Buffer Area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve

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BUFFER AREA OF SAHYADRI TIGER RESERVE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA

1.1 Name, Location, Constitution and Extent - 1.1.1 Name - The plan is proposed for the Buffer Zone of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

1.1.2 Location – The areas are located in the Northern ranges of Western Ghats called Sahyadris. The Buffer area as per notification Dt. 21.8.2012 admeasuring 424.34 +141.11=565.45 Sq. kms. is spread over the geographic area of 4 districts of Maharashtra covers 1 village in Sangli district, 9 villages in Kolhapur district, 66 villages in Satara district and 4 village in Ratnagiri district. Out of which the area admeasuring an area of 424.34 Sq. kms. is outside the Protected Area spread over the geographic area of 4 districts, covers 1village in Sangli district, 9 villages in Kolhapur district, 46 villages in Satara district and 4 village in Ratnagiri district. The area admeasuring an area of 141.11 Sq. kms. is the part of Protected Areas spread over the geographic area of 2 districts, covers 1village in Sangli district, 20 villages in Satara district.

Geographical Location - The Buffer Area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve lies between 73° 31' 33'' to 73° 55' 12'' East Longitude and 16° 58' 05'' to 17° 49' 14'' North Latitude. The mountains vary in height from 500 to 1200 Mtrs. above MSL. The North-South run of Western Ghats is about 100 kms. and the average breadth of 20 kms. The pristine forests in the districts of Kolhapur, Satara, Sangli and Ratnagiri of the western Maharashtra forms the Buffer Area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

Location by other features

i) State :- Maharashtra.

ii) Districts (Tahsil) :- Kolhapur (Shahuvadi),

Sangli (Shirala),

Satara (Patan, Jawali),

Ratnagiri (Sangameshvar, Khed)

iii) Wildlife Circle :- Western region, Borivili, Mumbai.

iv) Wildlife Division :- Kolhapur Wildlife division, Kolhapur.

Location by Bio-geographic zonation

India forms a part of Oriental Biogeographic Region. The area of CNP and KWLS falls under the Biogeographic unit on the basis of faunal assemblage, vegetation, altitude, latitude and geographic location.

Biogeographical Kingdom - Paleotropical

Sub Kingdom - Indohimalayan

Biogeographic Zone - 5-B Western Ghats

Biotic province - Western Ghat Mountains

1.1.3 Constitution - As per section 38 (V) of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, the State Government, on the recommendation of NTCA, is required to notify an area as Tiger Reserve. The Tiger Reserve consists of two parts namely, (i) Core or Critical tiger Habitat and (ii) Buffer or peripheral area. These areas are required to be identified and established on the basis of scientific and objective criteria. The Core area is required to be kept inviolate for the purpose of Tiger Conservation. Whereas in the buffer area a lesser degree of habitat protection is required to ensure the integrity of the critical tiger habitat with adequate dispersal for tiger species, and which aim at promoting co-existence between Wildlife and human activity with due recognition of the livelihood, developmental, social and cultural rights of the local people, and are to be identified in consultation with the concerned Gram Sabhas and an expert committee constituted for the purpose.

The Maharashtra State Government vide the notification No.WLP-1008/ Pra.Kra.232/ F-1, dated 5/1/2010 has notified an area of 741.22 sq.km. Of the Chandoli National Park (317.67 sq.km.) and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary (423.55 sq.km.) together as the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

area of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) and also vide letter No. D-22(8)/ TCP/ 1653/12-13, dated 26.7.2012 has constituted the expert committee for identification and establishment of the Buffer area of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR).

Basis for identification of Core/ CTH and buffer :-

The core or Critical Tiger Habitat areas of Chandoli National Park and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, where it has been established, on the basis of scientific and objective criteria that such areas are required to be kept inviolate for the purposes of Tiger Conservation, without affecting the rights of the Scheduled tribes or such other forest dwellers, and notified as such by the State Government in consultation with an expert committee constituted for the purpose. The Buffer area of STR is in the west to Satara forest Division and Sangli Sub Division, north to Kolhapur forest Division and East to Chiplun forest sub-division. The Forest in and around STR has no connectivity with other forests on western and eastern directions. On the northern side, there is connectivity with the forests of Satara forest division. This extends upto BhimaShankar WLS in Pune district. The southern boundary of the STR would be continued upto Radhanagari WLS along the forest continuity, which requires a corridor of about 65 km. yet to be established. Thus, STR forms the vital link between the northern part with the southern part of the Western Ghat Tiger Landscape. The protected areas of Chandoli NP, Koyna WLS and Radhanagari WLS have been recently awarded the status of World Heritage Sites amongst the 39 serial sites of Indian Western Ghats by IUCN.

The study and analysis of available research data on Tiger ecology by Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun indicates that if a Core area having territories of 20 breeding tigresses were made inviolate, the resultant tiger population with an adequate buffer (multiple use area with co-existence land use) have a very low probability of extinction. Tigress‟s territories are determined by prey availability which in turn is dependent on the productivity of the area. The size of this inviolate area depends on the average territory size of tigresses. Thus for a population of 20 tigresses we need an inviolate area of 800-1200 sq.km. An ecologically sensitive zone (buffer, co-existence area, multiple use area) of 1000-3000 sq.km. around this inviolate space is needed for sustenance of dispersal age tigers, surplus breeding age tigers and old displaced tigers. This buffer and the tiger population within it is essential to make the Core of 20 breeding

3 females viable for long term, since it sustains the dynamics of source and sink. Such a tiger reserve shall sustain a population of 75-100 tigers.

In tiger areas where there is no possibility of securing sufficient habitat for the minimum Core needed for 20 territorial breeding females the maintenance of inviolate corridors connecting these populations of tiger is crucial. An inviolate Core as large as possible needs to be made in such reserve and tiger population viability ensured by an inviolate immigration corridor connecting the reserve to a major tiger source population.

The Maharashtra State Government vide the notification No.WLP-1008/ Pra.Kra.232/ F-1, dated 5/1/2010 has notified an area of 741.22 sq.km. Of the Chandoli National Park (317.67 sq.km.) and Koyana Wildlife Sanctuary (423.55 sq.km.) together as the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

As required under the provisions of the section 38 (V) (4) explanation (i) and (ii), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), M.S. Nagpur vide letter No. Desk 23(2)/Survey/pra.kra.50 (1)/4205 dated 12-03-2012 had constituted the expert committee for identification and establishment of the Critical Tiger Habitat or Core area of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR). Existing and Probable Inviolate Areas are constituting the Core Area. Details of Buffer Area are in Annexure IV (Notification Dt. 21.08.2012)

1.1.4 – Extent

The above mentioned research data was taken as the scientific basis for identifying the Core area. The Core area of STR identified is 600.12 sq.km. which is less than the lower limit of 800 sq. km of inviolate space. As per the 2009 census carried out in STR the tiger population in the Core was 5. Out of this 3 tigers were female. Along with this exercise, census around STR was also carried out. In this census 19 tigers were estimated. Thus, the total no. of tigers in Sahyadri landscape comes to 24 which is far below the range of 75-100 required to sustain the tiger in perpetuity. With better management practices in the proposed buffer and maintenance of corridor required population range of 15-20 tigers could be achieved.

On the basis of the above criterion, following area has been selected for Core/ Critical Tiger Habitat and for the buffer zone area within the notified protected area.

(Area in ha.) Sr. Name of Name of Name of Tahsil Area of Area of Total area No. of No. the PA District Core/ Buffer (ha.) (ha.) villages CTH (ha.) 1. Koyna Satara Patan 12860.35 9148.10 22008.45 29 WLS Jaoli 15767.57 00 15767.57 17 Mahabaleshwar 00 4578.98 4578.98 8 KOYNA WLS 28627.92 13727.08 42355.00 54 2. Chandoli Satara Patan 3126.61 0 3126.61 3 NP Sangli Shirala 16131.75 383.51 16515.26 19 Kolhapur Shahuwadi 9802.74 0 9802.74 10 Ratnagiri Sangameshwar 2323.20 0 2323.20 1 CHANDOLI NP 31384.30 383.51 31767.81 33 SAHYADRI TIGER RESERVE 60012.22 14110.59 74122.81 87 (N.B.:- Out of the 87 Villages mentioned above 29 villages of KWLS and 6 villages of CNP are having habitation. Out of these 35 villages, 19 villages of KWLS are to remain in the PA permanently, and the remaining 15 villages after completion of their rehabilitation shall transform as the Buffer zone of STR while 1 village- Chandoli Bk. of CNP shall continue in Buffer Zone). DETAILS OF BUFFER AREA WITHIN CHANDOLI NATIONAL PARK Sr.No. District Taluka Village Area in Ha. Total Forest Non Forest 1 Sangli shirala 1 0.00 383.51 383.51 1 1 1 0.00 383.51 383.51

DETAILS OF BUFFER AREA WITHIN KOYNA SANCTUARY

1 Satara Mahabaleshvar 7 2472.86 2106.12 4578.98 2 Satara Patan 12 438.46 8709.64 9148.10 1 2 19 2911.32 10815.76 13727.08 Grand Total ---> 3 20 2911.32 11199.27 14110.6 Details of Buffer Area of STR (Outside P.A.) (Area in ha.)

Sr. Name of Name of Tahsil Forest Non Forest Total area No. of No. District Area Area of Buffer villages (ha.) 1. Satara Patan 8375.46 11418.17 19793.63 29 Jaoli 2413.54 2531.46 4945.00 05 Satara 675.00 3148.83 3823.83 05 Mahabaleshwar 2743.34 4555.87 7299.21 07 2 Sangli Shirala 520.42 801.92 1322.34 01 3 Kolhapur Shahuwadi 4232.51 661.19 4893.70 09 4. Ratnagiri Khed 293.82 00 293.82 02 Sangmeshewar 62.90 00 62.90 02 TOTAL 04 08 19316.99 23117.44 42434.43 60

The area of the buffer zone is stretching about 120 km. from North to South with a considerable regularity in height and presents a panoramic view all around with generally slopes towards all directions except west. The area lies in the Northern Western Ghats i.e. Sahyadri Hill Ranges.

The main range of Sahyadris form about 20 kms from Kandat in Satara division passes South- West for about 20 km. and then turns towards South-East for about 100 km till Amba area in Kolhapur Division.

The tops of the Sahyadris raised on a series of plateaus, piled one over the other, the whole surmounted by a wall of rock. From the western edge of their crest, great forms stand out from the Konkan with bold Wild outlines and cliffs and escarpments which in places have a sheer drop of over 900 mtrs. The entire buffer area and Sahyadri Tiger Reserve itself is a part of Krishna River Watershed. Thus along with Wildlife the area carries economic and social significance for Western Maharashtra.

1.2 Approach and Access - The area being encircling and in between PAs of CNP and KWLS the approaches and access are as follows -

The approach for both Koyana and Chandoli from Karad side is same by different modes of transport as below –

Nearest Airports

Pune - 210 kms. Kolhapur - 140 kms.

Nearest Railway stations

Karad - 65 kms. Chiplun to Koyana - 52 kms.

StateTransport Buses

Buses are available to reach the entry points at Chandoli, Koyananagar and Bamnoli from various places of the State.

Distances to from different destinations are as under-1) Koyananagar

Kolhapur - 140 kms. Karad - 60 kms. Satara - 90 kms. Patan - 20 kms. Chiplun - 40 kms. 2) Satara - Bamnoli - 40 kms. 3)Karad to Chandoli(Mandur) -50 kms. Islampur –Chandoli (Mandur) -65 kms. Kolhapur to Chandoli (Mandur) – 90kms

Private vehicles such as taxies, tempos, Jeeps and auto-rikshas are also available to reach the sanctuary from Patan, Karad and Satara, Peth (Islampur) to Manadur. The best season to visit both the PAs is November to May.

1.3 Statement of Significance – Though crowded with number of villages, the area possess excellent biodiversity. The Western Ghats are among the ecologically richest regions of India, next only to the Himalayan in the diversity of biological species. These forests contain many threatened species such as Garambi, Ranjaiphal, Dhup, Rose wood (Shisham) etc.

The climate and rainfall pattern here have led to a variety of unique plant and animals species. The forest cover of the Western Ghats is 1/3rd of their total area. There are about 4000 species of flowering plants of which 1500 species are endemic, about 28 genera of mammals, 275 genera of birds and 58 species of reptiles are present in the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats are also recognized as a centre for origin of several cultivated plants, the progenitors of pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, mangoes, jackfruit, ragi and variety of millets. The Western Ghats provide habitat for several orchid species and also house a variety of medicinal plants. The region is also rich in iron, manganese and bauxite ores. The biological diversity of the Western Ghats is not only important in itself or as the resource base of the diverse human communities who live in the region, but also for maintaining the life support system of the peninsular region.

Sahyadri Tiger Reserve is the only place where climax and near-climax vegetation is plentiful and prospects of adverse anthropogenic influence in the future are minimal. The area is bestowed with several biogeographical peculiarities. Climax evergreen formations of higher elevations have been wiped out or highly degraded everywhere in Western Maharashtra except in tiger reserve area, where this type still occupies substantial area. The area has Global and National significance. The wild animals Tiger, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Indian giant squirrel (Shekaru), Indian Gaur (Bisons), Sambar , Barking deer, Wild Boars, Porcupines, Wild dogs, Mouse deer, Four Horned Antelope etc. are the inhabitants of the area.

The forts like Vasota, Bhairavgad, Mahimangad and Jangali Jaigad have historical importance. The trekkers visit these areas for trekking and for enjoying the scenic beauty. The devotees in fair weather often visit the religious temples at Nageshwar, Parvat. Considering the uniqueness of nature of this area and the presence of tigers.

1.4 GEOLOGY, ROCK AND SOIL

Geology:

The entire area is covered by basaltic lava, flows of upper cretaceous of lower Eocene age. The basalt is capped by laterite of younger age which is bound in the plateau above 900 mtrs from mean sea level. Alluvium occurs in patches along banks of rivers Krishna, Venna, Kandati, Koyana and Warna with average thickness of 10 mtrs and contains pebbles, boulders of trap and beds of sand.

Rock:

The Deccan trap which belongs to the type called plateau basalt is extremely uniform in composition over wide areas and is generally dark greenish-grey in colour but brownish to purple tints are also met within geological mapping. Detailed petrographic studies of the fabric pattern of the various lava flows in parts of the area have brought to light, a succession of at least 12 units, forming five different flows, between altitudes 533 mtrs and 915 mtrs above MSL. The various flows appear to be fairly thick, varying from 60 to 120 mtrs, the individual cooling units varying from 10 to 80 meters in thickness. The flows cover wide areas and few of them have been traced over a distance of over 30 km.

Following salient facts, however, emerge from the comparable studies of different basalt flows in the area under reference viz. (a) broad sequences of lava eruption are manifested in the area and (b) there is an apparent decrease in the proportion of massive lava from West to East. The volcanic rocks weather differently in the high rainfall zone in In the area where there is a thick lateritic cover than in the low rainfall area.

Laterite rests on the Deccan trap at an elevation of about 900 meters capping the summits of the hills in the Western portion of the area. It has a thickness of about 30/40 mtrs and is a scoraceous and variegated clayey rock with characteristic red and brown colour. A fairly thick formation of lithomargic clays occur in between the laterite and Deccan trap in the Western parts of In the area.

Soil:

The soils in the area belong to Reddish brown soil. The red clayey soil in the Sahyadri hill ranges is formed from the disintegration of laterite and is thin and poor on upper hill slopes and rich on lower gentle slopes. It is greatly neutralized by a mixture of humus which adds to its fertility in dense forest areas while in open areas it is extremely poor and forms hard strata. The typical laterite soil found on the higher ridges of Sahyadri indicate a tropical one, which being soft and porous, forms a well drained sub-soil. The laterite however when found in exposed conditions gets so hard after oxidation of the iron contained in it that it offers great resistance to further erosion.

Bauxite, copper, Manganese ore and building materials are the important minerals and rocks found in In the area. The most important mineral is Bauxite. The bauxite occurrences are confined to the chains of plateau of the Western Ghats. The bauxite is associated with laterite capping and owes their origin to Deccan trap.

1.5 Hydrology and Water Sources

The climate of the area on the whole is moderate. It does not show extremities. However, three distinct seasons are experienced. These are monsoons from June to September while October is the post-monsoon month with warmer climate, winters from November upto middle of February followed by a warm to hot summer from mid February upto first or second week of June.

Rainfall:

The South-west monsoon, the main source of rainfall, begins about the middle of June and lasts till the end of September. Nearly 85 % of the rainfall occurs during these months only. In the Sahyadri the rainfall is heaviest, it is 4000mm to 6200 mm in the tract.

Temperature:

The winters start by November and continue till middle of February, December being the coldest month. In this season the mean daily temperature in the plains is 140 C. During the period between the middle of February to end of May there is continuous increase in the temperature. May being the hottest month of the year, the mean daily maximum temperature and the mean daily minimum temperature in the plains are 35.80 The heat is sometimes relieved by afternoon thunder showers. The onset of the South- West monsoons in the first or second week of June brings down the day temperature appreciably.

Humidity:

During the monsoon months, the air is highly humid while during the summers and the winters, the air is dry particularly in the afternoons.

Wind:

Winds are strong particularly on the hills in the monsoon season. They are light to moderate during rest of the year. Thunderstorms occur in the hot season and in the premonsoon months. The hilly areas are generally covered with clouds and fog during the rainy season. Fog also occurs occasionally in the valleys in the cold season. Occurrence of frost is not recorded.

On the whole water supply in the track is satisfactory. The drinking water is available from gravitation in most of the villages in higher ridges of Western Ghats. The rivers, nallas, irrigation reservoirs and wells constitute the sources of water for agriculture and improve the moisture regime in their vicinity. The water table is quite high.

The drainage system of the Krishna includes, the drainage of four tributaries from north to south side, the Kandati, Koyana, Warna and Kadavi. The Krishna is one of the most important and sacred rivers of southern India. It rises on the northern part of STR at Mahabaleshwar. Today Koyana and Warna the chief feeder of Krishna has become an important rivers in Maharashtra due to its hydro-electric and irrigation projects respectively.

1.6 Vegetation Types Areas bearing evergreen and semi evergreen types of vegetation belonging to „Western subtropical hill forest type‟ i.e. 8A/C2 and „West coast semi evergreen forest type‟ i.e. 2A/C2 as per Champion and Seth‟s revised survey of the forest types of India. The site quality ranges between IVb to IVa. Occasional patches of site quality III are observed on gentle slopes or in valleys but such areas are negligible in extent. The areas occurring on very steep and precipitous slopes are almost blank with shrubby growth while it is better on lower slopes. There is hardly any tree-growth over vast stretches of exposed rocks, which have little or no soil cover while it is fairly dense in patches on gentle and moderate slopes. The quality in sheltered patches and valleys is better as compared to the areas exposed to high velocity winds, mist and foggyR atmosphere during the monsoon where it is stunted and malformed. In general evergreene species show stunted growth with a height of 5-8 metres. The crop is middle ageds to mature. The principle species are Actinodaphne angustifolia, Terminalia e chebula,r Terminalia tomentosa, Catunaregam spinosa, Syzigium cumini, Mangifera indica,v Phyllanthus emblica, Memecylon umbellatum etc. e d The areas are susceptible to soil erosion. The grazing is light to medium.f Natural regeneration of these species is generally poor. Steep and precipitouso slopes are practically blank and devoid of any tree growth due to absence of r soile on the exposed rocks. There is however dense growth of evergreen species in the valleyss comprising Amba (Mangifera indica), Jambhul, Hirda (Terminalia chebula), Kalambt (Mitragyna parviflora), Gela (Randia dumatorum), Anjani (Memecylon edule) etc. The crop is middle aged to mature. The upper hill slopes have poor density or blank areas while the density on the lower slopes and in valleys varies from 0.5 to 0.8.

1.7 Wild Fauna and Habitats - The buffer area also has rich biodiversity. Mega animals in the area are Tiger, Panther, Gaur, Sambar, Chausinga, Barking deer, Porcupine and majorly all that find in core. Habitat type is same. Eastern plateau areas have been invaded by wind mills.

1.8 Major Conspicuous Changes in the Habitat Since Inception – As it is the first time to bring the area under Wildlife management for co-existence, no such documentation is available. Eastern plateau areas invaded by wind mills are now found to be left by mega- animals as their monsoon shelter as per local observation.

CHAPTER 2

Status of Tiger and Co-predators

2.1 Distribution - During the month of January and February, 2010 the exercise of “Monitoring Tiger, Co-predators, Prey and their habitats” has been carried out in including the Buffer by territorial staff.. As per the data available through this exercise, out of beats proposed for inclusion in the buffer, herbivores have been observed in all beats. However, presence of Carnivores including Leopard has been observed in all beats. Out of 36 beats Tiger presence has been observed in 10 beats. Wild dogs are found all over the area. The buffer area is extending from North (Mahabaleshvar part in Satara District) to South (Amba in Kolhapur District). Tiger movement is found all along the Western Part and Crest line of Sahyadri. The animal estimation in the Buffer area have been carried out at the interval of four years. After forming the part of buffer and unified control, the animal estimation shall be taken every year.

2.2 Abundance Status -

As per Government of India and NTCA report published for 2010, the following is the figure of Tigers for Sahyadri Landscape.

Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary 02 Chandoli National Park 03 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary 04 Including above Sahyadri Landscape 24 Prey- Predator Relationship 2.3 Prey – Predator Relationship –

The major predators Tiger, Panther and Wild dogs have been do observed in this area. Also as a prey – Gaur, Sambar, Chausinga, Barking deer, Mouse Deer, Porcupine do exists. But detailed study need to be made. We can say there is a shortage of natural prey due to following compensation cases paid.

Cattle kills and Crop cases raiding during last 3 years in Buffer area outside PAs

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Particulars No. Compensati No. Compensation No. Compensation on paid (Rs.) paid (Rs.) paid (Rs.)

cattle killed 20 75,900 9 22,250 4 9,600

2.4 Assessment of threats – 1. Shrinkage of natural private tree - cover - Due to biotic pressures for grazing and firewood, necessity of firewood in the nearby towns and shifting cultivation systems at some places private tree felling for commercial purposes was a practice and has due hampered the habitat. Now those areas are now threatened for agriculture extension and wind mill purposes if possible.

2. Windmills – Windmills, particularly in Patan and Satar tahasil have a massive expansion programme. For that roads are created, due to heavy traffic movement, habitat gets deteriorated.

3. Growing Human Population - Biotic pressures for grazing, firewood, and expansion for agriculture and tourism is increasing. It attracts land use pattern changes.

CHAPTER 3

HISTORY OF PAST MANAGEMENT AND PRESENT PRACTICES

3.0 INTRODUCTION :

This Management Plan deals with the buffer area outside the notified protected area including all type of forests, private lands and gaonthans in the 60 villages notified as per Maharashtra Government Resolution no. WLP/C.R.240/F-1 Dt. 21st August 2012. These 60 villages have total area of 424.34 sq.kms, out of which non-forest land is 231.17sq.km. and forest area is 193.17 sq.km. It is spread over 9 forest ranges, 4 divisions, 8 talukas and 4districts. This area forms almost 36.42 % of the geographical area of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve. The abstract of the area is as follows,

Details of Buffer Area of STR (Outside P.A.)

(Area in ha.) Sr. Name of Name of Tahsil Forest Non Forest Total area No. of No. District Area Area of Buffer villages (ha.) 1. Satara Patan 8375.46 11418.17 19793.63 29 Jaoli 2413.54 2531.46 4945.00 05 Satara 675.00 3148.83 3823.83 05 Mahabaleshwar 2743.34 4555.87 7299.21 07 2 Sangli Shirala 520.42 801.92 1322.34 01 3 Kolhapur Shahuwadi 4232.51 661.19 4893.70 09 4. Ratnagiri Khed 293.82 00 293.82 02 Sangmeshewar 62.90 00 62.90 02 TOTAL 04 08 19316.99 23117.44 42434.43 60

3.1 Conservation and Forest Management History – The area has long history of more than 100 years i.e. from 1907. The majority of the area (74%) comes in Satara Forest Division. Rest 22% comes in Kolhapur Forest Division and very meagre, less than 4% areas comes in Sangli and Chiplun Forests Divisions. Previously the areas were under „ Fuelwood Working Circle‟ or „Selection cum Improvement working Circle‟. Right from 1975 onwards (Mr. B. P. Desai‟s Plan and Onwards) these areas are under Protection or Catchment Reservoir

Protection Working Circles. No fellings have been carried out. This Working Circle included all forests occurring on very steep slopes forming the catchment of the hydro-electric project at Koyana nagar and irrigation project at Dhom. It also included areas of Hirda and Shikekai Working Circle, inaccessible areas of Fuel Working Circle and all areas of In-exploitable Working Circle of Singh‟s Plan. No working and silviculture systems were prescribed except the collection of Minor Forest Produce on lease to avoid erosion and laterization due to opening of the canopy of the existing vegetal cover. The area was proposed to be fire protected and completely closed to grazing.

Results

The forests under this WC were not worked under any silvicultural system. Only Planting of blanks and afforesting the open lands was done. In regular Plantations, only weedings were done. All these operations resulted in improving the stock and site conditions by soil and water conservation. The improvement was very conspicuous in Koyana catchment forests mainly due to protection from grazing, Fires and illicit-cutting. Area had regenerated naturally.

The previous plan worked was Kulkarni and Pethkar‟s Plan and the area was kept under -

Protection and Reservoir Catchment Working Circle

This WC included all forest areas which were on very steep to precipitous slopes, areas which came under catchments of hydroelectric project of Koyana nagar, Dhom dam and also the areas that had been depleted through maltreatment, illicit cutting, illicit grazing and fires and exploitation of which accelerate soil erosion. It included very steep to precipitous and inaccessible areas of Mahabaleshwar, Patan, Satara and Dhebewadi Ranges. The area included in this WC was 43682.75 ha. The WC comprised of areas bearing evergreen and semi-evergreen types of vegetation. The crop was middle aged to mature. The upper hill slopes had poor density or blank areas while the density on the lower slopes and in valleys varied from 0.5 to 0.8. The objects of management were to maintain existing vegetal cover, to prevent soil erosion for avoiding silting of Koyana nagar and Dhom dams, to improve the forest cover by gap Planting and under Planting wherever possible and to improve subsoil water regime.

It was prescribed not to fell trees of any kind. Soil conservation works like check dams, nalla bunding and gully plugging were to be taken up in the accessible areas. Reboisement of the under stocked and blank areas in accessible areas was to be undertaken by Planting local species raised in nursery as well as seed sowing. Dibbling of seeds of suitable species along with bush sowing as well as under Planting of bamboo and cane were also to be carried out. Removal of dead and wind fallen trees in accessible areas were allowed to meet local demand of firewood, retaining 4 dead trees per ha for the benefit of Wild life. The minor forest produce like Hirda, Shikekai etc were allowed to be extracted. No quarrying or mining permits were to be issued.

Results

The Plan period was 1996-97 to 2005-06, but non-Plan funds were made available only during the year 2004-05 and 2005-06. These funds were not sufficient. Only 50 ha of afforestation works and 1724.88 cum SMC works were done under these funds. Under various Plan schemes, 2466.18 ha afforestation works and 157558.50 cum SMC works were carried out during the Plan period. The sequence of coupes as given in the WP was not followed. Mixed species Plantations were raised in the protection areas on the moderate slopes during the WP period and majority of them are found to be partially successful. Plant species like Awala, Silver Oak, Acacia auriculiformis, Jambhul, Acrocarpus, and Eucalyptus have shown good results. Acacia and Eucalyptus have at most places suppressed other miscellaneous species. Bamboo Plantations have shown moderate results due to damage made by Wildlife especially Wild boars. Vegetation cover is improved by gap planting. Erosion and silting is controlled to some extent. The majority of the area being on the steep slopes is naturally well protected. There are very few incidents of illicit felling though the area is prone to fires.

The terrain being the same , trends being the same, the same prescriptions and results are applicable to the rest of the area other than Satara Division.

3.2 Protection of Tigers, it’s Prey and Habitat – Previous history mentions -

Wildlife (Overlapping) Working Circle, from Kulakarni and Pethkar‟s Working Plan analysis -

This WC overlapped with the entire area of the Satara division. Objects of management were to manage, protect, conserve and multiply the Wildlife and to conserve and

16 develop suitable habitats at selected sites such as Mayani in Dahiwadi range, Kas lake area in Satara range. It was prescribed to implement the provisions of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 strictly and to create awareness among the local inhabitants regarding protection of Wild life. Water, salt licks and shelter were to be provided wherever required. For developing suitable habitats in each range, at least one site of 100 ha or above was to be selected. Such sites were to be strictly protected against fire, grazing by domestic animals and poaching. Plantation of fruit trees were to be raised at each such site. Natural salt licks were to be identified and protected. Artificial salt licks were to be provided where required. Existing water holes were to be cleaned and deepened. New water holes, anicuts were to be created at the selected sites. At least one perennial water source was to be developed at each such site. Monitoring regarding Wild animal population, health etc by means of census was to be done. Cattle immunization was to be done every year in surrounding villages.

Results

Most of the prescriptions were not followed due to non availability of adequate grants; hence no beneficial effects were noticed.

In the current plan of Satara Forest Division (By Shri. Vikas Gupta and Mohan Karnat 2009-10 to 2019-20), it is observed that -

„However, the increase in human population resulting in increasing demands for housing and agricultural land, easy access into forest areas through the development of an extensive road network, diversion of forest for various “developmental” projects, mining, hangover of shikar traditions, paucity of staff and no specific schemes for Wildlife conservation in areas other than sanctuaries have all contributed to the decline of Wildlife in the district. The habitats of the wild animals have been drastically reduced and the populations of wild animals that remain feel cornered in small isolated pockets of Wilderness. The contiguous patches of forests are lost in most areas of the district. It is important to note that although the focus of Wildlife protection has normally been on the bigger Wild animal species like the Tiger and Gaur, the Western Ghats harbour innumerable small endemic and extremely rare species of plants and animals many of

17 which may not even have been reported as yet. These gene pools assume great significance in today‟s shrinking world and all out efforts are required to ensure their protection and conservation. Wildlife is rich and varied in the Western part of the division i.e. along the Western Ghat where there is natural protection due to inaccessibility and scanty population. In this part the animals found are Tiger, Panther, Bear, Gaur, Sambar, Bhekar, Wild boar, Wild dog, Indian giant squirrel etc.; The population estimation for wild animals in the territorial division is done once every four years. The estimation of Tigers and Leopards was basically done using the Pug Mark Estimation technique between the 18th and 22nd of April 2005 (both days inclusive) and the estimation of other animals was done using the Waterhole Count method on 2 occasions in 2005 viz. the 23rd – 24th April and the 22nd – 23rd May in the entire state including Satara territorial division.‟

Population Estimates of wild animals in Satara territorial division-2005 Name Nos.

Tigers 001

Leopards 017

Gaur 058

Sambar 008

Sloth Bear 002

Barking Deer 109

Wild Boar 309

Jackal 006

Wolf 016

Giant Squirrel 001

Fox 001

One important recommendation made in the Report of the State level Committee on population Estimation, 2005 is as follows:

“Tiger presence in Kolhapur circle including its Protected Areas needs closer monitoring through a system of keeping records of direct sightings by the field staff at the lowest level and proper follow up of all cattle kill cases to find out

18 probable territories of the predator. This is important considering that getting pugmarks is very difficult in these areas”.

3.3 Other Land Use – Villages, Agriculture, Development Programmes, Tourism etc.

There are 60 outside Buffer and 20 inside Buffer villages of the P.A. These villages are situated in hilly area and area under Agricultural is less. Major land use pattern is described as follows- (Out of 60, 7 villages from Kolhapur dist. and 4 villages from Ratnagiri dist. No nonforest land has been taken , so not considered.) (Figures as per CENSUS 2001 data)

Buffer Forest Irrigated Non Cultivable Non Other Uses outside irrigated Waste cultivable Gaonthan,roads, P.A. submergence etc. 42434.43 19316.99 433.61 13410.52 3762.31 5327.73 183.27 14110.60 2911.32 47 1025.06 2134.71 2756.23 5236.28 Hariyali Project have been implemented in 7 villages of Shahuwadi Tahasil by Social Forestry Department and Watershed Development Programme is being implemented at village Gokul (Patan Tahasil) by Agriculture Department.

Tourism as per Chapter 4.4

3.4 -Research, Monitoring and Wildlife Health – No such earlier documentation is available. Inside P.A. buffer, vaccination camps are held. No threat to Wildlife health noticed before.

3.5 Nature Education and Interpretation – Wildlife Weeks and other days are celebrated by the territorial divisions.

3.6 Administration and Organization -

Existing Administrative units in the Buffer area:-

For outside buffer of 60 villages, the buffer area is spread over in parts of Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli and Chiplun Forest Divisions. The range, round and beats included in the area are given below. Sr. Name of the No. of No. of No. of Total Forest area No. Division Ranges Rounds Beats ( ha.) 1. Satara 5 6 18 14207.34 2 Kolhapur 1 1 2 4232.51 3 Sangli 1 1 1 520.42 4 Ratnagiri 2 2 3 356.72 Total 9 10 24 19316.99

. Chapter 4

Production Sectors in the landscape

4.0 INTRODUCTION : The following are the main production sectors in the landscape. But, the main production sector is agriculture.

4.1 FORESTRY : The forestry area is 19316.99 ha. i.e. 193.17 Sq.Km. The area is hilly, undulating and is under Protection Working Circle of the divisions. Minor forests produce such as hela, hirada, shikekai, tamalpatra are collected from these areas. Local people largely depend on the area for the grazing. Fire incidences cause heavy damage to the forest area. Private forest lands also occupy large portion of fallow lands. Tree cuttings in private area for fire wood supply to the other places are the major employment sources for Patan tahasil.

4.2 AGRICULTURE : Agriculture land in these areas can be divided in to two regions, one on the hills and other on the plateaus which from major portion of the area. So, very less area is available for irrigation (About 500ha.). Major crops are paddy, ground nut at places. Nachani (Ragi) and Wari are cultivated in the patches are Kumari cultivation. The productivity of the area is very poor.

4.3 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT (ECO DEVELOPMENT) TO DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION : The development of the area, being a part of western Maharashtra is rather better. Primary Schools, Communication means, drinking water facility through gravitation, health and animal husbandry facilities are well developed. The area although is adjoining P.A. but is batter developed compared to villages of Vidarbha Region.

4.4 TOURISM : Tourism facilities are available only at Koyna Nagar as an Island and this provides a vast scope for enlightened tourism development in the area.

4.5 FISHERIES : The main source of fishing are Vasantsagar of Warna and Shivsagar of Koyna Dam. The area being a part of the protected areas does not allow fishing except for the bonafide uses of the local people. Fishing in the river of Koyana and Warna outside P.A. is allowed.

4.6 TEA/ COFFEE ESTATES ETC. : There are no tea/ coffee estates, rail transport, industry, mining, thermal power plants and temple tourism in the buffer area of STR.

4.7 TRANSPORTS : There is no rail transport in the area. State Highway no.76 Vijapur to Guhagar passes right in between buffer of CNP and KWLS for about 15 kms length.

4.8 To 4.11 – There is no Industry, Mining, Thermal Power Plant in the area.

4.12 IRRIGATION PROJECTS : Koyna hydro-electric project which is of 105 TMC and 1080 MW generation capacity, and, Warna irrigation project 32 TMC and 40 MW generation are the two main projects which directly influence the economy not only of the area but also of the western Maharashtra.

4.13 COMMUNICATION PROJECTS : No communication projects.

Chapter 5

Land Use Patterns and Conservation – Management Issues

5.1 Land Use Classification – (As per 2001 census) Buffer Forest Irrigated Un Cultivable Noncultivable Other Uses outside irrigated Waste Gaonthan,roads, P.A. submergence etc. 42434.43 19316.99 433.61 13410.52 3762.31 5327.73 183.27 14110.60 2911.32 47 1025.06 2134.71 2756.23 5236.28

5.2 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VILLAGES -

Major area of the buffer area of STR is situated in Satara District and that too in Patan Tahasil. As per scenario available out of 424.34 Sq.Km. Out of this, 193.17 Sq.Km. comprises of the forest area in the possession of the forest department. So, it forms 45.52% of the total geographic area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve buffer area outside the PA. The total human population in 20 buffer villages inside protected areas is 7914. The total human population in 48 buffer villages (out of 60) outside protected areas is 28203. Rest 8 villages only Forests area is included in Buffer of STR. Majority of the people are young or old . Middle aged people generally leave the area for occupation and reside at Mumbai. No industries are developing here. KOYANA and WARNA irrigation projects have provided employment to the local people. On the Eastern side of Buffer, from 2001 onwards, at Chalakevadi, Kusavade, Aral and Gojegaon windmills have also provided employment to the local villagers. At Gokul, Humbarli, Deshmukhwadi, Helvak, Paneri, Manadur and Udagiri tourism is a supplementary source to the people. At Deshmukhvadi- Humbarali 9 resorts and 2 Rest Houses exists which cares to tourism needs at present. In Manadur 2 Rest Houses exists for night halt.

5.3 Resource Dependency of Villages

In the private area, tree cutting is one of the lean period business particularly in Patan Tahasil. NTFP collection i.e. Hirda, Shikekai, Tamalpatra collection is also 22 carried out seasonally in all villages in these areas. The people are dependent on forests for grazing and firewood.

5.4 Human Wildlife Conflict – Not much issues of conflict are seen in this area.

5.4.1 Human-animal conflict issues:-

 Attacks on human beings: No attacks on human beings by wild animals during last three years have been noticed.

 Attacks on the cattle/ crop raiding cases: The details of the attacks on cattle and cases of crop raiding by wild animals during last three years are as follows.

Cattle kills and Crop cases raiding during last 3 years in Buffer area outside PAs

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Particulars No. Compensation No Compensation No Compensation paid (Rs.) . paid (Rs.) . paid (Rs.) cattle killed 20 75,900 9 22,250 4 9,600 crop raiding 2 1,100 0 0 0 0 cases

5.4.2 Forest and Wildlife offences:-

Due to effective protection, no poaching of tiger was noticed in the area during the last three years. There is no large scale illicit felling in the area. However, the local people indulge in poaching of small animals like hare, deer etc. and illicit felling in the forest area adjoining to village to meet their domestic needs of fuel, fodder and other forest produce. Offences are registered against such offenders. The details of offence cases registered during last three years are as follows.

Year Illicit Wildlife Illegal Encroach Fires Grazing Other Total felling offences transport ment 2009-10 48 -- 04 -- 03 01 -- 56 2010-11 32 01 ------02 -- 33 2011-12 27 ------01 -- -- 28 Total 107 01 04 -- 04 03 -- 119

5.5 Assessment of inputs of line agencies / other departments - Though line agencies/other department are having many schemes for livelihood provisions, natural resource dependency reduction schemes but they need to be integrated. Revenue, Police, Agriculture, Health, Animal Husbandry , Zilla Parishad, Irrigation etc. found to be active in these areas.

PART B

THE PROPOSED MANAGEMENT

BUFFER ZONE

Chapter 6

Vision, Goals, Objectives and Problems

6.1 Vision - The Sahyadri landscape is a home for wildlife and biodiversity from the ancient time. Human intervention has caused losses to the biodiversity. The area forms a migratory path for the wildlife. Human population and disturbances are less in comparison with other area of the Western Maharashtra. The buffer or peripheral area consisting of the area peripheral to critical tiger habitat or core area was identified and established in accordance with the provisions of sub-section 4 (ii) of section 38 V of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, where a lesser degree of habitat protection is required to ensure the integrity of the critical tiger habitat with adequate dispersal for tiger species. The vision envisaged for the buffer area is “to ensure the integrity of the critical tiger habitat by promoting co-occurrence/ co-existence between wildlife and human activity with due recognition of the livelihood, developmental, social and cultural rights of the local people with the protection agenda for wild animals moving out of the core”.

6.2 Management Goals – 1. To reduce man – animal conflicts. 2. To conserve the area with the joint participation of local people. 3. To manage the area by mainstreaming the concerns of wildlife management with special reference to tiger conservation.

6.3 Objectives -

6.3.1 To reduce Dependency of people on forests -

The main profession of the people in these villages is agriculture. However, majority of the land holders are small or marginal farmers, therefore, agricultural income is not sufficient to sustain the people and they need additional sources of income. The landless people get some employment as agricultural labourers. They too require alternate employment that is provided by forest and other Government departments. Major employment is provided by Agriculture and Animal husbandry. The STR management has been establishing village eco-development committees in these villages (Out of 28 villages, 14 VEDCs have been formed). The number of cattle is far more than the carrying capacity of the forests which results in overgrazing in the forest. Thus, it is evident that the people in the villages are heavily dependent on the forests for grazing. 26

6.3.2 To increase the awareness of people in Nature Conservation :-

The people of this area are well aware about the local wildlife and forests. But, it is essential to create awareness amongst these people regarding this treasury that they possess. Public awareness campaign through NGOs shall help to increase their awareness.

6.3.3 Upliftment of the livelihood :-

The people of the area, after agriculture season are free and are seeking some employment. This is generally from November to April/ May. It is essential to provide some job to them in this period. Their local knowledge of plants and animals will help for growing limits in eco development areas.

6.3.4 Habitat improvement :-

The buffer area shall be developed with the participation of the local people by forming VEDCs. Soil and moisture augmentation works shall be taken with a view to improve the habitat for wildlife with special reference to tiger conservation. This area shall in future serve as sink area for supporting the spill-over tiger population from the source area of Core/ Critical Tiger Habitat.

6.4 Problems in achieving objectives :

1 Lack of awareness in people regarding their basic issues: This is due to lack of appropriate education and guidance. NGO and Social workers can play the vital role in this direction.

2. Hilly area: Any developmental activities proposed require more time and money due to hilly area in view of poor accessibility.

3. Old agricultural techniques: The area is remote and no field demonstrations can be observable by these people in agriculture development. Also, there is no irrigation facility although the rain fall in this area is very high (about 4000 to 5000 mm), this all has resulted in the constraints for the improving the agricultural practices.

6.5 Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis

STRENGTHS:

 Western side of the STR is protected due to steep slopes of Sahyadri peaks.  Availability of waters of Koyna and Warna rivers and many small existing water bodies is a great strength for supporting the buffer area.  Good forests of Forest department and of private owners is an asset for dispersing population from Buffer.

WEAKNESSES:

 Biotic interference in buffer area is biggest weakness.  Road network in buffer fragments the habitat.  Lack of good grass land is impediment for dispersal of herbivores and consequently affects the large carnivores for their food chain. OPPORTUNITIES:

 Large open area due to degradation of forests can be a big opportunity in developing grassland by proper management intervention.  Road network if properly managed can be of great help for eco-tourism management.  Good scope for the Eco-development works to win over the local people. THREATS:

 Infrastructures like Koyna and Warna dams and hydro-electric projects, Karad – Chiplun State Highway (crossing at Koyna Nagar and between Koyna WLS and Chandoli NP) and Kolhapur – Ratnagiri State Highway (crossing at Amba) passing through the buffer area, Resorts, Windmills and Mining area in the peripheral areas, surrounding townships, loss of Malki (Private) forest cover which impede the gene flow from the source area (Core/ Critical Tiger Habitat) of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

 Poaching in this area, although is in a small scale but is a big threat for STR management.  Large cattle population is another threat in spreading the bovine diseases in wild population of ungulates.  The demand for the land for windmills, resorts, minor irrigation projects and roads reduces the availability of the suitable habitat for wildlife dispersal.

Chapter 7

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

7.1 Delineation of Buffer Areas :

An area of 141.11 sq. km. (Inside Buffer) + 424.34 sq.kms. (Buffer Outside the P.A.) total Buffer Area 565.45 sq.kms comprising of 80 villages (including non habitat villages) is the part of STR which can be considered for the eco-development works in these areas, which can be conveniently handled by department and through the local EDC‟s wherever required depending up on the suitability. (Details of the Area are given in Annexure-IV)

This has been carried out due to the Maharashtra Government Resolution No. WLP 2012/C.R.No. 240/F 1 Dt. 21 August 2012.

7.2 Zone and Theme approaches to management strategies :

7.2.1 Zone Plans – Depending on the land use pattern of the area, the following zones have been considered. The zones proposed in the plan are 1) Forestry zone, 2) Eco- development zone, 3) Agriculture Zone and 4) Eco-tourism zone.

Buffer Forest Irrigated Un irrigated Cultivable Non- Other Uses outside Waste cultivable Gaothan,roads, P.A. submergence etc. 42434.43 19316.99 433.61 13410.52 3762.31 5327.73 183.27 14110.60 2911.32 47 1025.06 2134.71 2756.23 5236.28 56545.03 22,228.31 480.61 14435.58 5,897.02 8083.96 5419.55

However, tourism is separately considered in Eco-tourism sub-plan of TCP. The zones wise considerations are as follows -

1. Forestry Zone - Area - This zone have the area of 22,228..31 ha i.e. about 40%. Of total Buffer Zone. This is the area owned by the Forest Department.

Objectives – 1.To reduce their dependency on the forests . 2. To convert the area in to a good habitat with due protection and conservation. 3. Making wildlife management more relevant by maintaining a judicious balance between the needs of the community and conservation of wildlife. 4. Protecting and conserving the bio-diversity in the forests with the active participation of the local communities.

Issues - 1. Grazing – There is a vast no. of cattle. No stall feeding method is adopted. The stray cattle are also maintained. 2. Firewood Collection - It is a prevalent habit to be dependant on forests for free firewood. 3. NTFP Collection – Hirada, Shikekai, honey, tamalpatra etc is collected from forests of outside P.As. 4. Fire – The people in search of grass, firewood, NTFP, poaching, lit the fire and leave the area. This surface fire is not controllable and sometimes may turn into crown fire. It needs to be controlled. Strategy – 1. The number of unproductive cattle should be reduced as far as possible. 2. Stall feeding should be encouraged. 3. Alternatives for firewood and that too in minimum cost, such as LPGs, Solar Energy, Smokeless chulha, Gobar gas etc. use should be encouraged. 4. Protection through VEDCs should be encouraged. Prescriptions - 1. Unified control for the buffer area with the wildlife wing is essential for effective control and implementation of the buffer plan. The unified control shall improve the interaction of wildlife management with local people, ensure proper mainstreaming wildlife management, early and timely

30 compensation in man animal conflicts and possible solutions for that will reduce conflicts in wildlife management. 2. No felling or collection of wood other than bonafide use is permitted. 3. The EDC may be asked for compounding the pretty offences of which 50% shall go to their non-government account and 50% towards STR foundation. 4. Fire lines may be burnt wherever possible in the month of January or at appropriate time. 5. A detailed survey of the fauna and flora of the district, their occurrence, status and conservation strategies with a focus on the endemic and endangered species should be undertaken by the expert agencies appointed by the department. A database shall be prepared identifying all endemic and endangered species of flora and fauna, surveying their environs and habitats to establish the current level of security and the nature of threats. Periodic reviews of flora and fauna species status should be conducted and the same should be correlated with the IUCN Red data list of this region every three years. 6. An expert committee shall be constituted to explore and for developing continuous corridors of contiguous blocks of forested land for the free movement of the wild animals. The committee shall also explore the possibility of constituting the conservation reserves or declaration of certain areas as ecologically sensitive areas and give its recommendation. 7. Since water is the major limiting factor in the forest during the summers, so development of various water sources by gully-plugging and by erecting nalla-bunds, check-dams, bandharas etc. needs to be done. Sites with perennial sources of water locally known, as „jivant jhara‟ within the forest areas shall be identified and their locations shall be marked on the map of each Range, which shall be displayed prominently in each Range office. These sites shall be tackled appropriately through various means like desilting, deepening, diverting small trickles into dug out troughs adjacent to nallahs, construction of Forest tanks locally known as „Van- talis‟ in the nearby vicinity. Water holes shall be created at the appropriate places. This shall ensure availability of water sources for wild animals and

reduce straying of those animals into agricultural fields thus reducing conflict situations. 8. Areas where fodder availability can be increased to prevent straying of wild animals like gaurs, wild boars, deers etc into agricultural lands should be identified and tackled. Fodder and fruit tree species favoured by the wild fauna shall be planted as part of the various afforestation schemes. Seeds of superior fodder grasses like Sheda, Pawnya, Marvel, Dinanath etc. should be sown on the freshly excavated and heaped soil bund on the lower side of the contour trenches in the suitable areas. 9. Cattle immunization camps in villages shall be taken periodically, in all the surrounding villages of the P.A..

10. The infrastructural facilities to handle wildlife emergencies should be strengthened. One set of tranquilizing equipment along with capture and trapping equipment like cages etc. shall be provided to each Range within the first two years of the Plan. A Rescue centre at an appropriate place (Koyna nagar) should be established to handle wildlife emergencies.

11. To mitigate man-animal conflict situations, the affectivity and necessity of different measures required along with the financial projections. 12. The forest staff and officers at different levels shall be trained and equipped fully to handle wildlife emergencies including handling of tranquilizing as well as trapping equipment. Well trained and well equipped „Rescue teams‟ with advance communication facilities should be kept under the control of ACFs at Koyna and Manadur. 13. Mass awareness camps should be organized as a part of sustained campaign to educate masses regarding man-animal conflict situations, the reasons, the analysis and the management being done by the forest department. The awareness can be enhanced by personal contact, by publishing and distributing written material. The local press should also be educated and properly briefed from time to time.

14. The service of veterinarians preferably from the government departments shall be imparted basic and advanced training in the wildlife medication in different batches. The outstanding wildlife trained veterinarians shall be 32

empanelled by the forest department and a list of the same shall be sent to the wildlife and the territorial wings to handle the wildlife emergencies in the field. 15. Felling shall not be allowed near the water holes as well as on the paths frequently used by the wild animals. 16. All important entry and exit points from the forests of this division should have check posts which shall be manned by staff for 24 hours. System of wireless communication should be enhanced. 17. Until unified control is formed, the territorial Divisions shall follow the following principles in Buffer Zone a- Clear felling should be avoided. b- Climber cutting to be dropped. c- No plantations in blanks as this area is used as hunting and glazing places by wild animals. d- No removal of dead, dying , decaying material in the forest area. e- New water holes should be created and present one needs to be maintained. f- No harmful activities i.e. Chemical or Mining activities to be permitted in Buffer Zone. g- Eco Tourism and plantations of medicinal plants should be encouraged. h- Endangered, Endemic, Rare Flora and Fauna shall be identified and preserved. i- For effective protection, necessary intelligence gathering should be done by making use of secret fund as necessary. j- Population estimation/ Phase-4 monitoring and improved techniques of flora and fauna estimation shall be followed in these areas each year on a perpetual basis.

2. Eco-development Zone -

Area - The Areas of Cultivable waste and non-cultivable waste are considered for this zone. The area available for this zone is estimated to be 13,980.98 Ha. i.e., about 26% of the buffer zone. Objectives – 1. To reduce the dependency on forests. 2. To make areas productive. 33

3. Economic and Social Upliftment of the people. 4. Integrating the forestry management interventions with developmental schemes of other departments for holistic development of the villages. 5. Empowering local communities by generating employment for the local people in forestry activities, SMC works, eco-tourism and by imparting new skills for alternative income sources to the Self Help Groups. Issues – 1. Hilly terrain 2. Need of grass and roaming place for cattle grazing. 3. Irrigation and leveling not possible. 6. At some places private Woody Areas 7. Manmade uncontrolled Fires .

Strategies – 1. The number of unproductive cattle should be reduced as far as possible. 2. Stall feeding should be encouraged. 3. Alternatives for firewood and that too in minimum cost, such as LPGs, Smokeless chulha, Gobargas, Solar energy etc. use should be encouraged. 4. Private planting and pasture development should be encouraged. For this purpose Social Forestry Department need to be involved. Involvement of the village in watershed development schemes should be encouraged. It shall help in cluster development and availability of funds as well as people‟s participation. 5. To increase public awareness regarding fire hazard.

Prescriptions – 1. Area demarcations should be clear. 2. Any development activity should be made with due permission of owner in writing. 3. Efforts should be made for soil and moisture conservation and that too from top to bottom. 4. Existing waterholes should be be strengthened on priority. 5. In steep slopes( more than 30 degree), gabian bunds may be provided. 6. Pasture and local tree species, fruit bearing species planting needs to be encouraged. Grafted and high yielding varities needs to be introduced.

7. Necessary estimates must be made before commencement of works and approvals must be sought of appropriate authorities. 8. As per demand , outside labour may be engaged. 9. Necessary public awareness may be made to avoid fire hazard.

Private Woody Areas - Minor forest produce such as hela, hirada, shikekai, tamalpatra etc. are collected from these areas. Local people largely depend on the area for the grazing. Fire incidences cause heavy damage to the forest area. EDCs have to be made more effective and functioning in this matter. Private lands occupy large area of fallow lands. Cutting of trees in malki area for fire wood supply to the other places is a major employment source for people in Patan tahasil. These issues shall be mitigated by following ways - i. Maintenance cost of the trees shall be provided as incentive to the private land owners for non felling of trees in private lands of adjoining areas forming Buffer, ii. Adjoining areas to CNP and KWLS shall be acquired by the forest department as the compensatory land.

Maintenance Cost for non felling of trees and maintaining then in private lands in adjoining areas – There is no regulation on the malki (Private) forest area adjoining the STR. All the woody areas within Buffer zone of STR and the Corridor in between KWLS and CNP should be protected from fire and felling by the private land owners. Such owners should be compensated by an amount of about Rs. 2000/- per Ha. as maintenance cost annually for not felling the trees and maintaining them. The tree cover maintained in the adjoining areas shall increase both protection and habitat essential for the wildlife. More works study for the exact tree cover and compensation rates assessment is essential which shall be taken up later.

Adjoining areas of the STR to be acquired as compensatory land in lieu of diversion of Forest land – The forest department is getting compensatory land for the diversion of forest lands for various projects of windmills, irrigation, mining etc. These lands are made available to the forest department by acquiring the private lands. If such private lands are made available adjoining to the STR, this would serve as the ideal buffer for STR and can also be maintained as a ideal habitat on a perpetual basis.

Adjoining the Chiplun Forest Division in Ratnagiri district, efforts have been taken regarding the villages Tiware and Pathe which shall form the problem-free buffer (about 500 ha.) for STR in future.

Eco-development is necessary for all the villages which are in the Buffer Area for the effective livelihood development of local people and eco-tourism management. The local village eco-development committees shall be formed and function as per the State Government Resolutions, dated 5th and 24th October 2011 and circular dated 22nd December 2011 and 10th July 2012. Also the guidelines for eco-tourism and buffer zone need to be followed carefully.

Livelihood support initiatives through village microplans - When co-existence of people and wildlife is mutually agreed, the villagers and forest department need to be go hand in hand for mutual benefit - Integrated development of the area for uplifting of people and conservation of wildlife. All Malki (private) forests in the buffer area shall be covered under village level micro plans. The strategy of eco-development shall be based on village level micro planning through village eco-development committees to address income generating, resource substituting and community cooperation inputs in consultation with the local people, vis-à-vis the guidelines of Project Tiger/ NTCA. All such micro-plans would collectively form part of the zone plan for village eco-development. Further, the micro plan should have a separate chapter on Malki forests, with provisions for incentivizing/ payment to local communities for „saving‟ such forest (Payment for ecosystem services). There shall be a MOU in operation with the local communities for ensuring reciprocal commitments on a quid-pro-quo basis to save forests and wildlife in lieu of the benefits from eco-development. The participation of the local villagers as guides for eco-tourism, managing the tourist spots and for protection of the forests and wildlife shall assure them of a certain share in the usufructs and they are taken into confidence in the management of the protected areas. Managing PAs with the active cooperation of village communities shall not only help in protecting our forests but shall also safeguard the interest of the village communities.

SPECIAL OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT – These micro-plans regarding their relative villages should speak - 1. Making wildlife management more relevant by maintaining a judicious balance between the needs of the community and conservation of wildlife.

2. Protecting and conserving the malki forests and bio-diversity in the forests with the active participation of the local communities.

3. Integrating the forestry management interventions with developmental schemes of other departments for holistic development of the villages.

4. Promoting eco-tourism in forest areas to increase awareness amongst people regarding the importance of conservation and protection of forests and wildlife.

5. Empowering local communities by generating employment for the local people in forestry activities, SMC works, eco-tourism and by imparting new skills for alternative income sources to the Self Help Groups.

METHOD OF TREATMENT - There are 20 villages inside P.A. and 60 outside the P.A. of STR Buffer. Eco-development committees (EDCs) shall be formed in all these villages (Out of these 24 (12 EDCs and 12 JFMCs) have already been formed.). The area to be included under EDCs related schemes shall be treated according to the approved micro-plans for the area which shall be prepared in consultation with the villagers as per the guide lines of the Government of Maharashtra Resolutions. The work of preparation of Village Micro-plan shall be entrusted to the concerned R.F.O., who shall distribute the work among senior F.G.s and foresters‟ village wise. The head of the Village Micro-plan Committee shall conduct meetings and gather information about the available land with low density forest in the village no. of villagers directly dependent on forest for their day to day livelihood, urgent needs of the people to be fulfilled so that burden on forest shall be minimized. Micro-planning for these zones and their enforcement is to be decided by the local villagers through the Gram Sabhas. For this purpose PRA/ RRA exercise shall be conducted in each village before micro planning. The local people need to think over the issues and get involved in solving them. Besides, whatsoever said where it is, the legal

37 position must be checked for Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Forest Conservation Act, 1980 for any works suggested in this plan for the Buffer inside P.A.

General Principles i. Principles of participatory management, usufruct sharing, eco-system protection, democratic set-up, gender equality, open communication, rights and duties of the community, effective conflict resolution, effective monitoring and evaluation should be adhered to during the implementation of EDC in any village. ii. A comprehensive publicity and awareness campaign regarding EDC should be taken up by organizing mass awareness camps in the villages, by distributing pamphlets, by publishing success stories in the print media etc. with the active participation from the schools, NGOs and gram panchayaths. The village communities should be sensitized to the concept of wildlife conservation, the tangible and intangible benefits of the forests, the perils of depleting forests, the benefits of stall feeding to the cattle and benefits of using bio gas, LPG, fuel efficient chullahs, solar cookers etc over using fuel wood. iii. The villagers owning land should be convinced to grow the fuel-wood and fodder trees species on their field bunds or fallow lands by involving Social Forestry department. iv. Short orientation courses should also be conducted for the forest staff, to equip them with better communication skills and to orient them towards the forestry extension. v. It shall be endeavored to integrate forestry management interventions with development schemes of other departments as well as eco-tourism under EDC for holistic development of the villages. Proper linkages should be developed with other departments like Animal husbandry, Fisheries, Horticulture, Minor irrigation, Social forestry, MEDA, PWD and MSEDCL etc. for convergence of various developmental schemes of different agencies in the same village. vi. The STR management shall select the scenic spots having potential to develop into excellent ecotourism spots. Infrastructure for awareness creation like setting up of Nature interpretation centres, Nature trails, Watch towers, Pagodas, Log huts and Camping sites should be developed. All „View Points‟ and „Boating‟ require regular maintenance and protection hence all necessary measures should be taken to maintain and protect them. Railings and steps leading to „View Points‟ should be

repaired wherever necessary. Local communities shall be involved in these activities and the benefits should go to the 'host communities' and in the long run capacity building in this regard should be built in for forging partnership with the local people. Rules and Regulations of visitors‟ conduct need to be framed and widely circulated to tourists and tourist agencies as well as prominently displayed on notice boards. These eco-tourism complexes should be run primarily by the local management committees formed under EDC. Necessary prior permission from the competent authority under FCA should be taken wherever required. vii. Establish Self Help Groups in the villages and organize necessary training camps for imparting new skills like manufacture of herbal oils, herbal face packs, and bamboo craft etc., resulting in alternative employment generation to the local communities. Select Eco-guides from the local communities, who shall be trained to impart knowledge of nature conservation and prevention of abuse of identified sites. viii. The STR management shall periodically monitor and evaluate the success of the EDC by considering parameters like reduction in number of forest offences, watershed development, involvement of other development agencies, increased alternative sources of employment generation, women empowerment, effective conflict resolving, well established SHGs, reduction in migration to urban areas, increase in annual household income, usufruct sharing etc. ix. Watershed Development Programmes – Thro, EDCs, the main objective is to achieve the holistic development of the villages by treating their watersheds as well as to empower the village communities by providing them adequate training and by establishing Self Help Groups. Various developmental works in the forest as well as non forest areas may be executed with the active cooperation of the village communities. SMC works like CCT, nalla bunding etc. water supply to the fields can be handled by EDCs. The area to be included under EDCs related schemes shall be treated according to the Micro Plans for the area which shall be prepared in consultation with the villagers as per the guide lines given by the Government of Maharashtra State Government Resolutions as mentioned in earlier para.

Merging of Integration of Rural Development Programmes: In the villages existing in the buffer zone, the rural development programmes which are going on shall be brought together and it shall be implemented through the village ecodevelopment

39 committees. Development through District Administration involves a multiplicity of sectors operating in the landscape pursing development, where wildlife concerns have to be integrated through formal contracts/ agreements between the Tiger Conservation Foundation, district authorities and eco-development committees. The responsibilities of various parties should be spelt out in the contract/agreements for safeguarding wildlife concerns along with reciprocal commitments. Normally, such contracts/ agreements should discourage any detrimental practice and assign responsibility to the community for carrying out some interventions. In return, the community should receive an assurance from the tiger reserve authorities for access to certain natural resources in the area or benefits.

Monitoring and Evaluation: Periodic monitoring shall be done by the body of representatives of National Tiger Conservation Authorities and the State Forest Department. There shall be provision for the Mid-term evaluation after the five years of the plan period to suggest for necessary mid-course corrections.

3. AGRICULTURAL ZONE Area – The area for this development is considered as areas under Agricultural (Irrigated or Unirrigated both). It is expected to be about 1100ha (1072.06 ha.) i.e. about only 2% of the buffer zone. Objectives – 1. Co-existence with the wildlife. 2. Increase in the productivity. 3. Increase in the no. of rotations of the crop. 4. Increase in the agriculture use area and thus productivity of the landscape. 5. Monitoring changes in „cover values‟ from agricultural crops and the possibility of wildlife-human interface issues on account of such cover. Strategy – 1. Involvement of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry departments 2. Timely assessment of any compensation claimed and timely payment. 3. To increase irrigation facility. 4. An oversight on the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides 5. Promoting the indigenous high yielding varieties. 6. Encouraging the use of organic cultivation. 7. Adoption of appropriate cropping pattern to reduce crop damage.

Prescriptions - 1. Suitable varieties for the area should be chosen. 2. Cropping pattern involves growing the perennial crops like trees, horticulture or sugarcane shall be raised towards the forest area and seasonal crops like food grains like paddy, wheat or vegetables around the villages, as to reduce the loss of crop damage and attack on humanor cattle by wild animals. Even raising of the repulsive crops like turmeric or ginger would be a better option adjoining the forest boundary to reduce the crop damage by wild animals. 3. Irrigation facility, particularly after rains should be tried to increase, as after paddy crop, wheat can be additional crop which requires less water. 4. Solar fencing and other measures for crop protection shall be tried in the areas adjoining to the forests and for the cluster of farms. 5. Soil and Moisture Conservation activities may be implemented wherever possible. 6. The deep water holes and particularly open wells should have parapet walls of at least 1 mtr. height above ground level to reduce the damage to wildlife by falling into the wells accidentally. 7. Regular trainings, timely supply of seeds and manures need to be monitored through EDCs.

4. Eco-tourism zone: It is an overlapping zone and has been discussed in detail as a separate sub-plan for Eco- tourism development.

7.2.2 Theme Plans –

1. Protection – For the sake of protection, involvement of EDCs should be encouraged and achieved. The secret fund may be appropriately used. The protection of the buffer area has been dealt in detail in the Chapter-11 Protection and Intelligence gathering keeping the special feature of the Sahyadri landscape.

2. Addressing Human-Wildlife interface: No attacks on human beings by wild animals during last three years have been noticed. A few cattle kill cases mostly of leopard have been observed but they are also minimum looking into the area. Crop

41 depredation and cattle kill cases are minimum and incidents are registered and they have been compensated. It is proposed to ensure proactive measures and timely payment of ex-gratia/ compensation as per the Government resolutions of the state, and to win over the confidence of the villagers in buffer area for wildlife conservation and STR management.

3. Ensuring safeguards in the area where infrastructures are developed in the Buffer area – A special theme plan is proposed for ensuring retrofitting safeguards for wildlife in portions of Buffer area in the context of dams, hydro-electric projects, windmills, mining and roads within the buffer area of STR. A mutually agreed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) streamlining the management of buffer area keeping the tiger conservation in focus, shall be put in place with reciprocal commitments for factoring in the concerns of wildlife between the concerned authorities and tiger reserve management and shall be reviewed on a monthly basis.

4. Mainstreaming Strategy with various Production Sectors - Mainstreaming with the various production sectors in the buffer area shall be done, through village eco- development committees and joint forest management committees. This shall ensure benefit to the local villagers and make them self-sufficient, so that pressure will be reduced on the Buffer zone of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve. The resultant shall be a social buffer across the Sahyadri landscape with the coexistence of wild animals and humans. Fisheries - The main fishing source is Vasantsagar of Warna and Shivsagar of Koyna Dam. But, being an integral part of the core/ critical tiger habitat, fishing is prohibited as per Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Tea/ Coffee estates - There are no Tea/ Coffee estates in the buffer zone. Road/ Rail transport – The State Highway No.76 Karad - Chiplun passes through the buffer zone or the Corridor area right in between CNP and KWLS. The traffic in the night time shall be regulated to reduce threat to both wildlife and human beings. No rail transport exists in the buffer area of STR.

Industry - There is no major industry functioning in buffer zone area. Mining – No mining is being permitted or carried out in buffer area. Thermal power plants – There is no thermal power station in the buffer area.

Irrigation projects - Koyna and Warna hydro-electric and irrigation projects are in the STR buffer area, which are the source of irrigation and generates the hydro-electric power and hence plays the vital role in the economy of the western Maharashtra.

Temple tourism - Temple tourism is not in practice in buffer zone area. Communication projects – No communication projects are passing through the buffer.

The development activities for all above theme plans are expected to be through village eco-development committees (EDCs). But in case, any VEDC is inactive or needs to be dissolved, then the RFO in charge of the Range shall take necessary steps to carry out the micro-plan for that particular village.

CHAPTER – 8 Implementation Strategy

To facilitate implementation of the prescriptions in the buffer area, an institutional network is proposed as per the NTCA recommendations, which shall be as follows,

8.1 State level Monitoring Committee

A State level monitoring Committee shall be formed to advice and monitor the implementation strategy, With the following office bearers. i] Chief Secretary of State as Chairman ii] Secretaries of related departments as Members iii] Chief Wildlife Warden as Member Secretary (Assisted by the Field Director of TR)

8.2 Tiger Conservation Foundation and District level Co-ordination Committee. Towards ensuring the convergence of other sectors at the district level for ensuring effective management of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, a district level Coordination Committee is proposed with the following members.,

(i) District Collector - Chairman (ii) CEO - Member (iii) Representative officials from - Member PWD, Social Welfare, Tribal Department, Health Department, Agriculture Department, Education Department, Power and Irrigation Departments. (iv) Representative of various - Members Government/ private production sectors/ MTDC (V) Deputy Director (DFO-Buffer) of the - Member Secretary Sahyadri Tiger Reserve

Tiger Conservation Foundation has been formed for Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and its buffer and adjoining landscape. 1) The name of the Trust shall be the Sahyadri Tiger Conservation Foundation which hereafter shall be referred to as the 'The Foundation'. 2) The head office of the Foundation is located at Kolhapur, in Maharashtra. 3) Area of operation of the Foundation is Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and its Adjoining Landscape. 8.3 Formation of Eco-development Committees (EDCs), Confederation of Supporting Institutions like Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Nature Clubs Eco-development committees shall be formed in the 81 villages of buffer zone. Self help groups shall be promoted in Eco-development Committees and it shall be ensured to make them self sufficient with the help of Forest Departments staff members. Confederation of Eco-development committees, Joint Forest Management Committees and Self help groups along with the nature clubs functioning in the area shall be formed. 8.4 Livelihood Support Initiatives through Village Micro Plans

Village micro plans shall be aimed at providing livelihood support to the villagers and formation of institution for the purpose shall be aimed at so that they shall work autonomously. 8.5 Integration of Rural Development Programmes

All the rural development programmes going on in the buffer zone with and without the help of district authorities shall be integrated and they shall work in coordination. 8.6 The Local Advisory Committee – It has been formed as per as per Government Resolution dt.09-11-2012 for eco- tourism purposes. Meetings of LAC was held on 24.12.2012 and 2.1.2013. Accordingly, the Eco-tourism Sub-plan for STR has been prepared and submitted. 8.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring shall be done through district level committee formed for the purpose and mid-term evaluation shall be done after five years. Efforts shall be made to develop an objective and measurable monitoring criteria and indicators for the buffer area. After careful analysis of the results, necessary corrective measures shall be undertaken to improve the habitat and prey base in buffer area.

CHAPTER 9

Research, Monitoring, Training and Wildlife Health

9.1 Research Priorities, Main Projects and Implementation : Research and monitoring activities on various aspects of wildlife management and wildlife health in the buffer zone shall be taken up. Some important aspects which need to be covered under this are as given below. i) Faunal and Floral survey of the buffer area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve with special reference to the wildlife covered under various schedules appended to Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and also other endangered, threatened and keystone species. ii) Field survey to assess the status of flora and fauna as per IUCN Red data listing. iii) Regeneration survey of buffer of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve with special emphasis on endangered plants. This research activity should explain particular focus on the flora which the wild animals feed on especially in the scarcity period. iv) Assessment of territories and home ranges of important carnivores in the buffer of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and also seasonal fluctuations in it. v) Surveillance and monitoring of wildlife health. vi) Testing of forest soil to assess the mineral deficiency, so that adequate focus mineral could be supplemented through salt licks, waterholes etc. vii) Survey of water holes in order to test its hygiene with respect to infestation by helminthes, a harmful protozoan etc. viii) Response of the wildlife to the changes introduced by management like habitat manipulation. ix) Methods to avoid crop depredation by wild animals to the agricultural fields in and around the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve. These methods should not put the wild animals under stress and be cost effective. x) Photographic monitoring of habitat conditions, in order to provide time series of habitat conditions, and habitat factors undergoing changes. This should be done particularly before and after the occurrence of the event viz. onset of fire season, grazing, various seasons, clearing etc. xi) Monitoring of the impact of tourism on the Wildlife. xii) Monitoring of tourist inflow and preferences though feedback.

. 9.2 Monitoring Framework : Monitoring of research on wildlife in buffer area shall be done by the office the Field Director, Sahyadri Tiger Reserve. 9.3 Training Needs Assessment - Have been discussed in Core Zone plan Chapter 8.4. 9.4 HRD Plan - Have been discussed in Core Zone plan Chapter 8.5. Details are shown in Annexure II of this plan.

9.5 WILDLIFE HEALTH MONITORING : Services of the Veterinary Doctors available in the District Veterinary Health Department, Zilla Parishad shall be made available for Management of buffer zone. These local vets shall be placed on the panel with the STR for regular follow-up.

9.6 MORTALITY SURVEY : Annual figures about death of the animals of schedule-I and schedule-II shall be called from the RFOs working in buffer zone and the same shall be entered in the register of office of Field Director, Sahyadri Tiger Reserve from the year wise figure the figures of mortality for 5 to 10 years span shall be calculated. The protocol as prescribed by the NTCA with respect to mortality of Tiger and other animals shall be complied carefully.

Chapter – 10

Tiger Population and Habitat Assessment

Phase–III and IV monitoring techniques laid down by NTCA are being used for estimation of Tigers. Camera trap or Snap-shot technique shall be used for Estimation of tiger in buffer zone under the guidance of the staff of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and the guidance and training shall be extended to the field staff working in buffer zone.

10.1 Daily Monitoring Protocol :

 To obtain data on the presence, absence and intensity of use of a beat by tigers and other carnivores, we shall quantify the relative abundance of tiger, leopard, and carnivore signs in an area. The following procedure needs to be followed for data collection.

 A forest beat shall be considered as a sampling unit.

 Areas within the beat that that have the maximum potential for tiger occupancy shall be intensively searched.

 Since tigers and leopards have a tendency of using dirt roads, trails, foot paths, river beds and nallas, these landscape features within the beat need to be searched intensively. One to three persons who know the terrain and habitat features of the beat should conduct the search for tiger sign. There should be 3-5 separate searches (in different compartments within the beat and/or at different times 1-5 days apart) each search covering about 4-6 km distance in areas having the best potential for tiger presence. It is important to record the distance covered and the time spent during each search separately (in the data sheet-1) and accurately. If time is spent resting or in other activities while conducting the search, this duration should be reported separately. If possible the GPS coordinate of the beginning point of each search path should be recorded. The total minimum distance covered while searching for tiger and other carnivore sign should be 15 km per beat. Tiger and leopard signs should be classified into the following categories 1) Pugmark trails, 2) Scats (Old :

dry with hair and bones visible; Fresh: dry but intact with shiny surface; Very Fresh: soft, moist, and smelly, 3) Scrapes, 4) Scent marks (spray, rolling), 5) Rake marks on trunks, 6) Actual sighting, 7) Roaring (vocalization).Figure.1. Sampling for Tiger

 A brief description of the topography and forest type is to be recorded for each sign.

 In case of pugmark trails, each trail set is considered as one sign (not each pugmark as one sign). In case a tiger (or other carnivore) continues to walk along a dirt road for a long distance (say 1 km), then this should be considered as one sign, and a comment recorded in the remarks section of the data regarding distance covered by a pugmark trail of a single tiger.

10.2 Tiger Population Estimation Framework (Phase I, II and III)

Protocol for daily monitoring / forecasting of tiger presence in a habitat 1. Lay 5 pugmark impression pads (PIPS) in a beat, preferably in areas frequented by tigers. 2. The distance between two successive PIPS should be 1.5 km. 3. The size of PIPS should be 6m X 3m. 4. Monitor the PIPS once a week for tiger evidences (pugmarks/ scats) or use camera traps if available. 5. Take photographs as well as plaster casts of pugmarks; if possible. 6. Sudden, drastic reduction in tiger evidences is warning (forecasting) 7. Following proforma shall be filled everyday by each team and by individual forest guard while moving in his beat. The tiger population monitoring is normally a total count (census) of country wide tiger population every 4 years and within tiger reserve every year. The census is based on intensive monitoring of tigers within areas identifying individual tigers by visual inspection of pugmarks, tracing/plaster cast. This methodology has come under the severe criticism. Major limitation of these techniques is (1) it relies on subjective (expert knowledge) identification of tigers based on their pugmarks. (2) The pugmarks of a tiger are likely to vary within substrate, tracings/casts and the tiger's gait. (3) It is not possible to obtain pugmarks of tigers from all tiger occupied landscapes, and (4) the method

49 attempts a total count of all tigers. An alternative proposed by tiger biologists is to use individually identified tiger by camera traps in a capture recapture statistical framework to estimate tiger densities. The other two potential methods that can be used in smaller sample areas for monitoring source tiger populations are the individual identification of tigers from digital images of their pugmarks and tiger DNA profiles obtained from scats and other non-invasive techniques.

10.3 Habitat Assessment Framework

Habitat Assessment is done by traversing on transect line drawn in each beat on ground and which represents the Geography and the forest types in the area and noting down the trees and forest types on every four hundred meters on the transect line.

10.4 Spatial Database Development

The spatial and aspatial data that are likely to influence tiger occupancy of a landscape shall be used for modeling in a GIS domain. The vegetation map, terrain model, night light satellite data, drainage, transportation network, forest cover, climate data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, livestock abundance, human density, socio-economic parameters, etc shall be used for modeling habitat condition and tiger occupancy. Beat-wise vegetation sampling shall be done to generate broad vegetation map. Satellite data shall be used. Part of these components shall be done in collaboration with WII, Dehradun and Forest Survey of India, Kolhapur. This modeling shall help in determining current spatial distribution of tigers, potential habitats, threats to crucial linkages between occupied landscapes and conservation planning.

10.5 Analysis and Reporting Framework

Beat wise and transect line wise data shall be stored in division office in computer. It shall be send to wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun for analysis. After analysis the Wildlife Institute of India reports the estimated figure of carnivores. Estimation of herbivores shall be done by waterhole count method on full moon night in month of April every year.

Chapter – 11

Protection and Intelligence Gathering

11.1 Deployment of native workforce

As far as possible local labourers shall be engaged for all type of works which are casual or temporary.

The Strike Force : There is no formal strike force at present. However, with the existence of wireless system the available staff/ labourers shall be asked to move to the require destination if the problem arise. Further, on the lines of the NTCA recommendations, Special Tiger Protection Force shall be put in place for effective protection of the area. The essential manpower for STPF shall be drawn from the local workforce ensuring employment of the local people and also better source for local intelligence gathering.

11.2 Patrolling Strategy including Joint patrolling : There shall be Forest Stations in the buffer area of STR. A Forest Guard with 2labourers or 2-3 guards Headquarter associated with Forester‟s Headquarter shall patrols the nearby forest areas. Such Headquarters/ protection huts are proposed at Kandati, Akalpe, Chalkevadi, Kathi, Ghanbi, Rasati,Ghatmatha, Nav, Atoli, Paneri, Satar , Jinti, Udagiri and Amba. Joint Patrolling with Police and adjoining forest staff can be arranged by local officers at the time of need.

The vehicles and base station shall communicate with each other. It is decided to supplement the wireless system by mobile phone system. Detailed Wireless System has been considered in Security Plan.

11.3 Maintenance of Village level Crime Dossiers - Role of EDCs/ JFMCs –

It shall be ensured that members of EDCs/ JFMCs play an active and a crucial role in forest protection and intelligence gathering. The secretaries of these committees being forest guards/ foresters, hence are expected to keep and maintain a regular relations with local people and maintain a village level crime dossier. It shall be updated time to time and may be used in investigation of any forest offence , not only for that village. Informer‟s secrecy for any information shall be ensured. 51

11.4 Fire Protection –

The fire protection work is presently done by the respective RFOs in territorial division. It is proposed to clear all the fire lines of the trees growing on them. The trees on the fire lines poses threat of fire through the falling leaves even after the lines are burnt. It is proposed to create new fire lines along all the compartment lines where they do not exist. This shall also create additional edges for wild animals.

11.5 Intelligence Gathering and Coordination

There needs to be a perfect coordination with police. The staff shall be trained in intelligence gathering about wildlife crimes. The villagers shall also be asked to co- operate and convey the local staff if there is movement of any strange person in an around the reserve. It is proposed to establish secret fund for such work.

Chapter – 12

Eco- Tourism, Interpretation and Nature Education

Chapter deleted as separate Eco-tourism sub-plan prepared.

Chapter 13 Organisation, Administration and Budget 13.1 Buffer Areas Coordination Committee and its Linkages with Tiger Steering Committee and Tiger Conservation Foundation There shall be Buffer area co-ordination committee as per local advisory committee as per Government Resolution Dt. 09.11.2012 and it shall have linkages with tiger steering Committee and Sahyadri Tiger Conservation Foundation. DFO/ Deputy Director (buffer) shall be the responsible authority for such necessary co-ordination. 13.2 Coordination with EDCs, Confederation and other Line Agencies/ Departments/ Production Sectors The buffer area co-ordination committee or local advisory committee shall integrate the activities of all the Eco-development committees and Joint Forest Management committees in the buffer zone. The co-ordination committee shall have coordination with Tiger Conservation Foundation for Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and also with the other line agencies and departments. 13.3 Staff Deployment The Tiger Conservation foundation and Buffer area co-ordination committee shall deploy its own staff. 13.4 Fund Raising Strategies The Central and State sponsored Schemes, District Planning and Development Committee Funds shall the main source for all type of Ecodevelopment activities in the buffer zone. In addition, The Tiger Conservation foundation being an autonomous body shall have liberty to accept donations, money from government and authority to raise fund from people at large and to use/ recycle for the area. 13.5 Schedule of Operations Schedule of operations shall be as per the plans of Eco-development Committees. For forestry operations, normal schedule of forestry operations shall operate. 13.6 Activity Budget The details of activity budget to implement the prescription of the Tiger Conservation Plan for Ten Years is given in Annexure III.

REFERENCES

 Management Plans of Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Chandoli National Park  Working Plans of Chiplun, Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur Divisions  Monitoring Tigers, co–predators, prey and their habitats by Y.V. Jhala, Qamar Qureshi, Rajesh Gopal and Rajan Amin - 2009, Published by WII, Dehradun and NTCA, New Delhi  Guidelines for preparation of Tiger Conservation Plan. A technical document of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. NTCA/01/07 by Rajesh Gopal, Sinha P.R., Mathur V. B., Jhala Y. V. and Q. Qureshi. 2007.

ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE – I Villages in Buffer Area (Outside P.A.) in STR Sr. Village Forest Area Working Comp. No. Human No. Circle Population Dist. Satara Tal- Mahabaleshwar 1 Kandat 0.00 -- -- 123.00 2 Uchat 761.05 PWC 354,354A,365,366 232.00 3 Waghavale * -- -- 0.00 4 Lamaj 394.38 PWC 354,354A,357,357A,358,358A 403.00

5 Nivali 403.2 PWC 300,356,356A,357,357A 225.00 6 Akalpe 610.19 PWC 301,301A,355,355A,356,356A 414.00

7 Pimpri Tarf Tamb 569.88 PWC 299,299A,300A,303,303A 231.00

2738.70 1628.00 Dist. Satara Tal- Jaoli 8 Waghali 104.97 PWC 306 38.00 9 Muinavle 652.61 PWC 298,307,322, 544.00 10 Umbari vadi 105.14 PWC 67 614.00 11 Shembadi bd. 0.00 -- -- 217.00 12 Kargaon 1865.68 PWC 319,319A,320,321,321A,325,326, 307.00 326A,327,327A,328,328A 2728.40 1720.00 Dist. Satara Tal- Satara 13 Kelvali 338.50 PWC 250,323,324 375 14 Sandvali 337.50 PWC 250,324 273 15 Chalkewadi 0.00 -- -- 819 16 Chikali 0.00 -- -- 815 17 Jambhe 0.00 -- -- 579 676.00 2861.00 Dist. Satara Tal- Patan 18 Bhambe 0.00 -- -- 318.00 19 Kushi 2.26 PWC 640 635.00 20 Bamnewadi 0.00 -- -- 788.00 21 Kathi 0.00 -- -- 800.00 22 Ghanbi 0.00 -- -- 621.00 23 Vatole 564.79 PWC 437,438 984.00 24 Karvat 561.09 PWC 457,458,459,460 634.00 25 Baje 0.00 -- -- 370.00 26 Nanel 0.00 -- -- 227.00 27 Gadhavkhop 205.03 PWC 434 316.00 28 Rasati 149.47 PWC 435 1540.00 29 Shivandeshwar 137.25 PWC 433 571.00

30 Bopoli 0.00 -- -- 508.00 31 Dhankal 241.93 PWC 427,429 418.00 Sr. Village Forest Area Working Comp. No. Human No. Circle Population 32 Nechal 590.74 PWC 427 301.00 33 Nav 261.23 PWC 493P,494,497 282.00 34 waghane 776.48 PWC 480,481,482,483,498 0.00 35 Kondhavle 268.45 PWC 475,476,477 903.00 36 Mendheghar 272.00 37 Kemse 0.00 -- -- 108.00 38 Helwak 0.00 -- -- 734.00 39 Gothane 551.7 PWC 491,492,494,495,496 227.00 40 Atoli 1212.42 PWC 519 to 527 880.00 41 Humbarne 908.19 PWC 525,529 to 532 177.00 42 Paneri 457.2 PWC 521 to 524,574 640.00 43 Karale 93.91 PWC 571,572 580.00 44 Satar 740.45 PWC 566,567,569,570,573 404.00 45 Jinti 51.25 PWC 554 1530.00 46 Kasani 665.04 PWC 560,615,620 954.00 8438.88 16722.00

Dist. Sangli Tal- Shirala

47 Mandoor 504.43 IWC 17 0.00 504.43 0.00 Dist. Kolhapur Tal- Shahuwadi 48 Ukhalu 284.92 PWC 991,992 1757.00 49 Udgiri 1221.46 PWC 980 to 987 1265.00 50 Golivane 790.25 PWC 1014 to 1018 0.00 51 Parle Ninai 586.96 PWC 1019 to 1021 1762.00 52 Wakoli 157.2 PWC 1027 539.00 53 Chandoli 164.4 PWC 1028 740.00 54 kerle 184.55 PWC 1029 937.00 55 Talavade 76.66 PWC 1030 A 392.00 56 Amba 318.16 PWC 1030B,1031,1032B 1136.00 3784.56 8528.00 Dist. Ratnagiri Tal- Khed 57 Kumbhad 172.88 - - - 58 Nive 120.94 - - - 293.82 - Dist. Ratnagiri Tal- Sangameshwar 59 Ratambi 21.74 - - - 60 Kundi 41.16 - - - 62.90 - TOTAL 13750.29 28203.00

ANNEXURE –II

STAFF FOR SUPERVISORY OFFICES UNDER STR

1. Staff for Field Director STR and Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) Kolhapur at Kolhapur

Chief Conservator of Forests For STR 01 Divisional Forest Officer For Office 01 Office Superintendent For Office 01 Head Accountants For Est. 1, Plan, Non Plan 1 02 Statisticians Sr.Gr. For Statistics 01 Accountants For Plan 01, Non Plan 01, 03 Estt. 01 Clerks Offence 01, Paybill 01, Misc. 01, 03 Ranger Surveyor For Land Section 01 Surveyor For Field and Rehabilitation 01 Steno (Sr.Gr.1, Jr.Gr. 1) Office 02 Car Driver Car 01 01 Jeep Driver Jeep 01 01 Watchman Office 01 Peon Office 03 Data Entry Operator Office 02

2. Staff for Divisional Forest Officer Buffer (Wildlife) STR at Karad

DFO For Buffer Area Planning and Supervision 01 Head Accountants Office 01 Statisticians Jr.Gr. For Statistics 01 Accountants For Plan 01, Non Plan 01, Estt. 01 03 Clerks Offence 01, Paybill 01, Misc. 01, 03 Steno Office 01 Jr. Engineer Office 01 Jeep Driver Jeep 01 01 Watchman Office 01 Peon Office 03 Data Entry Operator Office 01 Veterinary Officer For Field Purpose 01

3. Staff for Divisional Forest Officer Buffer (Wildlife) STR at Karad

ACF For Planning and Supervision 01 Accountants For Plan and Non Plan 01, Estt. 01 02 Clerks Offence 01, Paybill 01, Misc. 01 03 Surveyor For field and rehabilitation 01 Forester For patrolling 01 Forest Guard For patrolling 01 Jeep Driver Jeep 01 01 Watchman Office 01 Peon Office 02 Data Entry Operator Office 01

5. Staff for Assistant Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) Islampur

6. Staff for Assistant Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) Patan

7. Staff for Assistant Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) Mobile Squad/ Rescue team

ACF For Patrolling/Rescue Operation 01 Forester For patrolling 01 Forest Guard For patrolling 03 Clerk For Office, Playbills and Accountant 01 Watchman Office 01 Peon Office 01 Helpers For Patrolling/Rescue Operation 06

Total No. of Posts Proposed for Sahyadri Tiger Reserve Sr.No. Name of Post Existing Post Proposed Post 1 Field Director 0 01 2 DFO 01 03 3 ACF 02 04 4 RFO 03 09 5 R.O. 04 22 6 F.G. 38 140 7 Helpers 10 170 8 Launch Driver 01 06 9 Launch Tandel 01 06 10 Car Driver 01 01 11 Jeep Drivers 01 13 12 Ranger Surveyor 00 01 13 Surveyor 01 04 14 O.S. 00 01 15 H.A. 01 03 16 Accountants 02 17 17 Clerks 07 22 18 Steno Sr.Gr. 00 01 19 Steno Jr.Gr. 01 03 20 Statisticians Sr.Gr. 00 01 21 Statisticians Jr.Gr. 00 02 22 Jr. Engineer 00 02 23 Watchman 00 07 24 Peons 01 16 25 Veterinary Officer 00 01 26 Data Entry Operators 00 07 TOTAL 75 463

Annexure II Continued PROPOSED RANGEWISE AREA OF SAHYADRI TIGR RESERVE Sr. District Taluka Village Comptt.No. Area Total No. Forest Non Forest 1) TALUKA - MAHABALESHWAR (H.Q. SHINDI ) 1 Satara M.shwar Kandat -- 0.00 1473.00 1473.00 2 Satara M.shwar Uchat 364,365,366,367 761.05 357.95 1119.00 3 Satara M.shwar Waghawale -- 0.00 569.69 569.69 4 Satara M.shwar Lamaj 354,354A,357,357A 394.98 582.61 977.59 5 Satara M.shwar Niwali 356,356A,357,358, 358A 407.24 364.22 771.46 6 Satara M.shwar Akalpe 300 A, 300, 301 , 301 A, 610.19 605.67 1215.86 355, 355 A, 356, 356A 7 Satara M.shwar Pimpari t. 299, 299 A, 300 A, 303 569.88 602.73 1172.61 Tamb A, 303 8 Ratnagiri Khed Kumbhad 25 172.88 0.00 172.88 9 Satara M.shwar Parvat -- 0.00 589.38 589.38 10 Satara M.shwar Walvan 347(P), 348 to 351,352(P) 881.48 347.61 1229.09 11 Satara M.shwar Chakdeo -- 0.00 153.77 153.77 12 Satara M.shwar Shindi 345,346,347 (P), 352(P), 448.92 374.91 823.83 13 Satara M.shwar Metshindi 14 Satara M.shwar Arav 344, 344 A, 353, 353 A 315.33 333.47 648.80 (P) 15 Satara M.shwar Morni 353 A (P) 146.68 128.06 274.74 14 Satara M.shwar Mahalunge 342,342 A, 343, 343 A 680.45 178.92 859.37 5389.08 6661.99 12051.07 2) TALUKA JAWALI, (H.Q. BAMNOLI) 1 Satara Jawali Shembadi Bk. -- 0.00 309.00 309.00 2 Satara Jawali Vaghali 306 Pt. 104.97 207.03 312.00 3 Satara Jawali Munawale 306Pt.,307,322 407.02 787.98 1195.00 4 Satara Jawali Umbariwadi 313 258.02 222.98 481.00 5 Satara Jawali Kargaon 319,320,321,321A, 1643.53 1004.47 2648.00 326,326A 6 Ratnagiri Khed Nive 26 120.94 0.00 120.94 7 Satara Jawali Ravandi 341(P), 341 A (P) 103.51 165.19 268.70 8 Satara Jawali Adoshi 339, 339A, 340,340A, 715.64 135.06 850.70 341 (P), 341 A (P) 9 Satara Jawali Madoshi 337, 337A, 338, 338 A 378.71 142.13 520.84 10 Satara Jawali Kusapur 302,302 A, 303(P) 274.59 229.84 504.43 11 Satara Jawali Khirkhindi 304,304 A 190.77 316.74 507.51 12 Satara Jawali Wasota 305,305 A 258.32 133.78 392.10 13 Satara Jawali Met Indoli 331 TO 336,331 A, 332 A, 1152.43 68.52 1220.95 335 A, 336A 63

14 Satara Jawali Tambi 331 B 657.90 239.68 897.58 15 Satara Jawali Kusawade 329,330 567.41 217.81 785.22 16 Satara Jawali Maldeo 368,369(P) 638.23 7.42 645.65 17 Satara Jawali Takavali 369(P),373,374 758.54 466.01 1224.55 18 Satara Jawali Pali Tarf Tamb 375 TO 379 947.65 297.50 1245.15 19 Satara Jawali Jungati 388 TO 391,392(P), 1198.51 385.45 1583.96 393 (P) 10376.69 5336.59 15713.28 3) TALUKA JAWALI PART and SATARA, (H.Q. SATARA) 1 Satara Jawali Jambrukh 400 291.66 238.93 530.59 2 Satara Jawali Vele 383, 383A, 384. 384A, 385, 1473.26 641.34 2114.60 385 A (P) ,386, 386 A, 387, 387 A 3 Satara Jawali Sarvat 385 A (P) 14.92 319.93 334.85 4 Satara Jawali Deur 370 TO 372, 380 TO 382, 1425.45 714.74 2140.19 370 A, 380 A 5 Satara Satara Kelawali 323,324Pt. 337.50 249.41 586.91 6 Satara Satara Sandavali 250,324Pt. 337.50 169.71 507.21 7 Satara Satara Chalkewadi -- 0.00 1321.71 1321.71 8 Satara Satara Chikhali -- 0.00 866.00 866.00 9 Satara Satara Jambhe -- 0.00 542.00 542.00 10 Satara Patan Kushi -- 2.26 716.74 719.00 11 Satara Patan Bhambe -- 0.00 218.98 218.98 12 Satara Patan Bamanewadi -- 0.00 440.65 440.65 3882.55 6440.14 10322.69 4) TALUKA PATAN, (H.Q. KOYNANAGAR ) KOYNA WEST 1 Satara Patan Karanjawade 392(P),393(P), 394 TO 977.34 407.86 1385.20 397, 2 Satara Patan Rohine 398 372.04 205.54 577.58 3 Satara Patan Taloshi 401, 412 (P) 252.13 280.79 532.92 4 Satara Patan Dhokawale 399, 402 476.22 143.42 619.64 5 Satara Patan Shirshinge 403 TO 410, 411 (P) 1670.18 214.41 1884.59 6 Satara Patan Dicholi -- 0.00 859.13 859.13 7 Satara Patan Zadoli 412 (P),411(P) 189.63 141.37 331.00 8 Satara Patan Punawali 411(P), 412(P), 412 A, 411 A 104.59 282.04 386.63 9 Satara Patan Kisrule 413, 414, 416 714.86 347.14 1062.00 10 Satara Patan Navaja 415 A, 415(P), 417 TO 420, 1134.66 661.48 1796.14 421, 422(P), 11 Satara Patan Mirgaon 415 (P), 422(P) 101.41 437.41 538.82 12 Satara Patan Kamargaon 431 (P) 17.27 266.68 283.95 13 Satara Patan Humbarli 430(P),431(P),432 (P), 433 372.83 222.56 595.39 (P), 14 Satara Patan Deshmukhwadi 0 0 0 15 Satara Patan Gokul 432(P), 433 (P) 232.89 609.43 842.32 64

16 Satara Patan Torne 423, 424, 425 , 430(P) 716.10 329.35 1045.45 17 Satara Patan Ghatmatha 426 79.78 128.63 208.41 7411.93 5537.24 12949.17 5) TALUKA PATAN, (H.Q. KOYNANAGAR ) KOYNA EAST 1 Satara Patan Kusawade 429 A, 400 A 369.15 2719.27 3088.42 2 Satara Patan Van 0 0 0 3 Satara Patan Nahimbe 428 (P) 103.70 513.83 617.53 4 Satara Patan Ambeghar 428 (P) 123.61 98.50 222.11 5 Satara Patan Aral 429 174.44 1014.75 1189.19 6 Satara Patan Kathi -- 0.00 354.00 354.00 7 Satara Patan Gojegaon 428 (P) 282.30 1849.91 2132.21 8 Satara Patan Gawadewadi 0 0 0 9 Satara Patan Dhuilwadi 0 0 0 10 Satara Patan Chirambe 436(P) 159.40 112.19 271.59 11 Satara Patan Dastan 436(P) 56.10 137.51 193.61 12 Satara Patan Wajegaon 436(P) 352.24 968.18 1320.42 13 Satara Patan Deoghar -- 0.00 24.20 24.20 T. Helwak 14 Satara Patan Ghanbi -- 0.00 993.00 993.00 15 Satara Patan Watole 436,437,438 390.43 520.57 911.00 16 Satara Patan Karvat 459,461,460Pt., 458Pt. 564.69 287.31 852.00 17 Satara Patan Baje -- 0.00 313.00 313.00 18 Satara Patan Nanel -- 0.00 335.00 335.00 19 Satara Patan Gadhavkhop 434Pt. 120.81 285.19 406.00 20 Satara Patan Bopoli -- 0.00 46.00 46.00 Satara Patan Rasati 435,434Pt. 128.87 641.13 770.00 2825.74 11213.54 14039.28 6) TALUKA PATAN, (H.Q. HELWAK) HELWAK 1 Satara Patan Kolane 1 169.12 304.40 473.52 2 Satara Patan Patharpunj 2 660.70 302.58 963.28 3 Satara Patan Male 3,4 1141.16 548.65 1689.81 4 Sangli Shirala Chandoli Kd. 12 1104.84 55.81 1160.65 5 Sangli Shirala Rundiv 5 803.64 203.88 1007.52 6 Sangli Shirala Rundiv 6 832.52 0.00 832.52 7 Satara Patan Shivandeshwar 433Pt. 104.14 462.86 567.00 8 Satara Patan Dhankal 427Pt.,479 241.97 302.03 544.00 9 Satara Patan Nechal 477Pt..,475Pt. 605.71 286.29 892.00 10 Satara Patan Khemase -- 0.00 382.00 382.00 11 Satara Patan Helwak -- 0.00 62.00 62.00 12 Satara Patan Nav 473Pt.,474,497 289.97 149.03 439.00 13 Satara Patan Kondavale 500, 499 299.71 521.29 821.00 14 Satara Patan Mendeghar 477Pt. 71.04 302.96 374.00 15 Satara Patan Vaghane 498,499,487Pt.,450Pt. 805.44 35.56 841.00

16 Satara Patan Gothane 495,494Pt.,496Pt., 493Pt. 400.56 731.44 1132.00 17 Satara Patan Atoli 523,520,522,579,524,525Pt. 1224.95 487.05 1712.00 18 Satara Patan Humbarane 529,530,531Pt.,527 979.48 121.52 1101.00 19 Ratnagiri S.meshwar Ratmbi 35 21.74 0.00 21.74 9756.69 5259.35 15016.04 7) TALUKA SHIRALA, (H.Q. MANDUR) MADUR NORTH 1 Sangli Shirala Siddeshwar 7 1255.50 0.00 1255.50 2 Sangli Shirala Siddeshwar 8 471.83 182.19 654.02 3 Sangli Shirala Bhogiv 9 583.04 194.21 777.25 4 Sangli Shirala Jaoli 11 437.49 171.21 608.70 5 Sangli Shirala Gave 13 366.05 182.73 548.78 6 Sangli Shirala Ambole 10 449.56 168.29 617.85 7 Sangli Shirala Lotiv 14 501.12 145.49 646.61 8 Sangli Shirala Nivale 15 660.40 284.56 944.96 9 Sangli Shirala Petlond 18 276.48 670.42 946.90 10 Sangli Shirala Aloli 17 216.88 107.25 324.13 11 Sangli Shirala Veti 16 613.02 265.41 878.43 9184.39 2886.18 12070.57 8) TALUKA SHIRALA and PATAN, (H.Q.MANDUR) MANDUR NORTH 1 Sangli Shirala Takale 19 796.33 102.39 898.72 2 Sangli Shirala Zolambi 20 844.52 68.64 913.16 3 Sangli Shirala Zolambi 21 377.04 510.07 887.11 4 Sangli Shirala Khundalapur 24 0.00 684.31 684.31 5 Sangli Shirala Nandoli 23 596.59 390.67 987.26 6 Sangli Shirala Devare 22 22.36 254.88 277.24 7 Sangli Shirala Konoli 22 0.00 280.12 280.12 8 Sangli Shirala Chandoli Bd. 25 0.00 383.51 383.51 9 Satara Patan Paneri 514,578 434.37 608.63 1043.00 10 Satara Patan Satar 566, 567,569,573,590 659.53 226.47 886.00 11 Satara Patan Karale 571,572 355.67 326.33 682.00 12 Satara Patan Jinti 554Pt, 51.25 958.75 1010.00 13 Satara Patan Kasani 557Pt.,558Pt., 615,620 644.61 302.39 947.00 14 Sangli Shirala Mandoor 17 520.42 801.92 1322.34 5302.69 5899.09 11201.77 9) TALUKA SHAHUWADI, (H.Q. AMBA) AMBA 1 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Nivale 32 643.60 0.00 643.60 2 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Nivale 31 0.00 766.54 766.54 3 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Tanali 30 645.46 174.31 819.77 4 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Sonarli 29 537.09 454.63 991.72 5 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Durgewadi 28 461.76 360.72 822.48 6 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Karde 27 320.23 390.95 711.18 7 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Wadihudumb 27 128.87 116.46 245.33 8 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Tambave 26 478.40 215.50 693.90

9 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Amboli 0 45.13 236.83 281.96 15 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Ukhalu 991,992,993,994, 598.81 661.19 1260.00 10 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Chandel 36 1213.49 0.00 1213.49 11 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Chandel 35 944.85 163.41 1108.26 12 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Dhakale 33,34 1153.52 351.00 1504.52 13 Ratnagiri S.meshwar Kundi 36 B 41.16 0.00 41.16 14 Ratnagiri S.meshwar Gothane 37,38,39 105.27 2217.93 2323.20 16 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Udagiri 980,981,982,983,987 1214.47 0.00 1214.47 17 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Goliwane 1014,1018, 790.07 0.00 790.07 18 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Paraleninai 1019,.1021 575.75 0.00 575.75 19 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Wakoli 1027 157.20 0.00 157.20 20 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Chandoli 1028 164.40 0.00 164.40 21 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Kerle 1029 184.55 0.00 184.55 22 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Talawade 1030 A 229.10 0.00 229.10 23 Kolhapur Shahuwadi Amba 1030B,1031, 1032 A 318.16 0.00 318.16 10951.34 6109.47 17060.81

ANNEXURE No. III (Para No. 15.6) ACTIVITY BUDGET BUFFER ZONE

Name of Activity Year wise Distribution (Rs. In Lakh)

Sr. Buffer Plan

14 15 16 17 18 19

- - - - -

No. Para No. -

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 A. Habitat Improvement Works Water Augmentation(Cleaning of water holes, Nalabunding etc) 8.5 4.00 4.40 4.84 5.32 5.85 6.44 Meadow Development 8.5 4.00 4.40 4.84 5.32 5.85 6.44 Royalty for Private Forests Rs. 2000/-ha for 20 ha/annum 4.00 4.40 4.84 5.32 5.85 6.44 Total A 12.00 13.20 14.52 15.96 17.55 19.32

B. Ecodevelopment Works-81 villages Preparation of Micro plans 81-15=66 villages 8.2 2.20 2.20 2.20 - - - Providing alternative to natural resources 8.2 30.00 96.00 96.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 Solar items at villages 8.2 30.00 96.00 96.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 Maintenance and Development of natural water holes 8.2 45.00 144.00 144.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 Other EDC microplan activities 8.2 45.00 144.00 474.00 405.00 405.00 405.00 Total B 152.20 482.20 812.20 810.00 810.00 810.00

C. Research, Monitoring, Training Research 11.1 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Training 11.3 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 Amenities to Field Staff Project Allowance 11.5 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Other Amenities 11.5 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 In centive to staff 11.5 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Tour of other state 11.5 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.00 Total C 19.00 17.75 18.50 19.25 20.50 21.25

D. Tiger Population and Habitat Assessment Census of Tiger and Other wild animals (Total D) 12.0 3.00 3.30 3.60 3.90 4.20 4.50

E. Protection and Intelligence gathering Wages for Deployment of native workforce 13.1 27.43 28.50 30.25 33.28 36.60 40.80 Vehicle purchase for patrolling (9 ranges) and replacement 13.2 18.00 18.00 18.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Maintenance and fuel for vehicles. 13.2 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Intelligence gathering (secret service fund) 13.5 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Total E 54.43 55.50 57.25 48.28 51.60 55.80

F. Eco-Tourism Interpretation and Nature Edu. Tourist Complexes 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 20.00 Vehicles for tourism safari 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 Separate Plan Signages Rs. 15000 per Sqm. 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Nature Education/ Publicity 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Total F 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 230.00 40.00 Grand Total 470.63 801.95 1136.07 1127.39 1133.85 950.87

ANNEXURE III CONTINUED (ACTIVITY BUDGET BUFFER ZONE)

Name of Activity Year wise Distribution (Rs. In Lakh)

Sr. Buffer Plan

20 21 22 23

- - -

No. Para No. -

2019 2020 2021 2022 Total A. Habitat Improvement Works

Water Augmentation(Cleaning of water holes, 8.5 7.09 7.79 8.57 9.43 63.73 Nalabunding etc) Meadow Development 8.5 7.09 7.79 8.57 9.43 63.73

Royalty for Private Forests Rs. 2000/-ha for 20 7.09 7.79 8.57 9.43 63.73 ha/annum Total A 21.27 23.37 25.71 28.29 191.19

B. Ecodevelopment Works-81 villages

Preparation of Micro plans 81-15=66 villages 8.2 - - - - 6.60

Providing alternative to natural resources 8.2 135.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 1167.00

Solar items at villages 8.2 135.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 1167.00

Maintenance and Development of natural water holes 8.2 135.00 135.00 135.00 135.00 1278.00

Other EDC microplan activities 8.2 405.00 405.00 405.00 405.00 3498.00

Total B 810.00 810.00 810.00 810.00 7116.60

C. Research, Monitoring, Training

Research 11.1 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 22.00

Training 11.3 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 72.50

Amenities to Field Staff 0.00

Project Allowance 11.5 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 60.00

Other Amenities 11.5 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 31.25

Incentive to staff 11.5 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00

Tour of other state 11.5 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 18.00

Total C 22.00 22.75 23.50 24.25 208.75

D. Tiger Population and Habitat Assessment

Census of Tiger and Other wild animals (Total D) 12.0 4.80 5.10 5.40 5.70 43.50

E. Protection and Intelligence gathering

Wages for Deployment of native workforce 13.1 45.29 49.72 53.14 58.95 403.96

Vehicle purchase for patrolling (9 ranges) and 13.2 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 96.00 replacement Maintenance and fuel for vehicles. 13.2 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 70.00

Intelligence gathering (secret service fund) 13.5 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00

Total E 60.29 64.72 68.14 73.95 589.96

F. Eco-Tourism Interpretation and Nature Edu.

Tourist Complexes 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 1100.00

Vehicles for tourism safari 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 Separate Plan Signages Rs. 15000 per Sqm. 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 100.00

Nature Education/ Publicity 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 100.00

Total F 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 1350.00

Grand Total 958.36 965.94 972.75 982.19 9500.00