Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation A report on Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures Hydrological Studies Organization Central Water Commission New Delhi July, 2017 'qffif ~ "1~~ cg'il'( ~ \jf"(>f 3mft1T Narendra Kumar \jf"(>f -«mur~' ;:rcft fctq;m 3tR 1'j1n WefOT q?II cl<l 3re2iM q;a:m ~0 315 ('G),~ '1cA ~ ~ tf~q, 1{ffit tf'(Chl '( 3TR. cfi. ~. ~ ~-110066 Chairman Government of India Central Water Commission & Ex-Officio Secretary to the Govt. of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Room No. 315 (S), Sewa Bhawan R. K. Puram, New Delhi-110066 FOREWORD Salinity is a significant challenge and poses risks to sustainable development of Coastal regions of India. If left unmanaged, salinity has serious implications for water quality, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, supply of water for critical human needs and industry and the longevity of infrastructure. The Coastal Salinity has become a persistent problem due to ingress of the sea water inland. This is the most significant environmental and economical challenge and needs immediate attention. The coastal areas are more susceptible as these are pockets of development in the country. Most of the trade happens in the coastal areas which lead to extensive migration in the coastal areas. This led to the depletion of the coastal fresh water resources. Digging more and more deeper wells has led to the ingress of sea water into the fresh water aquifers turning them saline. The rainfall patterns, water resources, geology/hydro-geology vary from region to region along the coastal belt. These affect the extent of salinity along the coast. The whole coast line is affected by salinity although the extent of salinity is not the same. To understand the effect of salinity in coastal States and the remedial measures adopted by them to tackle this problem, a Technical Committee has been formed with the members from Coastal States, Central Ground Water Board, Geological Survey of India and National Institute of Hydrology. This committee has made studies on the measures adopted by various coastal States to tackle the sea water ingress in coastal areas. I take immense pleasure in presenting this report on "Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures". I would like to place on record the earnest efforts of Shri Ashwin B Pandya and Shri Ghanshyam Jha, both former Chairman, CWC and Chairman of the Technical Committee for guiding the entire team in the preparation of this report. I would like to compliment officers and staff of Hydrological Studies Organization of CWC for their efforts in preparing this report. I also express my sincere thanks to National Institute of Hydrology, Coastal State Governments, Central Ground Water Board and Geological survey of India for providing the necessary input for preparing and enhancing the effectiveness of contents of this report. I hope this report will be useful for taking suitable measures to address the salinity ingress along the coastal areas. (Na1·endra Kumar) TEL. (0): +91-11-26715351 , 26195415 • FAX (0): +91-11-26108614 • E-mail: [email protected] ~. ma 'J..j"ffif~ C. Lal ~ \ifCl 3ITlWi ~~. \if6m~loftq~~ ~ ~. 1<{1 fcrcmT ~urn~ J!Rrtmm~~ Chief Engi neer, HSO Government of India Central Water Commission Central Water Commission MoWR. RD&GR Preface Salinity ingress in coastal areas is one of the major chaJJenges for water resources planners of India. Salinity ingress in coastal areas poses a risk to the sustainable development of the coastal areas. Proactive salinity management is required to arrest the coastal salinity ingress. In this report the suitable protection measures which have been adopted for protecting the coastal lands from salinity intrusion have been discussed. Some of these measures are already being implemented I adopted by some of the Coastal States, and other Coastal States may adopt such measures after duly considering local conditions. The Hydrology (Central) Directorate of the Hydrological Studies Organisation (HSO) has made considerable efforts in co-ordinating with the state governments to prepare the report which has been titled as "Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures". National Institute of Hydrology provided technical information which was available with them while undertaking different studies on water management in Coastal States. The report is an outcome of dedicated efforts of scientists of National Institute of Hydrology, officers of Hydrology (Central) Directorate of Central Water Commission. 1 express my sincere regards to Shri Ashwin B Pandya and Shri Ghanshyam Jha, both the former Chairman, CWC and Shri Narendra Kumar, Chairman, CWC and the Chairman of the Technical Committee for guiding the team with valuable suggestions and guidance for preparing the report. 1 would like to compliment the officers and staff of Hydrology (C) Directorate specially for their efforts in co-ordinating with States and for bringing out this report. I would like to thank Ms Anupama Sharma, Scientist-D, National Institute of Hydrology for providing valuable support in preparing the Report. I would like to thank the State governments in providing the valuable information without which this report would have never been complete. ~· (C. Lal) 3fto<noa, ~~. mn '4CR, 3{R$~- 1. ~~-110066 ~'411{ : 011-26106369 ~"ire [email protected] Officers and Staff associated with the Preparation of the Report • Shri N K Mathur Member, Design & Research Wing, CWC • Shri C. Lal Chief Engineer, Hydrological Studies Organisation, CWC • Shri Vinay Kumar Former Chief Engineer, Hydrological Studies Organisation, CWC • Shri S. K. Sinha Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Shri M. Raghuram Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Shri Sharad Chandra Director, Coastal Erosion Directorate, CWC • Shri Yogesh Paithankar Director, Remote Sensing Directorate, CWC • Shri Rajesh Kumar Director, RDC Directorate, CWC • Shri S.P.Singh Former Deputy Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Smt K.Rekha Rani Deputy Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Dr. (Ms.) Anupama Sharma Scientist-E, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee • Shri Rajat Sharma Assistant Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Shri Saurabh Assistant Director, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC • Shri R.C.Gupta Assistant Director-II, Hydrology (Central) Directorate, CWC INDEX Chapter 0 : Technical Committee for adopting suitable protection measures 1 for Prevention of Salinity Ingress in the Coastal States/Union Territories 0.1 Introduction 1 0.2 Formation of Technical Committee 1 0.3 First Meeting of the Technical Committee 2 0.4 Second Meeting of the Technical Committee 2 0.5 Third Meeting of the Technical Committee 2 0.6 Earlier Works Done for Addressing the Problem of Coastal Protection 2 0.6.1 Coastal Protection and Development Advisory Committee (CPDAC) 3 0.6.2 Sub-Committees of CPDAC 3 0.6.3 National Coastal Protection Project (NCPP) 4 Chapter 1 : The Indian Coast 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 Topography 9 1.3 Climate and Rainfall 11 1.4 Coastal Geomorphology 12 1.5 Coastal Geology 14 1.6 Coastal Surface Water Resources 16 1.7 Utilisation of Coastal Resources 18 1.8 Coastal Area Hazards 19 1.8.1 Coastal Erosion 20 1.8.2 Flooding due to Cyclones and Storm Surges 20 1.8.3 Sea Level Rise due to Climate Change 20 1.8.4 Tsunami 21 1.8.5 Salt Water Intrusion and Progressive Coastal Land Salinization 21 Chapter 2 : Coastal Land Salinity and Remedial Measures 22 2.1 Salinity 22 2.2 Coastal Ground Water Salinity and its Occurrence 24 2.2.1 Marine Origin of Ground Water Salinity 25 2.2.2 Natural Factors for Terrestrial Origin of Groundwater Salinity 30 2.2.3 Anthropogenic Factors for Terrestrial Origin of Groundwater Salinity 30 2.3 Salinization of coastal lands 31 2.3.1 Complexities Due to Time Factor and Spatial Overlap of Processes 31 2.3.2 Primary Paths of Salinization 31 2.3.3 Formation of Salt-Affected Soils 32 2.4 Occurrence of groundwater and soil salinity in coastal states 34 2.4.1 Overview of Groundwater Salinity 34 2.4.2 Overview of Salt Affected Soils 35 2.5 Impact of coastal land salinity on crop yield, urban and natural environment 37 2.6 Management of coastal land salinity 39 2.6.1 Soil Salinity Control and Reclamation Measures 39 2.6.2 Coastal groundwater salinity management strategies 42 2.7 Mitigation of potential effects of climate change, storm surges and coastal 53 flooding 2.7.1 Drain Management on Coastal Floodplains 54 2.7.2 Coastal Protection Strategies against Climate Change and Sea Level 56 Rise 2.7.3 Climate Resilient Coastal Protection and Management Project 57 (CRCP&MP) 2.8 Coastal regulation zone notification 2011 58 Chapter 3 : Management of Coastal Land Salinity in India 59 3.1 Gujarat 59 3.1.1 General 59 3.1.2 Physiography and Drainage 59 3.1.3 Hydrogeology 60 3.1.4 Groundwater Salinity 61 3.1.5 Causes and Extent of Coastal Land Salinity 61 3.1.6 Remedial Measures 62 3.2 Maharashtra 88 3.2.1 General 88 3.2.2 Physiography and Drainage 88 3.2.3 Hydrogeology 88 3.2.4 Groundwater Salinity 90 3.2.5 Causes and Extent of Coastal Land Salinity 90 3.2.6 Remedial Measures 91 3.3 Karnataka 108 3.3.1 General 108 3.3.2 Physiography and Drainage 108 3.3.3 Hydrogeology 108 3.3.4 Groundwater Salinity 109 3.3.5 Causes and Extent of Coastal Land Salinity 109 3.3.6 Remedial Measures 110 3.4 Kerala 124 3.4.1 General