Buffer Area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve
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Prominent Personalities
Prominent Personalities Yeshawantrao Chavan The freedom fighter, leader of 'Sanyukt Maharashtra Movement' and the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Yeshwantrao Balwantrao Chavan born at Devrashtre, Tal.Karad dist.Satara. Several times he represented Satara Parliamentary Constituency. Besides the politics he also wrote 'Krishna kath' and several other books. This soft hearted leader honored with several important responsibilities for country like Home Minister, Defense Minister and Dy.Prime Minister. He introduced 'Panchayat Raj' system for the first time. Yeshwantrao Chavan Dr. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil The greatest educationalist and founder of 'Rayat Shikshan Sanstha' the dedicated largest educational institute in the state. He has honored by D.Lit. from Pune University on 5/4/1959. His work particularly for poor and backward class students through establishing hostels is the landmark in Maharashtra. He was related with several social and co-operative movements. Also took active part in freedom struggle. The head quarter of 'Rayat Shikshan Sanstha' is at Satara with 689 branches through out state and more than 4.42 lacks students taking education in several branches. Dr. Karmveer Bhaurao Patil Rajmata Sumitraraje Bhosale The daughter-in-law of Shrimant Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj (Abasaheb), the successor of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, 'Kulavadhu' Rajmata Sumitraraje Bhosale was respectable personality in the district. She was related with several social and co-operative movements. She was founder member of several institutes. The softhearted 'Rajmata' was died on 05/06/1999. Rajmata Sumitraraje Bhosale Khashaba Jadhav (15'th Jan. 1926 - 14 Aug. 1984) Born in very poor farmer family at Goleshwar Tal. Karad, the only Olympic Medal Winner for India till 2000. -
Sources of Maratha History: Indian Sources
1 SOURCES OF MARATHA HISTORY: INDIAN SOURCES Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Maratha Sources 1.3 Sanskrit Sources 1.4 Hindi Sources 1.5 Persian Sources 1.6 Summary 1.7 Additional Readings 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES After the completion of study of this unit the student will be able to:- 1. Understand the Marathi sources of the history of Marathas. 2. Explain the matter written in all Bakhars ranging from Sabhasad Bakhar to Tanjore Bakhar. 3. Know Shakavalies as a source of Maratha history. 4. Comprehend official files and diaries as source of Maratha history. 5. Understand the Sanskrit sources of the Maratha history. 6. Explain the Hindi sources of Maratha history. 7. Know the Persian sources of Maratha history. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The history of Marathas can be best studied with the help of first hand source material like Bakhars, State papers, court Histories, Chronicles and accounts of contemporary travelers, who came to India and made observations of Maharashtra during the period of Marathas. The Maratha scholars and historians had worked hard to construct the history of the land and people of Maharashtra. Among such scholars people like Kashinath Sane, Rajwade, Khare and Parasnis were well known luminaries in this field of history writing of Maratha. Kashinath Sane published a mass of original material like Bakhars, Sanads, letters and other state papers in his journal Kavyetihas Samgraha for more eleven years during the nineteenth century. There is much more them contribution of the Bharat Itihas Sanshodhan Mandal, Pune to this regard. -
Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures
Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation A report on Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures Hydrological Studies Organization Central Water Commission New Delhi July, 2017 'qffif ~ "1~~ cg'il'( ~ \jf"(>f 3mft1T Narendra Kumar \jf"(>f -«mur~' ;:rcft fctq;m 3tR 1'j1n WefOT q?II cl<l 3re2iM q;a:m ~0 315 ('G),~ '1cA ~ ~ tf~q, 1{ffit tf'(Chl '( 3TR. cfi. ~. ~ ~-110066 Chairman Government of India Central Water Commission & Ex-Officio Secretary to the Govt. of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Room No. 315 (S), Sewa Bhawan R. K. Puram, New Delhi-110066 FOREWORD Salinity is a significant challenge and poses risks to sustainable development of Coastal regions of India. If left unmanaged, salinity has serious implications for water quality, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, supply of water for critical human needs and industry and the longevity of infrastructure. The Coastal Salinity has become a persistent problem due to ingress of the sea water inland. This is the most significant environmental and economical challenge and needs immediate attention. The coastal areas are more susceptible as these are pockets of development in the country. Most of the trade happens in the coastal areas which lead to extensive migration in the coastal areas. This led to the depletion of the coastal fresh water resources. Digging more and more deeper wells has led to the ingress of sea water into the fresh water aquifers turning them saline. The rainfall patterns, water resources, geology/hydro-geology vary from region to region along the coastal belt. -
Satara. in 1960, the North Satara Reverted to Its Original Name Satara, and South Satara Was Designated As Sangli District
MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEERS Government of Maharashtra SATARA DISTRICT (REVISED EDITION) BOMBAY DIRECTORATE OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, STATIONARY AND PUBLICATION, MAHARASHTRA STATE 1963 Contents PROLOGUE I am very glad to bring out the e-Book Edition (CD version) of the Satara District Gazetteer published by the Gazetteers Department. This CD version is a part of a scheme of preparing compact discs of earlier published District Gazetteers. Satara District Gazetteer was published in 1963. It contains authentic and useful information on several aspects of the district and is considered to be of great value to administrators, scholars and general readers. The copies of this edition are now out of stock. Considering its utility, therefore, need was felt to preserve this treasure of knowledge. In this age of modernization, information and technology have become key words. To keep pace with the changing need of hour, I have decided to bring out CD version of this edition with little statistical supplementary and some photographs. It is also made available on the website of the state government www.maharashtra.gov.in. I am sure, scholars and studious persons across the world will find this CD immensely beneficial. I am thankful to the Honourable Minister, Shri. Ashokrao Chavan (Industries and Mines, Cultural Affairs and Protocol), and the Minister of State, Shri. Rana Jagjitsinh Patil (Agriculture, Industries and Cultural Affairs), Shri. Bhushan Gagrani (Secretary, Cultural Affairs), Government of Maharashtra for being constant source of inspiration. Place: Mumbai DR. ARUNCHANDRA S. PATHAK Date :25th December, 2006 Executive Editor and Secretary Contents PREFACE THE GAZETTEER of the Bombay Presidency was originally compiled between 1874 and 1884, though the actual publication of the volumes was spread over a period of 27 years. -
Live Storage Capacities of Reservoirs As Per Data of : Large Dams/ Reservoirs/ Projects (Abstract)
LIVE STORAGE CAPACITIES OF RESERVOIRS AS PER DATA OF : LARGE DAMS/ RESERVOIRS/ PROJECTS (ABSTRACT) Completed Under Construction Total No. of No. of No. of Live No. of Live No. of Live No. of State/ U.T. Resv (Live Resv (Live Resv (Live Storage Resv (Live Total No. of Storage Resv (Live Total No. of Storage Resv (Live Total No. of cap data cap data cap data capacity cap data Reservoirs capacity cap data Reservoirs capacity cap data Reservoirs not not not (BCM) available) (BCM) available) (BCM) available) available) available) available) Andaman & Nicobar 0.019 20 2 0.000 00 0 0.019 20 2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.000 10 1 0.241 32 5 0.241 42 6 Andhra Pradesh 28.716 251 62 313 7.061 29 16 45 35.777 280 78 358 Assam 0.012 14 5 0.547 20 2 0.559 34 7 Bihar 2.613 28 2 30 0.436 50 5 3.049 33 2 35 Chhattisgarh 6.736 245 3 248 0.877 17 0 17 7.613 262 3 265 Goa 0.290 50 5 0.000 00 0 0.290 50 5 Gujarat 18.355 616 1 617 8.179 82 1 83 26.534 698 2 700 Himachal 13.792 11 2 13 0.100 62 8 13.891 17 4 21 J&K 0.028 63 9 0.001 21 3 0.029 84 12 Jharkhand 2.436 47 3 50 6.039 31 2 33 8.475 78 5 83 Karnatka 31.896 234 0 234 0.736 14 0 14 32.632 248 0 248 Kerala 9.768 48 8 56 1.264 50 5 11.032 53 8 61 Maharashtra 37.358 1584 111 1695 10.736 169 19 188 48.094 1753 130 1883 Madhya Pradesh 33.075 851 53 904 1.695 40 1 41 34.770 891 54 945 Manipur 0.407 30 3 8.509 31 4 8.916 61 7 Meghalaya 0.479 51 6 0.007 11 2 0.486 62 8 Mizoram 0.000 00 0 0.663 10 1 0.663 10 1 Nagaland 1.220 10 1 0.000 00 0 1.220 10 1 Orissa 23.934 167 2 169 0.896 70 7 24.830 174 2 176 Punjab 2.402 14 -
Mapro Food Industry Mahableshwar
MAHABLESHWAR, MAPRO FOOD INDUSTRY MAHARASHTRA MAPRO FOOD INDUSTRY PANCHGANI, MAHARASHTRA DESAI BROTHERS ltd.(Mother's Recipe) SHIRVAL, MAHARASHTRA PARLE JANI CANDIES & TOFFIES PUNE, MAHARASHTRA VEGKING AGRO & FOOD PROCESS DAUND, MAHARASHTRA NILON'S ENTERPRISES PVT LTD JALGAON, MAHARASHTRA ADINATH AGROPROCESSED FOODS PVT. JEJURI, MAHARASHTRA LTD SHRI GANESH FATS PVT LTD, BADDI,HIMACHAL PRADESH NAKODA FOOD PRODUCTS, (NAVKAR) NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA RAMA AGRO FOOD PVT LTD PUNE, MAHARASHTRA MODERN AGRO FOOD PUNE, MAHARASHTRA IPM SERVICES PUNE,MAHARASHTRA PATCO CONFECTIONARIES NAIROBI, KENYA. MALAS FRUIT PROCESS WAI,MAHARASHTRA HONEST DERATIVES PVT. LTD JALGAON,MAHARASHTRA MAHALAXMI SUGAR KOLHAPUR,MAHARASHTRA HONEY DEW ENTERPRISES WAI,SATARA ANNAPURNA SWEETS SOLAPUR,MAHARASHTRA SNEHA MAHILA GRUHA UDYOG PARBHANI,MAHARASHTRA SAMAJ SUDHARAK MAHILA MANDAL LATUR,MAHARASHTRA WARANA SAHAKARI DOODH UTPADAK WARANANAGAR SANGH ,MAHARASHTRA AMUL ( VASUDHARA DAIRY) NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA L. V. DAIRY PATAS, MAHARASHTRA ICHALKARANJI, SARASWATI MILK & MILK PRODUCTS MAHARASHTRA MUSOMO DAIRY MUSOMA , TANZANIA DEVASHREE FOODS PVT. LTD. NASHIK,MAHARASHTRA SAKAS MILK & MILK PRODUCTS PVT. KARAD,MAHARASHTRA LTD, SHIVAMRUT DUDH, UTPADAK SANGH, AKLUJ, SOLAPUR LTD HANUMAN MILK PRODUCTS (YELGUD YELGUD, MAHARASHTRA DUDH) NEW KENYA COOPERATIVE CREAMERIES ELDORET, KENYA KRUSHNA-WARANA DUDH DAIRY KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA NATURAL DAIRY RANJANI,LATUR MODERN DAIRY WORKS MAHALINGPUR,KARNATAKA KRUSHNA WARAN DUDH SANGH ISLAMPUR,SANGLI SAII DAIRY BABULGAON,LATUR TASTY FOODS PVT LTD SINNER,MAHARASHTRA HAIBAT BABA MILK & MILK PRODUCTS SATARA,MAHARASHTRA SAMARTH FOOD PRODUCTS CHICHPUR,SANGAMNER BAFANA MILK PRODUCTS SANGLI,MAHARASHATRA SWABHIMANI AGRO PRODUCTS CO. LTD JAISINGPUR,MAHARASHTRA JANSEVA DUGHALAYA KOLHAPUR,MAHARASHTRA HUTATMA SAHAKARI DUDH UTPADAK WALVA,SANGLI SANGH SHARP ENTERPRISES KOLHAPUR,MAHARASHTRA SURUCHI DAIRY RANJANGAON,MAHARASHTRA SANTOSH MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS SATARA,MAHARASHTRA Tea : LASIT LIMITED NAKURU , KENYA KAISUGU LIMITED KERICHO , KENYA KARONGI TEA FACTORY LTD. -
Padmabhushan Krantiveer Dr. Nagnathanna Nayakawadi Hutatma Kisan Ahir SSK Ltd
EME/CS/PKD NNHKASSKL/2018-19/104: R00 31.07.2018 R01 Dated 21/01/2019 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Integrated Project of Sugar Plant Expansion (5000 to 7500 TCD), Ethanol Plant Expansion (30 to 100 KLPD) with Incineration Boiler/TG /Auxiliaries for ZLD & Cogeneration Power Plant (44 MW) Village Nagnathannanagar,Tal. Walwe, Dist. Sangli, Maharashtra Padmabhushan Krantiveer Dr. Nagnathanna Nayakawadi Hutatma Kisan Ahir SSK Ltd. ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANT AND LABORATORY MITCON Consultancy & Engineering Services Ltd., Pune Environment Management and Engineering Division QCI-NABET Accredited Consultant Accreditation No. NABET/EIA/1720/RA0075 Behind DIC Office, Agriculture College Campus, Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005, Maharashtra (INDIA) Tel: +91- 020-66289400/404/407 DECLARATION BY EXPERTS INVOLVED IN PREPARATION OF EIA REPORT Integrated Sugar Plant Expansion (5000 to 7500 TCD), Ethanol Plant Expansion (30 to 100 KLPD) With Incineration Boiler / TG / Auxiliaries for ZLD & Cogeneration Power Plant (44 MW) Project at Nagnathannanagar, Tal. Walwe, Dist. Sangli, Maharashtra I, hereby certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA. EIA Coordinator Signature & Date: 21.02.2019 Name : Dr. Hemangi Nalavade Period of involvement : Jan 2018 to till date Contact information : MITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd. Environment Management & Engineering Division Agriculture College Campus, Next to DIC office, Shivaji Nagar, Pune. 411 005, Maharashtra (India) Tel: +91-20-662894 Fax No. +91-20-25521607 Email: [email protected] Functional Area Experts Functi S. Name of the Signature & onal Involvement (Period & Task) No. expert/s Date Area 1. Dr. Sandeep EB & Dec 2018 to till date, Jadhav SC Interpretation of primary data and analysis of results and predicting impacts and providing mitigation measures. -
Diversity of Spiders from Zolambi Region of Chandoli National Park
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. 1 (Mar -Apr. 2015), PP 30-33 www.iosrjournals.org Diversity of Spiders from Zolambi Region of Chandoli National Park Dr. Suvarna More Dept. of Zoology P. V. P. Mahavidyalaya, Kavathe Mahankal, Dist. -Sangli. (MS), India 416405 Abstract: Diversity of spiders from Zolambi region of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats is studied for the first time. A total of 90 species belonging to 55 genera and 19 families are recorded from the study area during 2011-2013 with a dominance of Araneid, Salticid and Lycosid spiders. Key words: Spider diversity, Western Ghats I. Introduction Spiders comprise one of the largest orders of animals. The spider fauna of India has never been studied in its entirety despite of contributions by many arachnologists since Stoliczka (1869). The pioneering contribution on the taxonomy of Indian spiders is that of European arachnologist Stoliczka (1869). Review of available literature reveals that the earliest contribution by Blackwall (1867); Karsch (1873); Simon (1887); Thorell (1895) and Pocock (1900) were the pioneer workers of Indian spiders. They described many species from India. Tikader (1980, 1982), Tikader, described spiders from India. Tikader (1980) compiled a book on Thomisidae spiders of India, comprising two subfamilies, 25 genera and 115 species. Pocock (1900) and Tikader (1980, 1987) made major contributions to the Indian Arachnology, have high lightened spider studies to the notice of other researcher. Tikader (1987) also published the first comprehensive list of Indian spiders, which included 1067 species belonging to 249 genera in 43 families. -
Government of India Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 3971 ANSWERED ON 12TH DECEMBER, 2019 NH PROJECTS IN MAHARASHTRA 3971. DR. SUJAY RADHAKRISHNA VIKHE PATIL: SHRI DHAIRYASHEEL SAMBHAJIRAO MANE: Will the Minister of ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS औ be pleased to state: (a) the details and the present status of the National Highway (NH) projects pending in Maharashtra, district-wise; (b) the details of the NH projects where construction has been delayed due to presence of defence land and dispute over approvals from defence forces; and (c) the steps taken/being taken by the Government to ensure quality of construction of NHs? ANSWER THE MINISTER OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS (SHRI NITIN JAIRAM GADKARI) (a) The details and present status of National Highway projects pending (under construction/to be awarded) in the State of Maharashtra,district wise,is at Annexure-I. (b) There are 5 National Highway projects where construction have been delayed due to presence of defence land and delay in approvals from Ministry of Defence (MOD). Deliberations with MODare made for speedy transfer of defence land to this Ministry. The details of these projects are at Annexure-II. (c) To ensure quality construction, the NH projects are executed conforming toMoRT&H specifications, norms laid down in the relevant Manuals / IRC codes duly supervised by Authority’s Engineer / Independent Engineers andofficers of State PWD / MSRDC. ANNEXURE-I ANNEXURE REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) OF LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 3971 FOR ANSWER ON 12.12.2019 ASKED BY DR. SUJAY RADHAKRISHNA VIKHE PATIL & SHRI DHAIRYASHEEL SAMBHAJIRAO MANE REGARDING NH PROJECTS IN MAHARASHTRA. -
“Demographic Characteristics of Satara District”
“DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SATARA DISTRICT” A Dissertation Submitted To The TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPITH GULTEKDI, PUNE for the Degree Of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY UNDER THE FACULTY OF MORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE By Mr. GODASE JITENDRA MANSING (M. A.) Under The Guidance Of Dr. ZODAGE S. B. (M. A., B. Ed., Ph.D.) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, CHH. SHIVAJI COLLEGE, SATARA MARCH 2011 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SATARA DISTRICT” Which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography of TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE is the result of original research work completed by Mr. JITENDRA MANSING GODASE under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work embodied in this thesis has not formed earlier the basis for the award of any degree of similar title of this or any other University or Examining body. PLACE: SATARA Dr. ZODAGE S. B. DATE: /03/2011 RESEARCH GUIDE 2 DECLARATION I hereby declared that the thesis entitled “DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SATARA DISTRICT” Which is being submitted to TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Zodage S.B. is my original research work and the conclusion drawn therein are based on the data and information collected myself. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this work has not formed the basis for the award of my degree of similar title of this or any other University or examining body. -
0001 SBI Life Registered Office Natraj', M.V. Road & Western Express Highway Junction, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra
Distinctive Code of Office Name Address Region the Branch 0001 SBI Life Registered Natraj', M.V. Road & Western Express Highway Mumbai Office Junction, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400069 0002 Mumbai HO Natraj', M.V. Road & Western Express Highway Mumbai Junction, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400069 0003 Mumbai HO 7th Level (D Wing) & 8th Level, Seawoods Grand Mumbai Central, Tower 2, Plot No R-1, Sector-40, Seawoods, Navi Mumbai, Thane District, Maharashtra - 400706 0113 Mumbai 2nd Floor, Unit no. 211, 212, 213, 214, 223 & 224, Mumbai Bonanza B - Wing, Sahar Plaza, J. B. Nagar, M. V. Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400059 0114 Aurangabad CST No. 15847/165, Plot No. 17, Welcome Nagar, Mumbai Opp. Divisional Sports Complex, Sutgirni Chowk, Garkheda Parisar, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Aurangabad - Maharashtra District, Maharashtra - 431001 0115 Aurangabad 2 CST No. 15847/165, Plot No. 17, Welcome Nagar, Mumbai Opp. Divisional Sports Complex, Sutgirni Chowk, Garkheda Parisar, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Aurangabad - Maharashtra District, Maharashtra - 431001 0116 Mumbai 2 1st Floor, Flexcel Park, ’B’ Wing, next to 24 Karat Mumbai Multiplex, S.V. Road, Jogeshari (West) Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban District, Maharashtra - 400102 0117 Nashik 1st Floor, Sr no 7261, Bhandari Jewellary Galaxy Mumbai Pvt. Ltd., Bhandari Avenue,Near Kalika Mata Mandir, Old mumbai - Agra Road, Nashik, Nashik District, Maharashtra-422001 0118 Thane 2nd Floor, Ace Business Centre, LBS Marg, Gokul Mumbai Nagar, Panchpakhadi, Near Navneet Motor, Thane, Thane District, Maharashtra - 400602 0119 Navi mumbai 1st Floor, Office No 101 & 116, Persipolis Mumbai Premises Co Op Soc Ltd 1st Floor, Plot no 74, Sector 17 Vashi, Navi Mumbai Dist Thane Maharashtra 400705 0120 Jalgaon Om Hospital Bldg. -
NGO PROFILE Sandeep Jagdale*
NGO PROFILE Sandeep Jagdale* SAHYADRI NATURE FOUNDATION Area of Work: Geographically, Sahyadri Nature Foundation decided to NGO a very word surrounded by different notions work in the area of Western Ghat of Maharashtra. The by different people from different walks of life. It 741.22 km2 (286.19 sq mi) Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, is condemned by establishments on the grounds of including all of Chandoli National Park and Koyna transparency, accountability and feasibility. But there is Wildlife Sanctuary was declared by The National Tiger also a line of thinking that there is more transparency, Conservation Authority as a Project Tiger reserve on accountability and feasibility will come in the work of May 21, 2007. The Sahyadri Tiger Reserve was then establishments due to NGOs because they represent the estimated to have nine tigers and 66 leopards. Chandoli people. Then the debate goes on… National Park is located near the Chandoli Dam between The open hearted people are those who always keep their longitudes 73°40’ and 73°53’ E and latitudes 17°03’ and consciousness free for new thoughts, insights, and frame of 17°20’N near Sangli in Western Maharashtra. It is located references. There is irreversible harm has happened with at the junction of Sangli District, Kolhapur District, Satara our environment including land, water and those primitive District and Ratnagiri District. It lies between the Koyna tribes depended over forest resources. To address the land Wildlife Sanctuary and Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary issues from ‘man animal conflict’ stand point the present and forms the southern part of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.