Survey was conducted as a companion survey of the household survey in DLHS-3. It includes Sub-Centres, Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHC) which are catering to the RCH services of sampled villages. The basic objective of facility survey is to collect data on health personnel, availability of drugs/medicines, equipments, basic RCH care amenities, communication means and infrastructure at the level of Sub-Centres, PHC and CHC, in order to assess the adequacy of RCH services in rural areas. The average sampled rural population served per Sub-Centres, PHC and CHC in Maharashtra is 20,182, 45,267 and 1,23,096 respectively (Table 9.1). In all 1,211 villages were surveyed in DLHS-3 and the RCH services of these sampled villages were catered by 1,058 Sub-Centres, 830 PHCs and 293 CHCs.

Less than 40 percent (around 37.5 percent) of sampled villages have Sub-Centres within the villages, while the corresponding proportion is 19 and 57.9 percent in district Hingoli and district Sangli respectively. More than 90 percent (93 percent) of sampled Sub-Centres have an ANM/Female Health Worker (FHW) in position and 71.5 percent of sampled Sub-Centres have an ANM/FHW residing in government quarter. Out of sampled Sub-Centres in district Ratnagiri which have 100.0 percent ANMs in position, only 14.3 percent of the ANMs residing in Sub- Centre quarter (Table 9.2). The proportion of ANMs residing in Sub-Centre quarter is highest in . Out of the 741 sampled Sub-Centres in public building only 59 (8 percent) Sub- Centres have regular electricity. In 435 (58.7 percent) of the Sub-Centres located in government buildings have labour rooms and out of this only 324 (74.7 percent) of the labour rooms are currently in use. There is toilet facility in 581 (78.4 percent) of the sampled Sub-Centres located in public buildings and about four-fifths (80 percent) of Sub-Centres housed in government buildings have provision for water facility (Table 9.3).

In order to assess the adequacy of the equipments in the sampled Sub-Centres, the Sub-Centres having 60 percent of essential equipments for RCH services are categorized as adequately equipped Sub-Centres, otherwise treated inadequately equipped. A similar categorization of Sub- Centres having adequate stock of essential drugs for RCH services is also followed. It is being noted that 980 (92.6 percent) of the sampled Sub-Centres in Maharastra are adequately equipped and in district Nagpur, Gondiya, Chandrapur, Jalna, Thane and Ratnagiri all Sub-Centres were adequately equipped by essential equipments. On the other hand, 911 (86.8 percent) of the sampled Sub-Centres have adequate stock/supply of essential drugs for RCH services (Table

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9.4). Citizen’s charter is displayed in 40.9 percent of the sampled Sub-Centres. The proportion of sampled Sub-Centres facilitated by Village Health & Sanitation Committee (VHSC) and those that received untied funds is 95 percent and 84.3 percent respectively (Table 9.5).

There are 754 (90.8 percent) PHCs where Medical Officers (MO) are serving. In Ratnagiri all the PHCs have medical officers in position. There is no Lady Medical Officer (LMO) in the sampled PHC of district Washim. There are LMOs in position in 256 (30.8 percent) of the 830 sampled PHCs, only in 144 (17.4 percent) AYUSH doctors in position and in 738 (88.9 percent) of the sampled PHCs, Pharmacists are in position (Table 9.6), at the time of the survey.

Little more than four-fifths (81.3 percent) of the 830 sampled PHCs have residential quarters available for MOs. Among the 830 sampled PHCs 648 (78.1 percent) PHCs were functioning 24 hours. About 90 percent of the sampled PHCs catering to the sampled villages have at least four beds and such facilities are available in all the districts. Hundred and thirteen sampled PHCs have regular power supply and only 716 (86.3 percent) have functional vehicles in place (Table 9.7).

Newborn care equipments are available in 350 (42.2 percent) of the sampled PHCs, 676 (81.5 percent) have functional OTs and 344 (53.1 percent) provide referral services for delivery. Around 86 percent of the PHCs in Maharashtra have at least 60 percent of essential drugs and more than four-fifths of the PHCs (88.8 percent) have cold storage systems. All the districts in Maharashtra have conducted at least 10 deliveries in the last one month and in the state 303 PHCs (46.8 percent) among 830 PHCs have conducted at least 10 deliveries in the last one month (Table 9.8). Citizen’s charter displayed, Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKS) constituted and Untied funds have been available in 540 (65.1 percent), 819 (98.7 percent) and 774 (93.3 percent) of the sampled 830 PHCs respectively. Untied funds have been utilized by 759 of the 830 sampled PHCs. In district Amravati and Chandrapur in all the PHCs Citizen’s Charter displayed and eight districts out of 35 districts in Maharashtra- Gondiya, Chandrapur, Parbhani, Thane, Pune, Sindhudurg, Kolhapur and Sangli have received hundred percent of Untied fund also utilized it (Table 9.9).

The distribution of 293 CHCs among the districts in Maharashtra is uneven with Pune having 21 of them and just 3 in Hingoli (Table 9.10). Among 293 CHCs only 118 CHCs (40.3 percent) have gynaecologists in position. The proportion of CHCs which have a Pediatrician, Anesthetist and Health Manager are 23.9, 27 and 4.8 percent respectively (Table 9.10). In districts of Nandurbar, Buldana, Nagpur, Bhandara, Gondiya, Yavatmal, Hingoli, Parbhani, Jalna, Aurangabad, Thane, Raigarh, Pune, Bid, Satara, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Sangli CHCs which provide RCH services to the sampled villages have no blood storage facility (Table 9.11). For the state as a whole, only 20(11.6 percent) of 293 CHCs have blood storage facility. All the surveyed CHCs in Buldana and Bhandara are designated as FRUs and overall 58.7 percent of the surveyed CHCs are designated as FRUs. Out of the 293 surveyed CHCs, 248 (84.6 percent), 144 (83.7 percent) and 171 (58.4 percent) have functional OTs, newborn care facilities and low birth weight (LBW) management facilities. In Maharashtra 293 surveyed CHCs, in 96.9 percent of CHCs, RKS have been constituted and 94.9 percent of the constituted RKS are monitored regularly (Table 9.12).

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RESPONSE RATES AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

TABLE 1.1 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, EVER-MARRIED WOMEN & UNMARRIED WOMEN INTERVIEWED Number of households, ever-married women and unmarried women interviewed by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of households interviewed Number of ever-married women interviewed Number of unmarried women interviewed Response Response Response State Total Rural Urban rate Total Rural Urban rate Total Rural Urban rate

Maharashtra 37,716 26,370 11,346 94.8 34,920 24,581 10,339 87.1 7,536 4,730 2,806 80.6

Nandurbar 1,270 1,070 200 94.1 1,169 987 182 83.0 284 224 60 76.8 Dhule 1,037 774 263 94.3 1,057 803 254 86.1 195 135 60 83.7 Jalgaon 1,025 754 271 93.2 982 728 254 86.7 195 115 80 84.1 Buldana 1,047 817 230 95.0 963 735 228 88.6 177 123 54 81.9

Akola 1,050 654 396 95.5 977 599 378 87.9 250 143 107 82.5 Washim 1,047 866 181 95.2 1,051 868 183 85.9 159 112 47 66.0 Amravati 1,050 705 345 95.5 888 597 291 88.1 231 147 84 80.2 Wardha 1,087 806 281 98.8 934 684 250 92.1 223 168 55 84.2

Nagpur 1,075 389 686 97.7 920 344 576 90.8 282 101 181 85.2 Bhandara 1,052 882 170 95.6 915 760 155 87.8 265 216 49 86.6 Gondiya 1,050 928 122 95.5 977 857 120 89.1 277 240 37 80.8 Gadchiroli 1,546 1,458 88 93.7 1,364 1,282 82 83.2 374 354 20 80.4

Chandrapur 1,057 723 334 96.1 849 573 276 93.2 230 124 106 91.6 Yavatmal 1,305 1,073 232 96.7 1,179 959 220 87.1 204 136 68 82.3 Nanded 1,073 818 255 79.5 1,101 842 259 84.0 220 117 103 85.9 Hingoli 1,064 896 168 96.7 1,130 956 174 86.6 147 115 32 79.5

Parbhani 1,063 726 337 96.6 1,075 738 337 84.3 156 84 72 73.9 Jalna 1,059 851 208 96.3 1,078 872 206 88.1 155 106 49 82.0 Aurangabad 1,048 651 397 95.3 1,079 656 423 82.6 174 85 89 78.7 Nashik 1,014 644 370 92.2 985 622 363 84.6 196 107 89 75.1

Thane 1,063 298 765 96.6 962 306 656 90.4 224 70 154 85.8 Mumbai (Suburban) 1,069 0 1,069 97.2 876 0 876 89.3 265 0 265 80.8 Mumbai 1,076 0 1,076 97.8 880 0 880 91.7 249 0 249 86.5 Raigarh 1,033 800 233 93.9 833 638 195 89.4 214 155 59 80.5

Pune 1,018 432 586 92.6 949 439 510 86.0 203 69 134 76.3 Ahmadnagar 1,021 818 203 92.8 990 781 209 84.1 158 120 38 72.2 Bid 1,043 859 184 94.8 1,014 830 184 84.9 164 122 42 77.0 Latur 1,081 821 260 98.3 1,179 885 294 87.2 225 137 88 85.9

Osmanabad 1,036 868 168 94.2 1,003 837 166 90.4 193 148 45 85.4 Solapur 1,035 706 329 94.1 989 673 316 87.4 200 115 85 81.0 Satara 1,061 912 149 96.5 996 851 145 90.5 208 168 40 79.7 Ratnagiri 994 877 117 90.4 742 647 95 85.3 201 169 32 77.0

Sindhudurg 1,043 940 103 94.8 771 703 68 84.2 244 219 25 71.8 Kolhapur 1,062 744 318 96.6 1,023 729 294 86.8 200 148 52 83.0 Sangli 1,062 810 252 96.6 1,041 801 240 88.5 194 138 56 75.8

Note: Table based on unweighted cases.

33

TABLE 1.2 BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Basic demographic indicator of Maharashtra and its districts Census 2001, India Percentage Percentage literate 7+ Population Percentage decadal Sex India/state (in thousands) urban growth rate2 ratio3 Male Female Total

Maharashtra 96,878 42.4 22.7 922 86.0 67.0 76.9

Nandurbar 1,309 15.4 23.2 975 66.3 45.6 56.1 Dhule 1,709 26.1 16.0 945 81.9 61.8 72.1 Jalgaon 3,680 28.6 15.4 932 86.5 65.0 76.1 Buldana 2,226 21.2 18.0 946 87.2 64.6 76.1

Akola 1,629 38.5 20.5 938 89.2 73.8 81.8 Washim 1,020 17.5 18.3 939 86.0 61.3 74.0 Amravati 2,606 34.5 18.4 940 89.3 76.2 83.0 Wardha 1,231 26.3 15.3 936 87.7 72.8 80.5

Nagpur 4,051 64.3 23.3 933 90.3 77.7 84.2 Bhandara 1,136 15.5 11.2 982 89.1 68.1 78.7 Gondiya 1,200 11.9 10.5 1,005 89.5 67.9 78.7 Gadchiroli 970 6.9 23.3 976 69.7 50.6 60.3

Chandrapur 2,078 32.1 17.3 961 83.2 62.6 73.1 Yavatmal 2,460 18.6 18.5 942 84.5 63.0 74.1 Nanded 2,868 24.0 23.1 943 81.1 55.1 68.5 Hingoli 987 15.6 19.8 953 81.1 52.0 66.9

Parbhani 1,491 31.8 15.3 957 80.6 53.0 67.0 Jalna 1,612 19.1 18.2 952 79.2 49.3 64.5 Aurangabad 2,921 37.5 31.9 919 85.1 61.3 73.6 Nashik 4,988 38.8 29.5 924 85.2 64.2 75.1

Thane 8,129 72.6 54.9 857 86.1 75.0 81.0 Mumbai (Suburban) 8,588 100.0 27.2 826 92.7 80.4 87.1 Mumbai 3,327 100.0 4.8 774 90.0 82.7 86.8 Raigarh 2,206 24.2 20.9 975 86.4 68.1 77.3

Pune 7,224 58.1 30.6 917 88.6 72.3 80.8 Ahmadnagar 4,088 19.9 21.2 941 86.2 64.9 75.8 Bid 2,160 17.9 18.5 927 80.7 55.4 68.5 Latur 2,078 23.6 24.0 934 83.6 60.3 72.3

Osmanabad 1,472 15.7 15.4 930 82.0 57.6 70.2 Solapur 3,855 31.8 19.3 937 82.3 60.1 71.5 Satara 2,797 14.2 14.1 995 88.5 68.7 78.5 Ratnagiri 1,696 11.3 9.9 1,135 86.3 66.0 75.4

Sindhudurg 862 9.5 3.6 1,077 90.2 71.7 80.5 Kolhapur 3,515 29.8 17.6 949 87.7 66.4 77.2 Sangli 2,582 24.5 16.9 957 86.3 66.9 76.7

Source: Primary Census Abstract, Series 20, Census of India, 2001. 1 1991-2001 2 Female per 1,000 males.

34

BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS

TABLE 2.1 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX Percent distribution of the household population by age, residence and sex, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Total Rural Urban Age Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

<1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1-4 6.8 7.1 6.6 7.1 7.3 6.9 6.3 6.6 6.1 5-9 9.6 9.9 9.3 9.9 10.1 9.6 9.0 9.3 8.7 10-14 10.5 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.2 10.0 10.4 15-19 10.7 11.1 10.3 10.8 11.2 10.5 10.4 10.8 10.0 20-24 9.7 9.4 10.0 9.3 9.0 9.7 10.5 10.4 10.7 25-29 8.2 7.8 8.5 7.9 7.5 8.2 8.9 8.6 9.2 30-34 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.6 7.6 7.7 35-39 7.0 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.8 7.6 7.5 7.8 40-44 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.1 6.1 6.5 5.7 45-49 4.5 5.1 3.9 4.4 5.0 3.8 4.8 5.3 4.3 50-54 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 55-59 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 60-64 3.6 3.2 4.0 3.8 3.3 4.2 3.1 2.8 3.5 65-69 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.7 2.5 2.9 70-74 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.9 75-79 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 80+ 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0

Below 15 28.7 29.3 28.3 29.6 30.0 29.1 27.1 27.5 26.8

Number of Persons** 1,94,454 98,490 95,964 1,36,571 68,803 67,768 57,883 29,687 28,196

Sex ratio1 974 na na 985 na na 950 na na Note 1: Table is based on the de facto population, i.e. persons who stayed in the household the night before the interview (including both usual residents and visitors). na = Not applicable. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Females per 1000 males.

37

TABLE 2.2 MARITAL STATUS OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION Percent distribution of the household population (age10 years and above) by marital status, age and sex, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Marital status Married, Widowed/ Total Never Currently gauna not divorced/ Number of Age married married performed separated percent persons** Total

10-14 99.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 100.0 20,415 15-19 86.4 13.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 20,794 20-24 47.9 50.9 0.1 1.1 100.0 18,870 25-29 17.6 80.1 0.1 2.3 100.0 15,894 30-44 2.5 92.7 0.0 4.7 100.0 37,887 45-59 0.6 88.9 0.1 10.4 100.0 23,498 60+ 0.5 66.5 0.1 32.9 100.0 21,547 Total 32.3 60.1 0.1 7.5 100.0 1,58,905

Male

10-14 99.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 100.0 10,253 15-19 98.3 1.5 0.2 0.0 100.0 10,893 20-24 75.3 24.4 0.1 0.2 100.0 9,286 25-29 30.2 69.0 0.1 0.8 100.0 7,730 30-44 3.8 94.8 0.0 1.4 100.0 19,170 45-59 0.7 96.6 0.0 2.7 100.0 12,065 60+ 0.5 88.1 0.1 11.3 100.0 10,546 Total 38.9 58.7 0.1 2.4 100.0 79,943

Female

10-14 99.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 100.0 10,162 15-19 73.3 26.1 0.1 0.5 100.0 9,901 20-24 21.5 76.6 0.0 1.9 100.0 9,584 25-29 5.7 90.6 0.0 3.7 100.0 8,164 30-44 1.2 90.6 0.1 8.1 100.0 18,717 45-59 0.6 80.9 0.1 18.4 100.0 11,433 60+ 0.6 45.7 0.1 53.6 100.0 11,001 Total 25.6 61.5 0.1 12.7 100.0 78,962

**Unweighted cases

38

TABLE 2.3 AGE AT MARRIAGE Mean age at marriage and percentage of marriages below legally prescribed minimum age at marriage by sex, residence and districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Mean age at Percentage of marriages below Currently married marriage legal age at marriage women aged 20- 24 who were Place of Boys Girls married before residence/district Boys Girls (<21 years) (<18 years) age 18 District Nandurbar 22.3 18.9 36.4 26.6 53.3 Dhule 23.9 18.9 15.7 14.6 51.4 Jalgaon 24.7 19.1 8.4 20.7 42.3 Buldana 23.4 18.8 13.3 17.4 41.3

Akola 25.2 19.8 3.6 7.4 28.3 Washim 23.8 18.8 14.3 23.8 54.9 Amravati 25.6 20.3 8.0 10.1 27.5 Wardha 26.4 21.0 3.6 0.0 17.2

Nagpur 27.2 22.1 3.0 1.2 9.8 Bhandara 26.7 20.1 1.9 1.7 7.1 Gondiya 25.8 20.8 1.9 2.6 14.9 Gadchiroli 24.2 19.7 12.8 9.5 34.5

Chandrapur 25.9 20.4 3.9 2.1 4.8 Yavatmal 25.0 19.4 6.5 10.5 40.9 Nanded 22.6 18.1 21.8 31.5 58.4 Hingoli 22.3 17.6 26.2 39.1 73.7

Parbhani 22.8 18.0 24.1 27.7 68.1 Jalna 22.2 17.9 30.6 31.6 64.2 Auragabad 23.0 18.1 19.0 37.8 65.4 Nashik 24.2 18.9 15.4 22.4 37.8

Thane 24.6 20.0 14.9 18.4 37.0 Mumbai Suburban 25.6 21.7 9.7 8.8 29.4 Mumbai 26.6 22.2 5.0 9.2 30.0 Raigarh 25.5 20.6 4.1 5.8 15.2

Pune 25.2 19.7 8.2 17.3 29.1 Ahmadnagar 23.9 19.0 11.3 14.2 39.2 Bid 22.4 17.9 25.3 34.2 53.0 Latur 23.5 18.1 14.7 31.3 58.1

Osmanabad 23.8 18.1 10.3 28.5 50.0 Solapur 24.1 18.8 10.4 20.4 51.7 Satara 25.1 19.9 9.3 7.7 23.7 Ratnagiri 25.5 21.4 4.9 1.9 9.8

Sindhudurg 27.7 23.5 1.4 0.0 11.4 Kolhapur 25.2 19.0 4.6 16.9 24.1 Sangli 24.8 19.2 8.5 15.0 40.5

Rural 24.0 18.9 14.4 20.0 43.4 urban 25.7 20.6 7.2 11.4 31.9

Maharashtra 24.4 19.3 12.4 17.6 40.4 Reference period: January 1st, 2004 to survey date.

39

TABLE 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION Percent distribution of household population age 7 years and above by literacy levels and years of schooling, age, residence and sex, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number Years of schooling among those who are literate Total of Non- Percent persons** Age literate Less than 5 6 - 8 9 - 10 11 or more Missing Total

7-9 10.9 99.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 11,083 10-14 4.8 41.8 50.6 7.4 0.2 0.0 100.0 20,415 15-19 6.7 7.3 20.8 42.8 28.9 0.1 100.0 20,794 20-29 14.0 10.5 19.6 32.1 37.7 0.1 100.0 34,764 30-39 27.6 19.0 20.9 30.2 29.6 0.3 100.0 27,139 40-49 36.0 29.7 22.7 26.9 20.3 0.4 100.0 19,488 50+ 55.2 41.6 22.3 20.9 14.3 1.0 100.0 36,305 Total 25.3 28.9 23.9 25.2 21.7 0.3 100.0 1,69,988

Male

7-9 10.3 99.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 5,729 10-14 4.2 44.1 49.9 5.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 10,253 15-19 4.7 7.0 20.7 43.1 29.1 0.1 100.0 10,893 20-29 7.3 9.0 16.0 31.6 43.3 0.1 100.0 17,016 30-39 15.4 15.5 15.8 32.1 36.4 0.2 100.0 13,491 40-49 23.7 26.7 19.1 29.0 24.9 0.4 100.0 10,653 50+ 35.7 38.8 20.3 23.3 16.7 0.9 100.0 17,637 Total 16.0 27.7 21.2 26.0 24.9 0.3 100.0 85,672

Female

7-9 11.6 99.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 5,354 10-14 5.4 39.4 51.4 8.9 0.2 0.0 100.0 10,162 15-19 8.8 7.7 21.0 42.5 28.7 0.1 100.0 9,901 20-29 20.3 12.3 23.5 32.6 31.4 0.2 100.0 17,748 30-39 39.7 23.9 27.9 27.6 20.3 0.3 100.0 13,648 40-49 50.8 35.4 29.5 22.8 11.7 0.5 100.0 8,835 50+ 73.5 48.0 26.7 15.4 8.8 1.1 100.0 18,668 Total 34.7 30.5 27.4 24.2 17.6 0.3 100.0 84,316

Note: **Unweighted cases. Contd….

40

TABLE 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION Percent distribution of household population age 7 years and above by literacy levels and years of schooling, age, residence and sex, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number Years of schooling among those who are literate Total of Non- Percent persons** Age literate Less than 5 6 - 8 9 - 10 11 or more Missing Rural

7-9 12.9 99.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 7,990 10-14 5.8 43.6 49.8 6.4 0.2 0.0 100.0 14,543 15-19 8.0 7.9 22.0 44.2 25.8 0.1 100.0 14,789 20-29 17.3 12.0 21.7 33.5 32.6 0.2 100.0 23,512 30-39 34.4 22.8 22.8 30.6 23.5 0.4 100.0 18,272 40-49 44.0 36.7 25.4 24.0 13.3 0.5 100.0 13,164 50+ 62.5 50.2 23.5 16.9 8.3 1.2 100.0 26,520 Total 30.1 32.2 25.3 24.7 17.5 0.3 100.0 1,18,790

Male

7-9 12.1 99.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 4,104 10-14 4.8 45.7 49.0 5.1 0.1 0.0 100.0 7,305 15-19 5.4 7.2 20.9 44.7 27.1 0.1 100.0 7,695 20-29 8.7 9.8 17.0 32.7 40.3 0.1 100.0 11,368 30-39 19.4 18.4 17.1 33.3 30.8 0.3 100.0 9,005 40-49 29.8 32.7 21.6 27.6 17.6 0.5 100.0 7,154 50+ 42.2 47.1 22.2 19.5 10.1 1.1 100.0 12,909 Total 19.5 30.9 22.3 25.6 20.9 0.3 100.0 59,540

Female

7-9 13.7 99.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 3,886 10-14 6.7 41.4 50.5 7.8 0.2 0.0 100.0 7,238 15-19 10.9 8.6 23.3 43.7 24.4 0.1 100.0 7,094 20-29 25.3 14.5 27.0 34.5 23.9 0.2 100.0 12,144 30-39 48.9 29.5 31.4 26.4 12.2 0.5 100.0 9,267 40-49 61.0 45.3 33.5 16.4 4.2 0.6 100.0 6,010 50+ 81.8 59.4 27.3 9.0 2.8 1.5 100.0 13,611 Total 40.8 34.0 29.4 23.6 12.7 0.3 100.0 59,250

Note: **Unweighted cases. Contd ….

41

TABLE 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION Percent distribution of household population age 7 years and above by literacy levels and years of schooling, age, residence and sex, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number Years of schooling among those who are literate Total of Non- Percent persons** Age literate Less than 5 6 - 8 9 - 10 11 or more Missing Urban

7-9 5.9 99.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 3,093 10-14 2.3 37.4 52.7 9.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 5,872 15-19 3.3 5.9 18.1 39.6 36.2 0.1 100.0 6,005 20-29 7.0 7.8 15.7 29.3 47.1 0.1 100.0 11,252 30-39 13.7 13.1 17.9 29.6 39.3 0.1 100.0 8,867 40-49 19.2 19.6 18.9 31.0 30.4 0.2 100.0 6,324 50+ 35.3 28.2 20.3 27.2 23.7 0.6 100.0 9,785 Total 14.0 22.7 21.3 26.1 29.7 0.2 100.0 51,198

Male

7-9 5.7 99.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 1,625 10-14 2.7 40.1 51.8 7.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 2,948 15-19 2.9 6.4 20.2 39.4 33.9 0.1 100.0 3,198 20-29 4.5 7.4 14.0 29.4 49.1 0.1 100.0 5,648 30-39 7.3 10.4 13.3 30.1 46.1 0.1 100.0 4,486 40-49 11.4 16.9 14.9 31.4 36.7 0.1 100.0 3,499 50+ 18.1 22.8 16.7 30.6 29.4 0.5 100.0 4,728 Total 8.0 21.3 18.9 26.8 32.8 0.2 100.0 26,132

Female

7-9 6.0 99.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 1,468 10-14 2.0 34.8 53.6 11.4 0.3 0.0 100.0 2,924 15-19 3.8 5.4 15.8 39.8 38.9 0.1 100.0 2,807 20-29 9.5 8.3 17.5 29.2 44.9 0.1 100.0 5,604 30-39 20.3 16.3 23.3 29.1 31.2 0.1 100.0 4,381 40-49 29.0 23.9 25.0 30.3 20.6 0.3 100.0 2,825 50+ 51.3 36.6 26.1 21.8 14.7 0.7 100.0 5,057 Total 20.3 24.5 24.1 25.2 26.0 0.2 100.0 25,066

Note: Years of schooling is applicable to those who are literate. ** Unweighted cases.

42

TABLE 2.5 CURRENTLY ATTENDING SCHOOL Percentage of household population (age less than 18 years) attending school/college , Maharashtra, 2007-08 Total Male Female

Age (years) Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

6-10 99.0 99.5 99.2 99.1 99.6 99.2 99.0 99.4 99.1 11-13 93.6 96.4 94.4 95.1 96.3 95.5 92.1 96.5 93.4 14-17 74.6 79.4 76.0 78.5 80.5 79.1 70.4 78.2 72.7

6-11 98.7 99.3 98.9 98.8 99.4 99.0 98.5 99.3 98.7 12-17 80.8 85.0 82.1 83.8 85.6 84.3 77.7 84.4 79.7

Total 89.9 92.3 90.6 91.5 92.7 91.8 88.2 91.9 89.3

TABLE 2.6 REASONS FOR DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL Percentage of household population age less than 18 years who dropped out of school by main reasons, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Total Rural Urban

Reason Male Female Male Female Male Female

School too far 1.9 7.1 2.2 8.4 1.1 2.6 Transport not available 0.4 1.3 0.6 1.7 0.0 0.2 Further education not necessary 11.3 10.3 10.6 8.6 13.0 16.1 Required for household work 9.6 13.0 9.7 12.9 9.3 13.2 Required for work on family/business 10.9 6.4 12.1 7.5 7.4 2.7 Required for outside work 14.1 7.8 12.2 7.7 19.3 8.3 Cost too much 2.1 3.9 1.6 3.9 3.3 4.3 No proper school 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.7 0.2 1.2 Not safe to send girls 0.2 2.0 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.1 For taking care of siblings 4.6 3.2 4.8 3.6 3.9 2.1 Not interested in studies 21.3 10.0 21.1 9.1 21.9 13.0 Repeated failures 10.7 8.4 11.4 8.2 8.6 8.9 Got married 0.0 9.9 0.0 10.8 0.0 6.8 Others 12.9 15.0 13.3 14.0 12.0 18.4

Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of persons** 2,015 2,459 1,488 1,917 527 542

Note: **Unweighted cases.

43

TABLE 2.7 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS Percent distribution of the households by selected characteristics of the household head, household size and residence, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Residence

Characteristics Total Rural Urban

Sex Male 89.8 90.3 88.5 Female 10.2 9.7 11.5

Age (years) < 30 7.5 7.6 7.3 30-44 35.4 34.6 37.4 45-59 31.3 30.4 33.1 60+ 25.8 27.4 22.1

Median age 45 46 45

Religion Hindu 82.6 87.7 70.8 Muslim 7.9 3.5 18.3 Christian 0.6 0.4 1.3 Sikh 0.1 0.0 0.3 Buddhist/ Neo-Buddhist 7.7 7.9 7.3 Jain 0.7 0.3 1.6 Others 0.3 0.3 0.3

Caste/tribe Scheduled castes 15.8 15.4 16.8 Scheduled tribes 18.4 23.7 6.2 Other backward classes 28.7 28.5 29.0 Others 37.1 32.4 48.0

Number of usual members 1 3.0 3.2 2.5 2 8.3 8.5 7.8 3 10.7 10.2 11.9 4 20.9 19.7 23.5 5 21.1 21.1 21.1 6 14.6 15.2 13.3 7 8.6 9.1 7.4 8 4.6 4.9 4.1 9+ 8.2 8.1 8.3

Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mean household size 5.2 5.2 5.1

Number of households** 37,716 26,370 11,346

Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’. Note: **Unweighted cases.

44

TABLE 2.8 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSETS Percent distribution of the households by housing characteristics and selected durable goods, by residence, Maharashtra 2007-08 Residence Housing characteristics Total Rural Urban

Electricity Having electricity connection 77.6 69.8 95.8

Source of drinking water Improved source 81.7 74.8 97.7 Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 34.2 19.0 69.3 Public tap/standpipe 18.5 18.3 18.9 Tube Well or borewell or hand pump 24.5 31.6 7.9 Other improved 4.6 5.8 6.1 Non Improved source 18.3 25.2 2.3

Sanitation facility Improved sanitation 46.1 31.1 80.8 Flush to sewer/septic/pit 38.4 23.7 72.6 Pit with slab 4.1 4.8 2.6 Pit ventilated improved 0.9 1.2 0.2 Other 2.6 1.5 5.2 Not improved 53.9 68.9 19.2 Flush not to sewer/septic/pit/twin pit 0.5 0.2 1.0 Pit without slab 0.8 1.1 0.2 Dry toilet 0.1 0.1 0.1 No toilet/open space 52.6 67.5 17.9

Fuel used for cooking Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 26.6 9.5 66.5 Electricity 0.3 0.2 0.4 Kerosene 3.5 1.1 9.1 Wood 62.7 80.6 20.9 Others 7.0 8.6 3.2

Type of house Kachha 30.3 38.2 11.8 Semi - pucca 42.2 44.9 35.9 Pucca 27.5 16.8 52.3

Number of rooms 1 22.4 22.4 22.6 2 37.8 39.1 34.7 3+ 39.7 38.5 42.7

Household assets Fan 60.8 48.9 88.5 Radio/transistor 20.4 18.6 24.7 Sewing machine 14.4 9.9 25.0 Television 49.8 37.8 77.8 Telephone 41.9 30.8 67.8 Bicycle 39.3 38.0 42.2 Motor cycle/ scooter 19.1 14.0 30.9 Car / Jeep 1.7 0.7 4.0 Tractor 1.3 1.6 0.6

Wealth Index Lowest 14.6 20.3 1.5 Second 16.0 21.3 3.4 Middle 21.5 26.5 10.1 Fourth 23.6 22.5 26.1 Highest 24.3 9.4 58.9

Number of households** 37,716 26,370 11,346 Note: **Unweighted cases.

45

TABLE 2.9 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS BY DISTRICT Percentage of household with selected characteristics by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 With With drinking With toilet Using Liquefied Living in Having 1 2 District electricity water facility Petroleum Gas pucca house BPL Card

Nandurbar 63.0 86.1 19.6 14.6 7.3 55.0 Dhule 74.0 93.3 30.8 28.1 23.7 40.3 Jalgaon 83.5 90.4 43.7 37.9 32.9 28.3 Buldana 76.7 83.4 22.1 13.9 16.0 41.9

Akola 76.9 90.8 41.1 31.5 29.2 28.1 Washim 77.4 67.7 26.8 11.9 12.8 39.0 Amravati 74.0 92.8 46.5 22.2 21.7 43.7 Wardha 83.6 76.6 54.9 32.0 30.7 29.6

Nagpur 93.5 86.4 75.1 55.2 50.4 23.9 Bhandara 77.7 77.9 60.4 18.3 28.1 43.2 Gondiya 66.1 77.9 48.2 8.5 20.9 46.2 Gadchiroli 35.3 68.0 12.1 4.3 11.9 53.3

Chandrapur 73.9 79.3 43.5 28.4 25.1 33.3 Yavatmal 70.0 69.4 31.2 16.7 15.4 37.7 Nanded 73.0 85.9 31.1 14.7 16.7 29.8 Hingoli 70.8 80.9 24.8 5.8 13.8 28.6

Parbhani 75.7 90.5 23.4 14.8 22.1 22.6 Jalna 71.2 72.0 43.5 15.1 19.4 31.6 Aurangabad 82.1 78.3 38.3 23.5 20.2 31.5 Nashik 73.4 81.7 55.0 44.2 32.0 32.6

Thane 89.4 87.3 77.9 59.5 49.1 21.5 Mumbai Suburban 99.5 99.9 98.6 81.9 58.3 7.8 Mumbai 98.8 99.6 95.0 76.1 64.4 6.9 Raigarh 90.9 76.1 53.6 36.7 39.1 26.1

Pune 91.6 90.3 76.2 66.1 47.6 10.9 Ahmadnagar 80.1 81.7 52.3 35.7 39.3 25.8 Bid 67.2 69.4 15.5 9.5 14.7 33.7 Latur 80.9 94.2 34.0 15.8 32.7 28.3

Osmanabad 67.1 92.3 22.8 11.9 30.3 35.1 Solapur 75.2 88.7 40.9 29.0 40.6 30.1 Satara 87.3 89.3 64.0 29.3 27.1 25.8 Ratnagiri 91.0 61.6 72.9 18.4 33.9 26.9

Sindhudurg 94.4 40.8 77.2 15.7 30.8 28.6 Kolhapur 94.6 91.5 88.8 40.6 34.1 25.5 Sangli 86.6 92.5 69.4 37.0 33.0 19.5

Maharashtra 77.6 81.7 47.4 26.6 27.5 31.5 Note: 1 Includes piped into dwelling piped to yard/plot, public tap/stand pipe/hand pump,/tube well/ bore well/well covered/spring tanker, cart with small tank and bottled water. 2 Household having access to toilet facility = improved source of sanitation + flush not to sewer/septic/pit/twin pit + pit without slab + dry toilet.

46

TABLE 2.10 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST EDUCATIONAL FACILITY Percent distribution of sampled villages by distance from the nearest educational facility, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Distance from the village Educational facility Within village 0 - 5 km 5-9 km 10+ km Total percent

Primary school 98.0 1.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 Middle school 63.4 22.0 9.4 5.2 100.0 Secondary school 36.0 29.1 20.1 14.7 100.0 Higher secondary school 18.7 16.3 24.4 40.5 100.0 College 10.2 6.8 18.9 64.1 100.0 Madarasa 5.8 6.3 8.5 79.4 100.0

Number of villages 1,211 Note: Distance from the village is calculated for only those villages which do not have the facility within the village. Table is based on unweighted cases.

TABLE 2.11 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY Percent distribution of sampled villages by distance from the nearest health facility, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Distance from the village1 Within Within More than Health facility Within village Within 3 km 5km 10km 10km

Sub-Centre 37.5 61.5 77.7 91.1 8.9 Primary Health Centre 11.4 20.6 33.8 64.9 35.1 Community Health Centre 4.0 7.8 13.3 32.0 68.0 District/Govt. Hospital 1.3 1.8 2.6 5.7 94.3 Government Dispensary 2.7 7.1 11.5 23.2 76.8 Private Clinic 30.2 44.4 56.2 76.3 23.7 Private Hospital 6.9 13.3 21.6 42.6 57.4 AYUSH Health Facility 3.6 7.9 10.3 19.2 80.8

Note: 1 Including facilities within village.

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TABLE 2.12 AVAILABILITY OF FACILITY AND HEALTH PERSONNEL BY DISTRICT Percentage of villages with facilities and health personnel by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage of villages with1 Primary Any Number or government JSY Aware of of middle Sub- health Anganwadi Benificer- Untied villages 1 2 District school Centre PHCs facility Doctor ASHA workers ies VHSC Fund

Nandurbar 97.6 26.2 9.5 42.9 31.0 57.1 97.6 69.0 61.9 23.8 42 Dhule 100.0 48.6 24.3 59.5 32.4 21.6 97.3 78.4 64.9 48.6 37 Jalgaon 100.0 44.4 16.7 50.0 69.4 5.6 91.7 91.7 80.6 63.9 36 Buldana 97.4 25.6 2.6 25.6 30.8 12.8 92.3 59.0 43.6 30.8 39

Akola 96.8 29.0 6.5 29.0 80.6 3.2 93.5 80.6 64.5 48.4 31 Washim 100.0 24.4 2.4 58.5 26.8 17.1 97.6 68.3 56.1 61.0 41 Amravati 93.9 30.3 9.1 30.3 45.5 27.3 93.9 90.9 81.8 63.6 33 Wardha 97.3 35.1 5.4 35.1 37.8 2.7 91.9 94.6 64.9 45.9 37

Nagpur 88.9 33.3 0.0 33.3 27.8 11.1 94.4 100.0 94.4 77.8 18 Bhandara 97.6 26.2 9.5 35.7 38.1 0.0 92.9 71.4 61.9 40.5 42 Gondiya 95.5 50.0 18.2 54.5 45.5 22.7 100.0 72.7 90.9 65.9 44 Gadchiroli 93.6 48.9 14.9 51.1 17.0 4.3 91.5 74.5 40.4 31.9 47

Chandrapur 97.1 38.2 14.7 38.2 38.2 17.6 94.1 76.5 50.0 76.5 34 Yavatmal 97.6 48.8 9.8 48.8 34.1 7.3 100.0 80.5 68.3 53.7 41 Nanded 100.0 31.6 5.3 36.8 36.8 5.3 97.4 89.5 44.7 44.7 38 Hingoli 97.6 19.0 0.0 31.0 45.2 0.0 100.0 92.9 83.3 81.0 42

Parbhani 100.0 44.1 0.0 44.1 17.6 5.9 100.0 82.4 64.7 47.1 34 Jalna 100.0 22.5 10.0 25.0 20.0 12.5 97.5 77.5 75.0 50.0 40 Aurangabad 100.0 35.5 3.2 35.5 38.7 6.5 100.0 51.6 64.5 35.5 31 Nashik 96.8 25.8 12.9 32.3 35.5 38.7 96.8 67.7 74.2 45.2 31

Thane 92.9 50.0 7.1 50.0 14.3 28.6 100.0 92.9 64.3 50.0 14 Mumbai (Suburban) na na na na na na na na na na na Mumbai na na na na na na na na na na na Raigarh 97.4 31.6 18.4 36.8 34.2 5.3 97.4 71.1 60.5 26.3 38

Pune 100.0 57.1 28.6 57.1 47.6 0.0 90.5 71.4 66.7 47.6 21 Ahmadnagar 97.5 52.5 17.5 55.0 40.0 2.5 100.0 92.5 45.0 42.5 40 Bid 100.0 24.4 14.6 34.1 43.9 0.0 97.6 80.5 46.3 31.7 41 Latur 100.0 47.4 13.2 50.0 39.5 0.0 100.0 92.1 76.3 68.4 38

Osmanabad 97.6 33.3 11.9 35.7 26.2 4.8 97.6 81.0 85.7 23.8 42 Solapur 100.0 44.1 20.6 50.0 35.3 2.9 100.0 97.1 94.1 73.5 34 Satara 100.0 37.2 16.3 48.8 41.9 0.0 97.7 83.7 79.1 41.9 43 Ratnagiri 97.7 38.6 4.5 40.9 45.5 6.8 90.9 79.5 86.4 61.4 44

Sindhudurg 97.8 51.1 13.3 51.1 51.1 0.0 97.8 91.1 86.7 55.6 45 Kolhapur 100.0 34.3 17.1 37.1 54.3 0.0 94.3 88.6 97.1 45.7 35 Sangli 100.0 57.9 15.8 57.9 55.3 5.3 100.0 76.3 89.5 65.8 38

Maharashtra 98.0 37.5 11.4 42.6 38.9 9.7 96.5 80.4 69.6 50.0 1,211 ** Facilities as reported by village pradhan/up pradhan/any other panchayat member/teacher/gram sevak/aganwadi worker. 1 Includes Sub-Centre, Primary Health Centre (including Block PHC), Community Health Centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village. 2 This information was collected from Sarpanch/Pradhan, PRI member, Gram Sevak, Village Secretary/officer or any other official at village level. VHSC = Village Health and Sanitation Committee. Note: Table is based on unweighted cases.

48

TABLE 2.13 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GOVERNMENT HEALTH PROGRAMMES Percentage of ever married women (aged 15-49 years) who have heard about Government health programmes, among them, percentage who received information from specific sources, Maharashtra, 2007-08.

Sources of knowledge

Women News Group Number aware about paper Drama/Song Exhibition/ meeting/ Doctor/ANM/AWW/ Friends/ of Health programmes programmes T.V. Radio /books, etc. /Dance, etc. Mela Programmes ASHA Relatives Others women**

Antenatal care 90.4 36.5 9.3 13.2 0.3 0.3 7.9 80.2 53.9 1.7 31,550 Institutional Delivery 79.0 35.3 9.2 12.0 0.2 0.4 8.3 76.3 54.3 1.6 27,577 Breastfeeding 87.0 40.4 10.5 14.1 0.4 0.3 7.2 78.1 53.9 1.9 30,360 Immunization 96.8 50.4 13.3 19.9 0.8 0.6 7.7 87.8 45.6 2.2 33,816 Family Planning 94.5 46.9 11.6 18.1 0.7 0.5 8.3 77.7 52.0 2.2 32,990 Personal hygiene 89.4 38.4 10.5 12.9 0.6 0.4 8.1 61.5 58.0 9.2 31,206 Sanitation/Safe drinking water 93.8 46.2 11.8 13.8 0.6 0.6 8.5 70.7 48.6 6.7 32,759 Prevention of Sex Selection 76.4 50.6 11.3 16.2 0.4 0.5 8.6 65.4 51.4 1.6 26,673 Awareness about Government health programmes Number of (based on response from household questionnaire) Househol DOTS (Tuberculosis) 61.4 58.0 13.4 30.2 1.0 0.6 7.2 46.2 42.0 2.1 23,158 ** Leprosy eradication 59.0 57.5 14.2 37.9 1.2 0.8 8.2 45.9 40.1 3.1 22,252 Malaria/Dengue/Chikun Guinea 88.8 46.6 12.2 24.6 0.9 0.5 7.4 65.0 48.1 4.9 33,475 Prevention of sex selection 69.4 57.7 13.7 28.9 0.8 0.5 6.8 50.6 44.0 2.1 26,179 Note: ** Unweighted cases-who have heard about Government health programmes.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN AND FERTILITY

TABLE 3.1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF EVERMARRIED WOMEN Percent distribution of ever married women aged 15-49 years according to selected background characteristics, and place of residence, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Place of residence Background characteristics Total Rural Urban

Age Group 15-19 7.5 8.9 4.4 20-24 18.2 19.2 15.9 25-29 18.4 18.3 18.7 30-34 17.6 16.8 19.4 35-39 17.2 16.7 18.1 40-44 13.0 12.5 14.2 45-49 8.1 7.6 9.2

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 52.1 58.0 38.1 18 years & above 47.9 42.0 61.9

Marital Duration Less than 5 years 19.3 19.8 18.0 5-9 years 17.7 17.4 18.4 10-14 years 16.1 15.7 17.2 15 or more years 47.0 47.2 46.4

Woman’s education Non-literatea 31.5 37.7 16.9 Less than 5 years 12.5 13.7 9.5 5-9 years 35.1 34.2 37.3 10 or more years 20.9 14.4 36.3

Husband’s education Non-literatea 17.2 20.7 8.9 Less than 5 years 13.3 15.1 9.0 5-9 years 33.1 34.0 31.0 10 or more years 35.6 29.4 50.3

Non-literatea † 29.6 35.4 15.4 10 or more years† 22.3 15.7 38.3

Religion Hindu 82.6 88.3 69.0 Muslim 8.8 3.7 20.9 Christian 0.5 0.3 0.9 Sikh 0.1 0.0 0.3 Buddhist /Neo-Buddhist 7.1 7.2 7.1 Jain 0.7 0.3 1.6 Others 0.2 0.2 0.2

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 15.3 14.6 16.9 Scheduled tribes 18.5 23.7 6.1 Other backward classes 27.8 27.6 28.4 Others 38.4 34.1 48.6

Wealth index Lowest 12.1 16.8 1.0 Second 14.6 19.5 2.9 Middle 22.1 27.2 9.8 Fourth 25.9 25.7 26.3 Highest 25.3 10.7 60.0

Number of women (15-49)** 34,920 24,581 10,339 † Number of women (15-44)** 30,151 21,337 8,814 **Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 3.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF EVER MARRIED WOMEN Percent distribution of ever married women aged 15-49 years according to selected background characteristics and years of schooling, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Literate Years of schooling Non- but no 0 -5 6-8 9-10 11 or more Total Number of Background characteristics literate schooling years years years years percent b women**

Age group 15-19 23.5 0.2 8.4 30.0 27.7 9.3 100.0 2,635 20-24 23.4 0.3 6.5 22.1 27.9 19.1 100.0 6,356 25-29 29.6 0.3 7.6 18.4 25.0 18.3 100.0 6,442 30-34 39.2 0.7 9.2 17.5 18.2 14.4 100.0 6,142 35-39 48.1 0.7 10.4 16.6 13.8 9.4 100.0 5,987 40-44 53.2 0.9 12.3 14.8 11.8 5.4 100.0 4,536 45-49 50.7 0.9 14.1 14.6 11.5 6.3 100.0 2,823

Place of residence Rural 44.7 0.5 9.8 18.5 17.5 8.4 100.0 24,581 Urban 21.0 0.6 8.2 19.3 25.4 23.7 100.0 10,339

Husband’s education Non-literatea 79.7 0.9 6.7 7.9 3.2 0.5 100.0 6,010 Less than 5 years 60.3 0.5 13.6 15.0 8.0 1.2 100.0 4,638 5-9 years 33.4 0.6 12.7 25.6 20.8 5.5 100.0 11,552 10 or more years 12.3 0.3 5.9 19.1 31.6 30.4 100.0 12,438

Religion Hindu 38.6 0.5 9.4 18.3 19.8 12.8 100.0 28,849 Muslim 32.2 0.7 8.7 23.8 18.2 10.0 100.0 3,049 Christian 34.3 0.0 7.3 10.4 24.5 22.3 100.0 163 Sikh 13.1 0.0 6.5 32.9 10.1 34.1 100.0 30 Buddhist /Neo-Buddhist 36.2 0.7 10.4 17.6 20.6 14.3 100.0 2,504 Jain 2.4 0.8 4.4 14.6 36.5 40.8 100.0 249 Others 64.8 0.0 5.1 22.3 2.8 3.7 100.0 76

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 40.0 0.9 10.2 18.0 18.8 11.6 100.0 5,342 Scheduled tribes 62.3 0.4 7.2 12.6 12.0 5.1 100.0 6,425 Other backward classes 27.5 0.4 10.0 20.3 25.0 16.0 100.0 9,743 Others 32.1 0.6 9.6 20.9 20.2 15.0 100.0 13,411

Wealth index Lowest 75.2 0.5 7.5 9.7 5.3 1.1 100.0 4,230 Second 60.6 0.6 9.6 15.8 9.8 2.8 100.0 5,111 Middle 44.1 0.7 11.8 20.8 16.6 4.8 100.0 7,716 Fourth 28.2 0.6 10.5 23.4 25.3 10.7 100.0 9,031 Highest 10.3 0.4 6.8 18.1 29.7 33.8 100.0 8,826

Maharashtra 37.6 0.5 9.4 18.7 19.8 12.9 100.0 34,920

Note: Total includes women with missing information on husband’s education, who are not shown separately. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. b Total percent may not add to 100 due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’.

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TABLE 3.3 BIRTH ORDER Percent distribution of births preceding three years of the survey among ever married women aged 15-49 years according to selected background characteristics and birth order, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Birth order Distribution 2 & Number of Background characteristics of births† 1 2 3 4+ above† Total births**

Age group 15-19 9.7 75.3 21.8 2.5 0.4 23.5 100.0 1,205 20-24 46.6 44.5 37.8 13.4 4.2 50.9 100.0 4,698 25-29 30.9 22.1 35.6 24.6 17.6 75.0 100.0 2,561 30-34 9.7 14.2 30.7 19.5 35.6 84.3 100.0 788 35-39 2.5 9.4 25.3 18.6 46.7 88.5 100.0 182 40-44 0.5 9.0 6.9 15.8 68.3 93.1 100.0 44 45-49 na * * * * na 100.0 4

Place of residence Rural 72.7 38.8 34.1 15.6 11.5 60.3 100.0 6,936 Urban 27.3 39.6 34.4 15.9 10.1 59.8 100.0 2,546

Education Non-literatea 22.9 24.3 27.6 22.0 26.1 74.7 100.0 2,076 Less than 5 years 9.0 30.3 33.9 21.3 14.5 69.2 100.0 810 5-9 years 41.9 40.9 36.6 15.1 7.3 57.6 100.0 4,087 10 or more years 26.2 50.9 35.8 9.5 3.8 48.5 100.0 2,509

Religion Hindu 81.2 39.4 34.7 15.6 10.3 59.7 100.0 7,710 Muslim 10.9 32.6 29.8 17.3 20.4 66.7 100.0 1,016 Christian 0.5 40.6 33.9 21.0 4.6 54.8 100.0 44 Sikh 0.1 * * * * 40.0 100.0 7 Buddhist /Neo-Buddhist 6.8 44.2 34.8 14.3 6.7 56.0 100.0 644 Jain 0.4 39.6 47.0 10.5 2.8 56.6 100.0 36 Others 0.2 36.1 31.7 15.8 16.3 68.8 100.0 25

Caste/tribes Scheduled castes 15.1 41.0 33.4 16.0 9.6 59.0 100.0 1,482 Scheduled tribes 21.6 35.3 30.6 16.2 17.9 64.0 100.0 2,060 Other backward classes 25.2 42.3 35.9 14.2 7.6 57.5 100.0 2,379 Others 38.1 38.1 35.5 16.3 10.2 60.2 100.0 3,561

Wealth index Lowest 14.2 29.2 29.9 18.6 22.3 69.3 100.0 1,358 Second 15.5 35.1 32.9 16.7 15.3 64.2 100.0 1,469 Middle 22.6 39.7 34.6 16.5 9.2 59.4 100.0 2,179 Fourth 26.3 41.6 34.3 15.6 8.6 58.5 100.0 2,510 Highest 21.4 44.6 37.6 12.2 5.6 54.0 100.0 1,966

100.0 ------Maharashtra 13,694 39.0 34.2 15.7 11.1 61.1 100.0 9,482 na= Not applicable * Percentage not shown; because of less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate, but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

55

TABLE 3.4 BIRTH ORDER DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRICT Percent distribution of births preceding three years of the survey to ever married women aged 15-49 years by birth order and district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Birth order Number District 1 2 3 4+ of Births**

Nandurbar 32.1 24.8 18.2 24.9 346 Dhule 35.6 35.0 15.5 13.9 325 Jalgaon 37.5 27.1 19.0 16.4 285 Buldana 45.1 32.3 12.9 9.7 276

Akola 38.8 34.1 19.7 7.4 243 Washim 38.0 38.8 12.8 10.4 337 Amravati 44.9 29.8 15.5 9.8 244 Wardha 42.5 43.8 8.6 5.2 209

Nagpur 45.6 37.1 14.4 2.9 171 Bhandara 45.5 39.0 11.2 4.3 238 Gondiya 44.1 33.3 14.9 7.7 233 Gadchiroli 38.2 28.1 14.9 18.8 451

Chandrapur 45.3 43.6 6.6 4.5 220 Yavatmal 39.5 35.9 13.8 10.8 344 Nanded 34.6 31.5 17.0 16.9 301 Hingoli 29.7 33.9 19.7 16.8 351

Parbhani 33.5 32.1 17.6 16.8 337 Jalna 34.4 37.0 17.2 11.4 353 Aurangabad 34.8 30.2 19.8 15.1 336 Nashik 38.7 34.9 19.2 7.2 295

Thane 38.8 32.9 15.1 13.3 243 Mumbai (Suburban) 42.9 35.9 12.6 8.6 200 Mumbai 43.5 31.8 17.1 7.6 186 Raigarh 39.5 36.7 18.3 5.5 179

Pune 43.3 37.9 11.1 7.7 218 Ahmadnagar 41.0 34.5 18.1 6.4 274 Bid 35.7 31.9 22.3 10.1 338 Latur 39.7 32.3 18.0 10.0 369

Osmanabad 38.8 36.8 14.5 9.8 311 Solapur 34.2 37.7 18.7 9.5 271 Satara 43.6 36.6 13.0 6.8 247 Ratnagiri 37.3 40.1 16.1 6.4 170

Sindhudurg 46.8 37.1 11.7 4.4 147 Kolhapur 43.2 36.4 15.1 5.3 229 Sangli 39.8 40.2 13.0 7.0 205

Maharashtra 39.0 34.2 15.7 11.1 9,482

** Unweighted cases.

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TABLE 3.5 CHILDREN EVER BORN Mean children ever born (MCEB) according to selected background characteristics of ever married women aged 15-49 years and 40-49 years, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Mean children ever born to women age 15-49 Mean children ever born to women age 40-49 years years Mean children ever born to Number Number currently married of of women aged 40- Background characteristics Total Males Females Women** Total Males Females Women** 44 years

Age group 15-19 0.53 0.28 0.25 2,635 na na na na na 20-24 1.43 0.74 0.69 6,356 na na na na na 25-29 2.24 1.17 1.06 6,442 na na na na na 30-34 2.76 1.47 1.30 6,142 na na na na na 35-39 3.16 1.67 1.49 5,987 na na na na na 40-44 3.45 1.78 1.66 4,536 3.45 1.78 1.66 4,535 3.53 45-49 3.54 1.84 1.70 2,823 3.54 1.84 1.70 2,823 na

Residence Rural 2.52 1.32 1.20 24,581 3.60 1.86 1.73 4,937 3.65 Urban 2.36 1.24 1.12 10,339 3.25 1.69 1.56 2,421 3.27

Education a Non-literate 3.22 1.68 1.54 10,997 3.82 1.97 1.85 3,327 3.92 Less than 5 years 2.91 1.52 1.39 4,360 3.64 1.89 1.75 1,307 3.73 5-9 years 2.15 1.13 1.02 12,271 3.25 1.71 1.54 1,842 3.27 10 or more years 1.64 0.87 0.77 7,293 2.43 1.27 1.17 8,82 2.39

Religion Hindu 2.43 1.28 1.15 28,849 3.40 1.77 1.63 6,108 3.45 Muslim 2.90 1.49 1.41 3,049 4.34 2.23 2.11 581 4.38 Christian 2.04 1.07 0.97 163 2.39 1.19 1.20 42 2.46 Sikh 2.13 1.24 0.90 30 * * * 8 2.78 Buddhist /Neo-Buddhist 2.51 1.30 1.21 2504 3.68 1.91 1.77 535 3.79 Jain 1.89 0.97 0.92 249 2.62 1.27 1.35 71 2.49 Others 3.01 1.48 1.53 76 (4.23) (2.54) (1.69) 13 4.00

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 2.54 1.32 1.22 5,342 3.71 1.92 1.78 1,088 3.82 Scheduled tribes 2.69 1.41 1.28 6,425 3.91 2.05 1.86 1,154 3.95 Other backward classes 2.34 1.23 1.11 9,743 3.28 1.73 1.55 2,246 3.29 Others 2.45 1.28 1.16 13,411 3.38 1.73 1.66 2,870 3.45

Wealth index Lowest 2.91 1.48 1.43 4,230 4.10 2.04 2.06 722 4.24 Second 2.74 1.41 1.33 5,111 3.76 1.86 1.90 988 3.93 Middle 2.54 1.32 1.22 7,716 3.69 1.91 1.77 1,537 3.82 Fourth 2.39 1.27 1.12 9,031 3.52 1.86 1.66 1,856 3.47 Highest 2.16 1.16 1.00 8,826 2.99 1.59 1.40 2,253 2.98

Maharashtra 2.48 1.30 1.18 34,920 3.48 1.81 1.68 7,358 3.53

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 due to ‘don’t know’ and ‘missing cases’. na = Not applicable. * Percentage not shown; because of less than 10 unweighted cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

57

TABLE 3.6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years by desire for additional child, by number of surviving children, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of surviving children

Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4+ Total

Desire for additional/next child Want another soon1 52.8 20.3 3.4 1.2 0.9 10.8 Want another later2 24.7 35.0 4.6 1.6 0.9 10.2 Want another, undecided when 5.0 4.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 1.7 Undecided 6.9 4.2 1.1 0.5 0.4 2.0 Want no more 2.5 24.3 23.7 11.4 14.4 16.7 Sterilized3 0.9 8.0 64.4 83.8 80.6 55.9 Declared infecund 4.9 2.1 1.5 1.1 2.4 2.1 Inconsistent response 2.3 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.6

Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women** 3,786 5,037 10,051 8,041 5,673 32,588

Wanting no more children (15-44) † 2.3 25.8 66.8 70.9 76.3 37.1 Number of women (15-44)** † 3,698 4,544 3,435 1,221 944 13,842

Preferred sex of additional/ next child Boy 15.6 33.2 66.9 83.8 82.4 32.4 Girl 5.0 22.9 10.3 7.5 4.8 13.0 Doesn’t matter 59.3 32.1 14.7 5.2 8.9 40.2 Up to God 20.2 11.8 8.1 3.5 3.9 14.5

Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women4** 3,208 3,094 925 255 125 7,607

** Unweighted cases. 1 Want next birth within 2 years. 2 Want to delay next birth for 2 or more years. 3 Includes both female and male sterilization. 4 Includes women who want another/next child. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years and It excludes sterilised cases.

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TABLE 3.7 OUTCOMES OF PREGNANCY Percent distribution of all pregnancies of currently married women aged 15-49 years by outcomes preceding three years of the survey according to background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Live Still Induced Spontaneous Total Number Background characteristics birth birth abortion abortion percent of pregnancies**

Age group 15-19 88.3 1.7 1.9 8.1 100.0 1,350 20-24 91.4 1.7 2.3 4.6 100.0 5,078 25-29 91.5 0.8 3.5 4.2 100.0 2,766 30-34 90.8 1.6 4.6 2.9 100.0 855 35-39 90.0 1.5 3.5 5.0 100.0 199 40-44 93.7 2.1 0.0 4.2 100.0 47 45-49 * * * * 100.0 4

Sex-composition of living children 1 One son only 90.8 1.6 2.7 4.9 100.0 1,900 One daughter only 90.7 1.0 3.2 5.1 100.0 1,585 One son, one daughter only 94.7 0.6 3.0 1.7 100.0 2,033 Two sons only 95.7 0.6 2.2 1.5 100.0 960 Three sons only 96.2 0.0 3.8 0.0 100.0 128 Three daughters only 95.3 0.8 2.3 1.5 100.0 255 Four and above 97.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 100.0 927

Woman’s Education Non-literatea 94.2 1.7 1.3 2.9 100.0 2,166 Less than 5 years 93.2 1.2 1.5 4.1 100.0 861 5-9 years 90.4 1.5 2.8 5.3 100.0 4,463 10 or more years 88.6 1.2 4.5 5.7 100.0 2,809

Husband’s education Non-literatea 94.1 1.4 0.9 3.6 100.0 1,365 Less than 5 years 92.2 1.6 1.2 5.0 100.0 941 5-9 years 90.3 1.7 2.6 5.3 100.0 3,632 10 or more years 90.1 1.2 3.9 4.7 100.0 4,312

Religion Hindu 90.9 1.4 2.9 4.8 100.0 8,386 Muslim 92.0 1.5 2.4 4.2 100.0 1,092 Christian 91.5 4.3 4.2 0.0 100.0 47 Sikh * * * * 100.0 7 Buddhist /Neo-Buddhist 90.4 1.6 2.1 5.9 100.0 698 Jain 81.1 2.4 7.1 9.4 100.0 43 Others 96.4 0.0 3.6 0.0 100.0 26

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 89.8 1.7 1.9 6.6 100.0 1,617 Scheduled tribes 92.8 1.7 1.6 3.8 100.0 2,188 Other backward classes 89.8 1.5 3.7 5.0 100.0 2,625 Others 91.1 1.2 3.3 4.5 100.0 3,869

Wealth index Lowest 93.6 1.8 0.9 3.6 100.0 1,422 Second 93.0 1.5 1.7 3.8 100.0 1,558 Middle 92.2 1.3 1.8 4.7 100.0 2,335 Fourth 90.1 1.7 2.9 5.3 100.0 2,756 Highest 87.6 1.0 5.7 5.7 100.0 2,228

Maharashtra 90.9 1.4 2.8 4.8 100.0 10,299

* Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 425 cases with no child were excluded.

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TABLE 3.8 OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY BY DISTRICTS Percent distribution of all pregnancies of currently married women aged 15-49 years by outcomes preceding three years of the survey by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number Live Still Induced Spontaneous Total of Districts/State birth birth abortion abortion percent pregnancies**

Nandurbar 92.5 2.9 1.3 3.3 100.0 369 Dhule 92.8 1.1 3.0 3.1 100.0 345 Jalgaon 89.3 2.0 3.5 5.2 100.0 313 Buldana 86.6 2.3 3.5 7.6 100.0 313

Akola 91.2 0.4 3.0 5.4 100.0 260 Washim 90.0 1.3 2.6 6.1 100.0 371 Amravati 90.1 1.6 3.0 5.4 100.0 264 Wardha 88.0 2.3 2.7 7.1 100.0 235

Nagpur 87.5 2.7 4.4 5.5 100.0 193 Bhandara 90.3 1.7 1.7 6.2 100.0 259 Gondiya 92.6 2.6 0.9 3.8 100.0 251 Gadchiroli 91.8 2.1 2.5 3.5 100.0 485

Chandrapur 91.2 0.9 2.1 5.8 100.0 238 Yavatmal 88.5 2.6 3.7 5.2 100.0 389 Nanded 90.3 2.4 1.5 5.8 100.0 328 Hingoli 90.5 1.1 3.0 5.3 100.0 387

Parbhani 91.6 1.7 2.4 4.4 100.0 362 Jalna 91.2 1.5 2.7 4.6 100.0 388 Aurangabad 92.9 1.4 2.3 3.3 100.0 353 Nashik 93.4 0.4 2.4 3.7 100.0 314

Thane 87.9 0.8 6.8 4.5 100.0 275 Mumbai (Suburban) 92.9 0.0 2.9 4.2 100.0 213 Mumbai 92.1 0.8 3.7 3.4 100.0 196 Raigarh 86.9 0.9 4.2 8.0 100.0 207

Pune 84.9 2.3 7.9 4.9 100.0 248 Ahmadnagar 86.5 1.4 4.1 8.0 100.0 308 Bid 92.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 100.0 357 Latur 90.5 1.2 2.6 5.7 100.0 406

Osmanabad 91.3 1.4 2.0 5.3 100.0 337 Solapur 91.0 1.1 4.6 3.3 100.0 283 Satara 92.0 0.1 1.3 6.5 100.0 257 Ratnagiri 99.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 169

Sindhudurg 93.0 0.0 1.8 5.2 100.0 157 Kolhapur 93.1 0.1 2.9 4.0 100.0 242 Sangli 88.9 0.6 1.7 8.8 100.0 227

Maharashtra 90.9 1.4 2.8 4.8 100.0 10,299

** Unweighted cases.

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MATERNAL HEALTH CARE

TABLE 4.1 PLACE OF ANTENATAL CHECK-UP Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who received any antenatal check-up (ANC) during pregnancy by source and place of antenatal check-ups, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Place of antenatal check-upb

Any Government Private Community Number antenatal health health based of Background characteristics check-up1 facility2 facility3 services4 women** Age group 15-19 91.7 38.6 47.8 2.6 1,068 20-24 92.4 44.8 44.8 2.8 4,454 25-29 91.6 43.9 47.0 3.5 3,232 30-34 91.2 43.3 47.7 3.4 1,121 35 + 87.7 47.0 43.1 2.7 381

No. of living children 0 97.3 57.0 42.9 0.0 36 1 95.7 38.9 56.6 2.5 3,336 2 92.9 45.8 45.9 2.7 3,739 3 89.5 45.5 37.7 3.9 1,811 4+ 81.8 48.5 28.3 4.6 1,334

Residence Rural 90.0 43.7 40.2 3.6 7,341 Urban 96.1 44.0 59.8 1.8 2,915

Education Non-literatea 78.1 47.6 24.7 5.1 2,241 Less than five years 90.1 49.4 32.4 2.7 901 5-9 years 95.2 47.7 44.1 2.7 4,238 10 or more years 97.9 34.1 66.0 2.4 2,876

Religion Hindu 91.1 42.6 46.5 3.2 8,345 Muslim 94.9 45.4 54.9 1.5 1,080 Christian 100.0 53.6 36.5 8.2 46 Sikh * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 94.2 55.1 31.9 2.2 704 Jain 100.0 10.3 91.8 2.1 49 Others 80.0 50.6 25.6 19.0 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 93.5 54.4 34.4 2.1 1,555 Scheduled tribes 81.5 49.8 24.7 6.6 2,143 Other backward classes 94.9 44.2 50.5 2.8 2,691 Others 94.5 36.4 57.8 1.9 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 77.2 48.3 19.0 7.1 1,384 Second 88.2 51.3 27.6 3.6 1,547 Middle 91.9 47.4 38.3 3.2 2,276 Fourth 95.4 47.8 48.3 2.1 2,698 Highest 98.3 29.5 74.0 1.8 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 91.8 43.8 46.1 3.1 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 91.8 43.8 46.1 3.1 10,247

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Antenatal check-up done outside home or at home. 2 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or rural hospital, urban health centre/ urban health post/ urban family welfare centre, government hospital or dispensary. 3 Includes private hospital/clinic. 4 Includes non-governmental hospital/ trust hospital or clinic, own home , parents home, other home and other. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. b Among those who had received any ANC those who had received any ANC. Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses, ‘do not know’ and ‘missing cases’. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.2 ANTENATAL CARE BY DISTRICT Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who received any antenatal check-up (ANC) during pregnancy by source and place of antenatal check-ups by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Place of antenatal check-upa

1 2 3 Government Private Community Number health health based Any of District facility facility services ANC Women**

Nandurbar 40.9 22.1 4.3 60.6 384 Dhule 43.2 43.7 4.0 76.2 331 Jalgaon 32.0 44.7 1.7 80.3 297 Buldana 38.8 51.1 3.6 93.0 297

Akola 40.3 39.7 1.4 91.6 282 Washim 23.7 54.5 2.1 95.8 344 Amravati 39.7 28.1 7.1 94.8 258 Wardha 46.3 49.5 1.5 99.2 236

Nagpur 55.8 46.8 4.0 98.2 201 Bhandara 67.4 33.4 3.6 97.2 252 Gondiya 74.8 23.5 4.3 94.3 271 Gadchiroli 72.3 8.2 16.5 90.2 473

Chandrapur 52.1 45.3 1.0 91.5 238 Yavatmal 36.6 51.0 3.4 88.0 369 Nanded 35.0 47.9 0.2 97.9 323 Hingoli 27.1 41.1 2.2 93.2 371

Parbhani 35.6 55.7 2.4 85.4 364 Jalna 38.9 48.0 0.7 90.9 362 Aurangabad 43.8 45.5 1.3 88.0 369 Nashik 39.2 47.8 4.0 89.2 296

Thane 51.5 40.3 3.3 95.2 288 Mumbai (Suburban) 39.7 59.4 7.5 98.5 233 Mumbai 58.2 43.5 1.9 98.9 232 Raigarh 47.8 49.5 2.0 95.5 197

Pune 43.9 59.8 2.3 97.7 245 Ahmadnagar 43.1 61.2 2.8 96.6 281 Bid 36.9 50.6 1.7 92.4 338 Latur 36.3 58.4 1.0 93.7 391

Osmanabad 43.1 44.8 0.5 95.5 317 Solapur 35.8 61.3 0.0 96.8 268 Satara 27.4 74.6 1.3 98.8 258 Ratnagiri 57.9 43.1 0.7 96.3 209

Sindhudurg 66.7 37.1 3.2 99.5 186 Kolhapur 39.0 64.4 0.8 97.4 267 Sangli 47.8 55.0 1.4 97.3 228

Maharashtra (15-49) 43.8 46.1 3.1 91.8 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 43.8 46.1 3.1 91.8 10,247

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or rural hospital, urban health centre/ urban health post/ urban family welfare centre, government hospital or dispensary. 2 Includes Private hospital/clinic, 3 Includes non-governmental hospital/ trust hospital or clinic, own home , parents home, other home and other. a Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ and ‘missing cases’. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.3 COMPONENTS OF ANTENATAL CHECK-UP Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who received specific components of antenatal check-up according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Blood Number Weight Height pressure Blood Urine Abdomen Breast Sonography of Background characteristics measured measured checked tested tested examined examined /ultrasound Women**

Age group 15-19 77.8 46.0 68.9 70.3 72.4 68.1 46.6 47.4 1,068 20-24 82.6 50.1 74.4 74.5 75.4 70.9 50.3 49.9 4,454 25-29 82.9 53.7 75.5 76.6 78.6 72.1 53.2 50.8 3,232 30-34 81.0 52.6 74.4 74.2 74.7 72.6 56.0 55.0 1,121 35+ 75.1 46.7 69.3 68.5 69.2 66.3 55.2 45.9 381

No. of living children 0 80.8 53.1 78.0 78.0 80.9 83.6 52.9 69.7 36 1 88.1 55.1 82.0 82.9 84.9 78.4 59.3 63.0 3,336 2 84.4 54.3 76.9 76.9 78.0 73.7 53.4 51.9 3,739 3 76.8 46.5 67.1 68.6 70.0 64.9 45.7 40.9 1,811 4+ 65.3 37.5 55.0 54.5 54.6 52.9 35.6 26.8 1,334

Residence Rural 78.5 48.1 68.4 69.0 70.6 66.3 46.2 42.2 7,341 Urban 90.0 58.2 87.9 88.2 88.8 82.7 65.5 70.9 2,915

Education Non- literatea 60.6 36.7 48.7 50.0 51.3 47.6 30.9 22.6 2,241 Less than five years 77.2 45.0 65.7 68.1 67.6 64.1 43.5 33.9 901 5-9 years 85.5 53.0 78.0 78.3 79.9 75.5 54.3 52.9 4,238 10 or more years 94.2 61.1 90.3 89.9 91.5 84.9 66.6 73.4 2,876

Religion Hindu 80.8 50.6 72.9 73.5 74.8 70.5 51.2 50.0 8,345 Muslim 86.3 48.9 80.8 80.7 81.8 75.4 54.6 56.2 1,080 Christian 87.1 65.6 85.1 93.7 91.5 87.1 69.9 59.0 46 Sikh * * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 85.3 57.5 73.8 74.2 76.9 68.8 49.6 41.4 704 Jain 100.0 65.7 98.1 100.0 100.0 95.6 77.2 98.0 49 Others 55.3 35.8 55.9 56.0 52.3 52.0 32.6 35.9 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled Castes 83.9 55.8 74.8 75.1 77.7 72.2 51.4 45.2 1,555 Scheduled Tribes 67.2 40.9 56.3 58.3 57.9 53.9 34.8 24.0 2,143 Backward Classes 86.8 54.1 79.3 80.2 82.3 76.6 55.0 56.4 2,691 Others 85.5 52.5 79.8 79.2 80.5 76.2 58.8 62.8 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 60.1 37.4 46.1 49.5 48.6 45.3 27.8 16.2 1,384 Second 74.9 42.8 61.6 62.2 63.3 60.5 39.8 29.1 1,547 Middle 79.9 49.6 71.1 71.3 73.7 67.9 46.5 40.5 2,276 Fourth 87.2 54.8 81.2 81.5 83.6 78.1 58.1 60.3 2,698 Highest 94.6 61.3 92.9 92.2 93.1 87.8 71.1 82.5 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 81.8 51.0 74.0 74.5 75.8 71.0 51.6 50.3 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 81.8 51.0 74.0 74.5 75.8 71.1 51.7 50.4 10,247

Note: Percentage may not add to 100.0 due to multiple responses. # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.4 WOMEN RECEIVED ADVICE DURING ANTENATAL CARE Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who received advice on different components, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Number Breast Keep baby Institutional of Background characteristics feeding warm Cleanliness Spacing Limiting Nutrition delivery Women**

Age group 15-19 50.2 39.9 50.0 35.2 30.9 52.7 48.9 1,068 20-24 58.0 48.3 57.8 47.3 46.3 62.1 56.3 4,454 25-29 63.5 55.5 62.4 55.9 55.4 65.9 58.8 3,232 30-34 66.1 56.3 64.1 56.7 59.3 68.0 60.9 1,121 35+ 60.0 51.6 59.5 53.9 58.1 62.5 56.9 381

No. of living children 0 40.3 28.8 54.1 34.3 34.4 60.0 65.8 36 1 62.6 52.6 61.6 47.6 41.8 64.6 59.6 3,336 2 62.9 53.6 62.1 55.0 55.9 66.3 59.6 3,739 3 54.9 47.9 54.7 49.1 51.9 60.3 52.2 1,811 4+ 50.4 40.6 49.7 43.5 47.8 51.9 46.4 1,334

Residence Rural 57.1 47.6 56.5 47.2 47.5 61.0 53.7 7,341 Urban 66.4 58.0 65.6 56.7 53.8 67.7 64.1 2,915

Education Non-literatea 46.0 36.0 43.6 36.2 38.0 47.4 40.3 2,241 Less than 5 years 52.0 45.0 51.6 41.0 42.4 55.1 48.2 901 5-9 years 60.5 51.0 59.8 50.4 49.1 64.1 58.1 4,238 10 or more year 69.8 61.0 70.2 60.8 58.9 73.4 67.7 2,876

Religion Hindu 60.0 50.6 59.4 50.5 49.5 63.5 57.0 8,345 Muslim 58.4 51.3 57.1 47.0 46.1 58.0 54.7 1,080 Christian 73.7 60.7 69.3 52.0 56.4 73.8 69.2 46 Sikh * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 59.0 48.4 58.0 48.0 51.3 62.8 56.7 704 Jain 73.0 73.4 75.3 69.0 64.8 81.4 77.3 49 Others 45.7 35.8 40.9 40.8 45.7 50.0 29.8 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 59.9 50.8 59.6 50.3 51.4 62.5 57.4 1,555 Scheduled Tribes 53.9 42.2 52.6 43.4 43.5 56.6 48.8 2,143 Other backward classes 63.3 53.9 63.8 53.8 51.0 65.9 59.0 2,691 Others 60.3 52.5 59.0 50.5 50.4 64.2 58.9 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 49.0 39.3 46.6 38.4 39.2 47.8 40.5 1,384 Second 51.3 41.8 48.7 40.7 41.6 53.6 46.5 1,547 Middle 55.7 44.8 55.5 45.6 46.2 60.1 52.9 2,276 Fourth 60.9 52.8 62.1 52.6 50.8 65.6 60.3 2,698 Highest 72.6 64.3 71.3 62.1 60.0 75.2 70.1 2351

Maharashtra 59.9 50.7 59.2 50.0 49.4 63.0 56.8 10,256

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

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TABLE 4.5 (A) ANTENATAL CARE: ANC VISITS AND TIME OF FIRST ANC CHECK-UP Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # by the number of antenatal check-up and the stage of pregnancy at the time of first check-up during pregnancy according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Stage of pregnancy at the time of Number of ANC visits the first antenatal check-up Number No First Second Third Of Background characteristics visit 1 2 3+ trimester trimester trimester Women**

Age group 15-19 9.6 5.8 14.8 69.8 58.2 27.8 4.1 1,068 20-24 9.0 4.1 12.8 74.1 62.0 26.1 3.1 4,454 25-29 10.0 3.7 9.7 76.6 62.8 23.6 3.7 3,232 30-34 11.0 2.6 11.6 74.7 62.2 22.5 4.1 1,121 35+ 15.4 3.2 10.2 71.2 54.6 26.5 4.2 381

No. of living children 0 5.4 5.6 5.4 83.6 75.3 13.9 5.4 36 1 5.7 3.2 9.8 81.3 70.0 22.0 2.8 3,336 2 8.6 3.5 11.1 76.8 64.6 24.1 2.9 3,739 3 12.3 5.1 13.6 69.0 54.4 29.0 4.4 1,811 4+ 20.3 5.6 16.5 57.6 41.7 30.5 6.0 1,334

Residence Rural 11.6 4.6 13.3 70.5 57.9 27.1 3.2 7,341 Urban 5.4 2.3 8.0 84.3 70.9 19.9 4.5 2,915

Education Non literatea 24.2 6.2 15.3 54.2 39.8 30.4 4.6 2,241 Less than 5 years 11.4 6.0 14.7 67.9 54.8 28.9 4.1 901 5-9 years 6.2 3.8 12.2 77.8 64.0 26.2 3.8 4,238 10 or more years 3.5 1.7 7.6 87.3 77.2 18.1 2.2 2,876

Religion Hindu 10.4 4.1 11.8 73.7 60.9 25.4 3.2 8,345 Muslim 7.4 3.0 12.7 77.0 67.6 19.6 6.3 1,080 Christian 8.7 2.2 6.5 82.6 58.6 32.6 4.4 46 Sikh * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 6.8 3.7 11.8 77.8 60.0 30.5 3.2 704 Jain 0.0 0.0 2.1 97.9 85.5 12.5 2.0 49 Others 28.6 7.9 15.9 47.6 31.9 27.6 4.0 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 8.0 4.4 11.9 75.7 59.7 29.0 3.9 1,555 Scheduled tribes 20.7 5.0 14.1 60.2 45.3 29.8 3.3 2,143 Other backward classes 6.5 3.2 9.9 80.4 67.7 23.1 3.0 2,691 Others 6.8 3.7 11.8 77.7 67.2 22.3 4.0 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 26.0 6.4 15.3 52.3 38.1 31.0 4.0 1,384 Second 13.5 6.6 15.4 64.5 50.5 32.4 3.4 1,547 Middle 8.9 4.0 14.8 72.3 59.1 28.3 3.6 2,276 Fourth 6.1 3.4 11.1 79.3 66.1 24.2 3.9 2,698 Highest 3.0 1.3 5.3 90.4 80.0 14.7 3.0 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 9.8 3.9 11.8 74.4 61.6 25.1 3.6 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 9.8 4.0 11.8 74.5 61.6 25.1 3.6 10,247

Note: Percentage may not add to 100.0 due to multiple responses, do not know or missing cases. # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.5 (B) ANTENATAL CARE: TT, IFA AND ANC Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # by the number of tetanus toxoid injections and iron folic acid (IFA) tablets/syrup received during pregnancy, and the percentage who received full antenatal check-up (ANC) according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Women who received IFA Women who received TT tablets/syrup

Consumed IFA Number No IFA/ for at least 3 Full of b Background characteristics No TT 1 2+ syrup months ANC Women**

Age group 15-19 12.0 10.3 76.8 14.3 32.2 27.3 1,068 20-24 9.7 12.1 77.4 12.9 35.9 32.5 4,454 25-29 9.8 11.2 78.1 10.4 41.7 36.7 3,232 30-34 11.1 9.8 77.9 11.3 42.6 38.5 1,121 35+ 17.2 9.4 71.3 14.5 40.5 30.9 381

No. of living children 0 5.4 11.1 83.5 22.4 24.8 27.7 36 1 6.0 7.6 85.4 14.1 41.4 38.8 3,336 2 8.9 12.9 77.3 11.4 39.3 34.9 3,739 3 13.0 13.6 72.6 11.1 36.7 30.3 1,811 4+ 22.2 12.9 63.9 10.7 29.9 23.8 1,334

Residence Rural 12.4 12.7 74.0 10.2 36.8 32.6 7,341 Urban 5.4 7.7 85.7 17.0 42.0 37.1 2,915

Education Non literatea 26.5 11.8 60.6 11.6 27.5 22.2 2,241 Less than 5 years 13.1 13.6 72.3 12.4 33.6 25.0 901 5-9 years 6.4 12.2 80.6 12.3 37.0 33.8 4,238 10 or more years 2.9 8.9 87.3 12.3 49.9 45.9 2,876

Religion Hindu 11.2 11.5 11.5 11.5 39.4 35.1 8,345 Muslim 6.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 30.1 26.4 1,080 Christian 2.2 10.9 10.9 10.9 50.5 44.7 46 Sikh * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 7.6 12.8 12.8 12.8 33.9 28.3 704 Jain .0 4.0 4.0 4.0 58.4 60.2 49 Others 36.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 51.5 31.8 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 8.4 12.5 78.6 11.0 36.0 30.2 1,555 Scheduled tribes 22.0 13.0 63.9 9.9 33.7 32.0 2,143 Other backward classes 6.9 10.3 82.0 11.5 40.8 37.2 2,691 Others 7.2 10.6 81.2 14.3 39.9 34.2 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 27.4 14.8 56.6 10.4 27.5 24.1 1,384 Second 15.2 14.9 69.1 10.3 33.5 27.1 1,547 Middle 10.0 12.2 77.2 11.5 35.6 31.0 2,276 Fourth 6.2 10.2 82.6 12.9 37.8 34.4 2,698 Highest 2.6 7.2 89.2 14.2 50.8 46.3 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 10.4 11.3 77.4 12.2 38.3 33.9 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 10.4 11.7 77.9 12.2 38.3 33.9 10,247

Note: Percentage may not add to 100.0 due to multiple responses, do not know or missing cases. # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. b At least three visits for antenatal check-up, at least one TT injection received and 100+ IFA tablets/ syrup consumed. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.6 ANTENATAL CARE INDICATORS AND COMPLICATIONS BY DISTRICT Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08

antenatal check-up three or more at least one 100+ IFA full2 Number in the first trimester antenatal tetanus toxoid tablets/ antenatal Any of District of pregnancy check-up injection syrup1 check-up complications Women**

Nandurbar 29.4 38.3 55.4 71.1 24.3 59.2 384 Dhule 40.6 49.5 71.9 55.0 25.7 75.5 331 Jalgaon 46.6 58.2 79.2 52.0 29.3 71.4 297 Buldana 61.0 66.7 89.1 39.4 27.7 76.8 297

Akola 60.8 69.1 89.6 41.9 31.0 79.0 282 Washim 66.6 68.6 93.5 28.9 23.0 66.3 344 Amravati 70.2 77.9 93.8 45.7 38.3 61.3 258 Wardha 80.4 88.6 99.2 38.2 36.1 52.2 236

Nagpur 74.7 95.5 97.3 47.8 44.9 61.6 201 Bhandara 65.8 84.5 95.7 54.9 47.4 72.9 252 Gondiya 62.4 83.0 92.0 53.3 44.3 58.1 271 Gadchiroli 46.7 72.5 83.2 61.8 43.0 55.3 473

Chandrapur 71.0 83.2 91.2 49.3 38.3 50.2 238 Yavatmal 61.3 71.5 87.2 43.6 28.7 55.1 369 Nanded 59.8 76.2 97.8 32.5 26.2 56.0 323 Hingoli 47.9 69.3 90.8 32.1 21.9 52.6 371

Parbhani 60.9 69.0 83.9 49.8 34.0 54.0 364 Jalna 58.1 69.3 88.3 42.9 28.6 53.9 362 Aurangabad 51.0 57.2 84.2 28.5 14.1 63.7 369 Nashik 62.2 71.6 86.1 56.6 39.3 65.7 296

Thane 67.8 84.7 93.9 49.5 41.5 50.5 288 Mumbai (Suburban) 69.6 89.7 98.1 35.6 33.4 53.7 233 Mumbai 71.1 92.7 97.5 44.2 42.7 48.7 232 Raigarh 63.2 83.8 94.1 37.2 30.8 54.8 197

Pune 75.2 89.0 97.1 55.9 52.7 59.8 245 Ahmadnagar 76.8 83.6 95.9 61.0 55.0 69.6 281 Bid 58.8 61.5 86.9 29.3 16.0 51.9 338 Latur 62.6 76.2 90.0 37.5 27.6 57.5 391

Osmanabad 60.5 71.9 91.7 36.5 27.2 47.4 317 Solapur 72.5 86.6 96.8 36.3 32.4 49.1 268 Satara 65.4 92.6 98.8 57.1 55.5 48.7 258 Ratnagiri 73.8 83.3 95.0 46.3 37.2 47.2 209

Sindhudurg 81.0 92.5 99.5 49.8 47.2 55.9 186 Kolhapur 79.2 82.8 95.6 48.2 37.4 47.6 267 Sangli 71.1 81.6 97.3 55.7 49.7 54.9 228

Maharashtra (15-49) 61.6 74.4 88.7 45.7 33.9 58.2 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 61.6 74.5 89.6 45.7 33.9 58.2 10,247

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1100 or more iron folic acid tablets including syrup. 2 At least three visits for antenatal check-up, at least one TT injection received and 100+ IFA tablets/ syrup consumed. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.7 PLACE OF DELIVERY AND ASSISTANCE Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # according to place of delivery, assistance during home deliveries, and safe deliveries according to background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage of Percentage of Home delivery Percentage Number of Background women who had women who had assisted by of safe women** characteristics institutional delivery delivery at home skilled persons1 delivery2

Age group 15-19 62.3 37.1 6.5 68.8 1,068 20-24 63.6 35.8 5.6 69.2 4,454 25-29 63.5 35.8 6.2 69.7 3,232 30-34 66.4 33.1 3.4 69.8 1,121 35+ 57.7 41.8 7.6 65.3 381

No. of living children 0 88.8 11.2 5.6 94.4 36 1 77.4 22.1 4.8 82.2 3,336 2 64.6 34.8 5.6 70.2 3,739 3 52.5 46.8 6.7 59.2 1,811 4+ 40.4 58.9 6.8 47.2 1,334

Residence Rural 54.1 45.2 6.9 61.0 7,341 Urban 87.2 12.5 2.7 89.9 2,915

Education Non literatea 34.6 64.5 7.0 41.6 2,241 Less than 5 years 49.8 49.4 5.1 54.9 901 5-9 years 66.7 32.6 6.0 72.7 4,238 10 or more years 85.7 14.0 4.6 90.3 2,876

Religion Hindu 61.0 38.3 6.1 67.1 8,345 Muslim 78.6 21.3 3.3 81.9 1,080 Christian 67.3 32.7 2.2 69.5 46 Sikh * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 68.1 31.8 5.0 73.1 704 Jain 97.9 2.1 2.1 100.0 49 Others 44.3 55.7 0.0 44.3 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 67.2 32.3 5.7 72.9 1,555 Scheduled tribes 34.0 65.0 7.0 41.0 2,143 Other backward classes 70.0 29.5 6.4 76.4 2,691 Others 74.0 25.5 4.5 78.5 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 26.3 72.8 7.0 33.3 1,384 Second 44.1 55.1 7.1 51.2 1,547 Middle 58.4 40.9 6.2 64.6 2,276 Fourth 73.7 25.7 6.2 79.9 2,698 Highest 91.5 8.2 3.1 94.6 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 63.5 35.9 5.7 69.2 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 63.6 35.8 5.9 69.5 10,247 # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes Doctor/ANM/Nurse. 2 Either institutional delivery or home delivery assisted by skilled person. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.8 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION USED FOR DELIVERY AND ARRANGEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # who had institutional delivery, according to the transportation used to reach the health facility for delivery and transportation arrangement made according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra,2007-08 Mode of transportation used Govt. to reach the health facility for Mean Delivery cost financial delivery (Rupees) assistance Mean for Ambulance Motor Transport delivery Number Jeep/ cycle/ cost care of Background characteristics car scooter Others1 (Rupees) (JSY)c women** Govt. Private

Age group 15-19 26.1 4.0 70.0 333 1,633 5,126 10.4 675 20-24 23.0 4.5 72.5 257 1,568 5,888 8.9 2,885 25-29 22.2 3.4 74.3 207 1,716 6,373 7.3 2,088 30-34 20.1 5.7 74.2 186 1,977 7,698 3.6 752 35+ 22.1 4.8 73.1 179 2,484 9,171 6.2 224

No. of living children 0 30.4 8.8 60.8 385 4,136 5,789 6.3 33 1 25.4 4.5 70.1 271 2,017 7,144 9.5 2,636 2 22.3 4.5 73.3 224 1,611 5,961 9.8 2,442 3 18.2 3.7 78.1 196 1,275 5,214 6.0 967 4+ 19.3 2.8 78.0 217 1,433 4,745 2.8 546

Residence Rural 27.1 4.0 69.0 304 1,720 5,683 10.1 4,032 Urban 15.9 4.8 79.4 128 1,634 7,094 3.3 2,592

Education Non literatea 18.8 2.0 79.2 282 1,452 4,627 9.3 801 Less than 5 20.6 1.5 77.9 274 1,443 4,747 8.6 456 5-9 years 19.9 4.0 76.1 232 1,660 5,332 8.5 2,883 10 or more years 27.6 5.8 66.6 228 1,958 7,589 6.9 2,484

Religion Hindu 24.7 4.7 70.6 262 1,728 6,504 8.8 5,165 Muslim 13.8 2.5 83.7 130 1,442 5,316 2.9 865 Christian 25.5 0.0 74.5 124 1,689 7,890 2.9 32 Sikh * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 15.8 3.0 81.2 213 1,672 4,962 10.9 495 Jain 38.5 8.1 53.4 112 2,256 8,794 3.7 49 Others (9.4) (0.0) (90.6) (46) (1,648) (6,990) (0.0) 11

Castes/tribes Scheduled Castes 16.4 3.8 79.8 217 1,740 5,222 10.1 1,073 Scheduled Tribes 21.4 4.9 73.6 272 1,624 5,802 16.3 744 Other backward classes 20.1 4.8 75.1 248 1,760 6,528 7.0 1,909 Others 27.0 3.9 69.0 234 1,629 6,467 3.6 2,898

Wealth index Lowest 22.8 2.9 74.3 291 1,478 4,946 14.4 377 Second 23.4 2.7 73.9 368 1,709 4,692 12.1 702 Middle 23.7 2.8 73.5 281 1,522 4,863 8.0 1,350 Fourth 20.1 4.0 76.0 227 1,636 5,644 6.6 2,024 Highest 24.3 6.2 69.5 167 2,073 7,663 3.7 2,171

Maharashtra (15-49) 22.7 4.3 73.0 239 1,690 6,282 8.3 6,624 Maharashtra (15-44)† 22.6 4.3 73.1 239 1,691 6,282 8.3 6,514

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. b Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to don’t know or missing cases. c Percentage women who got JSY assistance. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.9 PLACE OF DELIVERY AND ASSISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS BY DISTRICT Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # according to place of delivery, assistance during home deliveries, and safe deliveries by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage of Percentage of Home delivery Percentage Number women who women who assisted by of of had institutional had delivery at skilled safe District delivery home persons1 delivery2 Women**

Nandurbar 25.4 73.0 8.6 34.0 384 Dhule 50.5 48.0 8.9 59.4 331 Jalgaon 53.1 46.7 12.1 65.2 297 Buldana 66.6 33.1 3.8 70.4 297

Akola 74.3 24.8 4.1 78.4 282 Washim 65.2 34.7 6.8 72.0 344 Amravati 63.6 36.8 2.3 65.9 258 Wardha 81.4 18.6 1.9 83.3 236

Nagpur 82.2 18.1 2.2 84.4 201 Bhandara 56.9 42.8 13.4 70.3 252 Gondiya 53.6 43.3 9.2 62.8 271 Gadchiroli 23.5 76.1 11.1 34.6 473

Chandrapur 54.9 45.5 5.0 59.9 238 Yavatmal 53.4 45.1 6.0 59.4 369 Nanded 55.9 43.4 5.5 61.4 323 Hingoli 41.5 57.7 5.8 47.3 371

Parbhani 64.6 35.4 5.6 70.2 364 Jalna 65.5 33.4 6.0 71.5 362 Aurangabad 65.8 33.3 10.2 76.0 369 Nashik 63.5 35.9 5.3 68.8 296

Thane 71.7 26.1 1.5 73.2 288 Mumbai (Suburban) 93.5 6.4 1.8 95.3 233 Mumbai 92.1 8.3 1.4 93.5 232 Raigarh 69.2 30.5 5.9 75.1 197

Pune 83.2 16.7 4.7 87.9 245 Ahmadnagar 80.1 18.7 7.1 87.2 281 Bid 68.3 30.6 1.4 69.7 338 Latur 63.9 35.8 7.5 71.4 391

Osmanabad 58.9 40.9 10.2 69.1 317 Solapur 67.1 33.3 6.3 73.4 268 Satara 87.4 12.3 3.5 90.9 258 Ratnagiri 73.3 26.5 3.4 76.7 209

Sindhudurg 92.7 6.8 1.3 94.0 186 Kolhapur 89.0 10.1 3.6 92.6 267 Sangli 76.1 24.3 2.8 78.9 228

Maharashtra (15-49) 63.5 35.9 5.7 69.2 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 63.6 35.8 5.9 69.5 10,247 # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes Doctor/ANM/Nurse. 2 Either institutional delivery or home delivery assisted by skilled person. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.10 REASONS FOR NOT GOING TO HEALTH INSTITUTIONS FOR DELIVERY Percent distribution of women (aged 15-49) # according to main reasons for not going to health institution for delivery, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Reason Cost Poor Too far/ No Not Better Family Lack of Number too quality No time Not Custo care at did not know of Background characteristics much service transport to go Necessary mary home allow ledge Other women**

Age group 15-19 9.5 3.2 10.8 38.6 38.7 6.1 14.4 5.2 0.5 10.7 402 20-24 7.3 3.4 13.9 41.6 31.9 5.8 17.4 4.3 1.6 11.7 1,620 25-29 8.7 3.4 12.5 39.6 36.4 4.6 18.4 3.6 1.9 9.4 1,177 30-34 11.1 2.9 13.9 31.3 36.5 6.5 17.3 4.2 2.3 11.1 382 35+ 12.6 5.6 19.9 35.5 47.1 4.4 20.5 1.2 1.2 7.5 161

No. of living children 0 * * * * * * * * * * 4 1 9.0 2.9 15.0 41.0 32.3 5.2 15.5 5.3 1.4 10.8 758 2 6.2 3.9 11.4 43.5 32.7 3.6 18.3 3.4 1.3 11.6 1,323 3 8.7 3.6 12.9 37.3 38.1 6.2 18.9 3.7 1.9 11.5 856 4+ 12.1 3.0 15.9 32.9 38.9 7.9 16.6 4.2 2.2 7.9 801

Residence Rural 8.8 3.3 14.0 37.9 35.8 5.5 17.5 4.0 1.7 10.2 3,371 Urban 6.8 4.6 8.4 52.4 29.8 4.8 17.3 4.3 1.3 14.7 371

Education Non literatea 12.6 3.0 14.8 30.3 40.0 9.9 16.8 3.9 2.2 8.6 1,475 Less than 5 years 8.4 3.5 16.3 39.7 35.9 4.3 17.0 3.6 1.8 11.8 451 5-9 years 5.6 3.3 11.5 46.2 33.2 2.2 18.5 4.5 1.3 12.3 1,405 10 or more years 4.9 5.1 11.6 48.0 24.1 1.7 17.3 3.7 1.0 10.7 411

Religion Hindu 8.3 3.3 13.4 38.2 36.0 5.5 17.9 3.9 1.8 10.2 3,248 Muslim 9.9 5.1 9.7 46.4 24.8 7.6 12.9 6.0 0.9 15.0 234 Christian (20.1) (0.0) (39.9) (26.7) (39.9) (6.7) (20.0) (6.8) (0.0) (0.0) 15 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 10.5 3.9 16.2 51.3 32.1 1.4 17.9 3.0 0.9 12.1 230 Jain * * * * * * * * * * 1 Others (14.6) (0.0) (7.2) (6.9) (63.8) (14.4) (7.2) (7.1) (7.1) (14.4) 14

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 9.1 3.9 13.4 44.5 33.2 1.6 18.2 3.3 1.5 13.9 518 Scheduled tribes 9.6 2.8 15.8 31.1 38.2 9.9 15.6 4.3 2.6 7.6 1,412 Other backward classes 8.6 4.7 11.1 42.8 33.5 2.5 18.0 3.6 1.2 11.2 809 Others 7.0 3.1 11.9 45.5 33.3 3.6 19.5 4.5 0.7 12.6 1,003

Wealth index Lowest 12.5 3.0 16.0 31.0 40.1 9.5 16.4 3.5 2.5 8.5 1,035 Second 10.4 4.0 15.3 36.2 34.7 5.7 17.9 4.5 1.6 11.0 862 Middle 8.1 3.0 12.6 42.4 35.3 3.1 17.8 4.4 1.3 11.2 945 Fourth 3.4 3.8 8.7 47.1 32.3 2.9 17.3 4.0 1.1 12.2 704 Highest 1.5 4.1 12.2 54.7 21.0 3.5 20.9 3.0 1.0 11.6 196

Maharashtra 8.6 3.4 13.4 39.3 35.2 5.5 17.5 4.0 1.7 10.6 3,742

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. b Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘ Multiple responses’, ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’.

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TABLE 4.11 DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who had complication during delivery and type of complications during delivery, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Type of delivery complications Any Number delivery Premature Excessive Prolonged obstructed Breech Convulsion of Background characteristics complication labour bleeding labour labour presentation high BP Other Women**

Age group 15-19 69.7 45.3 23.6 39.5 75.2 9.6 7.2 1.2 1,068 20-24 66.0 46.3 22.9 34.4 72.5 9.4 7.3 1.8 4,454 25-29 64.1 46.3 21.0 32.2 69.5 10.1 8.0 1.7 3,232 30-34 61.4 46.0 21.1 30.2 71.3 11.3 10.4 1.3 1,121 35+ 58.5 42.1 19.5 27.8 63.6 8.4 11.0 2.2 381

No. of living children 0 89.0 60.6 36.3 48.2 72.6 29.6 27.2 8.9 36 1 69.6 46.7 21.0 36.4 71.8 10.5 8.4 1.8 3,336 2 64.4 46.2 21.9 32.2 71.4 9.3 8.1 1.5 3,739 3 61.4 45.7 20.7 30.9 71.6 7.7 6.3 1.3 1,811 4+ 59.3 43.5 27.3 33.1 70.4 11.2 8.0 1.6 1,334

Residence Rural 65.2 46.2 23.2 33.8 72.2 9.3 6.8 1.4 7,341 Urban 64.4 45.6 19.3 33.2 69.5 10.9 10.8 2.3 2,915

Number of ANC visits No visit 55.7 44.0 23.8 29.9 65.7 9.9 5.9 1.8 1,008 1 61.0 43.4 27.8 38.3 78.1 5.4 5.9 0.8 406 2 65.8 42.1 24.7 33.0 70.6 8.4 6.3 1.5 1,212 3+ 66.3 47.0 21.2 33.9 71.9 10.2 8.5 1.7 7,630

Delivery Normal 64.2 46.1 22.7 33.2 72.9 8.3 6.6 1.4 9,141 Caesarean 71.7 45.2 17.8 35.3 59.9 20.5 17.9 3.9 1,052 By Instrument or Assisted 68.3 51.2 17.7 60.2 69.1 24.3 13.1 0.0 63

Place of delivery Government facility 67.5 44.3 23.0 38.0 72.3 10.4 9.9 1.8 3,023 Private facility 68.3 48.3 20.8 34.0 70.3 11.5 10.2 2.1 3,493 Home 59.9 45.2 22.4 29.1 71.9 7.4 3.7 1.0 3,677 Other 57.2 49.9 36.1 41.6 71.9 2.8 8.4 5.5 63

Maharashtra 65.0 46.0 22.1 33.7 71.4 9.8 8.0 1.6 10,256

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘multiple responses’, ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. # Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ** Unweighted cases.

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TABLE 4.12 POST DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who had post delivery complication and type of complications, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Type of post delivery complication Any post Lower Foul smelling Number delivery High abdominal vaginal Excessive of Background characteristics complication fever pain discharge bleeding Other women**

Age group 15-19 41.1 55.5 53.1 17.5 28.9 44.0 1,068 20-24 41.5 46.3 54.4 16.8 27.8 45.3 4,454 25-29 36.2 45.7 54.3 15.6 26.4 42.4 3,232 30-34 34.4 45.5 57.6 15.0 28.9 41.7 1,121 35+ 33.4 47.6 53.9 18.1 31.4 49.0 381

No. of living children 0 63.7 57.0 60.9 30.4 35.2 39.4 36 1 37.5 47.4 48.7 15.4 27.7 47.1 3,336 2 37.5 43.3 53.8 16.5 27.9 44.6 3,739 3 39.6 47.9 61.3 16.9 26.6 42.3 1,811 4+ 42.8 54.3 60.4 17.1 28.3 38.4 1,334

Residence Rural 40.1 48.1 55.9 16.2 27.6 44.3 7,341 Urban 35.1 44.4 50.5 17.0 28.0 43.5 2,915

Delivery Normal 38.5 47.4 54.7 16.5 28.0 44.7 9,141 Caesarean 39.0 43.2 53.8 15.6 24.9 39.7 1,052 By Instrument or Assisted 60.4 62.6 49.5 15.5 30.0 35.4 63

Place of Delivery Government facility 39.4 47.2 53.2 16.3 28.5 41.7 3,023 Private facility 34.5 42.0 49.5 14.8 24.6 46.2 3,493 Home 42.1 50.8 59.4 17.4 29.1 44.1 3,677 Others 42.9 55.1 62.7 33.0 48.7 52.0 63

Who conducted the last delivery Doctor 50.5 52.2 64.7 17.9 34.9 42.9 359 ANM/Nurse/Midwife/LHV 37.7 47.4 54.0 17.3 32.4 36.5 241 Other Health Personal * * * * * * 6 Dai 42.3 50.2 59.6 18.4 30.1 44.5 2,082 Relatives/Friends 40.4 52.2 57.2 15.3 25.1 45.7 903 Others 35.5 56.4 64.7 20.7 25.0 47.9 135 No One (43.0) (50.7) (67.1) (16.8) (32.9) (33.1) 14

Maharashtra 38.7 47.1 54.5 16.4 27.7 44.1 10,256

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases.

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TABLE 4.13 ANY CHECK-UP AFTER DELIVERY Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # whether received any check-up after delivery according to background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Check up within Check up within Number Background characteristics 2 weeks after delivery 48 hours after delivery of Women**

Age group 15-19 77.8 73.4 1,068 20-24 79.4 75.0 4,454 25-29 81.4 77.5 3,232 30-34 79.7 75.8 1,121 35+ 74.3 71.1 381

No. of living children 0 86.1 86.1 36 1 86.1 83.2 3,336 2 81.6 77.1 3,739 3 75.4 70.3 1,811 4+ 64.1 58.9 1,334

Residence Rural 76.0 71.0 7,341 Urban 89.1 86.9 2,915

Education Non literatea 61.8 55.5 2,241 Less than 5 years 70.8 65.0 901 5-9 years 82.0 77.9 4,238 10 or more years 93.0 91.0 2,876

Religion Hindu 79.1 74.6 8,345 Muslim 82.5 80.0 1,080 Christian 82.6 82.5 46 Sikh * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 81.9 78.8 704 Jain 100.0 97.9 49 Others 55.0 52.2 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 80.3 77.1 1,555 Scheduled tribes 64.5 58.2 2,143 Other backward classes 84.0 80.0 2,691 Others 84.9 81.5 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 59.1 50.8 1,384 Second 68.7 63.4 1,547 Middle 77.6 73.4 2,276 Fourth 85.6 82.0 2,698 Highest 94.3 92.7 2,351

Maharashtra (15-49) 79.7 75.5 10,256 Maharashtra (15-44)† 79.7 75.6 10,247

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figure for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 4.14 COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, DELIVERY AND POST DELIVERY PERIOD Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who had extent of pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery complications and sought treatment for the problem according to background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Who had Sought Who had Sought complication treatment for Who had post treatment for Number during pregnancy delivery delivery post- delivery of 1 2 Background characteristics pregnancy complication complication complication complication women**

Age group 15-19 58.9 72.5 69.7 41.1 69.7 1,068 20-24 59.6 76.5 66.0 41.5 70.7 4,454 25-29 57.9 77.7 64.1 36.2 74.8 3,232 30-34 55.4 78.2 61.4 34.3 74.4 1,121 35+ 52.0 75.7 58.5 33.3 62.5 381

No. of living children 0 83.3 80.6 89.0 63.9 78.5 36 1 63.6 79.2 69.6 37.5 72.1 3,336 2 55.4 78.2 64.4 37.6 73.9 3,739 3 55.2 74.2 61.4 39.6 72.6 1,811 4+ 55.9 67.7 59.3 42.9 65.6 1,334

Residence Rural 56.9 73.3 65.2 40.2 69.5 7,341 Urban 61.5 84.3 64.4 35.0 78.9 2,915

Education Non literatea 51.2 59.2 59.0 38.4 60.0 2,241 Less than five years 55.2 69.8 64.6 44.0 65.1 901 5-9 years 58.9 79.7 66.4 40.0 74.9 4,238 10 or more years 63.7 85.2 67.8 35.4 79.8 2,876

Religion Hindu 57.1 75.8 65.0 38.2 71.2 8,345 Muslim 64.4 83.6 66.1 42.8 78.5 1,080 Christian 63.0 75.7 65.2 28.3 46.0 46 Sikh * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 61.6 73.1 64.9 40.1 70.2 704 Jain 57.9 96.4 53.5 22.4 73.1 49 Others 52.7 62.3 44.4 36.0 55.3 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 61.1 75.0 65.8 41.8 73.9 1,555 Scheduled tribes 56.2 63.1 62.5 42.3 57.6 2,143 Other backward classes 60.1 81.0 66.4 38.6 76.6 2,691 Others 56.8 81.5 65.1 35.6 77.0 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 53.6 57.7 60.4 44.6 58.1 1,384 Second 54.9 68.3 63.8 41.1 66.7 1,547 Middle 58.3 74.7 66.5 41.7 71.0 2,276 Fourth 59.2 82.6 66.7 38.4 77.6 2,698 Highest 62.0 86.4 65.0 31.1 81.5 2,351

Maharashtra 58.2 76.6 65.0 38.7 71.9 10,256

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Women who reported at least one complication of pregnancy. 2 Women who reported at least one post delivery complication. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

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TABLE 4.15 COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, DELIVERY AND POST DELIVERY PERIOD BY DISTRICTS Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who had extent of pregnancy, delivery, post delivery complications and treatment seeking behaviour by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage of women1 Who had Sought Sought complication treatment for Who had Who had treatment for Number during pregnancy delivery post delivery post- delivery of District pregnancy complication2 complication complication complication3 women**

Nandurbar 59.2 50.9 61.6 52.2 46.0 384 Dhule 75.5 62.8 64.0 57.1 56.0 331 Jalgaon 71.4 71.2 62.0 51.2 69.0 297 Buldana 76.8 78.4 79.4 69.4 71.0 297

Akola 79.0 72.2 72.7 53.1 70.6 282 Washim 66.3 78.4 78.3 47.9 79.5 344 Amravati 61.3 76.0 75.9 44.9 68.1 258 Wardha 52.2 82.4 72.6 31.1 76.5 236

Nagpur 61.6 85.7 65.0 34.7 74.3 201 Bhandara 72.9 83.9 73.2 49.6 75.0 252 Gondiya 58.1 80.6 67.5 44.4 64.4 271 Gadchiroli 55.3 67.2 62.5 43.9 64.7 473

Chandrapur 50.2 64.8 70.4 16.3 73.8 238 Yavatmal 55.1 80.4 55.1 38.0 75.8 369 Nanded 56.0 76.3 76.8 35.7 75.3 323 Hingoli 52.6 75.7 58.4 38.3 78.5 371

Parbhani 54.0 69.0 74.1 35.3 63.8 364 Jalna 53.9 86.4 74.5 40.9 82.4 362 Aurangabad 63.7 77.2 69.9 48.6 68.8 369 Nashik 65.7 75.4 68.2 49.2 72.0 296

Thane 50.5 77.1 44.8 22.9 77.4 288 Mumbai (Suburban) 53.7 87.2 50.5 15.6 75.8 233 Mumbai 48.7 80.8 50.7 19.8 71.4 232 Raigarh 54.8 72.3 52.6 26.0 58.7 197

Pune 59.8 88.1 78.9 27.5 84.0 245 Ahmadnagar 69.6 78.8 79.6 45.7 68.0 281 Bid 51.9 72.0 57.6 36.7 70.4 338 Latur 57.5 82.6 57.5 37.4 87.7 391

Osmanabad 47.4 82.0 45.5 32.7 77.8 317 Solapur 49.1 88.5 77.2 29.7 75.6 268 Satara 48.7 83.2 51.5 24.6 87.4 258 Ratnagiri 47.2 86.5 44.2 26.5 80.0 209

Sindhudurg 55.9 89.7 72.3 27.0 80.2 186 Kolhapur 47.6 83.2 72.4 26.7 81.3 267 Sangli 54.9 86.6 57.3 31.0 73.1 228

Maharashtra 58.2 76.6 65.0 38.7 71.9 10,256

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Women who had last live/still birth during three years preceding the survey. 2 Women who reported at least one complication of pregnancy. 3 Women who reported at least one post delivery complication.

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TABLE 4.16 KNOWLEDGE OF DANGER SIGN OF NEW BORN Percentage of women (aged 15-49) # who had knowledge of the danger signs of new born, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Blue Difficulty Cold/ Develop yellow Poor Baby Number tongue in hot to staining on palm Abnormal sucking of did not of Background characteristics & lips breathing touch and soles movement breast cry Women**

Age group 15-19 10.8 15.8 16.8 11.4 14.1 22.1 21.5 1,068 20-24 14.2 22.3 23.0 14.5 17.2 27.2 25.5 4,454 25-29 18.4 25.1 25.4 17.3 21.0 30.0 29.1 3,232 30-34 21.3 27.4 27.6 19.3 23.2 30.5 30.6 1,121 35+ 20.7 27.1 23.7 17.9 20.8 30.3 26.6 381

No. of living children 0 25.1 38.9 28.0 16.9 19.5 30.7 24.9 36 1 16.6 24.3 24.9 16.0 19.8 29.2 27.7 3,336 2 18.6 25.9 25.5 17.9 20.7 30.0 28.8 3,739 3 13.8 20.2 22.1 14.1 17.3 26.7 26.0 1,811 4+ 11.5 16.9 17.3 11.1 13.3 21.1 20.4 1,334

Residence Rural 13.7 21.1 21.5 14.0 16.7 25.6 24.5 7,341 Urban 22.4 28.7 28.9 20.0 24.2 34.0 32.7 2,915

Education Non literatea 9.4 13.3 15.3 8.7 10.7 18.9 17.4 2,241 Less than 5 years 11.2 16.9 19.8 12.7 14.0 24.0 22.7 901 9-10 years 15.1 22.8 23.5 15.2 18.6 27.5 26.3 4,238 10 or more years 24.7 33.6 31.5 23.0 27.1 37.1 36.2 2,876

Religion Hindu 15.8 23.0 23.5 15.6 18.9 28.2 26.7 8,345 Muslim 17.5 24.7 24.1 15.8 18.2 27.1 28.4 1,080 Christian 26.0 28.1 32.4 19.4 21.6 32.5 30.3 46 Sikh * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 16.2 22.6 23.4 15.9 18.6 26.3 25.4 704 Jain 34.3 45.2 40.6 34.4 36.5 44.8 44.9 49 Others 8.3 12.4 4.6 4.6 8.6 16.6 4.6 25

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 15.2 22.9 24.3 15.9 18.8 26.9 26.3 1,555 Scheduled tribes 11.7 16.2 18.3 11.2 13.0 21.0 19.5 2,143 Other backward classes 19.1 27.2 26.8 18.5 21.6 30.9 29.2 2,691 Others 17.1 24.5 24.1 16.3 20.3 30.4 29.4 3,867

Wealth index Lowest 8.3 13.1 15.0 7.5 9.8 17.3 17.0 1,384 Second 11.4 15.8 19.5 11.9 14.8 22.4 20.3 1,547 Middle 13.9 21.8 21.8 15.1 17.8 27.2 26.1 2,276 Fourth 16.3 24.2 24.2 15.5 18.6 27.9 26.8 2,698 Highest 26.0 34.3 32.5 24.0 28.2 38.9 37.6 2,351

Maharashtra 16.2 23.2 23.6 15.7 18.9 28.0 26.8 10,256

# Women who had their last live/still birth since 01-01-2004. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

79

CHILD HEALTH CARE AND IMMUNIZATION

82

TABLE 5.1 TIMING AND PLACE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CHECK-UP BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children aged under 3 years received check-up and place of check-up according to selected background characteristics,, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage among those who received check-upb Children received Number Number check-up within of of Background characteristics 24 hours of birth children** Government1 Private2 Home3 Others children4**

Age group 15-19 70.0 1,151 30.5 51.7 17.2 0.6 790 20-24 74.0 4,521 38.9 45.6 14.8 0.7 3,302 25-29 77.9 2,455 37.5 46.6 15.2 0.7 1,884 30-34 77.2 762 33.2 54.1 12.0 0.7 584 35-39 71.5 179 39.0 45.5 13.9 1.6 128 40-44 65.9 41 37.3 47.8 11.1 3.7 27 45-49 * 3 * * * * 1

Residence Rural 69.9 6,651 36.7 42.2 20.1 0.9 4,581 Urban 87.8 2,461 37.7 58.1 4.0 0.2 2,135

Mother’s education Non-literatea 52.9 1,985 36.4 31.6 30.1 1.9 1,043 Less than 5 years 63.6 779 45.6 34.2 17.7 2.5 490 5-9 years 78.5 3,928 41.6 43.3 14.7 0.3 3,039 10 or more years 90.2 2,420 28.9 63.6 7.2 0.2 2,144

Religion Hindu 73.4 7,407 36.4 46.8 16.0 0.8 5,364 Muslim 80.1 984 33.6 58.4 8.0 0.0 780 Christian 80.0 43 41.8 38.9 19.4 0.0 32 Sikh * 7 * * * * 6 Buddhist/Neo- Buddhist 80.6 610 50.8 34.5 14.5 0.2 486 Jain 97.1 36 15.6 81.3 3.1 0.0 34 Others 56.0 25 (50.0) (21.4) (28.6) (0.0) 14

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 77.5 1,408 47.7 39.8 12.3 0.2 1,078 Scheduled Tribes 56.2 1,985 37.7 28.2 32.1 2.0 1,105 Other Backward Classes 80.4 2,284 39.6 47.3 12.5 0.5 1,812 Others 80.6 3,382 30.9 57.9 10.7 0.5 2,681

Wealth index Lowest 50.7 1,286 37.1 20.6 40.1 2.2 647 Second 62.1 1,404 45.6 32.6 20.7 1.1 864 Middle 72.3 2,089 41.2 38.8 19.4 0.6 1,491 Fourth 82.0 2,424 40.3 48.1 11.1 0.4 1,954 Highest 93.9 1,909 25.8 70.3 3.6 0.3 1,760

Maharashtra 74.7 9,112 37.0 47.3 14.9 0.7 6,716

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases 1 Includes government hospital or dispensary, urban health centre/ urban health post/ urban family welfare centre, community health centre or rural hospital, primary health centre, sub-centre, ICDS and Govt. AYUSH hospital /clinic. 2 Includes non-governmental hospital/ trust hospital or clinic, private hospital/clinic and private AYUSH hospital /clinic. 3 Includes Doctor and ANM/Nurse. 4 Children who received check-up within 24 hours of birth. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. b Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’.

83

TABLE 5.2 INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children aged under 3 years whose mother started breastfeeding within one hour of birth, within 24 hours of birth and after 24 hours of birth according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Percentage of women started breastfeeding Number Children received Within one Within 24 After 24 of Background characteristics Colostrum/Kheesb hour of birth hours of birth1 hours of birth children**

Age group 15-19 82.5 46.0 75.2 24.8 1,151 20-24 86.3 53.6 81.1 18.9 4,521 25-29 87.6 54.1 81.1 18.9 2,455 30-34 86.8 52.2 81.8 18.2 762 35-39 83.2 48.2 74.2 25.8 179 40-44 72.7 38.6 74.9 25.1 41 45-49 * * * s 3

Residence Rural 85.2 52.7 79.1 20.9 6,651 Urban 88.4 51.8 83.5 16.5 2,461

Mother’s education Non-literatea 77.7 45.3 72.4 27.6 1,985 Less than 5 years 82.8 50.0 75.3 24.7 779 5-9 years 88.0 54.7 82.1 17.9 3,928 10 or more years 90.9 55.6 85.5 14.5 2,420

Religion Hindu 85.6 53.0 79.6 20.4 7,407 Muslim 87.0 44.1 81.9 18.1 984 Christian 80.1 53.3 79.9 20.1 43 Sikh * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo- Buddhist 91.4 61.3 86.9 13.1 610 Jain 82.9 36.1 73.9 26.1 36 Others 72.1 44.2 48.2 51.8 25

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 89.0 56.9 83.1 16.9 1,408 Scheduled Tribes 80.7 47.6 75.5 24.5 1,985 Other Backward Classes 87.0 56.1 82.1 17.9 2,284 Others 87.5 51.1 80.6 19.4 3,382

Wealth index Lowest 78.1 43.3 72.6 27.4 1,286 Second 82.0 51.4 76.7 23.3 1,404 Middle 87.8 55.2 80.5 19.5 2,089 Fourth 87.5 55.6 83.2 16.8 2,424 Highest 90.8 52.5 84.2 15.8 1,909

Maharashtra (15-49) 86.1 52.5 80.3 19.7 9,112 † Maharashtra (15-44) 86.1 53.1 80.3 19.7 9,000

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes children whose mother started breastfeeding within one hour of birth. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. b Yellowish thick milk secretion during the first few days after child birth. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

84

TABLE 5.3 BREASTFEEDING AND WEANING STATUS BY CHILDREN’S AGE Percentage of children aged under 3 years having exclusive breastfeeding and weaning status, Maharashtra, 2007-08 1 Weaning status Number Semi-solid Exclusive Solid Solid/ Semi- of Age in months breastfeeding Other fluids food food solid food children**

<2 77.5 5.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 396 2-3 57.2 14.7 0.5 0.4 0.9 534 4-5 30.8 33.0 3.9 2.1 6.0 480 6-8 4.6 39.1 25.4 12.2 37.6 831 9-11 0.5 12.7 33.8 44.0 77.8 864 12-17 1.8 3.2 12.3 69.2 81.5 1,539 18-23 3.6 3.2 5.1 59.6 64.7 1,572 24-35 6.3 4.5 4.3 40.4 44.7 2,896

6-9 3.6 33.6 29.2 17.2 46.4 1,129 6-352 34.8 8.6 11.6 47.5 59.1 7,702

6-9 (15-44) † 3.6 33.4 29.4 17.2 46.6 1,115 6-352 (15-44) † 34.7 8.6 11.7 47.5 59.2 7,598

Median duration (months) 4.74 6.55 8.53 12.02 10.27 9,112

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Based on those children who had breastfeeding with other fluids, semi solid food and solid food. 2 Children aged 6-35 months breastfed for at least 6 months. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

85

TABLE 5.4 EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children aged 0-5 months who received exclusive breastfeeding according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Exclusive breastfeeding Number of Background characteristics 0-5 months children**

Age group 15-19 56.9 310 20-24 52.9 705 25-29 54.6 279 30-34 49.2 99 35-39 * 9 40-44 * 7 45-49 * 1

Residence Rural 53.5 1039 Urban 55.1 371

Mother’s education Non-literatea 47.2 270 Less than 5 years 58.5 113 5-9 years 53.2 630 10 or more years 58.2 397

Religion Hindu 55.6 1,158 Muslim 42.7 143 Christian * 6 Sikh * 1 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 51.9 87 Jain * 6 Others * 9

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 49.2 202 Scheduled Tribes 59.5 329 Other Backward Classes 56.5 343 Others 50.7 529

Wealth index Lowest 54.3 188 Second 54.4 216 Middle 52.3 323 Fourth 54.2 373 Highest 54.6 310

Maharashtra (15-49) 53.9 1,410 † Maharashtra (15-44) 54.1 1,402

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. * Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

86

TABLE 5.5 BREASTFEEDING BY DISTRICTS Percentage of children aged under 3 years whose mother started breastfeeding within one hour of birth, within 24 hours of birth, and after 24 hours of birth by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Percentage started breastfeeding

Children Within one Within 24 After 24 Number received hour hours of hours of of a 1 Districts Colostrum/Khees of birth birth birth children**

Nandurbar 77.1 37.7 75.1 24.9 333 Dhule 72.8 42.2 64.8 35.2 317 Jalgaon 79.5 44.3 67.5 32.5 283 Buldana 80.4 48.8 77.9 22.1 262

Akola 93.8 60.2 85.2 14.8 237 Washim 91.8 50.6 82.6 17.4 327 Amravati 89.9 62.4 83.9 16.1 235 Wardha 94.3 68.4 93.0 7.0 201

Nagpur 87.8 60.8 83.8 16.2 165 Bhandara 87.3 61.8 83.4 16.6 224 Gondiya 85.0 56.7 82.1 17.9 220 Gadchiroli 80.0 49.7 84.2 15.8 423

Chandrapur 89.5 63.1 92.6 7.4 197 Yavatmal 90.5 58.3 83.1 16.9 325 Nanded 84.1 45.3 74.3 25.7 295 Hingoli 85.6 46.4 77.2 22.8 338

Parbhani 90.7 62.3 87.5 12.5 323 Jalna 83.3 52.6 80.6 19.4 335 Aurangabad 82.4 40.0 74.6 25.4 321 Nashik 84.4 54.4 80.5 19.5 280

Thane 89.7 57.4 86.1 13.9 235 Mumbai (Suburban) 84.0 49.6 81.0 19.0 195 Mumbai 94.5 50.6 88.3 11.7 184 Raigarh 83.2 53.9 74.4 25.6 174

Pune 93.7 58.1 84.1 15.9 216 Ahmadnagar 92.2 48.8 83.1 16.9 263 Bid 78.9 49.5 77.4 22.6 325 Latur 88.8 46.0 76.6 23.4 356

Osmanabad 87.4 65.4 87.3 12.7 296 Solapur 82.8 43.1 69.8 30.2 264 Satara 89.3 55.9 81.4 18.6 240 Ratnagiri 80.7 45.4 69.2 30.8 167

Sindhudurg 98.3 74.0 92.2 7.8 141 Kolhapur 89.4 50.8 80.0 20.0 220 Sangli 87.5 50.5 72.3 27.7 195

Maharashtra (15-49) 86.1 52.5 80.3 19.7 9,112 † Maharashtra (15-44) 86.1 53.1 80.3 19.7 9,000

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes children whose mother started breastfeeding within one hour of birth. a Yellowish thick milk secretion during the first few days after child birth. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

87

TABLE 5.6 VACCINATION OF CHILDREN BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children aged 12-23 months who received specific vaccination according to selected background characteristics Maharashtra, 2007-08 DPT Polio Number Full No Vaccination of Background characteristics BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles vaccination1 vaccination card seen children**

Residence Rural 95.4 93.0 89.0 77.8 18.5 97.9 95.9 85.3 84.3 67.6 1.2 45.0 2,308 Urban 96.5 94.4 91.0 81.5 11.2 98.2 96.2 89.0 85.1 72.6 0.7 50.4 839

Sex of the child Male 95.9 94.1 90.2 79.8 16.3 98.3 96.0 86.1 85.1 69.9 0.9 47.2 1,647 Female 95.4 92.7 88.8 77.7 16.8 97.7 96.0 86.4 83.8 68.0 1.2 45.6 1,500

Birth order 1 96.3 94.7 91.0 82.8 13.6 98.2 96.5 88.8 87.1 73.6 0.8 50.7 1,193 2 96.8 94.6 90.6 78.9 16.2 98.8 96.5 87.0 84.6 69.3 0.4 46.5 1,075 3 95.9 92.4 88.7 77.8 20.6 98.0 95.5 85.7 83.0 67.2 1.0 44.8 489 4+ 89.0 85.9 81.0 64.9 22.4 94.8 93.0 75.5 75.7 52.6 3.9 33.0 326

Mother’s education Non-literatea 89.5 84.9 77.9 63.0 27.1 95.3 90.8 72.4 72.1 48.9 3.2 32.2 686 Less than 5 years 91.8 90.3 86.3 75.1 20.5 97.3 95.2 82.9 79.9 63.6 1.1 41.2 269 5-9 years 97.6 95.7 92.2 82.1 15.1 99.0 97.6 90.4 86.6 73.2 0.5 48.8 1,355 10 or more years 98.8 97.6 95.9 87.5 8.9 98.8 98.0 92.0 92.6 80.4 0.1 56.0 837

Religion Hindu 95.9 93.4 89.6 79.0 16.9 97.9 95.8 86.0 84.9 69.4 1.2 46.4 2,569 Muslim 94.1 91.7 88.4 76.9 13.8 97.4 94.7 85.7 75.6 63.9 0.9 49.3 334 Christian (100.0) (100.0) (88.2) (47.1) (29.4) (100.0) (100.0) (94.1) (100.0) (47.1) (0.0) (35.3) 17 Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 95.1 95.5 91.1 82.3 15.2 100.0 100.0 90.7 92.7 76.0 0.0 45.8 204 Jain (94.1) (100.0) (100.0) (82.4) (11.8) (100.0) (100.0) (88.2) (82.4) (64.7) (0.0) (23.5) 17 Others * * * * * * * * * * * * 5

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 95.5 93.9 90.7 79.7 15.2 98.5 98.0 89.6 86.3 69.9 0.8 44.3 509 Scheduled Tribes 91.6 85.9 80.0 64.4 25.2 95.7 91.7 73.4 76.1 52.2 2.7 33.5 702 Other Backward Classes 97.1 96.0 92.4 82.6 10.6 98.9 96.8 89.4 88.8 74.5 0.5 54.2 790 Others 97.2 96.0 92.8 84.6 16.1 98.5 97.1 90.4 85.6 75.0 0.5 50.4 1,127

Wealth index Lowest 84.7 80.2 74.1 54.7 32.1 93.4 88.4 67.6 70.8 43.2 4.9 25.9 345 Second 95.5 91.2 85.6 68.8 23.9 98.5 96.7 80.9 80.1 57.5 0.8 37.2 399 Middle 96.2 94.7 90.1 82.2 16.1 98.0 95.9 87.6 83.0 69.4 0.8 45.6 661 Fourth 96.7 94.2 91.0 81.9 16.0 98.1 96.2 88.8 85.8 72.7 0.7 49.7 897 Highest 98.7 98.0 95.8 87.3 7.8 99.5 98.6 92.6 91.9 80.7 0.2 56.4 845

Maharashtra (15-49) 95.7 93.4 89.6 78.8 16.6 98.0 96.0 86.3 84.5 69.0 1.0 46.4 3,147 † Maharashtra (15-44) 95.7 93.5 89.6 79.0 16.5 98.0 96.0 86.3 84.5 69.1 1.1 46.5 3,111 Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1BCG, three injections of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio “0”) and measles. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

88

TABLE 5.7 CHILDHOOD VACCINATION BY DISTRICTS Percentage of children aged 12-23 months received specific vaccination and Vitamin-A supplementation by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage immunized Percentage received at Number Vaccination least one dose of 2 Districts card seen BCG DPT3 Polio 0 Polio 3 Measles Full1 None of Vitamin-A children**

Nandurbar 25.5 75.5 31.2 39.9 47.4 46.0 17.0 11.7 33.7 109 Dhule 33.2 83.0 45.2 23.9 60.4 66.5 35.0 4.8 46.3 109 Jalgaon 43.5 90.0 62.0 17.3 73.8 79.4 52.1 2.4 56.1 100 Buldana 73.2 98.5 87.4 10.2 92.7 85.2 73.8 0.0 66.2 81

Akola 46.8 97.9 84.1 10.3 93.4 83.0 72.6 0.2 66.8 91 Washim 36.1 94.8 80.0 17.0 84.8 85.8 68.2 1.2 64.1 106 Amravati 47.4 95.4 77.8 21.3 86.0 82.4 61.8 0.0 75.3 91 Wardha 64.0 100.0 90.7 12.1 87.5 94.5 84.1 0.0 91.3 64

Nagpur 47.5 98.0 94.9 1.2 92.8 96.4 90.5 0.0 84.7 58 Bhandara 57.9 98.8 79.7 9.6 86.9 92.4 72.2 0.0 86.3 72 Gondiya 67.5 98.7 90.7 3.6 94.2 90.6 87.8 1.3 87.0 85 Gadchiroli 16.1 92.2 52.8 22.7 76.8 88.4 46.4 3.2 69.4 167

Chandrapur 50.2 100.0 79.7 1.5 78.2 95.2 75.4 0.0 94.2 68 Yavatmal 38.9 97.4 83.9 23.8 92.8 87.2 68.8 0.0 78.4 111 Nanded 31.8 96.4 83.1 28.3 88.0 83.0 72.3 0.0 77.5 102 Hingoli 40.8 88.1 67.1 32.6 76.1 67.5 52.2 0.0 67.9 112

Parbhani 36.6 95.3 86.0 21.6 89.6 80.8 71.6 0.0 77.1 105 Jalna 53.1 94.2 85.6 16.9 92.5 82.3 68.5 0.0 77.4 130 Aurangabad 54.5 98.4 74.6 23.5 85.7 76.9 61.8 0.0 62.1 101 Nashik 52.6 98.1 78.9 12.2 85.7 83.8 68.0 0.0 71.4 96

Thane 63.0 100.0 86.4 4.3 90.9 81.9 73.6 0.0 79.5 73 Mumbai (Suburban) 56.0 97.9 86.8 10.7 91.0 95.5 84.7 0.0 80.6 73 Mumbai 40.6 100.0 84.9 10.0 92.2 86.7 76.7 0.0 89.9 60 Raigarh 51.1 98.6 80.2 6.0 91.3 92.6 77.8 0.0 81.3 65

Pune 51.2 97.8 92.1 6.3 95.5 93.7 86.1 0.0 90.1 69 Ahmadnagar 56.9 97.8 93.7 11.5 91.4 92.7 85.3 0.0 87.9 99 Bid 47.8 97.9 82.3 20.8 86.8 87.8 75.7 1.4 75.5 103 Latur 37.3 94.9 82.3 17.0 89.3 82.4 71.6 0.3 76.3 132

Osmanabad 48.4 98.0 77.3 12.3 86.4 77.9 66.0 0.5 74.8 104 Solapur 53.0 100.0 94.9 14.5 89.8 91.0 84.0 0.0 71.6 84 Satara 43.9 100.0 92.7 8.2 98.0 99.0 92.0 0.0 94.8 87 Ratnagiri 57.2 98.3 87.7 4.7 98.6 93.3 81.0 0.0 87.8 56

Sindhudurg 56.4 100.0 90.6 7.9 92.6 97.9 84.4 0.0 84.6 44 Kolhapur 56.0 99.7 83.9 13.5 91.6 93.6 76.8 0.3 87.9 76 Sangli 40.7 95.7 93.5 12.1 93.4 96.1 87.5 1.6 89.3 64

Maharashtra (15-49) 46.4 95.7 78.8 16.6 86.3 84.5 69.0 1.0 74.9 3,147 † # Maharashtra (15-44) 46.5 95.7 79.0 16.5 86.3 84.5 69.1 1.1 70.5 3,111

Note. Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 BCG, three injections of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio 0) and measles. 2 Children aged 12-35 months. # Children aged 9-35 months. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

89

TABLE 5.8 PLACE OF CHILDHOOD VACCINATION BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percent of children aged 3 years received vaccination by place of vaccination, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Place of vaccination Government health sector

Number Other Private of Primary government health 1 Background characteristics Sub- Centre Health Centre health facility sector Others children**

Residence Rural 14.0 15.0 71.7 7.1 3.3 6,372 Urban 1.4 8.1 70.6 28.9 2.9 2,407

Sex of the child Male 10.7 12.9 71.3 14.2 3.1 4,618 Female 10.5 13.4 71.6 11.8 3.4 4,161

Birth order 1 10.2 13.6 69.0 16.8 2.8 3,326 2 10.9 13.8 71.1 13.0 3.4 3,014 3 10.8 12.1 74.5 9.3 2.9 1,358 4+ 9.9 10.7 76.3 5.4 4.7 940

Mother’s education Non-literatea 10.4 8.9 79.2 4.0 4.8 1,855 Less than 5 years 10.1 13.8 79.7 4.3 1.6 740 5-9 years 12.2 13.9 71.8 9.3 3.7 3,799 10 or more years 8.3 14.8 62.0 28.9 1.6 2,385

Religion Hindu 11.4 13.5 70.9 12.7 3.2 7,122 Muslim 5.3 9.8 73.9 16.2 3.8 951 Christian 14.3 7.1 67.0 31.2 11.9 42 Sikh * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 8.5 15.9 75.0 7.9 2.3 599 Jain 11.3 2.8 38.2 63.8 0.0 36 Others (9.1) (0.0) (77.3) (9.1) (9.1) 22

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 10.5 13.5 74.2 9.4 2.3 1,365 Scheduled Tribes 11.0 12.1 75.7 4.5 4.9 1,845 Other Backward Classes 11.2 13.8 70.7 15.3 2.4 2,229 Others 10.1 13.1 68.2 17.8 3.1 3,288

Wealth index Lowest 10.7 9.6 78.1 2.2 6.9 905 Second 12.7 14.9 75.2 2.8 3.1 1,081 Middle 14.3 13.1 74.1 5.0 3.4 1,848 Fourth 11.6 15.8 72.9 8.0 2.9 2,492 Highest 5.8 10.9 63.7 32.8 2.1 2,453

Maharashtra 10.6 13.1 71.4 13.1 3.2 8,779

Note. Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. 1 Includes non-governmental hospital/ trust hospital or clinic, private hospital and private doctor/clinic. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

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TABLE 5.9 VITAMIN-A AND HEPATITIS-B SUPPLEMENTATION FOR CHILDREN BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children aged 12-35 months received at least one dose of Vitamin- A, 3-5 doses of Vitamin -A and Hepatitis-B injection, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Children who Children who Children who Number received at least one received 3-5 doses received Hepatitis-B of Background characteristics dose of Vitamin-A of Vitamin-A injection children**

Age of the child 12-23 months 70.9 20.8 41.0 3,147 24-35 months 79.2 37.4 49.8 2,917

Residence Rural 74.3 29.6 42.0 4,384 Urban 76.3 28.4 53.4 1,680

Sex of the child Male 75.0 29.2 45.8 3,169 Female 74.7 29.4 44.5 2,895

Birth order 1 76.4 30.0 47.7 2,239 2 77.3 29.4 47.6 2,071 3 72.5 28.0 43.1 936 4+ 65.6 26.8 32.1 676

Mother’s education Non-literatea 61.5 29.5 31.2 1,393 Less than 5 years 70.6 29.9 38.6 526 5-9 years 78.5 29.3 45.1 2,580 10 or more years 82.3 28.9 60.1 1,565

Religion Hindu 75.1 29.4 45.8 4,919 Muslim 68.7 29.2 40.4 666 Christian 80.6 40.3 51.7 31 Sikh * * * 5 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 81.5 25.5 44.5 404 Jain 84.1 45.2 69.3 26 Others (46.2) (66.7) (23.1) 13

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 76.2 29.4 42.0 955 Scheduled Tribes 64.3 29.9 34.3 1,319 Other Backward Classes 78.1 29.0 52.3 1,517 Others 78.4 29.1 48.2 2,237

Wealth index Lowest 60.7 29.6 24.9 677 Second 66.2 29.7 31.9 756 Middle 75.2 28.6 39.7 1,281 Fourth 77.7 30.0 48.1 1,690 Highest 81.4 28.8 60.8 1,660

Maharashtra (15-49) 74.9 29.3 45.2 6,064 # † Maharashtra (15-44) 70.5 28.3 43.6 6,930

Note: Table based on youngest living child born since 01.01.2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. # Children aged 9-35 months. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 5.10 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DIARRHOEA MANAGEMENT BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of women who are aware of diarrhoea management according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Type of practices followed if child gets diarrhoea1 Knowledge of Salt and Continue Give Number diarrhoea Give sugar Continue breast- plenty of of Background characteristics management ORS solution normal food feeding fluids Others women**

Age group 15-19 57.7 31.0 36.8 3.2 7.2 2.3 66.7 2,635 20-24 69.4 39.3 42.7 4.7 8.4 3.3 61.8 6,356 25-29 78.4 41.5 49.8 4.4 6.1 3.5 60.5 6,442 30-34 78.9 35.9 54.8 4.1 5.2 3.9 61.9 6,142 35-39 78.2 32.0 56.5 3.7 4.3 3.6 62.4 5,987 40-44 77.3 29.2 55.2 4.3 4.7 3.1 64.4 4,535 45-49 77.1 30.1 54.6 4.1 5.1 3.8 63.1 2,823

Residence Rural 72.4 31.9 48.6 4.3 6.2 3.3 64.7 24,581 Urban 81.2 42.1 56.4 3.7 4.9 3.9 57.5 10,339

Mother’s education Non-literatea 67.7 23.6 42.6 4.0 6.1 2.7 69.2 10,997 Less than 5 years 74.6 26.5 46.9 3.6 4.7 3.3 68.4 4360 5-9 years 76.1 35.5 53.2 3.7 5.5 3.1 62.6 12,271 10 or more years 84.3 53.3 60.5 5.2 6.4 5.0 50.7 7,292

Religion Hindu 74.6 34.4 51.1 4.2 6.1 3.5 62.6 28,849 Muslim 76.8 36.5 46.9 4.1 4.4 3.2 63.9 3,049 Christian 78.2 51.1 57.4 6.3 10.9 6.3 44.8 163 Sikh 76.2 56.6 52.4 0.0 0.0 8.9 47.6 30 Buddhist/Neo- Buddhist 77.3 40.0 54.9 3.4 4.8 2.7 59.5 2,504 Jain 86.6 44.5 63.8 4.2 3.7 2.8 64.8 249 Others 45.8 37.1 40.5 0.0 5.6 0.0 45.9 76

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 76.9 36.9 51.7 4.0 6.0 3.9 62.1 5,341 Scheduled Tribes 65.2 34.3 46.8 6.0 8.8 4.6 57.6 6,425 Other Backward Classes 76.3 37.4 55.1 4.4 6.3 3.8 57.7 9,743 Others 78.2 33.2 49.5 3.3 4.1 2.6 68.1 13,186

Wealth index Lowest 62.1 29.2 41.7 4.7 7.9 3.2 65.9 4,230 Second 68.9 26.5 42.1 4.1 6.5 2.9 69.5 5,111 Middle 73.8 28.9 46.3 4.1 5.9 3.1 66.9 7,716 Fourth 77.0 34.9 51.9 3.9 5.2 3.3 63.5 9,031 Highest 83.8 46.5 61.7 4.3 5.3 4.2 53.3 8,8265

Maharashtra 75.0 35.2 51.1 4.2 5.8 3.5 62.4 34,920

Note: Table based on women with youngest living children born since 01.01.2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Among women aware of diarrhoea management. a Literate but did not attend school are also included.

92

TABLE 5.11 TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of children who suffered from diarrhoea and sought advice/treatment according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Source of treatment Number Children Number Children Government Private suffered from of Given sought health health of 1 2 3 Background characteristics diarrhoea children** ORS advice/treatment facility facility Other children**

Age group Less than 25 21.7 7,469 41.0 77.9 29.8 71.7 1.2 1,262 25-29 18.1 4,155 49.0 79.8 33.3 65.9 2.5 602 30-34 16.6 1,313 48.4 70.9 31.9 64.9 4.5 154 35-39 14.0 346 53.9 81.1 43.6 56.4 0.0 39 40-49 19.3 78 46.8 73.4 (36.4) (54.5) (9.1) 11

Residence Rural 20.1 9,669 42.6 77.1 33.8 66.5 1.8 1,502 Urban 19.2 3,692 48.4 80.2 24.7 75.9 1.9 566

Mother’s education Non-literatea 18.7 3,035 37.8 68.8 40.3 58.5 3.1 390 Less than 5 years 23.4 1,191 40.2 80.2 33.5 67.0 2.7 223 5-9 years 20.5 5,604 43.0 79.8 31.3 69.3 1.5 916 10 or more years 18.8 3,531 53.2 81.4 23.9 77.4 1.1 539

Religion Hindu 19.3 10,837 42.7 77.1 31.3 69.1 1.9 1,612 Muslim 22.7 1,456 47.0 80.8 27.7 71.3 2.6 267 Christian 11.3 62 85.8 100.0 * * * 7 Sikh * 10 * * * * * 3 Buddhist/ Neo- Buddhist 22.9 911 51.4 80.9 38.3 64.1 0.0 169 Jain 12.9 54 85.5 100.0 * * 0.0 7 Others 17.0 31 43.0 57.0 * * * 3

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 23.1 2,027 47.8 79.7 34.2 67.7 .8 374 Schedule Tribes 19.9 2,845 39.7 69.2 45.6 54.9 2.3 392 Other Backward Classes 20.1 3,384 41.8 80.4 27.5 72.5 2.2 543 Others 18.4 5,030 46.7 80.5 25.0 74.8 1.9 747

Wealth index Lowest 20.5 1,478 41.4 66.5 52.9 46.1 2.5 201 Second 21.4 1,622 41.7 76.7 41.3 60.6 1.5 267 Middle 21.1 2,795 39.2 76.0 33.7 65.7 3.1 448 Fourth 20.8 3,736 44.3 81.1 28.7 71.9 1.3 630 Highest 17.1 3,730 51.3 81.8 18.9 81.9 1.3 522

Maharashtra (15-49) 19.9 13,361 44.2 77.9 31.3 69.1 1.8 2,068 † Maharashtra (15-44) 19.9 13,160 44.2 77.9 31.2 69.2 1.9 2,035

Note: Table based on women with youngest living children born since 01.01.2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Last two weeks prior to survey. 2 Includes government hospital or dispensary, urban health centre/ urban health post/ urban family welfare centre, community health centre or rural hospital, primary health centre, sub-centre, ICDS and Govt. AYUSH hospital /clinic. 3 Includes non-governmental hospital/ trust hospital or clinic, private hospital/clinic and private AYUSH hospital /clinic. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

93

Table 5.12 KNOWLEDGE AND TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI) BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of women who are aware of danger signs of ARI and whose children suffer from ARI and sought advice/treatment according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Danger signs of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)1 Source of treatment5 Women aware of Pain in Children Children Number Number suffered Sought Government Private danger Difficulty chest and of of Wheezing/ Rapid Other from advice/ health health signs of in productive 3 4 6 7 Background characteristics ARI women** breathing cough whistling breathing Signs2 ARI treatment facility facility Others children**

Age group 15-19 14.7 2,635 49.9 52.8 24.0 19.4 44.0 13.2 78.9 15.9 83.6 0.5 1,282 20-24 23.9 6,356 51.0 57.7 27.5 27.9 48.0 12.4 84.8 17.1 80.8 2.1 6,187 25-29 31.4 6,442 51.4 56.4 26.9 25.6 47.4 11.6 85.7 15.5 83.0 1.5 4,155 30-34 32.3 6,142 48.9 56.8 25.1 26.4 45.4 10.5 84.7 19.3 78.4 2.3 1,313 35-39 31.7 5,987 49.1 54.8 23.6 22.7 44.6 10.7 88.7 28.6 71.4 0.0 346 40-44 31.3 4,535 48.9 56.9 23.8 25.4 43.1 18.8 86.7 41.7 58.3 0.0 69 45-49 30.8 2,823 54.5 58.6 25.4 26.6 45.1 11.1 100.0 * * * 9

Residence Rural 25.2 24,581 50.0 58.1 26.1 25.8 43.8 12.6 82.7 17.5 80.5 2.0 9,669 Urban 37.8 10,339 50.8 54.0 24.2 24.7 48.5 10.5 90.0 16.1 82.9 1.0 3,692

Mother’s education Non-literatea 19.4 10,997 49.8 56.1 25.4 24.2 45.1 11.7 78.4 22.6 73.2 4.3 3,035 Less than 5 years 26.9 4360 49.3 61.4 27.9 27.6 44.6 13.3 83.1 18.6 80.4 1.0 1,191 5-9 years 28.9 12,271 50.4 57.2 25.1 25.2 44.4 12.5 85.6 17.2 81.8 1.0 5,604 10 or more years 44.5 7,292 50.9 54.3 24.7 25.6 47.6 11.2 88.9 12.5 86.1 1.4 3,531

Religion Hindu 28.1 28,849 49.7 56.3 25.5 25.8 45.7 12.1 84.3 16.6 81.5 1.9 10,837 Muslim 34.6 3,049 53.3 58.3 24.2 24.8 47.6 10.3 89.2 19.4 79.7 0.9 1,456 Christian 35.1 163 66.8 45.7 24.6 28.2 56.3 17.7 76.9 12.5 87.5 0.0 62 Sikh 50.2 30 54.0 34.3 26.4 19.8 46.6 * * * * * 10 Buddhist/ Neo- Buddhist 30.0 2,504 51.3 58.7 25.9 21.8 42.6 13.6 82.4 18.7 79.4 0.0 911 Jain 45.6 249 51.8 48.3 23.7 24.4 36.7 11.1 85.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 54 Others 11.7 76 56.7 67.6 0.0 22.3 43.4 12.9 100.0 40.0 60.0 1.9 31

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 29.7 5,341 49.7 58.6 26.1 24.5 46.4 13.4 83.4 20.8 78.0 1.2 2,027 Scheduled Tribes 22.2 6,425 55.3 56.5 28.3 29.9 47.1 13.7 78.5 23.5 72.6 4.0 2,845 Other Backward Classes 31.3 9,743 54.0 58.3 25.7 25.5 45.2 12.6 88.1 15.2 84.1 0.7 3,384 Others 30.2 13,186 45.8 54.4 23.9 24.0 44.9 10.1 86.5 13.2 85.3 1.5 5,030

Wealth index Lowest 17.9 4,230 50.0 59.6 27.9 27.1 48.1 13.9 70.4 28.6 65.6 5.7 1,478 Second 21.5 5,111 50.5 58.6 27.1 26.1 40.7 14.2 83.5 25.1 73.3 1.6 1,622 Middle 24.7 7,716 49.5 59.3 26.5 26.0 43.1 11.7 83.7 18.3 79.5 2.2 2,795 Fourth 28.7 9,031 51.1 57.5 26.1 25.3 45.8 12.6 87.1 18.0 81.0 0.9 3,736 Highest 42.4 8,8265 50.1 53.2 23.2 24.5 47.6 9.9 90.0 8.1 90.9 1.0 3,730

Maharashtra (15-49) 28.9 34,920 50.3 56.5 25.4 25.4 45.6 12.0 84.6 17.1 81.2 1.7 13,361

† Maharashtra (15-44) 29.2 30,151 50.2 56.3 25.6 25.5 45.8 12.0 84.6 17.1 81.2 1.7 13,160 Note: Table based on women with youngest living children born since 01.01.2004. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. *Percentage not shown based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Among women who are aware of any danger signs of ARI. 2 Includes not able to drink or take a feed, excessive drowsy and difficulty to keep awake, running nose and others. 3 Last two weeks prior to survey. 4 Among children with ARI or fever in last two weeks who sought advice/ treatment. 5 Among children who sought advice/treatment. 6 Includes government hospital or dispensary, urban health centre/urban health post/urban family welfare centre, community health centre or rural hospital, primary health centre, sub-centre, ICDS and Govt. AYUSH hospital/clinic. 7 Includes non-governmental hospital/trust hospital or clinic, private hospital/clinic and private AYUSH hospital/clinic. a Literate but did not attend school are also included. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

94

Table 5.13 KNOWLEDGE OF ORS AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI) BY DISTRICTS Percentage of women by awareness of ORS and percentage of children suffered from diarrhoea and ARI and sought advice/treatment by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Women Children Children Number of aware Children suffered Children sought suffered sought 1 1 2 Districts of ORS from diarrhoea advice/treatment from ARI advice/treatment children**

Nandurbar 42.6 17.5 52.4 11.5 70.3 498 Dhule 37.8 24.5 65.5 14.8 77.4 455 Jalgaon 44.4 30.5 78.7 14.5 86.1 398 Buldana 27.4 31.3 79.2 21.2 89.6 392

Akola 47.2 25.8 79.5 14.9 84.7 360 Washim 48.8 15.2 74.7 14.9 84.8 473 Amravati 42.7 24.1 78.3 15.4 77.1 325 Wardha 46.5 24.5 72.7 12.0 81.4 306

Nagpur 39.3 19.2 81.7 16.5 93.3 250 Bhandara 42.6 19.5 78.0 18.3 86.1 307 Gondiya 49.7 20.5 86.8 20.3 92.7 325 Gadchiroli 45.2 20.1 68.6 16.9 77.1 594

Chandrapur 46.9 15.9 62.7 8.4 89.7 290 Yavatmal 29.1 26.1 79.0 12.0 79.8 493 Nanded 27.4 20.4 75.8 7.9 87.9 412 Hingoli 20.9 26.3 85.5 14.6 83.7 515

Parbhani 28.0 18.9 75.8 13.0 82.3 490 Jalna 14.8 25.2 84.8 14.6 84.8 487 Aurangabad 49.7 20.5 71.1 11.6 82.6 485 Nashik 42.0 18.4 76.1 12.8 77.2 396

Thane 39.5 14.3 79.8 12.2 96.3 371 Mumbai (Suburban) 40.8 12.5 87.1 11.2 98.3 292 Mumbai 34.3 9.4 80.0 5.7 89.5 297 Raigarh 39.2 14.8 62.6 5.9 97.1 248

Pune 32.0 14.5 85.3 9.1 95.3 325 Ahmadnagar 29.4 17.8 84.1 10.0 72.7 372 Bid 33.0 19.9 78.3 10.7 83.3 473 Latur 23.3 28.0 83.5 10.4 85.3 514

Osmanabad 20.6 21.8 74.8 6.7 81.4 422 Solapur 25.6 11.8 81.0 4.2 76.5 386 Satara 32.5 15.2 87.0 7.5 93.9 324 Ratnagiri 35.0 9.0 77.0 9.2 91.8 256

Sindhudurg 34.8 12.3 83.2 6.0 90.0 211 Kolhapur 34.4 14.4 81.4 5.9 91.9 329 Sangli 27.2 13.5 82.4 3.8 82.6 290

Maharashtra (15-49) 35.2 19.9 77.9 12.0 84.6 13,361 † Maharashtra (15-44) 36.0 19.9 77.9 12.0 84.6 13,160

Note: Table based on women with youngest living children born since 01.01.2004. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Last two weeks prior to survey. 2 Among children with ARI or fever in last two weeks sought advice/treatment. † Represents figures for children of currently married women aged 15-44 years.

95

FAMILY PLANNING

TABLE 6.1 AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Percentage of ever married and currently married women aged 15-49 years who are aware of specific contraceptive method by place of residence, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Ever married women Currently married women Contraceptive methods Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Any method 98.7 98.4 99.6 98.9 98.5 99.6 Any modern method1 98.7 98.3 99.6 98.8 98.5 99.6

Female sterilization 98.1 97.7 99.3 98.3 97.8 99.3 Male sterilization 85.3 83.5 89.4 85.3 83.6 89.4

Intra Uterine Device (IUD) 73.5 67.5 87.7 73.9 67.9 88.2 Pill 81.0 76.2 92.5 81.6 76.9 92.9 Emergency contraceptive pill 30.0 24.9 42.1 30.3 25.2 42.6 Injectables 36.0 31.3 47.0 36.4 31.7 47.4 Condom/nirodh 64.6 56.8 82.9 65.4 57.8 83.6 Female condom 12.4 10.4 17.1 12.7 10.7 17.4

Rhythm method 30.5 26.8 39.2 31.0 27.3 39.8 Withdrawal method 15.6 13.0 21.8 16.0 13.4 22.2 Others 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

Number of women** 34,920 24,581 10,339 32,588 22,946 9,642

** Unweighted cases. 1Includes female sterilization, male sterilization, Intra Uterine Device, pill, condom, female condom, emergency Contraceptive Pill and Injectables

99

TABLE 6.2 AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are aware of specific contraceptive method according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Condom/ Female Rhythm drawal of Background characteristics method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP ables Nirodh condom method method Other women**

Age group 15-24 97.3 97.3 80.3 96.2 67.5 82.6 30.3 35.3 69.2 12.8 29.1 14.9 0.3 8,744 25-29 99.2 99.2 86.9 98.7 79.3 86.6 34.8 40.7 74.1 14.7 34.9 19.5 0.4 6,152 30-34 99.5 99.4 87.0 99.1 78.2 83.7 31.9 39.0 67.6 14.0 33.2 17.8 0.3 5,782 35-39 99.5 99.5 86.9 99.3 75.3 79.6 29.1 35.6 61.0 11.9 31.0 15.2 0.4 5,490 40-49 99.4 99.4 87.8 99.0 72.4 75.2 25.9 32.0 53.9 10.0 28.0 13.1 0.4 6,420

No. of living children 0 95.6 95.5 78.1 93.8 62.6 80.7 31.6 35.7 68.3 15.4 28.5 15.2 0.3 3,786 1 98.3 98.3 85.7 97.4 76.7 86.0 36.6 41.5 74.0 16.0 36.7 20.8 0.3 5,037 2 99.6 99.6 89.1 99.2 81.3 86.9 35.4 41.6 73.8 15.4 36.4 20.0 0.4 10,051 3 99.5 99.5 85.4 99.3 73.7 79.4 26.5 33.2 60.3 9.6 28.1 13.1 0.2 8,041 4+ 99.2 99.2 83.2 98.9 66.3 72.0 20.5 27.4 48.6 7.3 22.5 9.2 0.5 5,673

Residence Rural 98.5 98.5 83.6 97.8 67.9 76.9 25.2 31.7 57.8 10.7 27.3 13.4 0.3 22,946 Urban 99.6 99.6 89.4 99.3 88.2 92.9 42.6 47.4 83.6 17.4 39.8 22.2 0.4 9,642

Education Non-literatea 97.7 97.7 78.6 97.0 54.2 63.1 15.7 21.6 38.3 5.2 18.3 7.0 0.3 9,967 Less than five years 99.4 99.4 84.6 99.0 71.1 79.8 23.6 30.9 56.3 8.4 25.7 11.8 0.4 3,960 5-9 years 99.2 99.1 86.8 98.6 80.9 88.9 32.7 39.7 75.6 13.4 32.6 16.7 0.3 11,604 10 or more years 99.7 99.7 93.0 99.2 91.9 96.9 51.0 55.0 92.3 24.4 49.5 30.0 0.5 7,057

Religion Hindu 98.8 98.8 85.3 98.2 72.8 80.4 29.7 35.7 63.9 12.7 31.0 16.0 0.3 26,952 Muslim 98.7 98.6 81.7 97.9 80.0 88.8 33.9 42.1 73.7 11.7 30.1 14.8 0.5 2,855 Christian 99.3 99.3 92.1 99.3 79.7 89.5 38.4 40.4 70.6 21.8 30.3 16.5 0.0 152 Sikh 100.0 100.0 89.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 65.8 69.0 100.0 27.7 44.9 34.4 0.0 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 99.7 99.7 89.2 99.4 77.3 84.9 29.5 33.6 70.2 11.7 30.4 15.1 0.2 2,287 Jain 100.0 100.0 93.9 100.0 96.6 98.3 60.7 64.2 93.8 28.9 56.2 37.2 0.4 242 Others 94.4 94.4 75.8 92.9 37.9 43.4 13.6 19.1 34.6 5.4 15.0 9.6 1.4 71

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 99.4 99.4 86.4 99.1 75.0 83.0 29.0 33.4 68.0 12.3 30.3 14.9 0.3 4,868 Scheduled tribes 96.6 96.5 79.2 95.2 51.5 64.5 16.5 23.0 43.4 7.3 22.4 10.6 0.5 6,018 Other backward classes 99.3 99.2 87.6 98.7 78.9 85.5 33.0 39.6 70.4 13.3 34.3 18.9 0.3 9,108 Others 99.4 99.4 86.2 99.1 80.6 86.4 35.6 41.7 71.5 14.9 33.1 16.9 0.3 12,594

Wealth index Lowest 95.7 95.7 76.1 94.4 45.0 57.4 12.2 18.6 34.1 4.8 16.0 7.1 0.3 3,826 Second 98.3 98.3 80.0 97.5 58.5 68.5 18.5 25.0 44.6 6.8 20.3 8.9 0.3 4,702 Middle 99.1 99.1 84.0 98.6 70.1 79.3 24.9 31.0 59.3 9.6 26.6 12.4 0.3 7,207 Fourth 99.4 99.4 86.9 99.0 80.4 87.7 32.6 39.3 72.9 13.8 32.7 16.5 0.3 8,492 Highest 99.8 99.8 92.2 99.5 92.5 95.8 47.7 52.6 89.2 21.1 46.1 26.6 0.4 8,356

Maharashtra 98.9 98.8 85.3 98.3 73.9 81.6 30.3 36.4 65.4 12.7 31.0 16.0 0.3 32,588 Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device; ECP = Emergency contraceptive pill. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 100

TABLE 6.3 AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS BY DISTRICT Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are aware of specific contraceptive method by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Condom/ Female Rhythm drawal of District method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP ables Nirodh condom method method Other women**

Nandurbar 91.6 91.5 62.0 89.2 36.2 51.5 9.3 13.4 24.9 7.6 14.5 6.0 0.3 1,120 Dhule 96.8 96.7 74.5 94.4 58.4 68.2 22.8 26.0 51.0 10.3 33.7 20.6 1.0 989 Jalgaon 98.5 98.4 87.2 98.3 71.1 80.2 30.8 35.3 65.0 13.6 38.9 22.8 3.1 906 Buldana 99.9 99.9 88.9 99.5 74.8 85.4 31.2 34.4 73.0 11.7 52.9 26.0 0.3 890

Akola 99.9 99.8 95.9 99.6 81.8 88.7 37.0 41.1 73.8 10.3 44.8 25.1 0.3 914 Washim 99.8 99.8 78.5 99.6 69.2 83.0 18.5 26.3 64.2 8.1 26.4 6.8 0.0 991 Amravati 99.8 99.8 90.8 99.5 78.0 85.1 25.8 33.4 72.0 9.7 44.9 19.7 0.0 834 Wardha 100.0 100.0 94.8 100.0 92.4 94.5 36.6 50.4 82.4 14.5 33.7 14.0 0.3 874

Nagpur 100.0 100.0 94.2 100.0 93.6 95.1 52.8 54.7 84.6 17.9 35.7 22.7 0.3 847 Bhandara 98.9 98.9 93.7 97.9 74.4 84.5 32.4 38.4 66.0 20.3 33.9 26.1 0.3 847 Gondiya 96.9 96.9 81.6 94.5 52.5 69.7 23.3 29.3 47.2 13.8 21.2 13.9 0.2 907 Gadchiroli 94.5 94.5 84.0 91.0 42.7 52.8 14.6 18.8 34.5 7.1 16.4 10.0 0.4 1,259

Chandrapur 99.9 99.9 95.1 99.5 82.1 86.8 25.8 36.6 77.3 5.7 26.3 19.7 1.1 797 Yavatmal 99.8 99.8 85.0 99.7 75.9 85.3 24.5 36.0 71.1 8.3 31.5 16.2 0.0 1,095 Nanded 99.3 99.3 83.7 99.2 68.9 76.2 28.1 33.7 57.3 12.9 25.5 8.6 0.0 1,033 Hingoli 99.8 99.8 78.3 99.6 64.2 80.5 30.3 28.9 58.7 6.3 17.6 5.6 0.1 1,064

Parbhani 99.9 99.9 90.1 99.8 78.8 83.9 32.9 34.2 70.3 6.5 33.5 19.9 0.1 1,002 Jalna 98.8 98.8 82.9 98.5 70.5 79.6 21.7 24.0 64.4 11.0 12.7 5.4 0.1 1,019 Aurangabad 97.0 96.8 68.8 95.7 64.9 74.9 19.5 26.8 56.0 8.8 26.6 7.5 0.1 1,030 Nashik 98.7 98.7 84.0 97.9 72.4 80.6 27.7 36.9 65.3 12.2 46.0 19.8 0.5 922

Thane 99.6 99.6 89.8 99.4 81.1 88.2 27.4 34.5 73.2 10.3 25.6 12.4 0.4 922 Mumbai (Suburban) 100.0 100.0 92.7 100.0 91.7 95.2 42.5 48.6 91.3 20.7 37.0 18.4 0.1 816 Mumbai 99.8 99.8 90.4 99.7 95.9 97.2 48.0 53.2 93.3 20.4 44.3 27.1 0.1 813 Raigarh 99.4 99.4 83.6 99.3 70.9 81.7 29.5 42.7 65.2 16.3 32.2 16.7 0.2 775

Pune 100.0 100.0 85.9 99.8 87.0 89.8 41.2 44.7 81.2 17.6 56.6 33.5 1.2 883 Ahmadnagar 99.9 99.9 91.4 99.9 87.1 91.9 37.0 53.8 80.1 15.6 45.9 27.3 0.0 915 Bid 99.7 99.7 89.7 99.6 73.1 77.6 21.7 34.3 62.3 17.2 21.8 11.3 0.1 958 Latur 99.4 99.4 75.3 99.0 74.7 80.4 24.0 29.2 58.7 9.5 18.5 7.5 0.3 1,104

Osmanabad 99.6 99.6 73.2 99.4 68.9 76.1 30.8 32.3 55.5 8.8 20.0 3.8 0.1 963 Solapur 99.6 99.6 84.9 99.6 84.8 88.9 49.9 50.4 66.8 13.7 27.8 13.9 0.1 907 Satara 99.7 99.7 89.9 99.5 81.9 86.6 33.2 39.6 73.8 14.6 28.8 13.6 0.1 898 Ratnagiri 98.9 98.9 90.5 98.9 73.3 79.9 33.3 43.1 63.7 15.9 33.6 20.9 0.2 683

Sindhudurg 99.1 99.1 94.7 98.5 86.6 90.2 46.1 49.4 73.8 21.9 35.1 20.1 0.5 736 Kolhapur 99.5 99.5 90.7 99.0 82.5 90.5 51.3 48.6 75.5 28.6 40.9 22.5 0.1 952 Sangli 99.7 99.7 92.2 99.6 86.7 91.1 40.1 45.9 77.4 17.4 38.5 19.9 0.0 923

Maharashtra 98.9 98.8 85.3 98.3 73.9 81.6 30.3 36.4 65.4 12.7 31.0 16.0 0.3 32,588 Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device; ECP = Emergency contraceptive pill. ** Unweighted cases.

101

TABLE 6.4 EVER USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who ever used specific contraceptive method according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Condom/ Female Rhythm drawal of Background characteristics method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP ables Nirodh condom method method Other women**

Age group 15 - 19 14.4 11.4 0.0 2.4 0.6 3.6 0.1 0.5 5.7 0.0 3.7 1.0 0.0 2,580 20 - 24 43.4 40.2 0.9 19.5 4.2 9.1 0.6 0.7 14.5 0.1 5.9 2.7 0.0 6,164 25 - 29 73.7 71.8 2.7 49.8 7.3 12.2 1.1 1.5 17.0 0.3 7.0 3.6 0.1 6,152 30 - 34 85.2 84.0 3.3 69.0 7.4 10.2 0.9 1.3 12.9 0.2 6.3 2.6 0.1 5,782 35 - 39 88.5 87.7 3.6 77.1 6.9 7.8 0.6 0.8 8.5 0.3 5.3 2.2 0.1 5,490 40 - 44 85.9 85.1 4.9 75.7 6.7 5.2 0.4 0.7 5.8 0.2 5.1 1.2 0.1 3,984 45 – 49 84.1 83.2 8.0 71.2 5.8 3.8 0.4 0.7 4.0 0.1 5.0 1.1 0.1 2,436

No. of living children 0 10.3 6.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.5 0.2 0.3 4.7 0.1 3.9 1.6 0.0 3,786 1 41.3 37.4 1.2 7.0 7.3 10.5 0.8 0.9 19.0 0.2 7.7 3.7 0.1 5,037 2 81.9 80.4 3.3 61.4 9.3 11.3 1.1 1.2 16.2 0.3 6.9 3.2 0.1 10,051 3 89.8 89.3 4.1 80.0 5.2 7.2 0.5 1.1 7.4 0.1 4.9 1.7 0.0 8,041 4+ 86.9 86.1 4.7 76.5 3.9 7.5 0.4 0.9 4.9 0.1 4.2 1.0 0.2 5,673

Residence Rural 69.2 67.6 3.9 55.9 3.2 6.3 0.5 0.9 7.7 0.1 5.0 2.0 0.1 22,946 Urban 72.4 70.3 1.2 46.5 12.4 13.3 1.2 1.1 19.4 0.3 7.4 3.2 0.1 9,642

Education Non-literatea 75.6 74.8 5.6 66.4 1.6 3.9 0.1 0.6 2.4 0.1 3.5 0.7 0.1 9,967 Less than five years 76.3 75.1 3.7 67.1 2.6 5.6 0.4 0.8 5.2 0.2 3.9 1.2 0.1 3,960 5-9 years 65.2 63.3 1.8 49.6 5.8 9.4 0.7 1.1 11.2 0.1 5.4 2.4 0.0 11,604 10 or more years 66.9 63.9 1.4 32.3 14.3 14.5 1.5 1.3 26.6 0.4 10.4 5.3 0.1 7,057

Religion Hindu 70.5 68.8 3.2 54.5 5.6 7.7 0.6 0.9 10.6 0.2 5.8 2.4 0.1 26,952 Muslim 65.8 64.1 0.8 41.5 10.0 15.7 0.9 1.5 14.4 0.1 4.4 1.7 0.1 2,855 Christian 66.5 63.9 1.3 40.1 9.3 11.2 0.0 0.7 16.6 0.0 3.4 2.7 0.0 152 Sikh 82.6 75.8 0.0 34.7 10.3 17.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 0.0 10.1 3.4 0.0 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 69.6 67.5 4.8 52.8 3.7 6.0 0.7 0.9 11.2 0.1 6.0 1.9 0.0 2,287 Jain 82.5 79.6 0.0 50.0 14.4 16.4 1.2 2.1 30.9 0.4 11.7 5.8 0.0 242 Others 64.7 61.9 7.0 47.9 2.7 2.8 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 4.2 4.1 0.0 71

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 69.9 67.9 3.7 54.1 3.9 7.1 0.6 0.7 11.0 0.2 6.0 1.9 0.0 4,868 Scheduled tribes 65.0 63.5 7.6 49.6 2.3 6.6 0.4 1.0 5.4 0.2 4.8 1.6 0.2 6,018 Other backward classes 73.1 71.1 2.8 54.9 7.3 9.1 0.9 1.3 13.3 0.3 7.0 3.3 0.0 9,108 Others 70.4 68.9 0.9 53.1 7.5 9.2 0.6 0.8 12.4 0.2 5.1 2.2 0.1 12,594

Wealth index Lowest 63.1 61.9 7.4 51.4 0.9 4.1 0.3 0.5 2.3 0.1 3.1 0.8 0.1 3,826 Second 68.1 67.0 4.9 58.0 1.5 4.6 0.2 0.8 4.5 0.1 3.3 1.2 0.1 4,702 Middle 68.4 66.8 2.9 57.4 2.1 5.4 0.4 0.8 6.4 0.2 4.7 1.8 0.1 7,207 Fourth 70.2 68.2 2.2 53.9 5.2 9.2 0.7 1.2 11.0 0.1 6.0 2.4 0.0 8,492 Highest 75.8 73.7 1.1 46.7 14.9 14.1 1.3 1.2 23.1 0.4 8.9 4.0 0.1 8,356

Maharashtra (15-49) 70.1 68.4 3.1 53.1 6.0 8.4 0.7 1.0 11.1 0.2 5.7 2.3 0.1 32,588 Maharashtra (15-44) † 69.0 67.2 2.7 51.6 6.0 8.7 0.7 1.0 11.7 0.2 5.8 2.4 0.1 30,151 Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device; ECP = Emergency contraceptive pill. ** Unweighted cases. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.a Literates but did not attend school, are also included. 102

TABLE 6.5 (A) CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using specific contraceptive method according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Condom/ Rhythm drawal of Background characteristics method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP Nirodh method method Other women**

Age group 15 - 19 7.5 6.3 0.0 2.5 0.4 1.3 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 2,580 20 - 24 34.3 32.8 0.9 19.4 2.0 3.2 0.3 6.8 1.1 0.4 0.0 6,164 25 - 29 67.0 65.6 2.5 49.7 2.6 3.0 0.3 7.3 1.0 0.5 0.0 6,152 30 - 34 81.6 80.6 3.0 68.9 1.7 2.1 0.2 4.7 0.6 0.4 0.0 5,782 35 - 39 86.8 85.9 3.5 76.9 1.2 1.3 0.1 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.0 5,490 40 - 44 83.5 82.9 4.9 75.5 0.6 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 3,984 45 – 49 80.7 80.0 7.5 71.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.0 2,436

No. of living children No children 3.9 3.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.0 3,786 1 child 28.7 26.0 1.1 6.9 3.3 3.9 0.4 10.2 2.0 0.7 0.0 5,037 1 son 31.6 28.7 1.3 8.5 3.7 4.2 0.3 10.5 2.0 0.8 0.0 2,889 No son 24.8 22.3 0.7 4.7 2.8 3.5 0.5 9.9 2.0 0.5 0.0 2,148 2 children 77.1 75.9 3.1 61.3 2.2 2.6 0.2 6.3 0.8 0.4 0.0 10,051 1 or more sons 81.7 80.7 3.2 67.1 2.2 2.4 0.2 5.5 0.6 0.4 0.0 8,757 No sons 46.0 43.5 2.9 22.1 2.6 4.0 0.3 11.6 1.9 0.5 0.0 1,294 3 children 88.0 87.5 3.9 79.9 0.8 1.0 0.1 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 8,041 1 or more sons 90.5 90.1 4.0 82.9 0.7 0.9 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 7,554 No sons 48.9 47.7 2.5 33.9 1.9 2.9 0.4 6.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 487 4+ children 84.4 83.8 4.4 76.3 0.4 1.5 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 5,673 1 or more sons 86.0 85.4 4.4 78.0 0.4 1.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 5,413 No sons 51.1 49.6 3.1 39.9 0.4 2.8 0.0 3.4 1.1 0.4 0.0 260

Residence Rural 65.2 64.3 3.7 55.8 0.7 1.2 0.1 2.6 0.6 0.2 0.0 22,946 Urban 64.9 63.1 1.0 46.3 3.2 3.7 0.3 8.5 1.1 0.6 0.0 9,642

Education Non-literatea 73.8 73.3 5.3 66.3 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 9,967 Less than five years 73.7 73.1 3.6 66.9 0.3 0.7 0.2 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 3,960 5-9 years 59.6 58.6 1.6 49.5 1.2 2.3 0.2 3.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 11,604 10 or more years 56.9 54.3 1.3 32.2 4.3 3.7 0.3 12.3 1.7 0.9 0.0 7,057

Religion Hindu 65.9 64.8 3.1 54.4 1.4 1.6 0.2 4.1 0.7 0.3 0.0 26,952 Muslim 57.4 56.4 0.7 41.4 2.8 5.2 0.5 5.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 2,855 Christian 55.3 53.3 1.3 40.1 1.3 1.3 0.0 9.3 1.3 0.6 0.0 152 Sikh 68.8 68.8 0.0 34.7 0.0 10.2 0.0 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 64.4 63.1 4.5 52.7 0.7 1.2 0.2 3.8 1.1 0.3 0.0 2,287 Jain 72.6 70.1 0.0 49.6 3.7 3.6 0.0 12.8 1.3 1.7 0.0 242 Others 63.3 60.5 7.0 49.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 71

Contd …

103

TABLE 6.5 (A) CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD —Continued Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Condom/ Rhythm drawal of Background characteristics method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP Nirodh method method Other women**

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 64.9 63.6 3.4 54.0 0.7 1.3 0.1 4.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 4,868 Scheduled tribes 61.2 60.4 7.4 49.3 0.5 1.3 0.2 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.0 6,018 Other backward classes 67.8 66.6 2.6 54.8 1.8 2.1 0.2 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 9,108 Others 65.0 63.9 0.8 53.1 2.0 2.4 0.2 5.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 12,594

Wealth index Lowest 60.5 59.9 7.1 51.3 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 3,826 Second 65.2 64.6 4.6 57.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 4,702 Middle 64.5 63.8 2.9 57.3 0.4 1.1 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 7,207 Fourth 64.7 63.6 2.0 53.8 1.2 2.1 0.2 4.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 8,492 Highest 68.0 65.9 1.0 46.6 3.8 3.8 0.4 10.3 1.4 0.6 0.0 8,356

Maharashtra (15-49) 65.1 63.9 2.9 53.0 1.5 1.9 0.2 4.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 32,588 Maharashtra (15-44) † 63.8 62.6 2.5 51.5 1.6 2.1 0.2 4.6 0.8 0.4 0.0 30,151 Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device; ECP = Emergency contraceptive pill. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years

104

TABLE 6.5 (B) DURATION OF USE OF SPACING METHOD Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using spacing method by duration of use according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 IUD Pill Condom/Nirodh Spacing method c† Number of 4 or Number Number condom/ < 2 2-3 more of IUD > 6 of Pill > 6 Nirodh > 6 Background characteristics years years years users** months users** months users months

Age group 15 - 19 (90.0) (10.0) (0.0) 10 23.4 34 28.0 53 1.0 20 - 24 75.6 22.6 1.8 122 47.2 220 50.6 419 7.0 25 - 29 55.5 32.0 12.5 159 69.6 205 75.7 450 10.7 30 - 34 33.2 40.1 26.7 95 81.7 132 87.5 271 7.7 35 - 39 19.3 41.0 39.7 64 87.9 76 92.1 158 4.9 40 - 44 (9.1) (13.6) (77.3) 24 (87.5) 18 96.2 56 2.3 45 - 49 * * * 3 * 8 (100.0) 19 na

No. of living children 0 nc nc nc 0 (36.4) 11 51.3 66 1.0 1 60.1 24.1 15.7 166 55.8 216 65.1 518 12.6 2 46.5 36.4 17.1 224 66.9 286 76.5 637 9.6 3 42.4 27.9 29.7 63 71.9 91 76.7 140 3.1 4+ (18.2) (40.9) (40.9) 24 78.6 89 87.1 65 3.0

Residence Rural 61.0 30.3 8.7 169 57.3 308 60.9 601 3.2 Urban 43.0 31.7 25.2 308 71.2 385 79.6 825 13.9

Education Non-literatea (54.5) (31.8) (13.6) 24 67.9 86 71.9 59 1.3 Less than five years (27.3) (36.4) (36.4) 11 62.2 33 61.4 60 1.8 5-9 years 52.1 25.7 22.2 138 65.6 287 72.1 435 5.8 10 or more years 48.5 33.6 17.9 304 64.0 287 72.1 872 16.9

Religion Hindu 50.0 31.9 18.1 370 64.8 484 70.4 1,122 5.8 Muslim 51.8 30.1 18.1 79 63.5 163 77.5 163 11.4 Christian * * * 2 * 2 (53.8) 14 9.5 Sikh nc nc nc 0 * 3 * 7 35.4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist (35.3) (23.5) (41.2) 17 76.7 31 70.3 87 4.9 Jain * * * 9 * 9 90.3 31 20.3 Others nc nc nc 0 * 1 * 2 4.9

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 37.4 19.0 43.6 34 77.0 67 69.9 195 4.9 Scheduled tribes 60.6 36.0 3.4 29 62.3 91 51.9 99 2.3 Other backward classes 53.2 34.8 12.0 165 63.4 208 71.5 457 7.2 Others 47.1 29.9 23.0 249 64.5 327 75.2 675 8.2

Wealth index Lowest * * * 4 46.2 32 (52.4) 21 0.7 Second (71.4) (28.6) (0.0) 15 51.0 42 56.6 45 1.3 Middle 66.3 30.4 3.4 30 55.9 81 59.7 146 2.4 Fourth 53.0 25.5 21.5 105 67.9 193 64.8 354 5.8 Highest 45.5 33.0 21.5 322 68.8 345 77.8 860 16.3

Maharashtra 49.3 31.2 19.4 477 65.1 693 71.7 1,426 6.3

Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device. nc= Not calculated because there are no cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literates but did not attend school, are also included. c Spacing method includes IUD, daily/weekly pills, Injectables, condom/nirodh and female condom. Percentage calculated out of total women but excluding pregnant women. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

105

TABLE 6.6 AGE AT THE TIME OF STERILIZATION Percent distribution of women aged 15-49 years by age at the time of sterilization, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007- 2008 Age at the time of sterilization Number Mean age of of Background characteristics <20 20 -24 25 -29 30 -34 35 -39 40 + Total1 sterilization women**

Years since sterilization <2 5.0 41.7 33.4 13.2 4.3 2.4 100.0 25.9 1,694 2-3 5.6 42.3 32.9 14.6 3.4 1.1 100.0 25.6 1,682 4-5 5.9 41.8 33.8 13.6 3.8 1.1 100.0 25.5 2,031 6-7 7.1 39.1 35.0 14.9 3.4 0.6 100.0 25.5 2,053 8-9 7.1 38.9 35.7 13.1 4.8 0.4 100.0 25.5 1,794 10+ 8.6 44.2 35.8 10.0 1.4 0.0 100.0 24.6 8,841

No. of living children 0 37.7 20.8 24.2 13.9 3.5 0.0 100.0 21.6 35 1 15.8 42.5 23.9 13.0 3.8 1.0 100.0 24.5 401 2 12.1 50.7 27.7 7.6 1.5 0.4 100.0 23.8 6,476 3 5.9 46.6 36.1 9.4 1.7 0.3 100.0 24.8 6,741 4+ 1.9 24.7 44.6 21.8 5.9 1.1 100.0 27.4 4,576

Residence Rural 8.4 44.4 33.0 11.2 2.5 0.6 100.0 24.8 13,663 Urban 4.3 36.5 40.9 14.5 3.2 0.5 100.0 25.9 4,566

Education Non-literatea 8.7 41.0 33.2 12.9 3.3 0.8 100.0 25.2 7,143 Less than five years 8.2 43.8 33.4 12.0 2.3 0.3 100.0 24.8 2,794 5-9 years 7.4 46.2 35.0 9.3 1.8 0.3 100.0 24.6 5,932 10 or more years 2.1 35.8 42.0 15.9 3.5 0.7 100.0 26.3 2,360

Religion Hindu 7.7 43.1 34.4 11.6 2.6 0.6 100.0 25.0 15,485 Muslim 5.7 39.2 37.0 13.7 3.8 0.6 100.0 25.6 1,204 Christian 3.4 40.2 38.9 12.5 5.1 0.0 100.0 25.7 63 Sikh (0.0) (30.0) (60.0) (10.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (26.0) 10 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 6.0 39.1 38.3 13.7 2.5 0.4 100.0 25.5 1,307 Jain 4.9 26.1 46.3 21.0 0.9 0.8 100.0 26.3 120 Others 5.2 41.0 32.9 15.8 2.6 2.5 100.0 25.9 40

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 8.2 42.5 34.3 12.4 2.1 0.4 100.0 25.0 2,797 Scheduled tribes 8.6 43.5 32.1 11.5 3.4 0.8 100.0 25.0 3,416 Other backward classes 5.4 42.5 37.0 12.1 2.4 0.5 100.0 25.3 5,229 Others 7.9 41.8 35.1 11.9 2.8 0.5 100.0 25.0 6,787

Wealth index Lowest 9.2 41.4 31.0 13.6 4.1 0.7 100.0 25.2 2,235 Second 8.4 43.8 32.2 11.7 3.3 0.8 100.0 25.0 2,937 Middle 8.5 44.7 33.5 11.1 1.8 0.4 100.0 24.7 4,338 Fourth 8.0 45.2 34.5 9.9 1.9 0.5 100.0 24.7 4,741 Highest 3.7 36.2 41.3 14.8 3.5 0.5 100.0 26.0 3,976

Maharashtra 7.4 42.4 35.0 12.0 2.7 0.6 100.0 25.1 18,229 ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. a Literates but did not attend school, are also included.

106

TABLE 6.7 CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATE BY DISTRICT Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using any contraceptive method, by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Male Female With- Number Any modern sterili- sterili- Condom/ Rhythm drawal of District method method zation zation IUD Pill ECP Nirodh method method Other women**

Nandurbar 58.8 58.1 5.9 46.6 0.8 2.4 0.4 2.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 1,120 Dhule 69.7 67.4 2.8 54.6 1.4 3.0 0.5 5.0 1.1 1.2 0.0 989 Jalgaon 68.7 66.6 1.3 54.1 2.8 2.1 0.2 5.9 1.4 0.7 0.0 906 Buldana 64.5 62.0 2.7 50.0 1.0 1.3 0.0 7.0 1.6 0.8 0.0 890

Akola 68.9 65.7 3.5 50.5 1.6 2.8 0.1 7.2 2.5 0.5 0.0 914 Washim 66.9 65.8 1.1 55.3 1.0 1.8 0.1 6.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 991 Amravati 72.7 70.5 4.2 54.3 2.0 3.1 0.0 6.8 1.9 0.3 0.0 834 Wardha 78.6 78.1 3.7 65.2 2.2 1.4 0.0 5.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 874

Nagpur 70.4 69.9 1.9 56.1 2.4 2.7 0.2 6.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 847 Bhandara 70.3 68.8 12.1 50.2 1.3 1.0 0.0 4.2 0.7 0.8 0.0 847 Gondiya 65.7 65.5 11.2 50.6 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 907 Gadchiroli 59.1 58.5 22.1 32.6 0.7 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 1,259

Chandrapur 67.5 65.7 6.4 53.6 0.4 1.3 0.0 3.9 1.6 0.2 0.0 797 Yavatmal 67.6 66.6 1.2 58.0 1.4 1.6 0.3 4.1 0.8 0.2 0.0 1,095 Nanded 60.1 59.8 0.1 55.4 0.4 1.5 0.2 2.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 1,033 Hingoli 62.6 62.2 0.3 59.1 0.4 0.9 0.0 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 1,064

Parbhani 58.1 57.1 1.0 47.5 1.2 2.9 0.0 4.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 1,002 Jalna 55.6 55.1 0.9 46.0 1.6 1.2 0.0 5.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 1,019 Aurangabad 59.0 58.0 1.0 44.5 1.5 4.3 0.5 6.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 1,030 Nashik 70.2 68.4 2.9 54.4 2.4 2.6 0.3 5.8 1.4 0.2 0.0 922

Thane 59.7 57.4 0.5 45.5 2.0 2.5 0.2 6.3 1.3 0.8 0.0 922 Mumbai (Suburban) 61.1 58.3 0.4 40.3 4.9 3.0 0.1 9.6 2.0 0.7 0.0 816 Mumbai 58.6 56.2 0.0 37.2 5.3 3.9 0.4 9.3 1.4 1.1 0.0 813 Raigarh 62.9 62.7 1.1 53.9 1.1 3.3 0.1 3.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 775

Pune 72.2 70.4 0.8 59.2 2.6 2.4 0.3 4.7 1.5 0.4 0.0 883 Ahmadnagar 69.3 68.5 1.0 57.9 1.2 2.8 0.5 5.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 915 Bid 62.4 61.9 0.4 55.4 0.9 1.6 0.4 3.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 958 Latur 64.7 63.3 0.1 57.4 1.8 1.2 0.1 2.6 1.0 0.2 0.0 1,104

Osmanabad 66.8 66.4 0.1 61.7 1.3 1.2 0.1 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 963 Solapur 73.3 73.2 0.3 66.4 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 907 Satara 70.8 70.4 0.4 62.9 0.8 1.8 0.1 4.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 898 Ratnagiri 60.4 58.4 1.3 52.4 0.8 0.9 0.0 3.0 1.4 0.6 0.0 683

Sindhudurg 58.4 57.0 0.8 49.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 4.5 1.1 0.3 0.0 736 Kolhapur 70.6 70.0 0.6 62.3 1.5 2.4 0.0 3.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 952 Sangli 70.4 69.3 0.9 62.4 1.3 1.7 0.2 2.9 0.4 0.6 0.0 923

Maharashtra (15-49) 65.1 63.9 2.9 53.0 1.5 1.9 0.2 4.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 32,588 Maharashtra (15-44) † 63.8 62.6 2.5 51.5 1.6 2.1 0.2 4.6 0.8 0.4 0.0 30,151 Note: IUD = Intra Uterine Device; ECP = Emergency contraceptive pill. ** Unweighted cases. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years 107

TABLE 6.8 SOURCES OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using modern contraceptive methods by source according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Spacing Method Number Limiting method Number Govern- of Govern- of Background Characteristics ment2 Private3 Other4 Total1 women** ment5 Private6 Other7 Total1 women**

Age group 15 - 19 31.9 45.5 22.5 100.0 88 93.7 4.8 1.6 100.0 64 20 - 24 25.3 53.9 20.8 100.0 645 90.1 8.7 1.3 100.0 1,255 25 - 29 21.8 59.7 18.4 100.0 663 86.9 12.2 0.9 100.0 3,214 30 - 34 19.5 61.7 18.8 100.0 408 84.1 14.5 1.3 100.0 4,157 35 - 39 19.0 60.9 20.0 100.0 235 84.1 14.6 1.3 100.0 4,417 40 - 44 21.0 57.5 21.5 100.0 75 83.2 15.0 1.8 100.0 3,203 45 – 49 14.5 67.0 18.5 100.0 27 82.6 15.7 1.8 100.0 1,919

No. of living children 0 11.7 64.1 24.3 100.0 78 83.1 11.2 5.6 100.0 35 1 23.2 57.2 19.6 100.0 743 82.2 16.3 1.5 100.0 401 2 21.9 59.1 19.0 100.0 932 80.7 18.0 1.4 100.0 6,476 3 25.0 54.7 20.2 100.0 233 86.7 11.8 1.5 100.0 6,741 4+ 23.3 55.8 20.9 100.0 155 87.8 10.9 1.2 100.0 4,576

Residence Rural 31.6 48.2 20.2 100.0 920 90.0 8.7 1.3 100.0 13,663 Urban 15.5 65.3 19.3 100.0 1,221 68.8 29.5 1.8 100.0 4,566

Education Non-literatea 28.7 48.9 22.4 100.0 147 92.8 6.0 1.2 100.0 7,143 Less than five years 29.2 47.2 23.6 100.0 93 88.8 9.6 1.5 100.0 2,794 5-9 years 26.9 53.2 19.9 100.0 729 82.3 16.2 1.5 100.0 5,932 10 or more years 18.3 62.8 18.9 100.0 1,172 61.4 37.1 1.4 100.0 2,360

Religion Hindu 23.6 56.9 19.5 100.0 1,624 85.3 13.3 1.4 100.0 15,485 Muslim 17.4 64.5 18.1 100.0 330 75.8 22.6 1.6 100.0 1,204 Christian (6.3) (75.0) (18.8) 100.0 16 77.6 17.8 4.7 100.0 63 Sikh (10.0) (80.0) (10.0) 100.0 10 (50.0) (50.0) (0.0) 100.0 10 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 30.4 46.7 22.9 100.0 118 91.6 7.4 0.9 100.0 1,307 Jain 5.4 64.1 30.5 100.0 40 34.4 65.6 0.0 100.0 120 Others * * * 100.0 3 83.0 14.5 2.5 100.0 40

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 28.0 52.5 19.4 100.0 264 89.9 8.9 1.3 100.0 2,797 Scheduled tribes 37.2 42.7 20.1 100.0 192 93.5 5.6 0.9 100.0 3,416 Other backward classes 26.0 53.1 20.9 100.0 671 84.5 14.0 1.5 100.0 5,229 Others 15.8 65.4 18.9 100.0 1,014 78.4 20.0 1.6 100.0 6,787

Wealth index Lowest 52.1 22.0 25.9 100.0 54 96.2 2.9 1.0 100.0 2,235 Second 37.6 45.5 16.9 100.0 88 95.3 3.5 1.2 100.0 2,937 Middle 37.6 42.4 20.1 100.0 229 92.3 6.4 1.3 100.0 4,338 Fourth 28.0 52.5 19.5 100.0 555 85.8 12.7 1.5 100.0 4,741 Highest 14.6 65.8 19.6 100.0 1,215 60.9 37.3 1.7 100.0 3,976

Maharashtra 22.4 57.9 19.7 100.0 2,141 84.7 13.9 1.4 100.0 18,229 Note: Spacing method includes – pill (Daily/Weekly), condom (Male/Female), and Injectables and limiting method includes – male sterilization and female sterilization. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘missing cases’. 2 Hospital, dispensary, UHC/UHP/UFWC, CHC/ Rural Hospital, PHC, Sub-Centre/ANM, Mobile clinic, Anganwadi / ICDS centre, ASHA, Other Community Based Worker, AYUSH Hospital/Clinic and Other Public Health Sector. 3 Hospital, Doctor/Clinic, Mobile Clinic, AYUSH Hospital/Clinic, Traditional Healer, Pharmacy/Drugstore and Other Private Medical Sector. 4 NGO or Trust Hospital/clinic Private, Shop, Vending Machine, Husband, Relatives/Friends, Others and Don’t Know. 5 Hospital, Dispensary, CHC/Rural Hospital, PHC, Mobile Clinic, Camp and Other Public Sector Health Facility. 6 Hospital, Doctor/Clinic, Mobile Clinic and Other Private Health Facility. 7 NGO or Trust Hospital/Clinic, Other and Don’t Know. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

108

TABLE 6.9 CASH BENEFITS RECEIVED AFTER STERILIZATION Percent distribution of currently married women and wives of sterilized men who received cash benefits after sterilization, by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Cash benefits received Received At the time After Number cash At the time of first several of District benefits of discharge follow-up visits Total1 women**

Nandurbar 75.1 96.6 1.8 1.6 100.0 596 Dhule 78.5 96.9 2.0 1.1 100.0 559 Jalgaon 68.1 95.1 2.9 2.0 100.0 492 Buldana 73.1 98.8 0.9 0.3 100.0 467

Akola 61.4 95.4 2.6 2.0 100.0 483 Washim 71.0 98.5 1.0 0.5 100.0 558 Amravati 75.3 97.6 2.2 0.3 100.0 492 Wardha 72.3 97.7 1.8 0.5 100.0 606

Nagpur 77.5 99.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 516 Bhandara 75.2 96.0 3.0 1.0 100.0 526 Gondiya 69.4 95.9 2.3 1.8 100.0 561 Gadchiroli 79.9 96.7 2.7 0.5 100.0 679

Chandrapur 71.1 98.2 1.2 0.6 100.0 482 Yavatmal 80.9 95.8 4.0 0.2 100.0 654 Nanded 76.6 98.6 1.1 0.2 100.0 587 Hingoli 75.3 97.7 1.3 1.1 100.0 625

Parbhani 76.4 98.4 0.8 0.8 100.0 482 Jalna 76.9 98.9 0.8 0.3 100.0 476 Aurangabad 74.8 98.3 1.1 0.6 100.0 459 Nashik 65.3 96.8 2.6 0.6 100.0 514

Thane 60.2 98.0 1.6 0.4 100.0 423 Mumbai (Suburban) 50.8 97.0 1.2 1.8 100.0 329 Mumbai 47.8 98.6 1.4 0.0 100.0 295 Raigarh 55.4 96.6 3.0 0.4 100.0 417

Pune 60.1 86.2 9.7 4.1 100.0 534 Ahmadnagar 59.9 95.3 1.9 2.8 100.0 544 Bid 74.4 97.2 1.3 1.5 100.0 536 Latur 75.2 95.6 4.4 0.0 100.0 635

Osmanabad 79.1 94.9 4.9 0.2 100.0 595 Solapur 66.5 93.5 2.5 4.0 100.0 594 Satara 60.3 95.3 3.8 0.9 100.0 585 Ratnagiri 68.1 96.0 1.6 2.4 100.0 366

Sindhudurg 62.9 90.2 8.1 1.7 100.0 375 Kolhapur 59.3 95.7 3.7 0.6 100.0 603 Sangli 56.9 92.2 4.8 3.0 100.0 584

Maharashtra 70.1 96.3 2.6 1.1 100.0 18,229

** Unweighted cases. 1 Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’.

109

TABLE 6.10 HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION AND TREATMENT RECEIVED Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using contraceptive method and who were informed about side effects, had side effects with the method, treatment taken for side effect with the method, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Type of method Female Health problems/side effect sterilization IUD Pill

Women who were informed about the side 15.7 42.2 33.4 effects before adoption of the method

Women who had side-effect/health problem 14.5 13.8 10.4 due to use of contraceptive method

Number of current users** 17,274 477 693

Type of health problems/side effects1 Weakness/inability to work 47.0 33.4 40.8 Body ache/ backache 65.1 37.8 31.2 Abdominal pain 36.8 40.6 16.2 Weight gain 5.6 7.6 8.3 Dizziness 25.8 18.3 36.6 Nausea/vomiting 14.6 6.1 42.9 Fever 8.3 1.5 5.4 Breast tenderness 2.1 0.0 1.3 Irregular periods 8.6 4.4 15.0 Excessive bleeding 7.7 35.9 7.9 Spotting 2.8 4.5 2.7 Amenorrhoea 0.6 0.0 2.7 Cramps 4.0 1.5 5.6 Decreased libido 2.0 3.0 4.1 Rashes/allergy 0.6 1.5 1.4 Infection 0.6 0.0 0.0 Others 19.8 24.0 24.5

Number of users with side effects** 2,496 66 74

Percentage of women received treatment 78.2 72.7 47.3

Source of treatment Government health facility 39.6 22.9 28.8 Private health facility 58.2 77.1 71.2 Other 2.3 0.0 0.0

Number of women with treatment taken** 1,951 48 35

** Unweighted cases. 1 Percentages may add to more than 100 because of multiple responses.

110

TABLE 6.11 REASONS FOR DISCONTINUATION OF CONTRACEPTION Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are past users (currently non-users) by reason for discontinuation of the contraceptive method according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08. Reasons for discontinuation Number Fertility Side of Background characteristics related1 effect related Others2 women**

Age group 15 - 19 84.9 6.0 9.2 184 20 - 24 81.9 8.6 9.5 584 25 - 29 75.4 10.7 13.9 427 30 - 34 62.6 14.9 22.5 208 35 - 39 48.4 25.2 26.5 95 40 - 44 33.7 24.6 41.7 77 45 - 49 32.6 25.1 42.3 55

No. of living children 0 91.5 3.7 4.8 244 1 76.6 10.1 13.3 643 2 61.5 14.6 23.9 469 3 62.8 18.0 19.2 142 4+ 62.6 20.4 17.0 132

Residence Rural 77.3 9.2 13.5 933 Urban 65.3 15.6 19.0 697

Education Non-literatea 74.9 10.9 14.1 193 Less than five years 68.9 16.5 14.6 103 5-9 years 73.2 11.1 15.6 634 10 or more years 70.9 12.3 16.8 700

Religion Hindu 72.8 11.1 16.1 1,241 Muslim 66.5 18.4 15.1 228 Christian (68.8) (18.8) (12.5) 16 Sikh * * * 3 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 78.1 7.9 14.0 114 Jain 64.1 11.9 24.0 25 Others * * * 3

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 74.4 9.6 16.0 239 Scheduled tribes 74.0 11.2 14.7 238 Other backward classes 72.6 11.1 16.3 474 Others 70.4 13.6 16.0 679

Wealth index Lowest 83.2 8.0 8.8 114 Second 85.6 5.8 8.6 139 Middle 73.4 12.7 13.9 283 Fourth 73.2 12.6 14.2 459 Highest 66.1 13.2 20.7 635

Maharashtra 72.2 11.9 15.9 1,630

( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases 1 Wanted child, method failed/became pregnant. 2 Others include supply not available, difficult to get method, lack of pleasure, method was inconvenient, cost too much, family/husband opposed, not having sex, infrequent sex, husband away and others. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

111

TABLE 6.12 FUTURE INTENTION TO USE Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are not using contraceptive method but having intention to use contraception in future by background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number Future intention to use1 Want to use any family planning method of Spacing Limiting Within 12 12 months non- Background Characteristics Method Method months and more Undecided users**

Age group 15 - 19 4.2 13.2 19.7 20.7 59.6 2,387 20 - 24 4.4 22.6 32.6 22.6 44.7 4,050 25 - 29 2.2 27.1 38.3 24.4 37.2 2,025 30 - 34 1.1 21.7 34.4 25.2 40.4 1,061 35 - 39 0.6 11.7 39.7 23.1 37.2 722 40 - 44 0.4 2.3 47.8 25.9 26.3 657 45 - 49 0.2 0.6 24.9 75.1 0.0 470

No. of living children 0 2.1 7.0 4.1 12.4 83.5 3,638 1 5.2 18.0 19.5 22.7 57.8 3,589 2 2.7 32.8 43.4 29.4 27.2 2,293 3 1.5 29.5 52.6 21.5 25.9 966 4+ 1.0 19.5 61.0 19.7 19.3 886

Residence Rural 2.9 19.1 31.7 22.8 45.5 7,993 Urban 3.5 17.3 34.1 23.9 42.0 3,379

Education Non-literatea 1.0 16.7 37.0 22.5 40.5 2,608 Less than five years 2.2 19.3 33.3 21.9 44.8 1,040 5-9 years 3.1 20.0 32.0 22.9 45.1 4,687 10 or more years 4.9 17.8 29.6 24.2 46.2 3,037

Religion Hindu 2.9 19.0 32.1 23.4 44.5 9,175 Muslim 3.6 14.4 34.4 22.9 42.7 1,214 Christian 1.5 13.0 26.8 18.5 54.8 68 Sikh * * * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 3.3 20.9 34.1 20.5 45.4 814 Jain 3.1 11.9 19.5 0.0 80.5 66 Others 0.0 23.2 16.1 66.9 16.9 26

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 3.3 20.4 33.2 19.1 47.7 1,709 Scheduled tribes 2.4 18.4 30.4 19.8 49.8 2,333 Other backward classes 3.1 16.1 33.0 26.6 40.4 2,931 Others 3.2 19.6 32.6 24.4 43.0 4,399

Wealth index Lowest 1.6 18.9 34.8 17.2 48.0 1,511 Second 2.0 20.8 32.6 22.2 45.2 1,636 Middle 2.9 18.8 30.3 23.6 46.1 2,558 Fourth 3.4 19.7 32.2 22.3 45.5 2,992 Highest 4.2 15.6 33.2 27.7 39.2 2,673

Maharashtra 3.0 18.6 32.4 23.1 44.5 11,372

Note: Spacing method includes IUD, pills, condom (Male/Female) and Injectables. Limiting method includes male sterilization and female sterilization. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases (Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’). 1 Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to exclusion of other methods (Rhythm/ Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal, Undecided and Others). a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

112

TABLE 6.13 ADVICE ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently not using any contraceptive and were advised by the ANM/health worker to use modern contraception by suggested method and place of residence, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Residence Advice Total Rural Urban

Percent Non-users advised to use modern contraceptive method1 14.3 14.1 15.0

Number of Non-users** 11,372 7,993 3,379

Percent of Traditional method users advised to use modern method 24.7 26.9 22.2

Number of traditional method users** 369 201 168

Percent of non-users or traditional method users who were advised to use Female sterilization 56.3 57.6 53.4 Male sterilization 8.6 9.8 5.9 IUD 25.6 22.4 32.6 Pill(Daily/weekly) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Injectables 2.5 2.4 2.9 Condom/Nirodh 18.2 17.4 19.8 Female condom 0.7 0.8 0.5

Rhythmic /periodic abstinence 2.7 2.3 3.6 Withdrawal 1.1 0.9 1.4 Others 0.3 0.2 0.5

Non-users who ever received 18.2 18.1 18.6 counselling/advised by health personnel to † adopt family planning (15-44) Number of non-users (15-44)** † 8,810 6,200 2,610

Current users ever told about side-effects of 17.5 16.9 19.2 family planning methods (15-44)v

Number of current users (15-44)** † 18,897 13,416 5,481

Users who received follow-up services for IUD/sterilization within 48 hours (15-44) † 86.1 86.0 86.5 † Number of users (15-44)** 16,783 12,503 4,280 Note: Exclude women in menopause or those who have undergone hysterectomy. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Includes Doctor, ANM, Health Worker, anganwadi Worker and ASHA. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

113

TABLE 6.14 REASONS FOR NOT USING MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS AMONG RHYTHM AND WITHDRAWAL METHOD USERS Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years who are currently using rhythm or withdrawal method by reasons for not using modern contraceptive method, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Reason for not using modern contraceptive method Opposition to Number Fertility use/lack of Method of Background characteristics related knowledge related women**

Age group 15 - 19 29.6 44.6 25.8 30 20 - 24 28.7 31.8 39.5 91 25 - 29 20.5 30.8 48.7 89 30 - 34 9.8 30.2 60.0 58 35 - 39 18.8 18.2 63.0 52 40 - 44 (28.6) (47.6) (23.8) 22 45 - 49 (33.3) (13.3) (53.3) 16

No. of living children 0 7.4 66.1 26.4 34 1 26.3 29.3 44.4 135 2 24.2 24.0 51.9 124 3 23.1 28.2 48.6 38 4+ 8.3 33.5 58.2 27

Residence Rural 27.5 31.8 40.7 193 Urban 16.7 28.9 54.4 165

Education Non-literatea 27.6 47.1 25.3 39 Less than five years (36.8) (36.8) (26.3) 21 5-9 years 15.5 32.9 51.6 117 10 or more years 24.2 24.6 51.2 181

Religion Hindu 23.3 31.0 45.7 288 Muslim 7.2 30.7 62.2 28 Christian * * * 3 Sikh nc nc nc 0 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 26.4 29.4 44.2 31 Jain * * * 7 Others * * * 1

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 27.4 28.9 43.7 62 Scheduled tribes 20.7 38.3 41.0 44 Other backward classes 18.3 34.4 47.3 111 Others 24.2 25.7 50.1 141

Wealth index Lowest (20.0) (46.7) (33.3) 16 Second 39.5 22.0 38.5 26 Middle 24.3 33.3 42.3 51 Fourth 19.4 35.8 44.8 99 Highest 21.5 26.2 52.3 166

Maharashtra 22.4 30.5 47.1 358 nc= Not calculated because there are no cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literates but did not attend school, are also included.

114

TABLE 6.15 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years by unmet need for family planning services according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Unmet need for family planning Number of Background characteristics Spacing1 Limiting2 Total women**

Age group 15 – 19 21.0 2.6 23.6 2,580 20 - 24 15.2 9.4 24.6 6,164 25 - 29 5.1 9.7 14.8 6,152 30 - 34 1.4 8.1 9.5 5,782 35 - 39 0.5 6.8 7.3 5,490 40 - 44 0.2 7.6 7.8 3,984 45 - 49 0.1 5.2 5.3 2,436

Number of living children 0 6.2 6.6 12.8 3,786 1 4.9 10.4 15.3 5,037 2 3.2 7.0 10.2 10,051 3 3.8 6.7 10.5 8,041 4+ 7.4 7.9 15.3 5,673

Residence Rural 8.2 9.0 17.2 22,946 Urban 5.8 7.4 13.2 9,642

Education Non-literatea 6.1 11.0 17.1 9,967 Less than five years 5.8 11.2 17.0 3,960 5-9 years 0.0 17.3 17.3 11,604 10 or more years 6.4 7.0 13.4 7,057

Religion Hindu 3.3 6.3 9.6 26,952 Muslim 5.6 7.0 12.6 2,855 Christian 6.4 6.8 13.2 152 Sikh 6.4 7.5 13.9 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 5.8 6.9 12.7 2,287 Jain 5.4 8.8 14.2 242 Others 7.1 0.4 7.5 71

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 23.5 8.4 31.9 4,868 Scheduled tribes 3.1 10.8 13.9 6,018 Other backward classes 1.2 6.1 7.3 9,108 Others 0.7 8.7 9.4 12,594

Wealth index Lowest 5.5 8.3 13.8 3,826 Second 6.7 6.9 13.6 4,702 Middle 6.5 6.2 12.7 7,207 Fourth 6.4 7.5 13.9 8,492 Highest 4.4 9.4 13.8 8,356

Maharashtra (15-49) 5.9 7.7 13.6 32,588 Maharashtra (15-44) † 6.3 7.9 14.2 30,151 Note: Total unmet need refers to unmet for limiting and spacing. ** Unweighted cases. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years. 1 Unmet need for spacing includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause or had hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and who want more children after two years nor later and are currently not using any family planning method. The women who are not sure about whether and when to have next child are also included in unmet need for spacing. 2 Unmet need for limiting includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause nor had hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and do not want any more children but are currently not using any family planning method. Total unmet need refers to unmet for limiting and spacing. a Literates but did not attend school, are also included. 115

TABLE 6.16 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES BY DISTRICT Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years by unmet need for family planning services by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Unmet need for family planning Number of District Spacing1 Limiting2 Total women**

Nandurbar 6.3 10.0 16.3 1,120 Dhule 4.6 3.8 8.4 989 Jalgaon 4.0 7.3 11.3 906 Buldana 7.1 7.3 14.4 890

Akola 3.9 7.2 11.1 914 Washim 6.3 6.7 13.0 991 Amravati 4.8 4.9 9.7 834 Wardha 3.7 2.5 6.2 874

Nagpur 3.8 8.2 12.0 847 Bhandara 5.5 4.6 10.1 847 Gondiya 6.0 4.8 10.8 907 Gadchiroli 6.3 7.6 13.9 1,259

Chandrapur 6.6 3.8 10.4 797 Yavatmal 6.5 6.0 12.5 1,095 Nanded 5.9 9.0 14.9 1,033 Hingoli 6.6 5.8 12.4 1,064

Parbhani 8.9 9.2 18.1 1,002 Jalna 9.0 10.1 19.1 1,019 Aurangabad 6.7 10.9 17.6 1,030 Nashik 4.9 6.7 11.6 922

Thane 5.2 11.9 17.1 922 Mumbai (Suburban) 5.4 15.5 20.9 816 Mumbai 4.9 15.3 20.2 813 Raigarh 6.7 8.3 15.0 775

Pune 4.5 6.5 11.0 883 Ahmadnagar 5.5 6.8 12.3 915 Bid 5.3 8.1 13.4 958 Latur 8.3 7.2 15.5 1,104

Osmanabad 5.6 6.8 12.4 963 Solapur 3.9 5.8 9.7 907 Satara 4.9 5.7 10.6 898 Ratnagiri 7.4 13.2 20.6 683

Sindhudurg 5.6 11.8 17.4 736 Kolhapur 5.2 6.2 11.4 952 Sangli 5.5 4.3 9.8 923

Maharashtra (15-49) 5.9 7.7 13.6 32,588 Maharashtra (15-44) † 6.3 7.9 14.2 30,151

Note: Total unmet need refers to unmet for limiting and spacing. ** Unweighted cases. 1 Unmet need for spacing includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause nor had hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and who want more children after two years or later and are currently not using any family planning method. The women who are not sure about whether and when to have next child are also included in unmet need for spacing. 2 Unmet need for limiting includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause nor had hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and do not want any more children but are currently not using any family planning method. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

116

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS AND AWARENESS

TABLE 7.1 MENSTRUATION RELATED PROBLEMS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who had any menstruation related problem during three months prior to survey and among them, reported specific symptoms according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08. Who had Reported Symptoms among who had any menstruation problem Number of any women menstruation Total Frequent Inter- Blood who had Background related number of No Painful or short Irregular Prolonged Scanty menstrual clots/excessive menstruation characteristics problem (%) women1 periods periods periods periods bleeding bleeding bleeding bleeding problem**

Age group 15-19 29.7 1,636 2.3 82.8 2.9 21.0 5.1 11.7 1.2 6.5 487 20-24 24.1 4,175 2.2 73.9 3.1 23.9 6.4 18.4 3.1 8.7 1,007 25-29 24.5 5,460 2.3 74.1 3.1 23.0 5.5 23.8 2.8 8.9 1,337 30-34 24.2 5,664 2.3 69.3 4.6 24.1 6.6 27.6 2.8 10.9 1,371 35-39 23.6 5,346 2.0 62.6 5.8 29.1 8.2 26.6 3.2 11.5 1,263 40-44 27.9 3,236 3.0 51.9 5.3 40.4 8.3 23.7 3.2 12.9 904 45-49 28.9 1,217 2.0 53.9 6.0 45.9 12.5 19.3 5.1 15.0 352

Place of residence Rural 25.5 18,497 2.5 69.4 4.5 26.6 6.8 24.5 2.8 10.6 4,722 Urban 24.3 8,237 1.9 63.2 4.1 30.9 7.8 20.0 3.4 10.1 1,999

Age at consummation of marriage Below18 years 27.5 13,907 2.0 68.3 4.4 27.6 7.0 24.0 2.8 11.1 3,826 18 years & above 22.6 12,827 2.7 66.5 4.2 28.2 7.2 22.0 3.2 9.5 2,895

Marital duration 0-4 25.6 4,259 2.3 79.6 2.8 21.0 5.1 13.9 2.1 8.0 1,093 5-9 22.9 4,787 2.3 70.6 3.5 25.7 7.2 22.6 2.2 8.6 1,097 10-14 24.1 5,092 2.5 70.2 3.7 24.4 6.7 25.5 4.0 10.0 1,227 15+ 26.2 12,596 2.3 61.5 5.4 32.2 7.8 25.5 3.2 12.0 3,304

Education Non-literatea 25.0 8,201 2.3 67.9 4.6 27.7 8.2 25.2 3.4 11.1 2,050 Less than 5 yrs 27.9 3,278 3.0 67.9 4.5 29.4 6.0 24.2 3.2 10.0 914 5-9 years 25.6 9,412 2.1 66.5 4.3 28.5 6.5 23.2 2.6 9.8 2,405 10 or more years 23.1 5,843 2.3 68.4 3.9 26.1 7.2 19.2 2.9 10.8 1,352

Husband's education Non-literatea 24.6 4,623 2.4 70.6 3.6 26.5 8.2 24.2 3.3 9.9 1,139 Less than 5 yrs 27.3 3,505 1.7 66.6 3.9 27.7 8.4 25.4 3.1 11.3 958 5-9 years 25.8 8,769 2.7 67.3 5.3 28.4 6.7 23.3 2.8 10.0 2,262 10 or more years 24.0 9,837 2.2 66.6 4.0 28.1 6.4 21.6 2.9 10.7 2,362

Religion Hindu 24.9 22,067 2.4 67.5 4.4 28.1 7.1 23.5 3.0 10.5 5,487 Muslim 26.0 2,334 2.0 64.6 4.8 27.5 8.4 19.0 3.9 12.1 607 Christian 21.1 133 3.6 71.2 0.0 28.8 14.2 14.9 3.5 28.8 28 Sikh 28.2 25 * * * * * * * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 27.9 1,920 2.3 71.1 3.2 26.4 4.3 26.2 2.0 7.1 536 Jain 19.6 203 2.5 65.3 4.9 29.9 7.4 17.5 0.0 9.8 40 Others 31.1 52 (0.0) (75.0) (0.0) (12.5) (18.8) (6.3) (12.5) (6.3) 16 Contd…

119

TABLE 7.1 MENSTRUATION RELATED PROBLEMS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS - Continued

Who had Reported Symptoms Number of any women menstruation Total Frequent Inter- Blood who had Background related number of No Painful or short Irregular Prolonged Scanty menstrual clots/excessive menstruation characteristics problem women1 periods periods periods periods bleeding bleeding bleeding bleeding problem**

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 28.8 4,079 2.3 72.1 3.0 26.7 5.5 24.9 2.4 9.3 1,176 Scheduled Tribes 26.6 4,758 2.2 74.4 4.6 24.0 7.2 24.4 3.1 11.4 1,264 Other Backward Classes 24.7 7,567 2.6 64.1 4.9 29.4 7.4 25.6 3.0 10.6 1,867 Others 23.4 10,157 2.2 64.6 4.3 29.3 7.5 19.7 3.2 10.4 2,378

Wealth index Lowest 26.3 3,126 2.3 77.6 3.7 23.7 7.5 23.9 3.2 10.5 822 Second 25.5 3,813 1.9 70.7 3.7 27.0 7.6 23.6 3.0 9.8 974 Middle 26.5 5,740 2.2 68.5 4.2 26.7 6.5 25.5 2.7 9.1 1,523 Fourth 25.5 6,933 2.5 64.7 5.2 29.1 7.1 23.9 3.2 10.9 1,768 Highest 22.9 7,117 2.4 62.7 4.2 30.3 7.0 19.5 2.9 11.6 1,633

Maharashtra 25.1 26,734 2.3 67.5 4.3 27.9 7.1 23.2 3.0 10.4 6,721

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Excludes pregnant, in amenorrhea, in menopause, had hysterectomy and ever menstruated women.

120

TABLE 7.2 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RTI/STI BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15- 49 years who have heard about RTI/STI, among them, who received information from specific sources according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Who Source of Knowledge Number have Total School/adult Leaders/ of women heard number of Print Health education community Relative/ heard of 1 2 4 Background characteristics RTI/STI women** Radio T.V. Cinema media personnel programs3 meeting Husband friends Other RTI/STI**

Age group 15-19 20.7 2,635 11.2 34.8 1.3 17.5 19.0 9.6 10.0 3.1 60.4 10.3 548 20-24 26.8 6,356 12.7 44.8 2.0 21.1 24.6 6.4 9.9 6.2 53.3 8.6 1,702 25-29 30.1 6,442 12.1 45.7 3.0 26.1 24.3 4.3 11.2 5.1 50.2 9.1 1,938 30-34 28.8 6,142 12.2 45.0 3.0 25.5 24.6 2.6 11.3 4.3 52.6 10.0 1,773 35-39 28.2 5,987 10.2 41.1 2.8 20.5 22.9 2.0 9.5 4.4 57.9 10.2 1,689 40-44 24.6 4,535 10.5 38.9 2.1 20.4 22.0 2.2 11.4 2.5 58.6 12.2 1,118 45-49 25.5 2,823 10.6 43.5 1.9 23.7 20.8 1.8 11.2 3.6 59.3 11.1 719

Residence Rural 24.1 24,581 11.3 35.9 1.7 17.0 24.7 3.9 11.3 4.1 58.1 12.1 5,930 Urban 34.4 10,339 11.9 54.7 3.8 32.3 21.0 3.7 9.5 5.2 49.5 6.4 3,557

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 20.9 18,346 9.1 31.1 1.2 11.7 20.0 1.7 11.7 3.0 64.5 11.8 3,846 18 years & above 34.0 16,574 13.2 51.0 3.4 30.3 25.6 5.3 9.9 5.5 48.3 8.7 5,641

Marital duration 0-4 28.1 6,726 13.4 49.2 2.7 26.2 23.5 8.9 9.0 5.8 48.3 8.5 1,892 5-9 30.7 6,172 13.1 45.6 3.2 27.1 26.1 4.4 10.7 5.4 51.6 8.4 1,894 10-14 29.7 5,632 9.9 43.0 2.2 24.4 24.4 2.7 11.4 4.6 53.2 10.7 1,676 15+ 24.5 16,390 10.6 38.8 2.2 18.4 21.4 1.7 11.1 3.4 60.1 11.1 4,025

Education Non-literatea 15.0 10,997 7.3 19.5 0.2 1.5 14.9 0.9 14.4 2.2 74.8 13.8 1,647 Less than 5 yrs 20.1 4,360 8.8 27.4 0.9 5.6 19.8 1.0 11.8 2.6 67.1 13.1 876 5-9 years 28.9 12,271 10.9 42.3 1.8 19.0 24.4 2.0 10.7 4.2 57.1 9.9 3,551 10 or more years 46.8 7,292 14.9 58.9 4.7 41.3 27.1 7.8 8.4 6.4 39.7 7.4 3,413

Husband's education Non-literatea 15.5 6,168 7.0 19.3 0.2 4.2 17.2 1.1 16.1 2.5 71.1 15.8 955 Less than 5 years 19.3 4,638 7.9 28.0 0.4 7.2 20.4 1.1 12.8 1.9 66.8 11.8 895 5-9 years 26.1 11,552 9.6 38.9 1.3 15.6 23.1 2.7 10.8 3.6 58.7 10.6 3,014 10 or more years 36.8 12,562 14.4 53.4 4.2 34.3 25.2 5.7 9.0 6.0 46.7 8.0 4,623

Religion Hindu 27.2 28,849 11.6 42.1 2.5 23.2 23.7 3.9 10.5 4.5 55.2 10.1 7,869 Muslim 24.9 3,049 8.8 47.0 2.7 16.0 18.7 2.9 12.3 3.7 53.6 8.7 757 Christian 32.6 163 11.6 56.7 0.0 26.7 32.1 2.0 1.9 6.1 41.5 7.8 53 Sikh 49.5 30 (13.3) (40.0) (0.0) (26.7) (6.7) (0.0) (6.7) (6.7) (60.0) (0.0) 15 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 26.9 2,504 14.7 44.2 2.0 21.7 24.2 3.9 12.2 5.1 54.5 11.2 673 Jain 45.0 249 8.9 61.7 7.8 43.0 18.9 3.5 6.1 5.3 46.2 6.2 112 Others 10.4 76 * * * * * * * * * * 8 Contd…

121

TABLE 7.2 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RTI/STI BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS —Continued

Who Total Source of Knowledge Number of have number School/adult Leaders/ women Background heard of Print Health education community Relative/ heard of 1 2 4 characteristics RTI/STI women** Radio T.V. Cinema media personnel programs3 meeting Husband friends Other RTI/STI**

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 27.6 5,341 12.8 40.5 2.1 19.9 23.2 3.9 10.9 4.1 57.0 11.0 1,476 Scheduled Tribes 15.9 6,425 11.7 33.6 1.8 15.8 26.0 3.2 13.2 6.8 58.1 12.8 1,027 Other Backward Classes 29.0 9,743 12.9 45.6 2.8 24.2 23.3 3.8 11.5 4.7 51.6 8.8 2,823 Others 31.1 13,186 10.0 44.2 2.7 24.4 22.5 3.9 9.3 3.9 55.6 9.7 4,103

Wealth index Lowest 13.6 4,230 10.0 17.2 0.5 6.4 21.8 1.4 15.1 4.0 69.5 18.9 577 Second 18.1 5,111 9.5 20.5 0.6 7.2 19.1 2.2 13.7 2.5 65.9 15.2 926 Middle 23.1 7,716 9.7 30.8 0.9 11.8 22.5 2.2 12.7 3.5 63.7 11.6 1,785 Fourth 28.8 9,031 11.7 44.2 1.9 19.3 25.3 4.4 11.0 4.3 54.3 9.7 2,606 Highest 40.7 8,825 13.0 58.1 4.5 37.3 23.6 5.1 7.9 5.7 45.7 6.6 3,591

Maharashtra (15-49) 27.1 34,920 11.5 43.0 2.5 22.7 23.3 3.8 10.6 4.5 54.8 10.0 9,487 Maharashtra (15-44) † 27.5 30,151 11.6 43.2 2.6 23.0 23.5 4.1 10.6 4.8 54.2 9.8 8,288

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Includes News papers/books/magazines/slogans/pamphlets and posters. 2 Includes Doctor/ASHA/health workers. 3 Includes school/ teacher, adult education programs.4 Includes religious/ political leaders, community meetings and exhibition/ Mela. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

122

TABLE 7.3 KNOWLEDGE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF RTI/STI BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who have heard of RTI/STI and among them, who have knowledge of transmission of RTI/STI, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 knowledge of transmission of RTI/STI Unsafe sex with persons Unsafe Number of Heard Unsafe Unsafe sex who have sex with women of Unsafe Unsafe IUD with many sex heard of Background characteristics RTI/STI delivery abortion insertion homosexuals partners workers Other RTI/STI **

Age group 15-19 20.7 15.8 12.8 9.6 7.5 73.3 20.2 18.5 548 20-24 26.8 18.9 15.2 13.5 13.8 75.2 22.3 15.1 1,702 25-29 30.1 21.0 15.2 16.3 14.3 73.1 23.3 17.6 1,938 30-34 28.8 18.9 13.0 13.7 12.2 72.1 21.9 19.1 1,773 35-39 28.2 20.9 16.6 15.3 12.4 72.3 22.6 17.4 1,689 40-44 24.6 21.9 16.4 15.0 11.6 72.5 24.4 16.2 1,118 45-49 25.5 24.4 16.6 14.7 12.2 74.6 21.8 14.4 719

Residence Rural 24.1 20.9 14.3 13.7 12.0 72.4 22.7 16.7 5,930 Urban 34.4 19.4 16.3 15.6 13.6 74.3 22.4 17.5 3,557

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 20.9 17.8 12.2 12.9 9.7 71.0 24.0 20.3 3,846 18 years & above 34.0 21.5 16.6 15.3 14.1 74.2 21.9 15.5 5,641

Marital duration 0-4 28.1 19.4 15.9 13.5 12.8 76.7 21.8 14.0 1,892 5-9 30.7 18.9 14.1 15.5 16.1 72.2 21.8 18.6 1,894 10-14 29.7 19.7 15.2 14.3 11.1 72.8 21.8 18.3 1,676 15+ 24.5 21.8 15.3 14.7 11.5 72.0 23.8 17.3 4,025

Education Non-literatea 15.0 21.4 12.1 12.5 8.9 62.5 23.9 19.0 1,647 Less than 5 yrs 20.1 23.6 17.1 11.3 5.3 72.6 27.6 19.0 876 5-9 years 28.9 18.9 12.0 12.9 9.1 72.4 21.3 17.9 3,551 10 or more years 46.8 20.6 17.7 16.5 17.0 76.0 22.5 15.8 3,413

Husband's education Non-literatea 15.5 21.4 14.6 8.4 8.0 68.7 25.8 16.5 955 Less than 5 years 19.3 20.5 12.1 17.3 6.6 68.2 22.2 20.8 895 5-9 years 26.1 19.5 13.7 12.6 10.6 70.3 20.4 17.5 3,014 10 or more years 36.8 20.5 16.2 15.7 14.9 75.6 23.3 16.4 4,623

Religion Hindu 27.3 21.0 15.4 14.3 12.6 73.7 22.9 17.3 7,869 Muslim 24.9 15.7 11.6 15.4 10.8 66.9 21.0 19.7 757 Christian 32.6 19.8 8.2 8.2 26.8 65.1 12.1 15.4 53 Sikh (50.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (80.0) (20.0) (40.0) 15 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 26.9 17.7 16.6 17.5 12.1 73.8 21.3 11.5 673 Jain 45.0 18.9 20.5 13.7 22.5 80.6 25.5 13.7 112 Others * * * * * * * * 8

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 27.7 19.6 17.8 15.1 10.8 74.3 24.9 14.8 1,476 Scheduled Tribes 15.9 24.7 15.6 15.2 13.4 71.7 27.4 12.4 1,027 Other Backward Classes 29.0 20.2 14.9 15.8 13.5 71.6 23.0 16.7 2,823 Others 31.1 19.5 14.4 13.5 12.5 74.2 20.5 19.5 4,103

Wealth index Lowest 13.6 23.9 17.9 8.3 6.6 62.9 24.6 15.0 577 Second 18.1 22.0 17.9 15.2 9.6 71.8 21.5 15.3 926 Middle 23.1 19.6 12.9 12.3 9.9 71.8 22.8 18.3 1,785 Fourth 28.8 20.6 13.6 14.9 12.1 72.4 22.1 16.1 2,606 Highest 40.7 19.7 16.2 15.5 14.9 75.3 22.8 17.7 3,591

Maharashtra (15-49) 27.1 20.3 15.1 14.5 12.7 73.2 22.6 17.0 9,487 Maharashtra (15-44) † 27.5 20.2 15.4 14.9 12.9 72.9 22.7 17.2 8,288

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years. 123

TABLE 7.4 SYMPTOMS OF RTI/STI BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who had reported abnormal vaginal discharge, other RTI/STI symptoms during three months prior to survey according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Women Women Percentage reported specific symptom of RTI/STI1 reported reported Pain in lower Painful abnormal other Itching or Boils/Ulcers/ abdomen not Swelling blister Pain during Spotting Total vaginal RTI/STI irritation Warts related in the like sexual after sexual number of Background characteristics discharge symptoms1 over vulva around vulva menses groin lesions intercourse2 intercourse2 women **

Age group 15-19 8.5 16.9 4.7 1.8 5.3 1.0 1.9 6.3 1.8 2,635 20-24 9.3 18.0 5.6 2.1 5.6 1.1 1.5 4.6 0.7 6,356 25-29 9.9 18.4 5.6 2.0 5.5 1.0 1.6 3.9 0.4 6,442 30-34 9.2 19.1 6.4 2.2 5.9 1.1 1.8 2.8 0.4 6,142 35-39 9.0 18.9 6.1 2.0 5.4 1.3 1.7 2.1 0.2 5,987 40-44 6.9 18.3 5.9 1.9 4.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.3 4,535 45-49 4.7 14.9 4.4 1.6 3.5 .9 1.3 1.2 0.1 2,823

Residence Rural 8.7 19.2 5.7 2.1 5.8 1.2 1.9 3.5 0.6 24,581 Urban 8.5 15.5 5.6 1.7 4.1 1.1 1.1 2.7 0.3 10,339

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 9.5 19.3 5.9 2.2 5.9 1.3 1.9 3.3 0.5 18,346 18 years & above 7.6 16.7 5.5 1.8 4.6 1.0 1.4 3.2 0.5 16,574

Marital duration 0-4 8.3 17.1 5.3 2.0 5.1 1.0 1.6 5.4 1.1 6,726 5-9 9.0 17.5 5.5 1.9 5.4 1.1 1.6 3.5 0.4 6,172 10-14 10.3 18.3 5.7 2.0 5.7 1.1 1.7 3.4 0.4 5,632 15+ 8.0 18.7 6.0 2.0 5.2 1.2 1.7 2.1 0.3 16,390

Education Non-literatea 8.6 18.3 5.5 2.0 5.8 1.3 2.1 2.6 0.6 10,997 Less than 5 yrs 10.1 20.5 6.5 2.3 6.2 1.3 1.9 3.2 0.3 4,360 5-9 years 8.7 18.2 6.0 2.0 5.2 1.1 1.5 3.6 0.6 12,271 10 or more years 7.6 16.3 5.1 1.7 4.2 1.0 1.1 3.7 0.4 7,292

Husband's education Non-literatea 9.0 18.3 5.5 2.3 5.8 1.2 2.1 2.5 0.5 6,168 Less than 5 years 9.6 20.5 6.4 2.1 6.0 1.3 2.1 3.1 0.5 4,638 5-9 years 8.7 18.6 6.1 2.0 5.7 1.2 1.6 3.3 0.5 11,552 10 or more years 7.9 16.6 5.2 1.8 4.4 1.0 1.3 3.6 0.5 12,562

Religion Hindu 8.3 17.9 5.6 2.0 5.3 1.1 1.7 3.1 0.5 28,849 Muslim 12.6 18.7 6.5 2.2 5.5 1.3 1.6 3.8 0.6 3,049 Christian 7.4 15.9 4.9 3.7 6.1 0.0 3.7 7.3 0.7 163 Sikh 16.6 23.6 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 7.6 20.3 5.9 1.9 5.4 1.2 1.5 4.3 0.5 2,504 Jain 7.2 12.0 4.8 1.9 2.3 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.0 249 Others 6.5 15.8 7.9 1.3 10.7 2.6 4.1 2.9 1.4 76 Contd…

124

TABLE 7.4 SYMPTOMS OF RTI/STI BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS — Continued Percentage reported specific symptom of RTI/STI1 Women Women reported reported Pain in lower Painful abnormal other Itching or Boils/Ulcers/ abdomen not blister Pain during Spotting Total vaginal RTI/STI irritation Warts related Swelling in like sexual after sexual number of Background characteristics discharge symptoms1 over vulva around vulva menses the groin lesions intercourse2 intercourse2 women **

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 8.1 20.3 6.0 2.0 5.8 1.1 1.6 4.6 0.5 5,341 Scheduled Tribes 9.2 18.9 5.6 2.2 7.1 1.4 2.3 3.3 1.0 6,425 Other Backward Classes 8.6 19.9 6.3 2.1 5.7 1.3 1.7 3.4 0.4 9,743 Others 8.5 15.6 5.2 1.8 4.0 0.9 1.3 2.6 0.3 13,186

Wealth index Lowest 9.3 19.1 5.2 2.3 6.8 1.3 2.6 3.3 0.9 4,230 Second 9.1 20.7 5.9 2.3 6.6 1.2 2.0 3.8 0.6 5,111 Middle 9.3 19.7 6.0 2.0 5.9 1.1 1.6 3.6 0.5 7,716 Fourth 9.0 18.5 6.4 2.1 5.1 1.1 1.6 3.6 0.5 9,031 Highest 7.0 14.4 4.8 1.6 3.5 1.0 1.0 2.3 0.2 8,825

Maharashtra (15-49) 8.6 18.1 5.7 2.0 5.3 1.1 1.6 3.3 0.5 34,920 Maharashtra (15-44) † 9.0 18.7 5.9 2.0 5.6 1.2 1.7 3.4 0.5 30,151 Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Excluding women having abnormal vaginal discharge problem. 2 Only for currently married women. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

125

TABLE 7.5 DISCUSSION ABOUT RTI/STI PROBLEMS WITH HUSBAND AND SOUGHT TREATMENT BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years discussed RTI /STI problem with husband/partner and sought treatment among who reported any RTI/STI1 problem and source of treatment according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08. Women Source of treatment discussed Women RTI/STI sought Number of Number of problems with treatment1 for women women Background husband/ RTI/STI having any who sought characteristics partner1 problems RTI/STI 1 Government Private Other treatment**

Age group 15-19 63.1 34.9 550 25.0 71.9 3.1 192 20-24 65.2 42.6 1,403 20.9 77.7 1.3 598 25-29 69.8 50.4 1,456 20.8 77.4 1.8 733 30-34 69.2 55.1 1,395 24.9 72.6 2.6 769 35-39 66.0 53.4 1,330 23.6 73.4 3.1 710 40-44 62.3 55.8 947 23.1 73.9 3.0 529 45-49 64.8 62.1 476 20.6 78.4 1.0 296

Residence Rural 65.7 49.9 5,589 24.5 73.2 2.3 2,788 Urban 68.4 52.7 1,968 17.9 80.0 2.2 1,039

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 64.4 50.0 4,285 22.6 75.3 2.2 2,142 18 years & above 69.0 51.5 3,272 22.8 74.8 2.4 1,685

Marital duration 0-4 65.5 40.6 1,399 22.8 75.4 1.8 568 5-9 69.2 47.9 1,317 20.7 77.7 1.6 631 10-14 69.3 51.5 1,270 21.3 76.2 2.5 653 15+ 64.7 55.3 3,571 23.7 73.7 2.6 1,975

Education Non-literatea 62.0 48.7 2,394 28.7 68.7 2.6 1,166 Less than 5 yrs 62.4 52.2 1,063 24.3 73.9 1.8 555 5-9 years 67.8 51.4 2,677 21.8 76.0 2.2 1,374 10 or more years 74.2 51.4 1,423 13.6 84.2 2.2 732

Husband's education Non-literatea 57.7 47.5 1,360 31.0 65.8 3.2 648 Less than 5 years 64.8 50.8 1,140 26.8 70.5 2.7 579 5-9 years 66.1 50.0 2,571 22.0 75.8 2.2 1,284 10 or more years 72.3 52.9 2,486 17.4 80.8 1.7 1,316

Religion Hindu 65.9 49.9 6,154 22.4 75.4 2.2 3,072 Muslim 67.0 55.4 736 20.9 76.4 2.7 408 Christian 60.6 53.7 28 (46.7) (53.3) (0.0) 15 Sikh * * 9 * * * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 71.3 52.7 580 27.3 69.4 3.3 304 Jain 74.9 47.1 36 (5.9) (94.1) (0.0) 17 Others (64.3) (50.0) 14 * * * 7

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 67.2 52.1 1,234 28.5 68.7 2.8 643 Scheduled Tribes 60.7 42.7 1,464 32.5 64.1 3.4 625 Other Backward Classes 67.9 51.8 2,258 20.3 77.6 2.1 1,169 Others 68.1 53.5 2,556 17.4 80.9 1.7 1,368

Wealth index Lowest 57.1 41.2 972 32.8 63.7 3.6 400 Second 63.2 48.8 1,231 33.0 64.5 2.5 601 Middle 64.3 48.8 1,823 26.6 70.4 2.9 891 Fourth 69.4 53.5 2,000 19.7 78.3 1.9 1,070 Highest 73.6 56.6 1,531 10.4 88.3 1.4 865

Maharashtra 66.4 50.7 7,557 22.7 75.0 2.3 3,827

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Any RTI/STI (Including abnormal vaginal discharge or other RTI/STI problem).

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TABLE 7.6 RTI/STI INDICATORS BY DISTRICTS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who reported RTI/STI problem during three months prior to the survey and among them percentage sought treatment for the problem, by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Who heard Who reported Who have any Total Who sought Number of about any abnormal other symptoms number of treatment for women having Districts RTI/STI vaginal discharge of RTI/STI1 women** any RTI/STI2 any RTI/STI2

Nandurbar 7.5 10.9 23.9 1,169 39.3 331 Dhule 21.8 15.1 35.2 1,057 39.6 402 Jalgaon 20.1 12.1 29.7 982 41.3 316 Buldana 22.7 17.1 33.0 963 42.0 367

Akola 21.2 9.1 32.9 977 49.0 370 Washim 10.9 10.4 22.1 1,051 50.9 284 Amravati 21.7 13.7 22.4 888 46.6 268 Wardha 37.5 7.9 16.4 934 60.1 184

Nagpur 50.1 7.1 12.6 920 56.4 148 Bhandara 31.7 6.9 29.5 915 56.9 297 Gondiya 28.3 2.8 21.0 976 57.9 214 Gadchiroli 18.0 6.7 24.7 1,364 52.6 363

Chandrapur 11.1 4.7 10.2 849 50.5 95 Yavatmal 26.5 7.9 17.6 1,179 56.2 257 Nanded 26.3 6.1 13.2 1,101 58.0 172 Hingoli 20.4 8.7 14.2 1,130 54.3 216

Parbhani 35.1 6.1 12.6 1,075 53.2 179 Jalna 21.1 14.3 16.7 1,078 57.0 255 Aurangabad 9.4 16.4 24.4 1,079 43.3 339 Nashik 28.1 10.8 23.6 985 46.9 272

Thane 17.8 7.6 10.4 962 62.9 126 Mumbai (Suburban) 28.1 7.7 8.6 876 55.5 113 Mumbai 32.0 7.0 5.8 880 55.0 91 Raigarh 34.8 3.8 12.5 833 64.8 100

Pune 36.5 6.1 12.2 949 66.2 140 Ahmadnagar 38.6 6.0 22.0 990 58.2 229 Bid 21.4 10.8 18.6 1,014 50.7 241 Latur 31.4 7.5 14.4 1,179 53.2 212

Osmanabad 25.4 7.3 12.2 1,003 40.2 158 Solapur 50.7 6.1 10.4 989 47.1 128 Satara 38.5 6.4 11.0 996 57.7 139 Ratnagiri 27.3 3.7 10.4 742 61.5 89

Sindhudurg 40.0 6.3 14.5 771 62.6 131 Kolhapur 38.5 6.3 13.0 1,023 57.6 166 Sangli 34.1 4.7 14.4 1,041 54.0 165

Maharashtra (15-49) 27.1 8.6 18.1 34,920 50.7 7,557 Maharashtra (15-44) † 27.5 9.0 18.7 30,151 50.1 7,424

Note: ** Unweighted cases. 1 Excluding women having abnormal vaginal discharge. 2 Any RTI/STI (Including abnormal vaginal discharge problem or other RTI/STI problem). † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.7 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15–49 years who have heard of HIV/AIDS and among them, who received information from specific sources according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Sources of knowledge for HIV/AIDS Number of Who have School/ Leaders/ women heard of Total Print Health adult education community Relatives/ heard of Background characteristics HIV/AIDS women** Radio T.V. Cinema media1 personnel2 programs3 meetings4 Husband friends Other HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 67.0 2,635 21.2 68.6 2.8 24.5 19.0 13.2 8.4 6.5 47.9 8.2 1,769 20-24 74.2 6,356 22.2 74.3 3.4 31.0 27.9 10.4 7.0 7.7 43.8 8.0 4,714 25-29 74.8 6,442 21.6 74.0 3.8 33.0 27.1 5.6 9.2 7.6 43.5 9.0 4,817 30-34 72.2 6,142 20.6 71.2 3.5 31.7 25.2 3.6 9.6 6.3 46.2 10.4 4,435 35-39 67.8 5,987 18.9 69.1 2.7 26.7 22.2 3.0 10.3 5.0 51.6 9.9 4,059 40-44 64.5 4,535 18.4 66.1 2.8 23.3 19.0 2.2 9.9 4.1 51.9 10.1 2,925 45-49 61.9 2,823 17.9 67.1 2.7 25.3 20.1 1.6 11.9 3.1 51.8 10.1 1,748

Residence Rural 63.0 24,581 21.4 62.2 2.4 23.2 24.2 5.6 10.0 5.7 50.6 11.1 15,483 Urban 86.9 10,339 18.8 86.0 4.6 39.1 23.8 5.5 8.0 7.0 41.7 6.3 8,984

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 62.2 18,346 17.6 59.8 1.7 17.5 18.9 2.8 9.5 4.7 55.5 10.9 11,427 18 years & above 78.7 16,574 22.9 80.7 4.5 39.1 28.5 8.0 9.0 7.4 40.2 8.0 13,040

Marital duration 0-4 76.5 6,726 22.8 78.1 3.8 35.1 27.5 13.9 7.9 8.0 40.7 7.5 5,144 5-9 75.4 6,172 22.7 75.5 4.3 34.5 28.0 6.2 7.9 7.4 43.4 8.3 4,652 10-14 73.1 5,632 21.1 72.5 3.2 31.9 25.9 3.3 9.6 7.0 45.9 9.9 4,117 15+ 64.4 16,390 18.0 64.8 2.5 22.5 19.9 2.1 10.4 4.3 52.8 10.5 10,554

Education Non-literatea 45.0 10,997 13.9 44.6 0.3 3.4 14.7 0.6 10.9 3.5 64.7 13.0 4,957 Less than 5 yrs 62.1 4,360 17.0 58.5 0.9 10.6 18.4 1.2 9.6 4.4 56.7 11.1 2,705 5-9 years 80.4 12,271 20.6 74.6 3.0 29.5 25.2 4.0 8.8 5.8 44.9 8.4 9,864 10 or more years 95.2 7,292 26.1 89.4 6.6 53.8 31.2 13.1 8.6 9.1 34.7 7.4 6,941

Husband's education Non-literatea 44.0 6,168 14.6 44.2 0.6 8.1 18.4 1.5 11.6 2.7 61.9 13.1 2,717 Less than 5 years 56.1 4,638 17.0 55.1 1.1 13.4 19.4 1.7 10.7 4.4 57.0 11.6 2,604 5-9 years 71.8 11,552 19.4 70.1 2.0 23.8 23.7 4.4 8.8 4.8 48.4 9.3 8,293 10 or more years 86.4 12,562 23.5 82.1 5.4 42.0 26.8 8.4 8.7 8.5 40.5 7.9 10,853

Religion Hindu 68.6 28,849 20.8 69.7 3.2 29.7 23.9 5.9 9.4 6.2 48.0 9.7 19,814 Muslim 76.1 3,049 15.7 78.9 2.7 22.7 24.3 3.2 7.4 5.6 43.0 5.9 2,319 Christian 74.9 163 19.6 84.5 2.5 41.9 37.1 9.0 9.2 7.6 48.6 9.2 122 Sikh 96.7 30 14.2 96.5 6.8 27.2 14.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 34.4 3.5 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 76.5 2,504 22.7 70.2 3.2 25.6 24.1 4.9 10.6 6.2 46.4 10.9 1,915 Jain 95.6 249 21.2 89.0 8.2 56.8 30.3 8.8 5.0 5.0 42.0 5.4 238 Others 39.3 76 9.7 75.6 0.0 16.6 30.3 0.0 3.2 13.3 33.1 3.2 30 Contd…

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TABLE 7.7 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS — Continued

Sources of knowledge for HIV/AIDS School/ Number of Who have adult Leaders/ women heard of Total Print Health education community Relatives/ heard of 1 2 3 4 Background characteristics HIV/AIDS women** Radio T.V. Cinema media personnel programs meetings Husband friends Other HIV/AIDS**

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 75.3 5,341 20.7 68.9 3.3 25.8 24.6 5.1 10.2 6.4 47.8 9.7 4,024 Scheduled Tribes 44.9 6,425 21.0 57.4 2.7 20.2 24.7 5.3 10.8 7.2 52.3 10.9 2,892 Other Backward Classes 72.8 9,743 22.8 76.2 3.7 32.5 24.4 6.4 10.7 6.8 42.9 8.1 7,085 Others 78.2 13,186 18.4 71.7 3.0 30.2 23.3 5.3 7.5 5.3 48.9 9.7 10,306

Wealth index Lowest 36.9 4,230 18.3 31.7 0.8 9.4 22.0 2.5 11.5 4.5 61.3 17.7 1,563 Second 52.0 5,111 19.1 42.5 1.4 13.1 22.1 3.7 10.8 4.7 60.3 13.4 2,657 Middle 64.9 7,716 20.5 58.8 1.5 18.6 22.3 4.2 10.6 5.5 53.2 10.9 5,009 Fourth 78.6 9,031 20.8 76.6 2.9 26.2 24.4 5.5 9.3 6.0 45.4 8.3 7,101 Highest 92.1 8,825 20.9 90.2 5.7 46.8 25.8 7.7 7.5 7.5 38.4 6.3 8,133

Maharashtra (15-49) 70.0 34,920 20.4 70.9 3.2 29.0 24.0 5.6 9.3 6.1 47.3 9.4 24,467 Maharashtra (15-44) † 71.2 30,151 20.7 71.7 3.3 29.6 24.4 6.0 9.0 6.7 46.5 9.2 21,461

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Includes News papers/books/magazines//slogans/pamphlets and posters. 2 Includes Doctor/ASHA/health workers. 3 Includes school/teacher, adult education programs. 4 Includes religious/ political leaders, community meetings and exhibition/ Mela. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.8 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years having knowledge of mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among who have heard about HIV/AIDS according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08. Percentage of women who reported mode of transmission as Unsafe sex with Unprotected Number of person Unsafe sex with women Unsafe sex having sex with HIV/AIDS Infected Transfusion who heard Background with many sex infected mother to of infected of characteristics homosexuals partners workers person child blood Other HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 3.6 73.3 24.8 31.4 21.4 36.5 28.8 1,769 20-24 4.8 77.0 24.8 33.3 24.0 40.5 29.4 4,714 25-29 5.4 75.9 25.5 35.4 25.9 43.9 31.7 4,817 30-34 4.9 76.1 26.5 31.5 21.4 41.4 31.0 4,435 35-39 5.4 76.6 25.8 31.6 21.0 40.9 31.0 4,059 40-44 4.9 76.3 27.0 28.0 19.6 38.0 26.3 2,925 45-49 4.7 77.9 26.6 27.6 20.3 40.3 29.8 1,748

Residence Rural 4.8 75.2 25.5 30.4 20.8 36.8 27.2 15,483 Urban 5.3 77.8 26.1 34.4 25.1 46.9 34.4 8,984

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 3.5 74.4 27.5 27.5 17.7 33.2 27.5 11,427 18 years & above 6.0 77.6 24.6 35.3 25.9 46.4 31.9 13,040

Marital duration 0-4 5.4 76.6 23.8 36.0 27.0 44.3 30.4 5,144 5-9 5.0 77.0 25.1 34.2 24.4 42.8 32.2 4,652 10-14 5.0 75.8 26.7 32.8 23.3 43.2 31.0 4,117 15+ 4.7 75.9 26.8 28.4 18.8 37.0 28.5 10,554

Education Non-literatea 3.3 73.9 27.9 22.5 12.6 24.5 17.6 4,957 Less than 5 yrs 2.6 73.9 28.1 25.7 14.7 28.6 24.4 2,705 5-9 years 4.6 76.5 24.7 29.4 20.3 37.6 30.3 9,864 10 or more years 6.7 77.6 25.6 40.5 31.1 54.5 36.4 6,941

Husband's education Non-literatea 4.0 73.3 26.9 22.8 14.8 28.2 20.6 2,717 Less than 5 years 4.1 76.3 27.7 27.4 16.1 31.6 24.7 2,604 5-9 years 4.1 76.2 24.6 27.9 18.6 35.1 28.8 8,293 10 or more years 5.9 76.8 26.0 37.0 27.4 48.3 33.4 10,853

Religion Hindu 5.1 76.1 25.8 32.4 22.9 41.5 29.9 19,814 Muslim 4.0 77.1 26.2 27.9 20.3 37.1 30.4 2,319 Christian 12.3 76.0 21.0 35.2 28.8 53.8 34.8 122 Sikh 0.0 77.3 22.4 18.1 36.6 45.6 49.9 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 4.7 77.0 25.7 31.8 20.3 36.7 29.5 1,915 Jain 6.2 78.4 25.4 45.4 23.7 55.0 38.6 238 Others 0.0 88.6 26.9 10.7 12.0 39.0 27.7 30

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 4.9 77.4 27.7 32.3 21.9 39.2 29.6 4,024 Scheduled Tribes 6.2 75.0 27.4 29.8 21.9 35.1 22.2 2,892 Other Backward Classes 5.5 77.3 27.3 33.1 24.0 42.2 27.6 7,085 Others 4.3 75.3 23.7 31.8 21.7 42.1 34.0 10,306

Wealth index Lowest 3.6 72.7 28.2 25.3 13.4 23.5 21.4 1,563 Second 3.9 74.8 23.6 25.1 17.6 28.4 20.4 2,657 Middle 4.5 74.3 26.2 28.7 19.4 33.9 25.1 5,009 Fourth 4.3 76.1 26.1 31.6 21.4 38.6 30.0 7,101 Highest 6.1 78.0 25.5 36.3 27.0 50.7 35.7 8,133

Maharashtra 5.0 76.3 25.8 32.1 22.5 40.9 30.1 24,467

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

130

TABLE 7.9 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS PREVENTION METHODS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Among ever married women aged 15-49 years who heard about HIV/AIDS, percentage who reported HIV/AIDS can be prevented in specific ways, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage who say that HIV/AIDS can be prevented by Using condom Sex with Avoid Number of correctly during one partner/ Avoid risks Pregnancy women having Abstain each sexual avoid getting infected when having knowledge of Background characteristics from sex intercourse homosexual1 through bloods2 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 8.3 34.9 40.8 26.3 13.7 1,769 20-24 9.3 40.2 50.4 33.2 15.1 4,714 25-29 10.4 42.4 53.0 37.6 16.1 4,817 30-34 9.9 37.7 51.7 35.0 14.3 4,435 35-39 11.6 34.7 48.9 32.7 13.8 4,059 40-44 9.9 28.9 45.2 27.4 15.5 2,925 45-49 10.3 28.1 45.0 28.5 14.5 1,748

Residence Rural 10.4 33.8 44.7 27.0 13.5 15,483 Urban 9.7 41.3 56.9 42.8 16.8 8,984

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 9.5 26.1 42.6 24.3 12.5 11,427 18 years & above 10.5 44.2 55.0 40.3 16.4 13,040

Marital duration 0-4 9.6 43.8 50.7 36.5 16.2 5,144 5-9 9.9 42.4 53.4 36.5 15.5 4,652 10-14 9.8 39.0 53.2 37.1 15.2 4,117 15+ 10.6 29.2 45.1 27.7 13.6 10,554

Education Non-literatea 9.7 15.6 31.6 13.1 9.2 4,957 Less than 5 yrs 9.9 21.2 40.1 19.3 10.7 2,705 5-9 years 9.5 34.4 48.5 31.0 13.3 9,864 10 or more years 10.9 50.4 66.4 54.7 19.3 6,941

Husband's education Non-literatea 9.8 19.9 33.1 15.5 9.7 2,717 Less than 5 years 9.6 24.3 39.0 19.8 10.9 2,604 5-9 years 9.0 33.1 46.4 28.1 12.5 8,293 10 or more years 10.9 43.8 57.9 43.9 17.6 10,853

Religion Hindu 10.2 37.0 49.2 32.8 15.0 19,814 Muslim 8.5 32.4 47.6 32.1 14.6 2,319 Christian 13.8 54.0 56.9 46.2 13.8 122 Sikh 5.1 37.1 61.8 51.7 18.5 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 9.7 38.9 49.5 30.4 14.1 1,915 Jain 16.4 51.2 63.2 51.4 14.1 238 Others 6.9 46.7 42.8 25.8 0.0 30

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 10.1 36.8 48.3 30.8 15.7 4,024 Scheduled Tribes 10.6 32.4 44.4 23.8 14.2 2,892 Other Backward Classes 10.0 40.8 52.2 34.7 15.6 7,085 Others 10.1 35.3 48.8 34.7 14.0 10,306

Wealth index Lowest 11.0 20.0 33.1 14.7 8.9 1,563 Second 8.7 23.1 35.6 17.2 11.0 2,657 Middle 10.3 29.5 41.6 23.1 12.9 5,009 Fourth 9.4 36.1 49.6 31.5 13.8 7,101 Highest 10.6 45.2 61.1 48.5 17.8 8,133

Maharashtra 10.1 37.0 49.2 32.8 14.9 24,467

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to multiple responses. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Includes sex with one partner, Limit number of sexual partner, Avoid sex with sex workers and avoids sex with homosexuals. 2 Includes avoid sex with who inject drugs, use tested blood, use only new/ sterilized needles, avoid IV drip and avoid sharing razors/blades.

131

TABLE 7.10 MISCONCEPTION ABOUT TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years having misconception about the transmission of HIV/AIDS among who have heard of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage who have misconception about the transmission of HIV/AIDS by Stepping on Get HIV/AIDS Number of Shaking Sharing Sharing someone's from mosquito, women heard Background characteristics hand Hugging clothes food urine/stool flea or bedbug of HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 12.5 12.5 14.3 15.9 15.4 26.4 1,769 20-24 8.4 9.1 11.4 12.7 12.6 23.6 4,714 25-29 9.1 9.0 11.4 12.3 12.9 23.6 4,817 30-34 9.4 9.6 13.1 13.4 13.7 23.0 4,435 35-39 9.7 10.2 13.6 14.7 14.3 24.4 4,059 40-44 11.2 11.1 14.7 15.6 16.0 24.4 2,925 45-49 8.0 8.3 12.4 12.8 13.0 21.4 1,748

Residence Rural 11.6 12.2 15.7 16.8 16.7 26.3 15,483 Urban 5.9 5.6 7.7 8.3 8.8 19.3 8,984

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 12.6 13.0 16.7 18.0 17.6 27.4 11,427 18 years & above 6.8 7.0 9.3 9.9 10.4 20.6 13,040

Marital duration 0-4 8.0 8.1 9.9 11.0 11.2 22.0 5,144 5-9 8.9 9.2 11.6 12.7 12.6 23.5 4,652 10-14 9.1 9.2 12.5 13.5 14.1 24.0 4,117 15+ 10.7 11.0 14.7 15.4 15.4 24.6 10,554

Education Non-literatea 14.6 15.7 19.9 20.8 20.2 28.4 4,957 Less than 5 yrs 12.5 13.3 17.2 18.8 18.2 26.9 2,705 5-9 years 9.9 9.7 12.5 13.7 13.7 23.8 9,864 10 or more years 4.2 4.3 6.2 6.5 7.5 19.2 6,941

Husband's education Non-literatea 14.3 15.2 19.1 20.1 19.0 25.3 2,717 Less than 5 years 12.3 13.2 17.7 18.4 18.3 27.0 2,604 5-9 years 10.1 10.1 13.2 14.5 14.8 25.2 8,293 10 or more years 7.2 7.3 9.6 10.3 10.6 21.5 10,853

Religion Hindu 9.9 10.1 13.1 14.2 14.3 24.3 19,814 Muslim 8.4 7.8 11.5 11.2 12.3 22.6 2,319 Christian 3.2 5.7 4.0 4.9 6.4 16.2 122 Sikh 3.6 3.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 13.7 29 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 8.3 9.2 11.8 12.1 12.0 21.5 1,915 Jain 5.9 4.7 8.4 7.9 6.3 19.2 238 Others 13.3 17.1 16.6 19.8 13.3 13.5 30

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 9.4 9.8 12.8 13.1 13.7 23.7 4,024 Scheduled Tribes 12.1 12.3 16.4 18.2 15.9 24.9 2,892 Other Backward Classes 8.4 8.4 11.5 12.6 13.0 24.2 7,085 Others 9.7 10.0 12.5 13.3 13.8 23.2 10,306

Wealth index Lowest 15.8 16.8 21.2 23.4 21.2 29.3 1,563 Second 14.5 15.5 19.3 20.3 19.8 27.1 2,657 Middle 12.6 12.9 17.0 17.9 17.9 27.1 5,009 Fourth 9.3 9.5 12.4 13.3 13.5 24.2 7,101 Highest 5.0 4.9 6.6 7.3 8.1 19.2 8,133

Maharashtra 9.5 9.8 12.7 13.7 13.8 23.8 24,467

** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

132

TABLE 7.11 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PLACE WHERE HIV/AIDS TEST CAN BE DONE BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years having knowledge about place where HIV/AIDS test can be done according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007- 08 Places where people can go to get tested for HIV /AIDS Number of Who know Government Private women who the place of Total women Other VCTC/ICTC/ Other know the place HIV/AIDS heard of Hospital/ CHC/PHC/ VCTC/ICTC/ public/NGO Hospital/ RTI/STI Private for HIV/AIDS Background Characteristics test HIV/AIDS** dispensary Sub-Centre RTI/STI Clinic hospItal Clinic Clinic centre test**

Age group 15-19 58.7 1,769 35.4 21.3 0.2 1.0 41.0 0.6 0.4 1,038 20-24 66.3 4,714 34.5 23.7 0.1 0.6 39.1 1.0 1.0 3,125 25-29 67.2 4,817 36.7 21.6 0.6 1.1 37.4 0.9 1.6 3,237 30-34 62.7 4,435 37.4 19.7 0.5 1.4 37.8 1.4 1.9 2,783 35-39 59.9 4,059 40.3 21.9 0.6 1.1 33.9 0.9 1.4 2,429 40-44 55.1 2,925 41.3 21.8 0.7 1.5 32.3 1.2 1.3 1,610 45-49 55.8 1,748 40.9 20.5 0.5 1.4 34.0 1.1 1.5 975

Residence Rural 57.7 15,483 34.7 29.6 0.3 0.4 33.5 0.7 0.8 8,928 Urban 69.8 8,984 41.9 10.4 0.7 2.1 41.3 1.4 2.1 6,269

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 53.0 11,427 39.4 22.5 0.2 0.9 35.5 0.5 0.9 6,057 18 years & above 70.1 13,040 36.4 21.1 0.6 1.2 37.6 1.3 1.7 9,140

Marital duration 0-4 68.4 5,144 34.6 21.3 0.4 0.6 40.9 0.9 1.3 3,518 5-9 68.7 4,652 35.0 21.9 0.5 1.2 38.4 1.3 1.6 3,192 10-14 63.7 4,117 36.4 21.8 0.6 1.3 37.4 1.2 1.4 2,622 15+ 55.6 10,554 41.4 21.7 0.4 1.2 33.1 0.8 1.3 5,865

Education Non-literatea 42.0 4,957 40.2 25.1 0.2 0.9 32.5 0.6 0.4 2,079 Less than 5 yrs 51.1 2,705 42.7 23.8 0.3 1.1 31.1 0.2 0.7 1,381 5-9 years 62.8 9,864 38.8 23.7 0.2 1.2 34.6 0.6 0.9 6,196 10 or more years 79.9 6,941 34.1 17.5 0.9 1.0 42.2 1.9 2.5 5,541

Husband's education Non-literatea 43.8 2,717 43.5 24.3 0.1 1.8 29.7 0.3 0.4 1,190 Less than 5 years 50.6 2,604 39.5 26.4 0.3 0.8 31.9 0.2 0.7 1,319 5-9 years 59.7 8,293 38.6 24.9 0.2 1.2 33.6 0.6 0.9 4,948 10 or more years 71.4 10,853 35.8 18.4 0.7 0.9 40.7 1.5 2.0 7,740

Religion Hindu 61.7 19,814 36.1 22.8 0.5 1.1 37.1 1.0 1.4 12,226 Muslim 63.2 2,319 44.0 14.5 0.4 1.2 37.4 1.2 1.3 1,464 Christian 72.0 122 41.2 8.8 2.3 2.3 39.5 2.4 3.4 88 Sikh 76.1 29 (26.9) (4.6) (0.0) (4.3) (64.2) (0.0) (0.0) 22 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 63.3 1,915 45.4 21.7 0.4 1.3 29.8 0.8 0.6 1,211 Jain 72.4 238 33.7 11.3 0.0 0.0 46.9 4.0 4.0 172 Others 46.1 30 (37.0) (7.4) (0.0) (0.0) (55.6) (0.0) (0.0) 14 Contd…

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TABLE 7.11 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PLACE WHERE HIV/AIDS TEST CAN BE DONE BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS — Continued Places where people can go to get tested for HIV /AIDS Number of Government Private Who know Total women who the place of women VCTC/ICTC/ Other VCTC/ICTC/ Other know the place Background HIV/AIDS heard of Hospital/ CHC/PHC/ RTI/STI public/NGO Hospital/ RTI/STI Private for HIV/AIDS Characteristics test HIV/AIDS** dispensary Sub-Centre Clinic hospItal Clinic Clinic centre test**

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 61.6 4,024 43.2 22.9 0.3 1.1 30.8 0.8 0.9 2,478 Scheduled Tribes 53.6 2,892 36.5 26.5 0.4 1.2 33.2 1.0 1.1 1,551 Other Backward Classes 65.7 7,085 37.7 22.9 0.5 0.9 35.4 1.0 1.7 4,657 Others 62.1 10,306 35.7 19.2 0.5 1.2 40.9 1.1 1.4 6,401

Wealth index Lowest 45.2 1,563 37.5 30.9 0.1 0.6 30.1 0.3 0.6 706 Second 47.8 2,657 35.8 31.8 0.1 0.5 30.8 0.4 0.6 1,271 Middle 55.1 5,009 37.6 29.0 0.2 0.5 31.7 0.4 0.7 2,759 Fourth 63.4 7,101 39.2 24.9 0.2 0.8 33.5 0.6 0.8 4,503 Highest 73.3 8,133 36.9 12.6 0.9 1.8 43.6 1.8 2.4 5,956

Maharashtra (15-49) 62.1 24,467 37.6 21.7 0.5 1.1 36.7 1.0 1.4 15,197 Maharashtra (15-44) † 63.0 21,461 37.3 21.7 0.5 1.1 37.1 1.0 1.4 13,512

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’. CHC= Community Health Centre; PHC= Primary Health Centre; VCTC/ICTC= voluntary/Integrated counseling and testing centre, NGO= Non Governmental Organization. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.12 UNDERGONE HIV/AIDS TEST BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years undergone for HIV/AIDS test and time to be tested for HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage who have been tested for HIV Number of Who have Number of 1 or more women went Background been tested women heard Less than 12 than 1 years for HIV/AIDS Characteristics for HIV HIV/AIDS months ago ago test**

Age group 15-19 19.2 1,769 77.0 23.0 341 20-24 31.9 4,714 59.4 40.6 1,499 25-29 27.8 4,817 36.7 63.3 1,341 30-34 15.8 4,435 27.2 72.8 701 35-39 7.9 4,059 19.3 80.7 323 40-44 4.3 2,925 22.9 77.1 126 45-49 3.3 1,748 24.1 75.9 59

Residence Rural 14.9 15,483 48.7 51.3 2,297 Urban 23.3 8,984 39.3 60.7 2,093

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 9.7 11,427 44.5 55.5 1,105 18 years & above 25.2 13,040 44.1 55.9 3,285

Marital duration 0-4 32.2 5,144 65.8 34.2 1,657 5-9 33.0 4,652 36.8 63.2 1,530 10-14 16.5 4,117 23.3 76.7 680 15+ 4.9 10,554 25.0 75.0 523

Education Non-literatea 4.5 4,957 45.3 54.7 221 Less than 5 yrs 7.7 2,705 41.4 58.6 209 5-9 years 17.4 9,864 47.5 52.5 1,715 10 or more years 32.4 6,941 41.9 58.1 2,245

Husband's education Non-literatea 7.1 2,717 43.7 56.3 193 Less than 5 years 7.7 2,604 49.0 51.0 202 5-9 years 15.7 8,293 46.8 53.2 1,300 10 or more years 24.9 10,853 42.7 57.3 2,695

Religion Hindu 17.5 19,814 44.1 55.9 3463 Muslim 21.3 2,319 46.1 53.9 493 Christian 27.2 122 33.5 66.5 33 Sikh 20.3 29 * * 6 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 17.1 1,915 46.6 53.4 328 Jain 25.6 238 33.0 67.0 61 Others 19.8 30 * * 6

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 18.0 4,024 46.6 53.4 723 Scheduled Tribes 12.8 2,892 49.0 51.0 372 Other Backward Classes 18.2 7,085 41.7 58.3 1,290 Others 19.2 10,306 44.1 55.9 1,973

Wealth index Lowest 6.6 1,563 43.7 56.3 103 Second 9.7 2,657 53.2 46.8 258 Middle 13.0 5,009 57.4 42.6 653 Fourth 17.9 7,101 48.6 51.4 1,276 Highest 25.8 8,133 36.4 63.6 2,099

Maharashtra (15-49) 17.9 24,467 44.2 55.8 4,390 Maharashtra (15-44) † 19.7 21,461 44.9 55.1 4,216

* Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.13 HIV/AIDS INDICATORS BY DISTRICTS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who have heard of HIV/AIDS, know HIV/AIDS prevention, transmission, places where people can go to get tested for HIV /AIDS and who have been tested for HIV/AIDS in the past 12 months, by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Who underwent Who know Who know that Who know the HIV/AIDS test in Who that HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS can places where the past have can be be transmitted people can go Who ever 12 months heard of prevented by from mother to to get tested for been tested for among ever Districts HIV/AIDS using condom her baby HIV /AIDS HIV/AIDS (%) tested

Nandurbar 28.9 46.6 57.9 65.0 19.3 40.2 Dhule 56.1 39.3 30.3 63.8 12.5 33.4 Jalgaon 70.8 35.3 17.8 61.7 15.7 35.4 Buldana 69.1 32.4 23.6 58.9 13.5 50.4

Akola 80.0 40.0 14.9 62.5 15.5 47.1 Washim 60.7 45.8 43.8 58.4 14.1 58.5 Amravati 63.9 42.7 20.4 61.9 16.7 40.0 Wardha 81.8 44.6 16.9 70.6 21.9 48.0

Nagpur 86.4 34.1 23.7 73.7 23.1 39.8 Bhandara 68.2 38.9 22.6 72.2 23.6 47.3 Gondiya 54.7 50.4 42.6 69.5 21.4 56.7 Gadchiroli 30.3 55.1 32.4 57.4 10.5 43.6

Chandrapur 59.4 57.7 13.8 68.2 11.2 38.9 Yavatmal 70.7 24.0 13.9 55.8 8.6 53.7 Nanded 76.6 23.9 10.3 57.4 10.5 51.9 Hingoli 67.7 17.9 8.8 43.1 7.8 57.4

Parbhani 78.3 19.5 15.6 67.1 10.2 61.9 Jalna 62.8 30.3 25.1 53.4 15.0 51.2 Aurangabad 51.3 45.2 47.7 63.4 17.2 44.1 Nashik 69.6 44.5 48.1 66.6 18.9 36.6

Thane 71.1 38.2 12.9 59.4 22.6 36.5 Mumbai (Suburban) 92.3 35.6 17.9 60.6 26.4 32.6 Mumbai 94.4 39.8 14.6 63.5 30.2 32.9 Raigarh 69.1 34.4 24.0 65.0 22.8 36.4

Pune 89.6 48.0 25.8 75.2 33.2 37.9 Ahmadnagar 91.6 28.4 9.2 68.5 24.9 51.4 Bid 73.5 38.2 28.4 57.6 12.3 56.4 Latur 77.1 18.5 7.8 44.0 12.7 58.1

Osmanabad 74.2 32.1 9.8 53.2 16.0 61.3 Solapur 81.8 17.0 15.8 65.9 18.0 42.7 Satara 81.0 37.3 21.5 70.8 24.6 35.7 Ratnagiri 69.5 42.2 31.0 61.8 23.9 37.1

Sindhudurg 73.9 48.5 33.0 66.2 17.2 36.4 Kolhapur 86.9 50.9 35.4 68.8 18.4 40.4 Sangli 85.1 41.2 23.4 66.1 22.8 39.6

Maharashtra (15-49) 70.0 37.0 22.5 62.1 17.9 44.2 Maharashtra (15-44) † 71.2 37.9 23.0 63.0 19.7 44.9

† Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.14 EVER HAD INFERTILITY PROBLEM BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who ever had infertility problem according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Percentage of women among who have ever Number of Who infertility: women ever After having had After live induced/ primary/ Background infertility Primary Secondary Total In the first birth/still spontaneou Other secondary Characteristics problem infertility infertility women**1 conception birth s abortion incidents2 infertility**

Age group 15-19 5.3 3.9 1.4 2,625 73.7 4.3 13.6 6.4 140 20-24 8.2 6.2 2.1 6,352 74.9 7.0 11.1 7.0 522 25-29 8.0 5.7 2.3 6,441 71.5 9.1 10.5 7.7 515 30-34 8.4 6.1 2.2 6,139 73.2 10.0 9.2 7.2 513 35-39 7.8 6.0 1.8 5,986 76.4 9.9 7.1 5.4 468 40-44 8.0 6.3 1.7 4,535 79.1 6.8 5.5 7.5 361 45-49 9.3 7.2 2.1 2,823 77.9 8.3 5.8 4.9 262

Residence Rural 8.1 6.1 2.0 24,570 75.5 8.5 7.7 7.2 1,983 Urban 7.7 5.7 2.0 10,331 73.6 8.3 11.7 5.6 798

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 8.3 6.4 1.9 18,333 76.8 9.3 7.2 5.7 1,522 18 years & above 7.6 5.5 2.1 16,568 72.7 7.3 10.9 8.0 1,259

Marital duration 0-4 6.8 5.1 1.7 6,714 75.3 4.1 12.9 7.2 458 5-9 8.9 6.4 2.5 6,170 71.7 8.5 11.0 8.2 548 10-14 8.2 5.6 2.5 5,631 69.0 11.9 11.5 6.9 459 15+ 8.0 6.3 1.7 16,386 78.2 8.6 5.7 5.9 1,316

Education Non-literatea 7.9 6.1 1.8 10,995 77.0 9.9 5.0 6.6 871 Less than 5 yrs 8.1 6.3 1.9 4,357 77.2 10.1 4.2 7.0 355 5-9 years 8.5 6.3 2.2 12,263 74.2 7.9 10.0 7.1 1,046 10 or more years 7.0 5.0 2.0 7,286 71.4 5.5 16.4 6.1 509

Husband's education Non-literatea 7.6 6.0 1.6 6,162 78.4 8.1 5.1 6.9 469 Less than 5 years 7.8 5.8 2.0 4,638 74.3 9.6 8.0 7.8 360 5-9 years 8.4 6.2 2.1 11,547 74.7 8.9 8.2 6.9 965 10 or more years 7.9 5.8 2.1 12,554 73.8 7.6 11.6 6.2 987

Religion Hindu 8.0 6.0 2.0 28,832 75.0 8.5 8.6 6.9 2,300 Muslim 7.1 5.3 1.8 3,047 73.9 8.2 11.4 6.0 217 Christian 8.0 3.8 4.2 163 (47.2) (15.0) (37.8) (0.0) 13 Sikh 3.3 3.3 0.0 30 * * * * 1 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 8.6 6.6 2.0 2,504 76.8 6.9 8.1 6.9 216 Jain 11.2 8.8 2.4 249 78.4 10.5 7.5 3.6 28 Others 7.5 6.3 1.2 76 * * * * 6

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 8.1 6.1 2.0 5,339 75.4 6.2 10.1 7.4 432 Scheduled Tribes 7.2 5.2 1.9 6,423 73.2 10.0 6.0 9.3 461 Other Backward Classes 8.4 6.2 2.2 9,740 73.4 10.2 9.7 6.0 819 Others 7.9 6.1 1.8 13,175 77.2 7.3 8.7 5.6 1,044

Wealth index Lowest 7.7 5.8 1.9 4,228 75.1 8.9 6.4 9.0 325 Second 8.0 6.1 2.0 5,110 75.5 10.1 7.6 5.6 410 Middle 8.4 6.4 2.1 7,714 75.5 8.5 7.4 7.0 651 Fourth 8.2 6.0 2.2 9,024 72.6 8.4 9.7 8.3 740 Highest 7.4 5.7 1.7 8,818 76.5 7.0 11.4 4.3 655

Maharashtra (15-49) 8.0 6.0 2.0 34,901 75.0 8.4 8.9 6.7 2,781 Maharashtra (15-44) † 8.0 6.0 2.0 30,151 74.5 8.5 9.2 6.8 2,414

Note: Total figure may not add to 100 percent due to ‘do not know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Excluded women got married but Gauna not performed. 2 Includes problems after pelvic surgery and other incidents. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

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TABLE 7.15 CHILDLESSNESS AND INFERTILITY BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of currently married women aged 20-49 and 40-49 years having no living children, and who have been married for at least five years, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 20-49 aged women 40-49 aged women Percentage Number of Percentage Number of 1 1 Background Characteristics childless Infertility women** childless Infertility women**

Residence Rural 2.6 2.1 18,077 2.0 1.7 4,312 Urban 2.8 2.3 7,806 1.5 1.3 2,103

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 2.1 1.7 14,671 1.2 1.0 3,708 18 years & above 3.4 2.7 11,212 2.8 2.2 2,707

Marital duration 5-9 5.0 3.7 5,810 * * 6 10-14 2.6 2.1 5,331 8.2 4.0 48 15+ 1.8 1.5 14,742 1.7 1.5 6,361

Education Non-literatea 2.4 1.9 9,193 1.3 1.0 2,869 Less than 5 yrs 2.2 1.6 3,548 1.7 1.3 1,109 5-9 years 3.0 2.5 8,489 2.2 2.0 1,625 10 or more years 2.9 2.3 4,653 3.2 2.7 812

Husband's education Non-literatea 2.2 1.7 4,850 1.3 1.1 1,319 Less than 5 years 2.4 1.9 3,910 1.3 0.8 1,224 5-9 years 2.8 2.2 8,440 1.9 1.5 1,955 10 or more years 2.9 2.4 8,683 2.6 2.4 1,917

Religion Hindu 2.6 2.0 21,445 1.9 1.6 5,328 Muslim 2.9 2.2 2,237 1.7 1.2 510 Christian 3.2 1.7 127 5.3 2.9 39 Sikh (0.0) (0.0) 21 * * 7 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 3.4 2.9 1,788 1.8 1.3 452 Jain 3.9 3.9 203 1.4 1.4 67 Others 3.0 3.0 62 (0.0) (0.0) 12

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 3.0 2.5 3,799 1.6 1.3 911 Scheduled Tribes 3.1 2.3 4,709 1.3 0.9 999 Other Backward Classes 2.4 1.9 7,306 2.3 2.0 1,971 Others 2.5 2.0 9,909 1.8 1.6 2,486

Wealth index Lowest 2.9 2.1 3,119 2.5 1.7 594 Second 2.9 2.3 3,843 1.5 1.3 825 Middle 2.5 2.1 5,646 1.8 1.6 1,343 Fourth 2.6 2.1 6,567 1.9 1.6 1,650 Highest 2.5 2.1 6,704 1.8 1.5 2,002

Maharashtra 2.7 2.1 25,883 1.8 1.5 6,415

() Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 1 Women with no living children and reported problem in conceiving (involuntary infertility).

138

TABLE 7.16 TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years who sought treatment for primary/secondary infertility problem, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 For primary Infertility For secondary Infertility Percentage Percentage of Number of Percentage Percentage of Number of of women women taken women having of women women taken women having sought allopathic primary sought allopathic secondary Background Characteristics treatment treatment infertility** treatment treatment infertility**

Age group 15-19 61.4 51.9 103 64.8 53.8 37 20-24 78.5 72.2 391 82.5 78.0 131 25-29 84.8 77.1 368 77.7 74.3 147 30-34 79.0 68.7 376 73.6 69.7 137 35-39 74.8 66.8 358 73.6 64.4 110 40-44 71.5 61.5 286 80.3 73.4 75 45-49 65.7 53.9 204 74.1 63.9 58

Residence Rural 73.3 63.1 1,498 73.0 66.4 485 Urban 83.4 78.3 588 84.3 79.9 210

Age at consummation of marriage Below 18 years 72.1 60.9 1,169 72.3 64.2 353 18 years & above 81.1 75.3 917 80.7 76.9 342

Marital duration 0-4 73.6 68.1 345 80.6 74.4 113 5-9 82.6 74.9 393 76.2 73.0 155 10-14 84.2 78.3 317 81.5 77.3 142 15+ 71.6 60.3 1,031 72.4 64.2 285

Education Non-literatea 63.9 50.9 671 64.1 55.5 200 Less than 5 yrs 75.3 61.2 274 70.6 62.0 81 5-9 years 80.5 74.8 777 79.9 74.6 269 10 or more years 88.9 85.1 364 90.3 88.2 145

Husband's education Non-literatea 58.5 42.6 368 58.3 47.4 101 Less than 5 years 71.0 59.4 268 77.3 69.7 92 5-9 years 78.8 71.2 721 77.0 71.2 244 10 or more years 83.9 78.6 729 82.7 79.2 258

Religion Hindu 75.6 66.6 1,726 75.7 69.3 574 Muslim 81.9 76.3 160 86.0 84.3 57 Christian * * 6 * * 7 Sikh * * 1 nc nc 0 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 73.6 66.1 166 69.8 63.5 50 Jain (90.9) (77.3) 22 * * 6 Others * * 5 * * 1

Castes/Tribes Scheduled Castes 74.1 67.3 326 77.2 71.3 106 Scheduled Tribes 65.2 47.3 337 60.4 47.4 124 Other Backward Classes 79.3 72.1 602 76.5 72.8 217 Others 79.4 72.7 807 83.3 79.2 237

Wealth index Poorest 57.9 37.3 244 57.9 45.5 81 Second 70.3 58.8 310 69.9 59.8 100 Middle 72.0 64.9 492 70.4 67.3 159 Fourth 80.0 71.8 538 82.2 75.7 202 Highest 88.7 85.4 502 89.1 87.1 153

Maharashtra 76.2 67.4 2,086 76.4 70.5 695 nc= Not calculated because there are no cases. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

139

TABLE 7.17 INFERTILITY PROBLEM AND SOUGHT TREATMENT BY DISTRICTS Percentage of ever married women aged 15-49 years who had ever menstruation problem during last three months prior to survey, ever had infertility problem and among women who had infertility problem, sought treatment for infertility, by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Who have Who have Who sought menstruation infertility treatment for Districts problem problem1 infertility

Nandurbar 28.6 5.0 48.8 Dhule 32.7 6.5 61.7 Jalgaon 34.0 5.3 71.4 Buldana 43.2 6.9 70.9

Akola 38.6 8.3 72.1 Washim 32.2 7.2 80.8 Amravati 32.0 6.3 61.7 Wardha 25.0 4.8 80.5

Nagpur 29.8 8.4 83.0 Bhandara 21.9 10.2 84.2 Gondiya 20.3 9.3 71.6 Gadchiroli 20.1 8.8 62.3

Chandrapur 11.8 9.6 77.4 Yavatmal 30.4 6.9 89.0 Nanded 22.3 9.0 70.0 Hingoli 26.7 9.2 78.4

Parbhani 22.7 6.8 79.7 Jalna 24.7 5.3 65.7 Aurangabad 31.6 8.9 72.6 Nashik 30.6 5.3 84.3

Thane 16.4 10.2 76.7 Mumbai (Suburban) 20.4 6.1 70.5 Mumbai 17.0 6.8 92.3 Raigarh 10.5 8.5 78.5

Pune 22.1 8.3 90.3 Ahmadnagar 28.4 7.8 85.9 Bid 25.2 8.2 63.9 Latur 26.9 8.5 78.2

Osmanabad 28.6 7.3 71.8 Solapur 26.9 11.8 80.7 Satara 17.4 9.4 86.7 Ratnagiri 16.6 7.8 75.5

Sindhudurg 15.8 9.0 79.4 Kolhapur 18.5 9.4 80.3 Sangli 19.3 8.9 96.8

Maharashtra (15-49) 25.1 8.0 76.2 Maharashtra (15-44) † 24.6 8.0 77.5 Note: Women excluding pregnant, in amenorrhea, in menopause, had hysterectomy and never menstruated women. 1 Included both primary and secondary infertility. † Represents figures for currently married women aged 15-44 years.

140

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNMARRIED WOMEN

TABLE 8.1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNMARRIED WOMEN Percent distribution of unmarried women aged 15-24 years, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Residence Background characteristics Total Rural Urban

Age group 15-19 78.1 83.3 69.3 20-24 21.9 16.7 30.7

Education Non-literatea 3.4 4.8 1.2 Less than five years 2.9 3.6 1.7 5-9 years 40.2 45.9 30.6 10 or more years 53.5 45.8 66.5

Religion Hindu 78.7 86.4 65.6 Muslim 11.5 4.3 23.7 Christian 0.7 0.4 1.1 Sikh 0.1 0.0 0.3 Buddhist 8.1 8.2 8.0 Jain 0.7 0.4 1.1 Others 0.2 0.2 0.1

Castes/tribes Scheduled castes 16.2 14.7 18.7 Scheduled tribes 17.6 24.4 6.1 Other backward classes 29.1 30.6 26.6 Others 37.1 30.3 48.6

Wealth index Lowest 9.4 14.5 0.8 Second 13.2 19.6 2.5 Middle 19.3 25.5 8.8 Fourth 25.9 27.5 23.1 Highest 32.3 13.0 64.8

Maharashtra 7,536 4,730 2,806 ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

143

TABLE 8.2 AT WHAT AGE AND STANDARD FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION SHOULD BE INTRODUCED Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years aware of family life education, perceived family life education is important and percent distribution of women stating ideal age and standard at which family life education should be introduced, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 At what age family life education From which standard family life b b Number of Percentage of women should be introduced education should be introduced women who Perceived perceived Aware of family life Number family life family life education is of Below 18 or Below 10 or education is Background characteristics education important women** 12 12-14 15-17 above Total 88-9more Total important**

Age group 15-19 62.7 80.9 5,886 4.7 33.3 43.4 18.6 100.0 12.5 39.5 48.1 100.0 4,761 20-24 74.4 88.1 1,650 3.9 29.2 40.0 26.9 100.0 12.5 32.2 55.3 100.0 1,455

Residence Rural 62.1 80.0 4,730 4.1 31.6 42.6 21.8 100.0 12.1 37.5 50.4 100.0 3,781 Urban 70.5 86.6 2,806 5.2 33.5 42.6 18.7 100.0 13.0 38.3 48.7 100.0 2,435

Education Non-literatea 14.5 28.1 258 4.6 19.3 31.3 44.8 100.0 7.0 14.9 78.1 100.0 72 Less than five years 25.0 39.0 217 4.9 31.9 27.9 35.2 100.0 19.3 25.8 54.9 100.0 84 5-9 years 55.0 76.53,032 5.4 33.3 41.1 20.2 100.0 16.0 41.2 42.8 100.0 2,319 10 or more years 78.4 92.8 4,029 3.9 32.1 44.1 20.0 100.0 10.2 36.4 53.4 100.0 3,741

Religion Hindu 66.3 83.5 5,947 4.6 32.3 42.8 20.3 100.0 12.6 37.8 49.7 100.0 4,965 Muslim 52.0 71.7 840 5.1 31.8 39.7 23.4 100.0 12.3 35.2 52.4 100.0 599 Christian 88.0 92.2 50 2.2 42.1 35.6 20.2 100.0 10.1 46.2 43.7 100.0 46 Sikh * * 9 * * ** * * * ** 8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 70.7 86.6 623 3.1 33.4 43.7 19.8 100.0 12.9 39.2 47.9 100.0 539 Jain 79.5 92.6 53 1.5 33.3 45.0 20.2 100.0 6.3 45.8 47.9 100.0 49 Others (50.0) (71.4) 14 (0.0) (25.0) (50.0) (30.0) (100.0) (0.0) (37.5) (60.0) (100.0) 10

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 70.2 87.3 1,219 4.7 33.9 41.3 20.0 100.0 14.0 37.9 48.1 100.0 1,063 Scheduled tribes 50.6 68.7 1,306 5.9 28.5 40.4 25.2 100.0 15.4 29.2 55.4 100.0 898 Other backward classes 66.7 83.9 2,190 4.6 31.3 42.6 21.5 100.0 11.6 37.0 51.4 100.0 1,835 Others 69.1 86.0 2,767 3.8 33.9 44.1 18.2 100.0 11.2 41.6 47.1 100.0 2,381

Wealth index Lowest 40.2 59.2 710 3.8 34.4 35.2 26.6 100.0 15.0 34.1 51.0 100.0 421 Second 53.0 73.0 1,001 4.4 35.4 39.6 20.6 100.0 15.5 38.3 46.2 100.0 731 Middle 59.9 80.8 1,454 5.3 30.1 43.2 21.5 100.0 13.3 36.7 50.0 100.0 1,173 Fourth 68.1 85.8 1,928 4.4 30.7 44.0 20.9 100.0 11.4 37.7 50.8 100.0 1,653 Highest 78.5 91.52,443 4.3 33.4 43.6 18.7 100.0 11.4 38.9 49.7 100.0 2,238

Maharashtra 65.3 82.5 7,536 4.5 32.3 42.6 20.6 100.0 12.5 37.8 49.8 100.0 6,216 # Total figure may not add to sample total (N), due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. b Among women who perceived the family life education is important. 144

TABLE 8.3 SOURCES OF FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who perceived family life education to be important and sources of family life education, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Sources of family life education Number Perceived of women who family life Brother/ Health care Youth club/ perceived education Number sister/ provider/ mandal/ Teacher/ family life to be of sister in Husband/ Friends/ sex education NGO school/ education to be Background characteristics important women** Parents law partner peers experts worker collegeOther important**

Age group 15-19 80.9 5,886 74.8 39.2 1.0 30.8 20.4 3.1 77.8 5.5 4,761 20-24 88.1 1,650 73.4 40.8 1.7 38.1 25.5 5.0 75.2 4.8 1,455

Residence Rural 80.0 4,730 72.2 39.0 1.2 30.7 22.4 3.2 76.7 5.9 3,781 Urban 86.6 2,806 78.0 40.4 1.1 35.2 20.3 4.2 77.9 4.5 2,435

Education Non-literatea 28.1 25876.1 37.1 0.0 14.0 4.2 0.0 25.7 0.0 72 Less than five years 39.0 217 76.8 46.6 0.0 37.9 6.9 1.2 40.6 8.7 84 5-9 years 76.5 3,03274.2 38.6 0.9 28.5 16.7 1.874.3 4.4 2,319 10 or more years 92.8 4,02974.5 40.1 1.3 35.1 25.4 4.8 80.6 6.0 3,741

Religion Hindu 83.5 5,947 74.5 38.6 1.1 32.4 22.2 3.6 77.4 5.5 4,965 Muslim 71.7 840 76.3 46.7 1.2 30.0 14.7 2.6 70.9 3.3 599 Christian 92.2 50 83.3 36.4 2.1 37.3 28.3 8.2 81.6 2.8 46 Sikh * 9 * * * * * ***8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 86.6 623 71.8 41.2 1.3 35.3 24.2 4.0 80.7 7.3 539 Jain 92.6 53 67.5 30.3 0.0 34.6 20.7 4.3 91.3 0.0 49 Others (71.4) 14 (80.0) (50.0) (0.0) (30.0) (10.0) (0.0) (80.0) (0.0) 10

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 87.3 1,219 74.3 41.5 1.1 33.4 24.4 4.0 78.4 5.1 1,063 Scheduled tribes 68.7 1,306 71.9 35.6 1.7 31.4 18.6 2.8 71.5 5.5 898 Other backward classes 83.9 2,190 75.4 40.5 1.1 34.1 20.4 3.8 77.4 5.6 1,835 Others 86.0 2,767 74.9 39.5 1.0 31.0 22.2 3.6 78.6 5.2 2,381

Wealth index Lowest 59.2 710 68.8 38.1 1.7 24.1 16.5 2.4 67.4 5.1 421 Second 73.0 1,001 71.4 35.9 1.3 30.6 20.0 2.1 71.7 5.0 731 Middle 80.8 1,454 71.6 40.1 0.8 29.5 19.9 2.5 77.4 6.1 1,173 Fourth 85.8 1,928 74.3 38.9 1.1 32.4 22.7 4.0 77.0 5.8 1,653 Highest 91.5 2,44378.3 41.3 1.3 36.2 23.1 4.680.8 4.8 2,238

Maharashtra 82.5 7,536 74.5 39.6 1.2 32.5 21.6 3.6 77.2 5.4 6,216 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 145

TABLE 8.4 EVER RECEIVED FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION BY SOURCES Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who ever received family life education by sources, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Source of family life education Number of women Ever ever received Number NGO Govt. received family life of programme/ programme/ School/ Youth family life Background characteristics education women** camp camp college club Other education**

Age group 15-19 49.9 5,886 3.4 5.0 87.1 3.7 17.1 2,935 20-24 57.2 1,650 5.3 9.0 85.3 6.5 15.1 944

Residence Rural 48.8 4,730 3.8 6.8 86.3 3.3 15.7 2,294 Urban 56.0 2,806 4.0 4.8 87.2 5.9 18.0 1,585

Education Non-literatea 5.5 258 (7.1) (7.1) (0.0) (7.1) (78.6) 14 Less than five years 13.7 217 0.0 4.5 18.1 3.2 85.3 30 5-9 years 40.2 3,032 3.3 4.8 83.2 3.0 20.2 1,212 10 or more years 65.0 4,029 4.1 6.5 89.5 5.0 13.8 2,623

Religion Hindu 52.5 5,947 3.8 6.3 88.1 4.1 15.1 3,114 Muslim 37.1 840 2.8 3.7 75.0 4.3 30.6 313 Christian 73.4 50 2.6 2.6 84.7 11.2 20.4 37 Sikh * 9 * * * * * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 58.9 623 5.7 5.4 85.1 5.7 17.3 365 Jain 81.0 53 2.5 4.7 86.4 4.9 11.0 43 Others (21.4) 14 * * * * * 3

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 57.9 1,219 4.9 7.0 84.4 4.7 16.8 701 Scheduled tribes 36.5 1,306 3.6 7.0 84.8 4.3 16.4 477 Other backward classes 51.0 2,190 4.4 6.6 87.9 4.3 13.8 1,113 Others 56.2 2,767 3.1 4.7 87.4 4.3 18.7 1,561

Wealth index Lowest 27.2 710 3.8 5.1 74.9 4.3 23.4 192 Second 40.0 1,001 4.1 4.9 83.6 4.1 20.9 398 Middle 45.9 1,454 3.0 5.8 85.3 3.9 17.3 669 Fourth 55.0 1,928 4.2 7.1 85.5 3.3 16.3 1,055 Highest 63.8 2,443 3.9 5.7 90.3 5.3 14.6 1,565

Maharashtra 51.5 7,536 3.9 6.0 86.7 4.4 16.6 3,879

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

146

TABLE 8.5 KNOWLEDGE OF LEGAL AGE AT MARRIAGE AND REPORTED IDEAL AGE AT MARRIAGE FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who have knowledge about legal minimum age at marriage in India for boys and girls and reported ideal age at marriage for boys and girls according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Knowledge of minimum legal age Reported ideal age at Reported ideal age at at marriage marriage for boys marriage for girls Number Less 21 and Less 18 and of Background characteristics Boys Girls than 21 above Total than 18 above Total women**

Age group 15-19 88.9 91.9 5.8 94.2 100.0 1.3 98.7 100.0 5,886 20-24 92.9 94.6 4.4 95.6 100.0 0.6 99.4 100.0 1,650

Residence Rural 87.9 90.8 5.3 94.7 100.0 1.2 98.8 100.0 4,730 Urban 92.8 95.4 5.7 94.3 100.0 1.1 98.9 100.0 2,806

Education Non-literatea 31.6 37.7 20.0 80.0 100.0 7.4 92.6 100.0 258 Less than five years 52.9 58.8 19.1 80.9 100.0 2.5 97.5 100.0 217 5-9 years 87.0 91.1 7.7 92.3 100.0 1.3 98.7 100.0 3,032 10 or more years 97.6 98.9 3.3 96.7 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 4,029

Religion Hindu 89.5 92.1 5.2 94.8 100.0 1.2 98.8 100.0 5,947 Muslim 87.3 91.4 7.2 92.8 100.0 1.1 98.9 100.0 840 Christian 91.5 93.5 11.4 88.6 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 50 Sikh * * * * * * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 94.7 97.5 4.8 95.2 100.0 1.2 98.8 100.0 623 Jain 98.1 98.1 3.6 96.4 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 53 Others (85.7) (82.7) (16.7) (83.3) 100.0 (0.0) (100.0) (100.0) 14

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 93.5 96.8 5.1 94.9 100.0 1.1 98.9 100.0 1,219 Scheduled tribes 74.5 78.3 9.7 90.3 100.0 1.9 98.1 100.0 1,306 Other backward classes 92.5 95.1 4.5 95.5 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 2,190 Others 93.2 95.3 4.8 95.2 100.0 1.1 98.9 100.0 2,767

Wealth index Lowest 66.5 70.9 10.1 89.9 100.0 3.0 97.0 100.0 710 Second 82.5 87.1 7.4 92.6 100.0 1.7 98.3 100.0 1,001 Middle 90.0 93.1 5.3 94.7 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 1,454 Fourth 93.2 95.9 4.3 95.7 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 1,928 Highest 96.7 97.9 4.8 95.2 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 2,443

Maharashtra 89.8 92.5 5.5 94.5 100.0 1.2 98.8 100.0 7,536 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

147

TABLE 8.6 CURRENT STATUS OF MENSTRUATION AND EXPERIENCED MENSTRUATION RELATED PROBLEMS DURING LAST THREE MONTHS AND REPORTED PROBLEMS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who are currently menstruating and reported menstruation related problems during the last three months preceding the survey, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Having During last three months having menstruation related problems menstruation Number of related women with problems Number Frequent Inter- Blood clots/ menstruation during last of No Painful or short Irregular Prolonged Scanty menstrual excessive related Background characteristics three months women** periods periods periods periods bleeding bleeding bleeding bleeding problems**

Age group 15-19 29.1 5,886 1.4 84.9 2.6 21.6 4.9 11.8 2.8 6.1 1,656 20-24 28.8 1,650 1.7 84.5 2.1 16.6 4.8 11.1 3.3 7.7 476

Residence Rural 28.8 4,730 1.3 84.3 2.7 21.3 4.7 13.3 3.0 6.8 1,310 Urban 29.6 2,806 1.7 85.6 2.2 19.3 5.3 8.9 2.7 5.8 822

Education Non-literatea 26.2 2582.8 87.2 2.0 18.4 4.4 12.0 2.8 9.1 67 Less than five years 31.1 2174.0 81.3 0.9 25.6 7.7 18.1 3.1 9.7 65 5-9 years 27.8 3,0321.7 83.1 3.3 20.7 5.1 13.3 3.5 6.7 801 10 or more years 30.0 4,0291.1 86.0 2.1 20.2 4.7 10.1 2.5 5.9 1,199

Religion Hindu 28.4 5,947 1.6 84.7 2.5 20.5 4.5 12.0 2.9 6.4 1,641 Muslim 30.2 840 0.8 87.0 1.6 16.3 7.7 10.8 3.0 6.9 249 Christian 29.2 50 (0.0) (92.9) (0.0) (14.3) (0.0) (7.1) (14.3) (0.0) 14 Sikh * 9 * * * * * ** * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 33.6 623 1.5 82.1 3.1 25.9 4.5 11.3 2.3 7.2 206 Jain 28.0 53 (6.7) (86.7) (13.3) (26.7) (6.7) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 15 Others (23.1) 14 * * * * * ** * 3

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 34.1 1,219 1.7 83.8 2.9 25.5 4.5 11.8 2.9 6.3 405 Scheduled tribes 30.0 1,306 1.5 85.5 1.9 16.6 7.0 17.4 3.1 9.9 374 Other backward classes 29.3 2,190 1.5 84.4 3.1 21.0 4.6 11.9 3.7 6.4 627 Others 26.2 2,767 1.3 85.2 2.2 19.6 4.2 8.3 2.2 4.7 710

Wealth index Lowest 26.8 710 1.5 82.9 3.6 23.3 4.4 12.6 5.0 9.3 181 Second 28.6 1,001 2.5 84.1 2.8 23.6 5.3 16.2 2.5 4.4 271 Middle 28.6 1,454 0.8 82.6 1.9 22.7 5.6 15.8 2.3 7.9 401 Fourth 30.5 1,928 1.0 85.5 2.7 20.4 4.0 9.9 2.7 5.6 571 Highest 29.1 2,4431.9 86.3 2.2 17.4 5.3 8.5 3.0 6.3 708

Maharashtra 29.1 7,536 1.5 84.8 2.5 20.5 4.9 11.6 2.9 6.4 2,132 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 148

TABLE 8.7 PRACTICES DURING MENSTRUAL PERIOD Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who are currently menstruating by practices during menstrual period, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Practices during menstrual period Number of Locally Use women Used prepared sanitary Used currently Background characteristics cloth napkins napkins other menstruating

Age group 15-19 80.3 4.5 20.4 0.0 5,886 20-24 64.2 8.6 36.6 0.1 1,650

Residence Rural 86.7 3.4 13.7 0.0 4,730 Urban 60.3 8.9 41.2 0.0 2,806

Education Non-literatea 91.7 2.4 1.6 0.0 258 Less than five years 93.5 1.7 3.1 0.0 217 5-9 years 87.4 2.7 12.9 0.1 3,032 10 or more years 67.2 7.8 34.6 0.0 4,029

Religion Hindu 77.5 5.4 22.9 0.0 5,947 Muslim 78.4 4.6 23.8 0.0 840 Christian 50.9 10.9 48.5 0.0 50 Sikh * * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 71.9 6.4 30.8 0.0 623 Jain 49.7 11.0 52.2 0.0 53 Others (84.6) (7.7) (7.7) (0.0) 14

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 72.9 5.9 29.5 0.0 1,219 Scheduled tribes 86.8 3.3 10.6 0.0 1,306 Other backward classes 79.0 6.2 21.1 0.0 2,190 Others 72.0 5.7 30.1 0.0 2,767

Wealth index Lowest 93.1 1.8 3.1 0.0 710 Second 91.1 2.0 5.3 0.2 1,001 Middle 91.5 1.9 9.7 0.0 1,454 Fourth 82.8 4.4 20.6 0.0 1,928 Highest 53.1 10.7 48.3 0.0 2,443

Maharashtra 76.7 5.5 24.1 0.0 7,536

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

149

TABLE 8.8 KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who know any contraceptive method by specific methods, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Any Number Background Any modern Male Female Emergency Condom/ Female Rhythm of characteristics method method sterilization sterilization IUD Pill contraception Injectable Nirodh condom method Withdrawal Other Women**

Age group 15-19 87.3 87.2 55.5 82.4 33.2 67.1 23.9 28.4 54.6 13.0 10.8 3.9 0.4 5,886 20-24 94.8 94.8 73.2 92.3 59.8 84.5 42.5 41.0 77.4 24.4 20.4 9.6 0.2 1,650

Residence Rural 87.7 87.6 61.4 83.4 35.3 67.8 24.7 30.1 54.6 14.0 12.1 4.7 0.3 4,730 Urban 91.0 91.0 56.0 86.7 45.3 76.1 33.5 32.9 68.0 18.2 14.3 5.8 0.5 2,806

Education Non-literatea 57.7 57.3 29.0 55.4 8.1 20.9 2.7 5.3 10.4 2.8 3.6 1.6 1.2 258 Less than five years 70.6 70.6 41.2 67.4 18.3 36.0 9.0 10.8 26.4 3.4 5.8 2.9 0.0 217 5-9 years 84.8 84.8 53.4 79.9 30.6 61.5 19.7 25.4 47.6 10.4 8.8 3.2 0.2 3,032 10 or more years 95.1 95.0 66.8 91.0 48.6 83.1 36.8 38.2 73.6 20.8 17.1 6.9 0.4 4,029

Religion Hindu 89.3 89.2 60.8 84.9 40.0 71.9 28.7 32.2 60.2 16.6 13.6 5.5 0.4 5,947 Muslim 82.5 82.5 40.9 77.3 27.8 56.7 17.4 20.3 45.4 7.0 5.5 1.7 0.2 840 Christian 96.0 96.0 64.5 94.1 55.3 85.7 42.5 48.7 64.1 20.2 9.8 3.9 0.0 50 Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 94.1 94.1 71.9 91.3 44.3 79.7 33.7 33.2 72.1 16.4 15.4 6.4 0.2 623 Jain 92.6 92.6 60.0 88.8 56.6 86.5 36.9 44.2 79.1 27.7 30.3 9.9 0.0 53 Others (71.4) (71.4) (50.0) (71.4) (14.3) (57.1) (21.4) (35.7) (50.0) (0.0) (7.1) (0.0) (0.0) 14

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 93.3 93.2 67.3 89.9 41.7 77.6 32.1 32.9 67.9 16.3 14.9 5.7 0.3 1,219 Scheduled tribes 79.1 79.0 54.7 73.5 31.2 58.3 18.3 24.6 41.7 9.4 9.4 3.8 0.4 1,306 Other backward classes 90.3 90.2 62.5 86.1 39.8 73.1 29.6 32.6 62.2 16.1 14.0 5.1 0.5 2,190 Others 90.8 90.7 55.9 86.5 41.1 72.4 29.6 32.3 62.6 17.5 12.8 5.5 0.2 2,767

Wealth index Lowest 72.9 72.9 48.7 68.8 23.0 46.1 11.1 18.1 29.0 7.3 6.7 3.3 0.3 710 Second 84.4 84.3 58.1 79.5 25.6 57.7 17.7 26.0 42.4 9.2 9.6 3.7 0.2 1,001 Middle 87.4 87.3 57.7 82.6 32.9 66.4 21.0 27.4 52.0 12.3 10.3 3.7 0.3 1,454 Fourth 91.5 91.3 62.0 87.1 40.2 76.3 29.9 32.9 63.2 15.9 12.9 4.8 0.3 1,928 Highest 94.4 94.4 62.0 90.6 52.0 81.9 39.7 37.9 77.2 22.2 17.7 7.4 0.5 2,443

Maharashtra 89.0 88.9 59.4 84.6 39.1 70.9 28.0 31.1 59.6 15.5 12.9 5.1 0.4 7,536

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

150

TABLE 8.9 SOURCES FROM WHERE TO GET PILL AND CONDOM Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who reported source from where to get pill and condom, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Sources from where to get pills and condoms Number Government Private of Background characteristics facility facility Other women**

Age group 15-19 40.9 53.8 3.4 5,886 20-24 49.6 71.4 2.0 1,650

Residence Rural 44.4 52.2 3.5 4,730 Urban 40.2 66.7 2.3 2,806

Education Non-literatea 15.9 11.8 0.0 258 Less than five years 22.3 24.1 3.5 217 5-9 years 38.6 47.9 3.9 3,032 10 or more years 48.9 69.6 2.6 4,029

Religion Hindu 43.9 58.0 3.3 5,947 Muslim 29.4 47.2 2.8 840 Christian 53.5 68.0 4.3 50 Sikh * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 50.7 66.7 1.8 623 Jain 46.2 74.3 0.0 53 Others (42.9) (42.9) (0.0) 14

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 49.5 62.9 2.9 1,219 Scheduled tribes 40.2 43.0 3.0 1,306 Other backward classes 44.4 60.3 3.2 2,190 Others 40.0 60.3 3.1 2,767

Wealth index Lowest 34.1 29.8 4.7 710 Second 40.6 43.5 4.2 1,001 Middle 43.1 52.0 3.4 1,454 Fourth 46.9 60.8 2.6 1,928 Highest 42.9 72.4 2.6 2,443

Maharashtra 42.8 57.6 3.1 7,536

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

151

TABLE 8.10 DISCUSSION ABOUT FAMILY PLANNING METHOD BY SOURCE OF INFORMATION Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who discussed family planning methods with any one and sources of information, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Sources of information on family planning women Ever ever discussed Health care Youth club/ discussed about family Number Brother/ provider/ mandal/ Teacher/ about family planning with of Sister/ Friends/ sex education NGO school/ planning with Background characteristics any one women** Parents Sister in law peers experts worker college Other any one**

Age group 15-19 17.0 5,88617.7 27.2 77.3 10.4 1.5 16.2 3.1 997 20-24 27.7 1,65016.3 30.6 79.5 12.9 2.0 18.5 2.2 459 Residence Rural 17.8 4,73016.8 28.5 79.1 13.3 1.5 14.1 2.7 830 Urban 22.0 2,80617.9 28.0 76.5 8.3 1.7 20.8 3.1 626 Education Non-literatea 6.7 258 (47.1) (35.3) (76.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (5.9) 17 Less than five years 7.3 217 (0.0) (37.5) (81.3) (6.3) (0.0) (0.0) (6.3) 16 5-9 years 13.2 3,03218.4 30.1 76.0 11.7 1.3 11.8 2.0 397 10 or more years 25.4 4,029 16.6 27.3 78.8 11.2 1.8 19.5 3.1 1,026 Religion Hindu 19.8 5,94717.8 28.0 79.0 11.3 1.7 16.6 2.9 1,174 Muslim 12.0 84019.8 37.5 58.1 9.9 0.0 13.8 2.2 103 Christian 33.8 50 (11.8) (23.5) (76.5) (23.5) (5.9) (23.5) (0.0) 17 Sikh * 9* * * * * ** 2 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 23.5 623 12.2 26.9 84.1 10.3 1.9 22.3 2.1 146 Jain 23.8 53 (15.4) (0.0) (76.9) (7.7) (0.0) (7.7) (15.4) 13 Others (7.1) 14 * * * * * ** 1 Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 23.6 1,219 15.8 28.6 79.5 11.2 1.7 18.5 3.6 286 Scheduled tribes 16.7 1,306 26.2 26.0 78.8 18.4 2.6 13.5 1.9 215 Other backward classes 19.1 2,190 14.0 28.3 79.4 9.2 1.3 15.0 2.6 419 Others 19.0 2,76717.1 29.0 75.7 9.4 1.4 19.1 3.1 527 Wealth index Lowest 12.5 710 27.6 27.0 76.2 15.9 1.2 6.9 3.3 88 Second 15.1 1,001 14.1 21.5 80.3 12.2 2.0 11.8 3.3 148 Middle 15.8 1,454 19.5 35.2 78.8 13.2 1.4 14.0 2.8 229 Fourth 18.2 1,928 16.0 28.3 77.9 14.4 1.5 16.3 2.3 351 Highest 26.0 2,44316.6 27.6 77.5 7.6 1.8 21.0 3.0 640 Maharashtra 19.3 7,536 17.3 28.3 78.0 11.1 1.6 16.9 2.8 1,456 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

152

Table 8.11 KNOWLEDGE OF RTI AND STI BY SOURCES Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who are aware of RTI/STI and source of information , according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Sources of information Number of Adult Religious/ women Ever Education political leader/ who ever heard Number programme/ community heard Background of of Print Health Relatives/ school meetings/ of characteristics RTI/STI women** Radio T.V. Cinema media personnel Partner friends teacher exhibition/mela Others RTI/STI**

Age group 15-19 25.8 5,886 13.1 49.6 3.0 29.3 16.3 0.6 39.9 37.4 5.6 1.5 1,509 20-24 38.0 1,650 12.7 56.3 4.1 42.1 22.5 0.5 33.0 30.6 4.8 2.1 626

Residence Rural 27.6 4,730 13.4 46.1 1.9 25.9 19.8 0.5 38.1 37.7 5.4 1.2 1,293 Urban 29.9 2,806 12.4 60.1 5.4 44.2 15.6 0.6 37.6 31.9 5.2 2.4 842

Education Non-literatea 2.3 258 * * * * * * * * * * 6 Less than five years 6.5 217 (21.4) (28.6) (0.0) (0.0) (7.1) (0.0) (78.6) (0.0) (28.6) (0.0) 14 5-9 years 20.8 3,032 12.9 42.3 1.3 20.6 19.7 0.4 46.6 29.5 6.2 1.7 628 10 or more years 37.0 4,029 13.0 55.9 4.2 38.8 17.5 0.6 33.8 38.3 4.8 1.7 1,487

Religion Hindu 29.4 5,947 12.8 51.6 3.2 33.9 18.9 0.6 37.8 36.5 5.1 1.7 1,736 Muslim 18.0 840 10.0 50.7 2.9 21.8 10.7 0.0 44.8 22.5 6.2 0.0 152 Christian 35.8 50 (11.1) (50.0) (5.6) (38.9) (33.3) (0.0) (33.3) (61.1) (5.6) (5.6) 18 Sikh * 9 * * * * * * * * * * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 32.0 623 18.0 53.1 3.4 32.1 16.0 0.5 34.6 33.3 6.9 2.5 199 Jai n 43.4 53 (8.7) (47.8) (8.7) (56.5) (8.7) (0.0) (26.1) (30.4) (4.3) (0.0) 23 Others (21.4) 14 * * * * * * * * * * 3

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 31.4 1,219 17.3 51.1 4.7 35.1 16.0 0.5 38.8 35.0 5.6 3.1 382 Scheduled tribes 20.4 1,306 12.7 39.4 1.9 22.9 23.5 1.2 33.8 39.2 5.3 1.8 264 Other backward classes 28.7 2,190 13.4 54.3 4.2 33.3 18.0 0.5 38.4 33.9 6.2 1.2 625 Others 30.6 2,767 10.6 53.1 2.5 35.2 17.1 0.3 39.0 35.3 4.8 1.4 843

Wealth index Lowest 14.7 710 11.7 23.3 0.9 24.4 28.5 0.0 47.0 30.5 5.7 1.0 103 Second 22.6 1,001 12.7 34.5 1.7 20.9 17.9 1.3 40.2 37.5 6.0 1.4 225 Middle 25.2 1,454 15.6 44.3 2.0 22.4 17.8 0.5 42.3 34.9 7.8 1.1 363 Fourth 30.1 1,928 13.1 53.0 2.4 27.2 18.8 0.5 42.2 35.4 6.9 1.7 576 Highest 35.4 2,443 12.1 61.5 5.2 45.8 16.5 0.5 31.3 35.7 3.1 2.0 868

Maharashtra 28.4 7,536 13.0 51.6 3.3 33.1 18.1 0.5 37.9 35.4 5.4 1.7 2,135 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’. ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included. 153

TABLE 8.12 KNOWLEDGE OF RTI/STI TRANSMISSION Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who know about transmission of RTI/STI, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Unsafe sex with persons Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe who have sex with Number Unsafe Unsafe IUD sex with many sex of Background characteristics delivery abortion insertion homosexual partners worker Other women**

Age group 15-19 14.8 9.2 5.9 15.2 79.3 21.3 17.1 1,509 20-24 16.3 12.0 9.0 22.6 81.2 25.0 12.5 626

Residence Rural 13.8 8.8 6.6 17.5 79.5 20.4 17.2 1,293 Urban 17.3 12.0 7.4 17.7 80.5 25.4 13.5 842

Education Non-literatea * * * * * * * 6 Less than five years (25.0) (25.0) (0.0) (0.0) (75.0) (0.0) (0.0) 14 5-9 years 14.6 10.2 7.1 12.4 76.9 19.6 19.2 628 10 or more years 15.3 10.1 6.8 19.2 80.9 23.4 14.7 1,487

Religion Hindu 14.8 9.5 6.8 17.5 81.0 22.6 15.9 1,736 Muslim 14.7 11.5 3.4 11.9 65.2 12.6 22.9 152 Christian (20.0) (40.0) (20.0) (30.0) (100.0) (50.0) (0.0) 18 Sikh * * * * * * * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 16.7 11.2 10.0 20.0 78.6 24.1 8.3 199 Jain (38.5) (15.4) (0.0) (23.1) (61.5) (30.8) (30.8) 23 Others * * * * * * * 3

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 16.8 12.6 8.5 17.2 80.9 22.1 11.8 382 Scheduled tribes 20.3 10.1 5.3 14.7 77.4 22.8 16.2 264 Other backward classes 14.9 8.1 8.3 18.5 79.8 24.2 13.8 625 Others 13.6 10.3 6.0 17.3 80.1 21.7 19.1 843

Wealth index Lowest 14.9 12.2 10.0 10.3 67.8 17.2 17.3 103 Second 14.6 5.9 6.0 15.6 81.8 20.6 15.7 225 Middle 13.3 9.6 7.4 14.7 79.6 21.3 14.1 363 Fourth 13.4 7.8 5.6 16.6 77.8 18.9 18.8 576 Highest 17.3 12.3 7.4 20.2 82.1 25.9 14.1 868

Maharashtra 15.3 10.1 6.9 17.6 79.9 22.5 15.7 2,135 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

154

Table 8.13 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS BY SOURCES Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who are aware of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Source of information Number of women Ever Number Adult who ever Background heard of of Print Health education heard of characteristics HIV/AIDS women** Radio Television Cinema media personnel programme HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 82.0 5,886 20.4 77.2 4.3 37.1 15.9 2.9 4,829 20-24 90.2 1,650 22.2 87.7 8.3 51.1 21.2 4.3 1,488

Residence Rural 80.1 4,730 22.9 73.6 4.2 34.9 19.0 3.3 3,785 Urban 90.1 2,806 17.8 88.8 6.9 48.7 14.4 3.1 2,532

Education Non-literatea 16.5 258 15.4 68.1 2.4 2.3 6.8 0.0 43 Less than five years 40.5 217 21.1 66.5 1.8 2.2 7.8 0.6 87 5-9 years 77.3 3,032 19.4 74.2 2.6 28.3 14.1 1.8 2,346 10 or more years 95.3 4,029 21.8 83.4 7.0 49.1 19.3 4.2 3,841

Religion Hindu 83.8 5,947 21.2 79.1 5.2 41.3 17.8 3.5 4,981 Muslim 77.7 840 15.6 84.6 3.6 30.0 8.2 1.4 654 Christian 91.8 50 10.5 82.3 8.4 50.5 25.9 8.7 46 Sikh * 9 * * * * * * 8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 91.1 623 25.5 77.6 7.0 43.1 22.1 1.8 567 Jain 100.0 53 21.9 91.2 8.8 53.1 6.0 3.6 53 Others (57.1) 14 * * * * * * 8

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 90.2 1,219 23.6 80.5 6.5 42.9 18.5 2.8 1,098 Scheduled tribes 62.3 1,306 21.4 66.1 4.8 33.3 20.2 3.9 814 Other backward classes 86.7 2,190 21.2 81.8 6.1 40.0 16.9 3.6 1,896 Others 89.1 2,767 19.2 82.0 4.2 42.1 15.7 2.9 2,467

Wealth index Lowest 50.1 710 17.3 51.6 2.3 24.5 16.9 3.1 356 Second 73.3 1,001 24.2 60.0 3.1 27.4 18.4 2.3 735 Middle 81.7 1,454 22.8 73.5 3.6 30.5 15.4 2.5 1,187 Fourth 88.4 1,928 21.5 83.2 4.2 38.6 19.0 3.7 1,705 Highest 95.5 2,443 18.9 90.7 8.0 53.4 16.3 3.5 2,334

Maharashtra 83.8 7,536 20.9 79.7 5.2 40.4 17.1 3.2 6,317

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

155

TABLE 8.14 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV TRANSMISSION /AIDS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who know about transmission of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Unsafe sex with Unsafe Unprotected Number of persons sex sex with women Unsafe who have with HIV/AIDS Infected who ever Background Sex with many sex infected mother Transfusion heard of characteristics homosexual partners worker person to child of blood Other HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 8.3 66.5 19.1 32.7 27.7 51.6 35.6 4,829 20-24 9.9 71.6 21.3 38.6 34.3 60.5 38.9 1,488

Residence Rural 9.3 67.4 18.9 33.5 28.7 50.2 33.8 3,785 Urban 8.0 68.4 20.7 35.3 30.4 59.1 40.1 2,532

Education Non-literatea 0.0 38.3 28.2 20.8 41.9 34.8 6.5 43 Less than five years 6.3 57.5 16.6 28.5 11.3 37.1 29.0 87 5-9 years 6.6 66.1 17.3 30.2 21.6 44.1 31.0 2,346 10 or more years 9.8 68.8 20.7 36.2 33.0 58.6 39.1 3,841

Religion Hindu 8.9 68.0 19.9 34.3 29.4 54.1 36.3 4,981 Muslim 5.9 61.9 15.8 27.0 22.1 52.2 38.8 654 Christian 15.5 67.3 22.2 31.8 51.4 60.1 34.4 46 Sikh * * * * * * * 8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 9.5 72.8 20.7 40.5 33.7 51.0 33.8 567 Jain 12.7 53.1 18.2 38.2 32.5 74.6 56.0 53 Others * * * * * * * 8

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 9.4 69.2 22.5 37.2 32.7 54.1 34.5 1,098 Scheduled tribes 9.4 66.1 20.0 32.9 29.3 52.1 30.2 814 Other backward classes 9.4 68.5 21.4 34.9 29.2 52.9 34.4 1,896 Others 7.9 67.0 16.8 32.8 28.0 55.3 40.9 2,467

Wealth index Lowest 10.5 70.2 19.5 29.8 20.0 37.3 23.4 356 Second 9.0 60.0 19.7 34.3 28.2 48.4 31.0 735 Middle 10.0 65.4 17.8 32.5 24.0 45.3 33.3 1,187 Fourth 8.0 68.1 18.6 32.6 28.9 53.4 34.9 1,705 Highest 8.5 70.1 21.1 36.6 33.2 60.7 41.3 2,334

Maharashtra 8.8 67.8 19.6 34.3 29.4 53.9 36.4 6,317

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

156

TABLE 8.15 MISCONCEPTION OF HIV/AIDS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who have misconception of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Stepping on urine/stool Mosquito/ of someone flea or Number Background Shaking Sharing Sharing who has bedbugs of characteristics hands Hugging Kissing cloths food AIDS bites women**

Age group 15-19 9.4 10.0 14.7 12.2 11.6 12.3 27.0 4,829 20-24 4.4 5.0 10.6 6.3 6.2 6.2 18.3 1,488

Residence Rural 10.1 10.8 15.2 12.7 12.4 13.2 28.7 3,785 Urban 5.4 6.0 11.4 8.0 7.3 7.3 19.3 2,532

Education Non-literatea 11.2 14.6 14.5 14.5 17.1 11.7 25.6 43 Less than five years 21.7 13.8 22.2 20.1 22.1 22.0 34.5 87 5-9 years 12.9 13.9 18.3 16.0 15.8 14.7 29.2 2,346 10 or more years 5.1 5.6 10.7 7.4 6.7 8.2 22.2 3,841

Religion Hindu 8.4 8.9 14.0 10.8 10.4 11.0 25.6 4,981 Muslim 10.8 11.0 14.3 13.5 12.6 12.2 24.1 654 Christian 0.0 3.9 2.4 1.9 4.7 2.8 17.5 46 Sikh * * * * * * * 8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 5.0 6.3 11.2 8.9 7.5 9.3 21.6 567 Jain 1.9 3.7 9.8 3.7 7.7 3.9 22.3 53 Others * * * * * * * 8

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 6.4 7.7 14.3 9.6 8.6 10.6 23.6 1,098 Scheduled tribes 13.1 12.5 17.3 15.7 14.7 13.3 27.7 814 Other backward classes 7.0 8.1 12.3 10.7 10.1 10.6 25.2 1,896 Others 8.3 8.7 13.4 9.8 9.8 10.4 24.6 2,467

Wealth index Lowest 12.7 14.2 14.6 16.0 16.9 16.6 29.0 356 Second 13.7 14.7 19.1 17.5 16.6 17.4 34.3 735 Middle 11.7 13.5 18.4 15.4 15.0 15.0 29.3 1,187 Fourth 8.7 8.8 13.3 10.6 10.2 11.2 25.6 1,705 Highest 3.7 3.8 9.8 5.7 5.1 5.5 18.7 2,334

Maharashtra 8.2 8.8 13.7 10.8 10.4 10.9 25.0 6,317

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

157

Table 8.16 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOW TO AVOID OR REDUCE THE CHANCES OF INFECTING HIV/AIDS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who know how to avoid or reduce the chances of getting of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Using condom Limit no. of Avoid sex Avoid Number of correctly sexual with pregnancy women Abstain during each partners and person when who ever Background from sexual avoid sex with who inject having heard of characteristics sex intercourse sex workers drugs HIV/ AIDS Other HIV/AIDS**

Age group 15-19 12.0 30.3 41.5 38.6 16.9 7.1 4,829 20-24 12.6 43.5 55.4 52.8 22.1 4.8 1,488

Residence Rural 12.6 33.2 41.6 36.7 16.6 7.0 3,785 Urban 11.7 35.0 49.6 49.8 20.7 5.8 2,532

Education Non-literatea 0.0 0.0 12.5 11.3 19.1 0.0 43 Less than five years 16.9 22.8 15.5 9.5 2.6 15.2 87 5-9 years 13.5 25.4 32.5 27.1 13.2 8.1 2,346 10 or more years 11.7 37.6 53.3 52.1 20.6 5.8 3,841

Religion Hindu 12.9 34.6 45.3 42.0 18.3 6.9 4,981 Muslim 7.0 23.7 31.7 32.9 15.0 7.7 654 Christian 12.4 40.9 48.6 55.2 23.9 2.4 46 Sikh * * * * * * 8 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 10.4 37.2 55.0 47.8 21.0 3.3 567 Jain 15.7 32.2 55.8 73.9 20.1 2.3 53 Others * * * * * * 8

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 10.7 36.3 49.6 43.5 22.2 5.8 1,098 Scheduled tribes 13.6 29.1 40.2 33.7 18.4 7.9 814 Other backward classes 12.5 36.8 44.6 40.7 18.4 6.1 1,896 Others 12.3 32.0 44.4 44.9 16.3 6.8 2,467

Wealth index Lowest 12.2 24.8 34.7 23.2 10.9 8.9 356 Second 12.9 30.1 31.9 29.0 15.8 9.4 735 Middle 12.0 27.8 36.8 30.0 14.3 8.4 1,187 Fourth 12.0 33.8 45.0 41.8 17.6 6.8 1,705 Highest 12.2 37.9 54.4 55.1 21.5 4.8 2,334

Maharashtra 12.2 34.0 44.8 42.0 18.4 6.5 6,317

# Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

158

Table 8.17 KNOWLEDGE WHERE TO GET TESTED FOR HIV/AIDS AND SOURCES Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who are aware where to get tested for HIV/AIDS and place for testing HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Health Facility Number Government Private of women Know place who Knew where to place where get Number CHC/ RTI/STI Other Other to get Tested for of PHC/Sub- clinic public/NGO RTI/STI private Tested for Background characteristics HIV/AIDS** women** Hospital Centre VCT/ICTC hospitals Hospital VCT/ICTC hospitals HIV/AIDS **

Age group 15-19 64.3 4,829 74.9 32.9 1.6 1.7 37.2 1.3 0.8 3,103 20-24 74.0 1,488 77.5 27.6 3.3 2.7 43.9 2.3 1.8 1,101

Residence Rural 65.2 3,785 70.4 40.9 1.3 1.6 34.0 0.9 0.8 2,465 Urban 68.7 2,532 82.8 18.1 3.2 2.5 46.0 2.4 1.5 1,739

Education Non-literatea 44.6 43 (84.2) (31.6) (0.0) (0.0) (47.4) (0.0) (0.0) 19 Less than five years 40.1 87 71.1 46.3 0.0 0.0 45.6 0.0 0.0 35 5-9 years 58.6 2,34672.2 35.2 0.4 1.7 34.20.6 0.5 1,373 10 or more years 72.3 3,84177.2 29.4 2.9 2.1 41.2 2.0 1.4 2,777

Religion Hindu 66.9 4,981 74.7 32.2 1.9 1.8 38.0 1.3 1.2 3,334 Muslim 58.4 654 78.2 27.0 2.0 1.5 42.9 2.4 0.9 379 Christian 81.0 46 81.6 24.6 7.8 2.6 50.0 7.9 0.0 37 Sikh * 8 * * * * * * * 4 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 71.9 567 79.8 31.1 2.2 3.5 41.6 2.2 0.2 407 Jain 71.5 53 73.3 28.6 2.3 0.0 40.0 2.6 6.3 38 Others * 8 * * * * * * * 5

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 70.7 1,098 75.7 32.7 2.4 3.2 40.7 2.3 0.9 775 Scheduled tribes 62.0 814 72.3 35.9 1.5 1.8 36.0 0.7 0.7 504 Other backward classes 69.3 1,896 77.0 31.8 2.1 1.8 36.1 1.7 0.9 1,313 Others 64.4 2,467 75.2 29.4 2.0 1.6 41.1 1.3 1.5 1,587

Wealth index Lowest 53.7 35670.2 43.9 0.5 0.5 35.40.5 0.0 190 Second 60.7 73569.0 40.3 0.7 1.8 33.50.9 0.4 445 Middle 61.9 1,18769.0 42.2 0.9 1.5 32.40.6 0.4 731 Fourth 67.3 1,70573.9 35.2 1.2 1.9 34.20.8 0.6 1,151 Highest 72.3 2,33481.9 20.5 3.6 2.4 47.02.8 2.0 1,687

Maharashtra 66.6 6,317 75.6 31.5 2.0 2.0 39.0 1.6 1.1 4,204 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

159

TABLE 8.18 KNOWLEDGE OF SOME SELECTED STATEMENTS Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years by awareness on reproductive issues, according to selected background characteristics, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Selected statements to test the level of awareness A woman is most likely It is possible to know A women can get to get pregnant if she the sex of the baby Pregnancy can When a woman has pregnant on the very has sexual intercourse before the baby is occur after kissing intercourse for the first first time she has half way between her born by medical test or hugging time she has to bleed sexual intercourse menstrual periods Number Background Don’t Don’t Don’t Don’t Don’t of characteristics True know True know True know True know True know women**

Age group 15-19 63.5 15.3 6.5 37.8 12.6 70.4 22.8 58.0 19.4 69.9 5,886 20-24 66.7 8.5 4.3 24.5 12.5 66.2 26.4 52.0 23.6 63.3 1,650

Residence Rural 63.3 15.7 7.0 36.3 13.5 68.8 23.8 56.1 21.6 67.0 4,730 Urban 65.8 10.5 4.5 32.6 11.0 70.6 23.2 57.8 18.0 70.9 2,806

Education Non-literatea 25.2 56.7 6.6 60.6 10.5 75.7 14.1 71.1 6.4 81.5 258 Less than five years 39.8 45.8 4.6 62.8 11.7 79.5 13.7 75.6 11.8 81.9 217 5-9 years 60.9 17.87.9 42.3 13.0 70.1 21.2 59.7 17.7 72.0 3,032 10 or more years 70.6 6.3 4.7 26.2 12.5 68.1 26.5 52.5 23.6 64.3 4,029

Religion Hindu 64.4 13.9 6.4 34.3 13.5 68.5 24.7 55.6 21.2 67.1 5,947 Muslim 56.7 18.7 4.3 46.6 7.4 77.5 14.7 69.9 9.5 82.4 840 Christian 63.2 10.3 4.1 29.7 6.4 79.1 29.5 48.7 22.8 62.4 50 Sikh * * * * * * * * * * 9 Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 71.9 6.8 5.2 24.9 12.2 67.7 24.6 51.0 25.9 62.9 623 Jain 81.7 5.5 3.5 28.7 7.5 65.1 25.0 47.8 22.9 63.1 53 Others (64.3) (14.3) (21.4) (42.9) (14.3) (50.0) (21.4) (57.1) (28.6) (71.4) 14

Castes/tribes# Scheduled castes 70.6 9.6 5.6 28.7 12.6 68.9 25.6 53.1 22.3 66.6 1,219 Scheduled tribes 52.3 26.4 8.6 39.6 15.4 66.3 22.1 56.4 17.4 69.6 1,306 Other backward classes 67.6 11.4 5.7 33.8 12.9 69.3 25.4 54.5 22.3 65.5 2,190 Others 64.5 11.4 5.3 36.2 11.2 71.4 22.0 60.1 19.1 71.1 2,767

Wealth index Lowest 49.2 32.9 8.8 45.6 14.2 69.0 22.5 58.8 14.9 74.5 710 Second 56.4 22.0 7.7 40.7 14.7 68.1 22.9 57.3 19.8 67.5 1,001 Middle 64.3 14.1 7.0 39.5 14.6 69.8 22.9 58.4 20.0 68.9 1,454 Fourth 68.9 9.96.0 32.9 11.4 69.9 23.8 55.8 21.7 67.7 1,928 Highest 68.0 7.74.0 28.2 11.1 69.7 24.4 55.6 21.1 67.5 2,443

Maharashtra 64.2 13.8 6.0 34.9 12.6 69.5 23.6 56.7 20.3 68.5 7,536 # Total figure may not add to N, sample total, due to ‘don’t know’ or ‘missing cases’ ( ) Based on 10-24 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown, based on less than 10 unweighted cases. ** Unweighted cases. a Literate but did not attend school, are also included.

160

Table 8.19 AWARENESS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES Percentage of unmarried women aged 15-24 years who perceived family life education to be important, having menstruation related problems, are aware of specific contraceptive methods and who have ever discussed about family planning with any one by district, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Having Ever menstruation discussed Perceived related about family life problems Knowledge Knowledge family education during last of of planning Number to be three contraceptive emergency with any of District important months pills contraception one women**

Nandurbar 56.5 32.0 45.2 11.0 12.8 284 Dhule 72.7 39.3 57.9 12.3 25.1 195 Jalgaon 75.0 34.4 71.8 24.5 24.0 195 Buldana 78.5 34.7 67.8 19.8 12.4 177

Akola 67.7 40.8 62.4 15.6 12.0 250 Washim 75.0 31.7 66.0 8.8 8.8 159 Amravati 80.3 40.4 73.5 23.9 18.7 231 Wardha 89.6 30.3 82.9 39.2 27.9 223

Nagpur 90.4 26.7 90.8 44.3 29.4 282 Bhandara 85.2 31.7 69.1 32.1 23.8 265 Gondiya 85.2 31.6 65.0 24.5 19.1 277 Gadchiroli 59.1 27.5 49.2 16.3 23.3 374

Chandrapur 86.9 26.0 86.1 37.8 20.0 230 Yavatmal 87.3 32.0 78.4 27.9 17.6 204 Nanded 80.1 28.6 61.5 24.5 15.8 220 Hingoli 75.5 22.7 63.3 23.1 13.6 147

Parbhani 86.0 27.3 69.4 33.8 18.5 156 Jalna 70.1 20.0 59.0 25.0 12.2 155 Aurangabad 74.9 29.4 64.4 13.7 13.2 174 Nashik 87.2 39.8 80.6 32.7 26.0 196

Thane 88.8 18.6 82.1 28.0 16.1 224 Mumbai (Suburban) 91.3 19.4 81.4 38.0 28.1 265 Mumbai 91.5 22.5 81.9 33.2 22.2 249 Raigarh 88.3 18.5 81.3 31.3 21.0 214

Pune 95.5 26.9 85.1 48.5 32.2 203 Ahmadnagar 88.7 29.0 83.6 43.8 13.8 158 Bid 80.6 27.9 56.7 18.9 15.8 164 Latur 89.8 37.3 58.0 12.9 8.9 225

Osmanabad 83.4 30.3 58.5 21.8 10.4 193 Solapur 91.5 27.6 79.0 41.0 19.0 200 Satara 89.5 31.9 81.3 38.0 23.9 208 Ratnagiri 85.6 23.6 71.6 25.4 20.9 201

Sindhudurg 89.3 23.3 78.7 41.4 16.4 244 Kolhapur 93.6 25.0 83.2 53.0 19.3 200 Sangli 98.5 25.5 85.1 43.8 32.0 194

Maharashtra 82.5 29.0 70.9 28.0 19.3 7,536

** Unweighted cases.

161

HEALTH FACILITIES ‐ AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY

TABLE 9.1: AVERAGE POPULATION COVERED BY HEALTH FACILITY BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Average population covered by District Sub-Centre PHC CHC

Nandurbar 62,130 24,970 2,86,288 Dhule 37,779 41,063 1,37,575 Jalgaon 5,795 26,204 65,352 Buldana 6,282 71,327 38,515

Akola 5,615 31,711 1,74,671 Washim 34,948 35,353 83,213 Amravati 37,913 83,363 55,218 Wardha 5,241 34,188 1,82,595

Nagpur 5,018 35,182 34,116 Bhandara 4,932 28,257 3,22,337 Gondiya 4,953 64,743 65,879 Gadchiroli 28,381 64,988 62,315

Chandrapur 4,068 24,924 62,765 Yavatmal 4,318 35,159 1,32,614 Nanded 35,227 36,611 19,282 Hingoli 5,995 82,895 4,06,692

Parbhani 4,735 89,854 50,358 Jalna 6,262 37,629 1,60,907 Aurangabad 46,538 39,982 44,655 Nashik 45,884 73,842 3,25,446

Thane 7,252 52,913 67,808 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 65,015 42,943 30,501

Pune 6,155 38,622 76,800 Ahmadnagar 7,135 69,530 87,840 Bid 6,423 40,331 46,738 Latur 6,279 40,129 70,970

Osmanabad 33,409 32,742 1,72,209 Solapur 23,650 46,239 96,214 Satara 6,052 36,851 2,67,428 Ratnagiri 4,462 52,347 3,92,687

Sindhudurg 27,386 19,365 45,681 Kolhapur 5,489 34,235 1,83,312 Sangli 66,709 38,075 57,792

Maharashtra 20,182 45,267 1,23,096

PHC= Primary Health Centre; CHC= Community Health Centre. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

165

TABLE 9.2: PERCENTAGE OF VILLAGES HAVING SUB-CENTRE WITHIN VILLAGES & ANM AVAILABLE AT SUB-CENTRE AND STAYING IN SUB-CENTRE QUARTER BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Villages Total having Sub- ANM ANM residing number of Centre within No. of Available at in Sub-Centre Sub- District village villages Sub-Centre quarter1 Centres

Nandurbar 26.2 42 88.6 84.6 35 Dhule 48.6 37 93.9 90.9 33 Jalgaon 44.4 36 90.9 58.8 33 Buldana 25.6 39 87.9 50.0 33

Akola 29.0 31 92.9 62.5 28 Washim 24.4 41 79.4 73.9 34 Amravati 30.3 33 86.7 90.0 30 Wardha 35.1 37 94.4 75.9 36

Nagpur 33.3 18 94.1 100.0 17 Bhandara 26.2 42 88.9 71.9 36 Gondiya 50.0 44 89.7 77.4 39 Gadchiroli 48.9 47 94.7 94.1 38

Chandrapur 38.2 34 100.0 88.0 30 Yavatmal 48.8 41 83.3 68.0 36 Nanded 31.6 38 94.1 40.7 34 Hingoli 19.0 42 91.2 33.3 34

Parbhani 44.1 34 92.3 56.0 26 Jalna 22.5 40 90.6 69.2 32 Aurangabad 35.5 31 96.0 79.0 25 Nashik 25.8 31 100.0 79.0 25

Thane 50.0 14 100.0 80.0 14 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 31.6 38 94.1 41.7 34

Pune 57.1 21 95.2 66.7 21 Ahmadnagar 52.5 40 97.1 87.0 34 Bid 24.4 41 81.6 79.2 38 Latur 47.4 38 100.0 50.0 37

Osmanabad 33.3 42 100.0 85.0 35 Solapur 44.1 34 94.1 66.7 34 Satara 37.2 43 100.0 75.0 39 Ratnagiri 38.6 44 100.0 14.3 31

Sindhudurg 51.1 45 95.1 62.5 41 Kolhapur 34.3 35 93.9 72.7 33 Sangli 57.9 38 97.0 90.5 33

Maharashtra 37.5 1,211 93.0 71.5 1,058

ANM= Auxiliary Nurse Midwife; FHW=Female Health Worker. 1 Based on availability of quarter at Sub-Centre. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

166

TABLE 9.3: STATUS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AT SUB-CENTRES FUNCTIONING IN GOVERNMENT BUILDING BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of Sub-Centre Total number Regular Labor room in of Sub- District Electricity Water Toilet Labor room current use1 Centres

Nandurbar 4 27 27 24 22 30 Dhule 4 20 20 17 16 24 Jalgaon 3 10 10 9 8 13 Buldana 1 14 14 12 9 21

Akola 4 13 12 3 3 18 Washim 1 21 21 18 14 25 Amravati 6 19 15 9 2 20 Wardha 2 25 27 17 14 31

Nagpur 1 14 12 5 4 14 Bhandara 2 27 32 14 10 33 Gondiya -- 25 24 18 17 28 Gadchiroli 1 31 27 15 12 33

Chandrapur 4 24 20 21 17 27 Yavatmal -- 17 20 19 14 25 Nanded -- 19 14 13 6 28 Hingoli -- 16 17 19 8 27

Parbhani -- 16 12 11 7 25 Jalna -- 19 21 17 13 25 Aurangabad 3 16 13 14 8 19 Nashik 2 17 18 10 8 19

Thane 1 7 9 9 7 10 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 3 11 9 9 3 14

Pune 3 12 11 8 7 14 Ahmadnagar 1 22 22 16 14 23 Bid -- 17 10 11 10 20 Latur -- 12 23 10 9 31

Osmanabad -- 24 21 30 24 31 Solapur -- 15 14 9 8 17 Satara 2 19 19 17 11 24 Ratnagiri 1 4 6 3 1 7

Sindhudurg 4 15 17 9 2 19 Kolhapur 4 22 23 9 6 23 Sangli 2 23 21 10 10 23

Maharashtra (%) 59 (8.0) 593 (80.0) 581 (78.4) 435 (58.7) 324 (74.7) 741 (100.0)

1 Percentage calculated from number of labor room available. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

167

TABLE 9.4: NUMBER OF SUB-CENTRES HAVING ADEQUATELY EQUIPPED AND ESSENTIAL DRUGS BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08

2 Adequately equipped1 Essential drugs Total number District (at least 60%) (at least 60%) of Sub-Centres

Nandurbar 33 32 35 Dhule 28 29 33 Jalgaon 28 32 33 Buldana 31 27 33

Akola 27 25 28 Washim 32 19 34 Amravati 27 26 30 Wardha 34 29 36

Nagpur 17 13 17 Bhandara 35 34 36 Gondiya 39 34 39 Gadchiroli 32 32 38

Chandrapur 30 29 30 Yavatmal 35 34 36 Nanded 31 32 34 Hingoli 30 28 34

Parbhani 24 24 26 Jalna 32 28 32 Aurangabad 22 23 25 Nashik 24 24 25

Thane 14 13 14 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 33 27 34

Pune 20 18 21 Ahmadnagar 33 30 34 Bid 32 37 38 Latur 36 33 37

Osmanabad 32 28 35 Solapur 26 24 34 Satara 37 34 39 Ratnagiri 31 28 31

Sindhudurg 37 25 41 Kolhapur 30 32 33 Sangli 28 28 33

Maharashtra (%) 980 (92.6) 911 (86.8) 1,058 (100.0)

1 Equipments include: Instrument sterilizer, Auto disposal syringes, Hub cutter, B. P. instrument, Stethoscope, Weighing Machine (infant/adult), hemoglobinometer, Foetoscope, SIMS speculam, IUD insertion kit, Vaccine carrier. 2 Drugs includes, Drug kit-A/B, IFA tablets, Vitamine A solution, ORS packet. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

168

TABLE 9.5: NUMBER OF SUB-CENTRES HAVING DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08

Citizen’s Charter VHSC Untied Fund Total number District displayed Facilitated* Received of Sub-Centres

Nandurbar 25 25 27 35 Dhule 18 16 28 33 Jalgaon 15 21 22 33 Buldana 22 25 30 33

Akola 22 21 19 28 Washim 21 27 29 34 Amravati 23 27 22 30 Wardha 17 32 35 36

Nagpur 7 17 14 17 Bhandara 13 22 31 36 Gondiya 20 31 36 39 Gadchiroli 16 25 31 38

Chandrapur 20 23 28 30 Yavatmal 13 29 34 36 Nanded 4 27 30 34 Hingoli 2 21 26 34

Parbhani 6 22 26 26 Jalna 11 21 22 32 Aurangabad 13 17 21 25 Nashik 19 20 20 25

Thane 8 14 12 14 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 8 25 26 34

Pune 5 16 15 21 Ahmadnagar 10 32 32 34 Bid 9 32 25 38 Latur 12 35 35 37

Osmanabad 7 31 31 35 Solapur 7 22 27 34 Satara 6 31 34 39 Ratnagiri 15 30 29 31

Sindhudurg 8 30 38 41 Kolhapur 12 33 31 33 Sangli 19 24 26 33

Maharashtra (%) 433 (40.9) 824 (95.0) 892 (84.3) 1,058 (100.0)

VHSC= Village Health and Sanitation Committee. -- Not calculated because there are no cases. *Based on availability of VHSC.

169

TABLE 9.6: AVAILABLE HUMAN RESOURCES AT PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Human resources Status of PHCs

Lady Medical AYUSH Total number of District Medical officer Officer Doctor Pharmacist PHCs

Nandurbar 28 13 10 26 31 Dhule 23 7 10 19 24 Jalgaon 24 6 3 28 30 Buldana 27 6 14 24 28

Akola 18 6 2 17 20 Washim 17 -- 3 16 20 Amravati 24 10 1 24 25 Wardha 15 8 4 17 19

Nagpur 14 5 4 15 15 Bhandara 24 9 9 23 26 Gondiya 25 9 3 27 27 Gadchiroli 20 8 3 20 22

Chandrapur 22 9 2 23 24 Yavatmal 24 9 6 25 27 Nanded 28 8 3 30 30 Hingoli 18 4 1 17 21

Parbhani 15 4 3 14 18 Jalna 19 5 2 24 24 Aurangabad 22 10 2 18 23 Nashik 24 8 13 21 25

Thane 12 5 5 11 13 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 24 13 3 23 29

Pune 16 5 1 16 17 Ahmadnagar 30 6 5 32 34 Bid 27 9 5 24 29 Latur 28 7 3 26 29

Osmanabad 23 10 4 23 28 Solapur 27 7 -- 25 28 Satara 29 11 4 32 33 Ratnagiri 33 7 9 28 33

Sindhudurg 23 6 3 25 25 Kolhapur 26 11 1 22 27 Sangli 25 15 3 23 26

Maharashtra (%) 754 (90.8) 256 (30.8) 144 (17.4) 738 (88.9) 830 (100.0)

MO=Medical Officer. -- Not calculated because there are no cases. AYUSH = Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy.

170

TABLE 9.7: AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE AT PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of PHCs having

Residential Regular Having Quarter available Functioning At least 4 power functional Total number Districts for MO PHC 24 hours beds supply vehicle of PHCs

Nandurbar 23 26 26 11 24 31 Dhule 19 23 23 7 23 24 Jalgaon 24 19 27 8 16 30 Buldana 21 21 26 3 23 28

Akola 16 13 18 5 18 20 Washim 17 15 19 1 16 20 Amravati 20 18 19 9 19 25 Wardha 17 15 18 2 16 19

Nagpur 13 13 14 2 11 15 Bhandara 18 19 20 5 26 26 Gondiya 21 20 22 1 24 27 Gadchiroli 18 17 18 1 17 22

Chandrapur 23 24 22 7 24 24 Yavatmal 24 20 26 -- 26 27 Nanded 29 27 29 1 28 30 Hingoli 16 14 16 -- 20 21

Parbhani 15 15 18 -- 18 18 Jalna 15 17 19 3 19 24 Aurangabad 18 18 20 4 22 23 Nashik 18 23 23 7 19 25

Thane 11 9 12 4 11 13 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 24 24 27 6 28 29

Pune 13 14 15 3 11 17 Ahmadnagar 27 27 28 1 30 34 Bid 25 23 25 -- 29 29 Latur 26 19 29 -- 28 29

Osmanabad 22 22 27 -- 22 28 Solapur 24 22 26 -- 25 28 Satara 23 23 28 5 29 33 Ratnagiri 29 21 31 6 32 33

Sindhudurg 23 23 25 5 22 25 Kolhapur 20 23 22 3 23 27 Sangli 23 21 24 3 17 26

Maharashtra (%) 675 (81.3) 648 (78.1) 742 (89.7) 113 (13.6) 716 (86.3) 830 (100.0)

-- Not calculated because there are no cases.

171

TABLE 9.8 SPECIFIC HEALTH FACILITIES AVAILABLE AT PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of PHCs having

New born Cold chain Essential Referral Conducted at 1 2 care equipments at drugs (at services for least 10 Total number of District equipments Functional OT least 60 %) least 60%) delivery* deliveries* PHCs

Nandurbar 17 25 25 25 9 9 31 Dhule 7 20 21 21 14 11 24 Jalgaon 12 22 22 25 9 7 30 Buldana 8 20 25 19 17 12 28

Akola 3 17 16 19 8 2 20 Washim 9 18 19 16 6 6 20 Amravati 15 19 20 24 11 5 25 Wardha 10 18 18 17 8 7 19

Nagpur 9 14 15 15 9 6 15 Bhandara 10 17 22 21 11 10 26 Gondiya 14 17 26 27 16 5 27 Gadchiroli 14 19 17 17 7 6 22

Chandrapur 15 22 20 23 16 12 24 Yavatmal 9 23 22 24 9 13 27 Nanded 14 23 26 22 22 12 30 Hingoli 6 15 19 15 7 6 21

Parbhani 7 14 17 15 10 10 18 Jalna 8 18 19 19 6 5 24 Aurangabad 6 18 21 13 9 6 23 Nashik 12 23 24 21 13 12 25

Thane 6 12 13 13 5 8 13 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 9 20 23 23 11 16 29

Pune 8 15 16 16 8 10 17 Ahmadnagar 14 28 32 31 16 16 34 Bid 12 22 28 21 7 10 29 Latur 14 27 29 28 11 16 29

Osmanabad 8 24 27 28 13 17 28 Solapur 10 24 24 26 12 11 28 Satara 14 29 29 31 11 12 33 Ratnagiri 17 27 28 27 4 4 33

Sindhudurg 10 24 24 21 10 5 25 Kolhapur 12 19 26 26 7 8 27 Sangli 11 23 24 22 12 8 26

Maharashtra (%) 350 (42.2) 676 (81.5) 737 (88.8) 711 (85.7) 344 (53.1) 303 (46.8) 830 (100.0)

* Serveices based on during last one month and PHCs functioning on 24 hour basis. 1 Ice lined refrigerator (large/small), Deep freezer (large/ small), Cold Box, Vaccine carrier. 2 Essential Drugs includes, Antiallergics, Anti hypertensive, Anti Diabetics, Anti anginal, Anti tubercular, Anti leprosy, Anti Filariasis, Anti bactirials, Anti Helminthic, Anti protozoal, Antidots, Solution correcting water and electrolyte imbalance, Essentials obstetric care drugs. -- Not calculated because there are no cases. OT = Operation Theatre.

172

TABLE 9.9: NUMBER OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES HAVING DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of PHCs Citizen’s Total Charter RKS Received Utilized number of District displayed constituted untied fund untied fund PHCs

Nandurbar 29 31 28 27 31 Dhule 20 24 23 23 24 Jalgaon 21 30 22 22 30 Buldana 23 28 27 27 28

Akola 18 19 18 18 20 Washim 18 20 19 15 20 Amravati 25 25 24 23 25 Wardha 14 19 18 18 19

Nagpur 8 14 14 14 15 Bhandara 15 26 23 23 26 Gondiya 19 26 27 27 27 Gadchiroli 11 21 19 19 22

Chandrapur 24 23 24 24 24 Yavatmal 19 27 26 26 27 Nanded 18 29 26 26 30 Hingoli 5 21 19 19 21

Parbhani 9 18 18 18 18 Jalna 11 24 23 22 24 Aurangabad 21 23 21 17 23 Nashik 21 24 23 22 25

Thane 8 13 13 13 13 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 10 27 26 26 29

Pune 9 17 17 17 17 Ahmadnagar 14 34 33 33 34 Bid 16 29 24 23 29 Latur 18 29 27 27 29

Osmanabad 13 28 26 25 28 Solapur 13 28 27 27 28 Satara 12 33 30 29 33 Ratnagiri 24 32 31 31 33

Sindhudurg 15 25 25 25 25 Kolhapur 20 27 27 27 27 Sangli 19 25 26 26 26

Maharashtra (%) 540 (65.1) 819 (98.7) 774 (93.3) 759 (91.5) 830 (100.0)

RKS = Rogi Kalyan Samiti. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

173

TABLE 9.10: HUMAN RESOURCES AVAILABLE AT COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of CHCs having: Obstetric Health Total number of District Gynecologist Pediatrician Anesthetist Manager CHCs

Nandurbar 4 2 3 1 8 Dhule 3 1 1 0 4 Jalgaon 1 1 2 0 13 Buldana 1 2 0 0 7

Akola 1 0 0 0 5 Washim 1 1 0 0 6 Amravati 3 3 0 0 8 Wardha 1 1 0 1 6

Nagpur 1 1 2 0 8 Bhandara 0 0 1 0 4 Gondiya 2 2 1 1 10 Gadchiroli 1 3 2 0 9

Chandrapur 2 1 2 0 9 Yavatmal 2 1 4 0 11 Nanded 4 3 4 1 11 Hingoli 1 1 1 0 3

Parbhani 3 1 1 0 6 Jalna 3 2 1 0 8 Aurangabad 2 1 0 2 4 Nashik 9 3 6 2 15

Thane 2 1 1 0 6 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 3 2 2 0 9

Pune 13 5 9 1 21 Ahmadnagar 11 3 4 1 15 Bid 1 2 2 1 9 Latur 4 6 5 0 10

Osmanabad 3 3 3 1 8 Solapur 9 5 9 1 14 Satara 8 3 4 0 10 Ratnagiri 1 1 0 0 8

Sindhudurg 4 0 1 0 8 Kolhapur 9 6 4 1 12 Sangli 5 3 4 0 8

Maharashtra (%) 118 (40.3) 70 (23.9) 79 (27.0) 14 (4.8) 293 (100.0) -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

174

TABLE 9.11: SPECIFIC HEALTH CARE FACILITIES AVAILABLE AT COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08 Number of CHC having: Designated as New born care LBW babies Blood storage Total number District Functional OT FRU services1 managed2 facility1 of CHCs

Nandurbar 7 6 4 7 0 8 Dhule 4 2 2 3 1 4 Jalgaon 12 6 5 7 1 13 Buldana 6 7 5 3 0 7

Akola 5 3 3 3 1 5 Washim 5 4 3 4 1 6 Amravati 8 6 4 6 1 8 Wardha 6 4 4 3 1 6

Nagpur 7 3 2 6 0 8 Bhandara 2 4 4 1 0 4 Gondiya 7 5 5 8 0 10 Gadchiroli 7 6 5 4 2 9

Chandrapur 8 7 6 6 2 9 Yavatmal 9 8 7 5 0 11 Nanded 9 8 8 7 2 11 Hingoli 3 1 1 2 0 3

Parbhani 4 3 3 0 0 6 Jalna 4 3 2 4 0 8 Aurangabad 4 2 1 1 0 4 Nashik 13 5 5 13 1 15

Thane 4 4 4 5 0 6 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 7 6 3 3 0 9

Pune 20 15 12 13 0 21 Ahmadnagar 14 8 8 13 2 15 Bid 7 4 4 3 0 9 Latur 8 7 6 6 1 10

Osmanabad 6 5 4 2 2 8 Solapur 13 6 4 10 1 14 Satara 8 6 5 5 0 10 Ratnagiri 7 4 4 5 0 8

Sindhudurg 7 4 3 5 0 8 Kolhapur 11 3 3 3 1 12 Sangli 6 7 5 5 0 8

Maharashtra (%) 248 (84.6) 172 (58.7) 144 (83.7) 171 (58.4) 20 (11.6) 293 (100.0)

LBW=low birth weight. FRU = First Referral Unit. 1 Based on 24 hours and CHCs designated as First Referral Unit. -- Not calculated because there are no cases. 2 Based on last one month services.

175

TABLE 9.12: NUMBER OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES HAVING DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES BY DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, 2007-08

Number of CHC having: Total Citizen’s charter RKS Monitor Utilized untied number District displayed RKS constituted regularly* fund of CHCs

Nandurbar 8 7 7 5 8 Dhule 4 4 4 3 4 Jalgaon 11 13 12 7 13 Buldana 6 7 7 6 7

Akola 5 5 5 5 5 Washim 4 6 5 5 6 Amravati 8 8 8 8 8 Wardha 6 6 6 5 6

Nagpur 6 8 8 8 8 Bhandara 4 4 4 2 4 Gondiya 8 9 9 10 10 Gadchiroli 5 8 7 3 9

Chandrapur 9 9 9 9 9 Yavatmal 6 11 11 9 11 Nanded 9 11 11 11 11 Hingoli 1 3 3 3 3

Parbhani 4 6 6 5 6 Jalna 5 8 8 8 8 Aurangabad 4 3 2 4 4 Nashik 13 15 14 14 15

Thane 5 6 6 5 6 Mumbai (Suburban) ------Mumbai ------Raigarh 2 9 9 5 9

Pune 14 21 21 16 21 Ahmadnagar 11 13 13 11 15 Bid 7 9 9 6 9 Latur 7 8 8 7 10

Osmanabad 7 8 8 8 8 Solapur 13 14 14 13 14 Satara 5 10 10 8 10 Ratnagiri 7 7 7 7 8

Sindhudurg 6 8 8 4 8 Kolhapur 10 12 12 9 12 Sangli 7 8 7 6 8

Maharashtra (%) 227 (77.5) 284 (96.9) 278 (94.9) 235 (80.2) 293 (100.0) RKS = Rogi Kalyan Samiti. * RKS monitored regularly is from the number of RKS constituted. -- Not calculated because there are no cases.

176

APPENDIX

SAMPLING ERROR FOR SELECTED INDICATORS

ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (Currently Married Women age 15-49) Nandurbar 0.588 0.036 1,120 1,121 6.127 0.517 0.658 Dhule 0.697 0.023 989 988 3.367 0.651 0.743 Jalgaon 0.687 0.020 906 911 2.953 0.647 0.727 Buldana 0.645 0.018 890 888 2.723 0.610 0.679 Akola 0.689 0.021 914 917 2.983 0.648 0.729 Washim 0.669 0.015 991 989 2.302 0.639 0.699 Amravati 0.727 0.018 834 838 2.422 0.692 0.761 Wardha 0.786 0.015 874 876 1.866 0.757 0.814 Nagpur 0.704 0.025 847 851 3.570 0.655 0.754 Bhandara 0.703 0.016 847 847 2.319 0.671 0.735 Gondiya 0.657 0.016 906 902 2.425 0.625 0.688 Gadchiroli 0.591 0.027 1,259 1,257 4.648 0.537 0.644 Chandrapur 0.675 0.019 797 797 2.849 0.637 0.712 Yavatmal 0.676 0.016 1,095 1,093 2.308 0.645 0.706 Nanded 0.601 0.024 1,033 1,038 4.030 0.554 0.649 Hingoli 0.626 0.015 1,064 1,064 2.474 0.596 0.656 Parbhani 0.581 0.016 1,002 996 2.819 0.549 0.613 Jalna 0.556 0.016 1,019 1,017 2.956 0.524 0.589 Aurangabad 0.590 0.020 1,030 1,028 3.312 0.552 0.629 Nashik 0.702 0.021 922 925 3.017 0.660 0.743 Thane 0.597 0.019 922 922 3.105 0.560 0.633 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.611 0.019 816 815 3.027 0.575 0.648 Mumbai 0.586 0.021 813 811 3.587 0.545 0.627 Raigarh 0.629 0.025 775 772 3.965 0.581 0.678 Pune 0.722 0.016 883 882 2.276 0.690 0.755 Ahmadnagar 0.693 0.021 915 909 3.065 0.651 0.735 Bid 0.624 0.017 958 961 2.678 0.592 0.657 Latur 0.647 0.018 1,104 1,102 2.806 0.612 0.683 Osmanabad 0.668 0.017 963 966 2.565 0.635 0.702 Solapur 0.733 0.020 907 904 2.781 0.693 0.773 Satara 0.708 0.019 898 894 2.614 0.672 0.745 Ratnagiri 0.604 0.026 683 688 4.364 0.552 0.656 Sindhudurg 0.584 0.019 736 736 3.258 0.546 0.621 Kolhapur 0.706 0.017 952 941 2.478 0.672 0.740 Sangli 0.704 0.018 923 928 2.545 0.668 0.739 Contd……

179

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Unmet Need for family planning (Currently Married Women age 15-49 Nandurbar 0.163 0.019 1,120 1,121 11.977 0.125 0.201 Dhule 0.084 0.011 989 988 13.574 0.062 0.107 Jalgaon 0.113 0.012 906 911 10.252 0.090 0.135 Buldana 0.145 0.012 890 888 8.357 0.121 0.169 Akola 0.111 0.013 914 917 11.578 0.086 0.137 Washim 0.129 0.011 991 989 8.835 0.107 0.152 Amravati 0.097 0.012 834 838 12.178 0.074 0.120 Wardha 0.061 0.008 874 876 12.507 0.046 0.076 Nagpur 0.120 0.015 847 851 12.849 0.090 0.151 Bhandara 0.102 0.012 847 847 11.498 0.079 0.125 Gondiya 0.107 0.010 906 902 9.293 0.087 0.126 Gadchiroli 0.139 0.015 1,259 1,257 10.823 0.109 0.168 Chandrapur 0.105 0.010 797 797 9.652 0.085 0.125 Yavatmal 0.125 0.010 1,095 1,093 7.704 0.107 0.144 Nanded 0.148 0.017 1,033 1,038 11.477 0.115 0.181 Hingoli 0.125 0.011 1,064 1,064 9.184 0.102 0.147 Parbhani 0.182 0.010 1,002 996 5.761 0.161 0.202 Jalna 0.192 0.015 1,019 1,017 7.609 0.163 0.220 Aurangabad 0.177 0.014 1,030 1,028 7.982 0.149 0.204 Nashik 0.115 0.013 922 925 11.397 0.090 0.141 Thane 0.172 0.012 922 922 6.789 0.149 0.194 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.208 0.015 816 815 7.167 0.179 0.238 Mumbai 0.202 0.015 813 811 7.605 0.172 0.232 Raigarh 0.151 0.019 775 772 12.379 0.114 0.187 Pune 0.110 0.012 883 882 10.659 0.087 0.133 Ahmadnagar 0.123 0.012 915 909 10.165 0.098 0.147 Bid 0.134 0.013 958 961 9.580 0.109 0.160 Latur 0.155 0.012 1,104 1,102 7.681 0.132 0.179 Osmanabad 0.124 0.009 963 966 7.641 0.106 0.143 Solapur 0.097 0.008 907 904 8.638 0.080 0.113 Satara 0.106 0.011 898 894 10.340 0.084 0.127 Ratnagiri 0.205 0.019 683 688 9.134 0.169 0.242 Sindhudurg 0.173 0.017 736 736 9.612 0.140 0.206 Kolhapur 0.114 0.011 952 941 9.398 0.093 0.135 Sangli 0.098 0.013 923 928 13.287 0.073 0.124 Contd….

180

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08

Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Institutional Delivery (last live/still birth of past 3 years) Nandurbar 0.252 0.049 384 399 19.447 0.156 0.348 Dhule 0.504 0.045 331 325 8.957 0.415 0.592 Jalgaon 0.533 0.044 297 290 8.189 0.447 0.618 Buldana 0.667 0.040 297 296 5.933 0.589 0.745 Akola 0.748 0.040 282 274 5.361 0.669 0.827 Washim 0.650 0.033 344 349 5.133 0.584 0.715 Amravati 0.632 0.075 258 258 11.928 0.484 0.780 Wardha 0.810 0.035 236 238 4.296 0.742 0.879 Nagpur 0.819 0.036 201 215 4.395 0.748 0.889 Bhandara 0.572 0.042 252 254 7.418 0.489 0.656 Gondiya 0.538 0.036 271 275 6.765 0.467 0.610 Gadchiroli 0.233 0.042 473 472 17.835 0.151 0.314 Chandrapur 0.545 0.049 238 234 8.895 0.450 0.640 Yavatmal 0.535 0.039 369 373 7.247 0.459 0.612 Nanded 0.563 0.045 323 324 8.001 0.475 0.652 Hingoli 0.415 0.033 371 374 8.039 0.350 0.481 Parbhani 0.646 0.032 364 365 5.022 0.583 0.710 Jalna 0.661 0.038 362 358 5.698 0.587 0.734 Aurangabad 0.660 0.045 369 368 6.776 0.572 0.748 Nashik 0.638 0.059 296 296 9.284 0.522 0.754 Thane 0.725 0.052 288 286 7.158 0.623 0.826 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.933 0.018 233 228 1.954 0.897 0.968 Mumbai 0.917 0.020 232 232 2.229 0.877 0.957 Raigarh 0.689 0.054 197 193 7.880 0.583 0.796 Pune 0.830 0.036 245 242 4.299 0.760 0.900 Ahmadnagar 0.803 0.029 281 275 3.650 0.746 0.860 Bid 0.687 0.038 338 342 5.515 0.612 0.761 Latur 0.638 0.028 391 390 4.431 0.583 0.694 Osmanabad 0.591 0.041 317 312 6.978 0.510 0.672 Solapur 0.667 0.045 268 240 6.720 0.579 0.755 Satara 0.877 0.025 258 254 2.826 0.829 0.926 Ratnagiri 0.730 0.051 209 215 7.009 0.630 0.831 Sindhudurg 0.932 0.028 186 190 2.977 0.878 0.987 Kolhapur 0.890 0.019 267 253 2.110 0.853 0.927 Sangli 0.751 0.065 228 230 8.676 0.623 0.879 Contd….

181

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Received Any Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years) Nandurbar 0.606 0.044 384 399 7.233 0.520 0.692 Dhule 0.762 0.030 331 325 4.000 0.702 0.821 Jalgaon 0.803 0.033 297 290 4.126 0.738 0.868 Buldana 0.930 0.017 297 296 1.842 0.896 0.963 Akola 0.916 0.024 282 274 2.614 0.869 0.962 Washim 0.958 0.014 344 349 1.463 0.931 0.986 Amravati 0.948 0.024 258 258 2.480 0.902 0.994 Wardha 0.992 0.006 236 238 0.594 0.980 1.003 Nagpur 0.982 0.014 201 215 1.401 0.955 1.009 Bhandara 0.972 0.011 252 254 1.110 0.951 0.994 Gondiya 0.943 0.017 271 275 1.847 0.909 0.977 Gadchiroli 0.902 0.023 473 472 2.603 0.856 0.948 Chandrapur 0.915 0.026 238 234 2.853 0.864 0.966 Yavatmal 0.880 0.028 369 373 3.186 0.825 0.935 Nanded 0.979 0.008 323 324 0.773 0.965 0.994 Hingoli 0.932 0.015 371 374 1.591 0.903 0.961 Parbhani 0.854 0.021 364 365 2.448 0.813 0.895 Jalna 0.909 0.020 362 358 2.178 0.870 0.948 Aurangabad 0.880 0.018 369 368 2.102 0.843 0.916 Nashik 0.892 0.022 296 296 2.518 0.848 0.936 Thane 0.952 0.017 288 286 1.790 0.919 0.985 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.985 0.008 233 228 0.856 0.969 1.002 Mumbai 0.989 0.008 232 232 0.759 0.975 1.004 Raigarh 0.955 0.014 197 193 1.501 0.927 0.983 Pune 0.977 0.010 245 242 0.991 0.958 0.996 Ahmadnagar 0.966 0.012 281 275 1.248 0.942 0.989 Bid 0.924 0.019 338 342 2.027 0.887 0.961 Latur 0.937 0.013 391 390 1.360 0.912 0.962 Osmanabad 0.955 0.011 317 312 1.195 0.933 0.977 Solapur 0.968 0.015 268 240 1.547 0.939 0.998 Satara 0.988 0.007 258 254 0.698 0.974 1.001 Ratnagiri 0.963 0.015 209 215 1.520 0.934 0.991 Sindhudurg 0.995 0.005 186 190 0.524 0.985 1.005 Kolhapur 0.974 0.011 267 253 1.121 0.953 0.996 Sangli 0.973 0.015 228 230 1.558 0.943 1.003 Contd….

182

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Received 3+ Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years) Nandurbar 0.445 0.046 384 399 10.442 0.354 0.536 Dhule 0.532 0.035 331 325 6.631 0.463 0.601 Jalgaon 0.607 0.041 297 290 6.774 0.527 0.688 Buldana 0.692 0.043 297 296 6.221 0.607 0.776 Akola 0.704 0.039 282 274 5.586 0.627 0.781 Washim 0.722 0.032 344 349 4.433 0.660 0.785 Amravati 0.800 0.032 258 258 4.033 0.737 0.863 Wardha 0.890 0.026 236 238 2.883 0.840 0.940 Nagpur 0.958 0.021 201 215 2.152 0.917 0.998 Bhandara 0.879 0.023 252 254 2.670 0.833 0.925 Gondiya 0.853 0.025 271 275 2.919 0.804 0.901 Gadchiroli 0.752 0.034 473 472 4.502 0.685 0.818 Chandrapur 0.828 0.030 238 234 3.598 0.770 0.887 Yavatmal 0.711 0.033 369 373 4.609 0.647 0.775 Nanded 0.752 0.038 323 324 5.070 0.677 0.827 Hingoli 0.700 0.028 371 374 4.044 0.644 0.755 Parbhani 0.684 0.028 364 365 4.090 0.629 0.738 Jalna 0.698 0.029 362 358 4.100 0.642 0.754 Aurangabad 0.596 0.036 369 368 5.986 0.526 0.666 Nashik 0.750 0.035 296 296 4.725 0.681 0.820 Thane 0.858 0.027 288 286 3.202 0.804 0.912 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.941 0.017 233 228 1.755 0.908 0.973 Mumbai 0.944 0.016 232 232 1.712 0.912 0.975 Raigarh 0.870 0.025 197 193 2.870 0.821 0.919 Pune 0.894 0.025 245 242 2.828 0.844 0.943 Ahmadnagar 0.842 0.021 281 275 2.542 0.800 0.884 Bid 0.602 0.044 338 342 7.388 0.515 0.689 Latur 0.795 0.023 391 390 2.831 0.751 0.839 Osmanabad 0.737 0.027 317 312 3.649 0.684 0.789 Solapur 0.873 0.028 268 240 3.213 0.818 0.928 Satara 0.936 0.015 258 254 1.556 0.908 0.965 Ratnagiri 0.847 0.031 209 215 3.701 0.785 0.908 Sindhudurg 0.931 0.026 186 190 2.772 0.881 0.982 Kolhapur 0.828 0.038 267 253 4.603 0.753 0.903 Sangli 0.846 0.032 228 230 3.815 0.783 0.910 Contd….

183

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Birth order 2+ (birth in last three years) Nandurbar 0.586 0.037 346 354 6.331 0.514 0.659 Dhule 0.543 0.032 325 323 5.832 0.481 0.605 Jalgaon 0.483 0.038 285 267 7.822 0.409 0.557 Buldana 0.457 0.035 276 279 7.747 0.388 0.527 Akola 0.471 0.049 243 231 10.329 0.376 0.567 Washim 0.536 0.034 337 338 6.323 0.470 0.603 Amravati 0.493 0.042 244 247 8.512 0.411 0.576 Wardha 0.394 0.034 209 209 8.730 0.326 0.461 Nagpur 0.433 0.049 171 187 11.263 0.338 0.529 Bhandara 0.312 0.037 238 234 11.980 0.239 0.385 Gondiya 0.368 0.051 233 237 13.914 0.267 0.468 Gadchiroli 0.470 0.028 451 450 6.025 0.415 0.526 Chandrapur 0.367 0.032 220 220 8.738 0.304 0.430 Yavatmal 0.507 0.036 344 339 7.044 0.437 0.577 Nanded 0.528 0.029 301 304 5.492 0.471 0.584 Hingoli 0.716 0.037 351 357 5.120 0.644 0.788 Parbhani 0.616 0.032 337 345 5.254 0.553 0.680 Jalna 0.591 0.025 353 353 4.150 0.543 0.639 Aurangabad 0.608 0.029 336 339 4.703 0.552 0.664 Nashik 0.508 0.034 295 300 6.790 0.440 0.575 Thane 0.423 0.043 243 243 10.248 0.338 0.508 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.378 0.048 200 196 12.618 0.284 0.471 Mumbai 0.402 0.047 186 183 11.577 0.310 0.493 Raigarh 0.432 0.049 179 179 11.315 0.336 0.528 Pune 0.477 0.040 218 213 8.446 0.398 0.555 Ahmadnagar 0.527 0.037 274 273 7.106 0.453 0.600 Bid 0.594 0.035 338 343 5.825 0.526 0.662 Latur 0.585 0.033 369 371 5.665 0.520 0.650 Osmanabad 0.538 0.035 311 300 6.489 0.470 0.607 Solapur 0.618 0.041 271 247 6.704 0.537 0.699 Satara 0.448 0.033 247 242 7.402 0.383 0.513 Ratnagiri 0.323 0.050 170 173 15.379 0.225 0.420 Sindhudurg 0.324 0.056 147 151 17.349 0.214 0.435 Kolhapur 0.438 0.044 229 211 10.026 0.352 0.524 Sangli 0.477 0.049 205 210 10.191 0.382 0.572 Contd….

184

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Received BCG Vaccination (last and last but one living children (age 12-35 months) Nandurbar 0.754 0.054 109 106 7.105 0.649 0.859 Dhule 0.828 0.042 109 102 5.114 0.745 0.911 Jalgaon 0.906 0.030 100 96 3.344 0.846 0.965 Buldana 0.985 0.015 81 84 1.500 0.956 1.014 Akola 0.979 0.016 91 84 1.603 0.948 1.010 Washim 0.948 0.022 106 107 2.288 0.905 0.990 Amravati 0.954 0.036 91 89 3.804 0.883 1.026 Wardha 1.000 0.000 64 63 0.000 - - Nagpur 0.980 0.020 58 63 2.038 0.941 1.019 Bhandara 1.000 0.000 72 72 0.000 - - Gondiya 0.987 0.013 85 82 1.308 0.961 1.012 Gadchiroli 0.922 0.027 167 167 2.893 0.869 0.974 Chandrapur 1.000 0.000 68 65 0.000 - - Yavatmal 0.973 0.015 111 109 1.592 0.943 1.004 Nanded 0.963 0.024 102 102 2.522 0.916 1.011 Hingoli 0.889 0.033 112 113 3.665 0.825 0.953 Parbhani 0.963 0.018 105 109 1.890 0.927 0.998 Jalna 0.942 0.022 130 130 2.353 0.899 0.986 Aurangabad 0.984 0.012 101 103 1.181 0.961 1.006 Nashik 0.981 0.014 96 99 1.415 0.954 1.008 Thane 1.000 0.000 73 71 0.000 - - Mumbai (Suburban) 0.979 0.021 73 73 2.121 0.938 1.019 Mumbai 1.000 0.000 60 59 0.000 - - Raigarh 0.986 0.014 65 64 1.434 0.958 1.014 Pune 0.978 0.022 69 73 2.221 0.935 1.020 Ahmadnagar 0.978 0.016 99 94 1.603 0.947 1.008 Bid 0.978 0.015 103 103 1.536 0.949 1.008 Latur 0.949 0.026 132 134 2.746 0.897 1.000 Osmanabad 0.980 0.016 104 106 1.643 0.948 1.011 Solapur 1.000 0.000 84 81 0.000 - - Satara 1.000 0.000 87 87 0.000 - - Ratnagiri 0.983 0.017 56 57 1.712 0.950 1.017 Sindhudurg 1.000 0.000 44 45 0.000 - - Kolhapur 0.997 0.003 76 68 0.345 0.990 1.003 Sangli 0.956 0.033 64 63 3.422 0.891 1.020 Contd….

185

Sampling Errors, Maharashtra, 2007-08 Number of Cases 95% Conf. Interval Sampling Relative Estimate Error Error R-1.96 R+1.96 District (R) (SE) Unweighted Weighted (%) SE SE Received Measles (last and last but one living children (age 12-35 months) Nandurbar 0.459 0.057 109 106 12.470 0.347 0.571 Dhule 0.660 0.055 109 102 8.283 0.553 0.767 Jalgaon 0.809 0.046 100 96 5.633 0.720 0.899 Buldana 0.852 0.046 81 84 5.350 0.763 0.942 Akola 0.830 0.048 91 84 5.782 0.735 0.924 Washim 0.856 0.038 106 107 4.425 0.782 0.931 Amravati 0.824 0.042 91 89 5.108 0.742 0.907 Wardha 0.944 0.031 64 63 3.301 0.883 1.006 Nagpur 0.964 0.026 58 63 2.683 0.913 1.015 Bhandara 0.936 0.032 72 72 3.414 0.873 0.998 Gondiya 0.906 0.031 85 82 3.456 0.844 0.967 Gadchiroli 0.883 0.036 167 167 4.091 0.812 0.954 Chandrapur 0.952 0.027 68 65 2.820 0.899 1.005 Yavatmal 0.871 0.034 111 109 3.858 0.805 0.937 Nanded 0.829 0.050 102 102 6.007 0.732 0.927 Hingoli 0.681 0.042 112 113 6.225 0.598 0.764 Parbhani 0.820 0.046 105 109 5.668 0.729 0.911 Jalna 0.823 0.044 130 130 5.334 0.737 0.909 Aurangabad 0.765 0.046 101 103 6.065 0.674 0.855 Nashik 0.837 0.035 96 99 4.157 0.768 0.905 Thane 0.819 0.042 73 71 5.119 0.737 0.902 Mumbai (Suburban) 0.969 0.022 73 73 2.315 0.925 1.013 Mumbai 0.861 0.044 60 59 5.066 0.775 0.946 Raigarh 0.926 0.030 65 64 3.194 0.868 0.984 Pune 0.937 0.028 69 73 2.967 0.883 0.992 Ahmadnagar 0.926 0.033 99 94 3.590 0.861 0.991 Bid 0.875 0.035 103 103 3.997 0.806 0.943 Latur 0.821 0.043 132 134 5.295 0.736 0.907 Osmanabad 0.779 0.042 104 106 5.406 0.697 0.862 Solapur 0.905 0.032 84 81 3.501 0.843 0.967 Satara 0.990 0.010 87 87 0.980 0.971 1.009 Ratnagiri 0.933 0.033 56 57 3.580 0.868 0.999 Sindhudurg 0.979 0.022 44 45 2.233 0.936 1.021 Kolhapur 0.936 0.035 76 68 3.778 0.866 1.005 Sangli 0.961 0.027 64 63 2.805 0.908 1.013

186