Soils of the Comfort Cove Area, Newfoundland

Government of Newfoundland and Labrado r

Department of Forestry and Agriculture Soils of the Comfort Cove Area, Newfoundland

Report No . 15 Newfoundland Soil Survey 1992

SOIL and LAND MANAGEMENT DIVISION Soils of the Comfort Cove Area, Newfoundland

Report No. 1 5 Soil and Land Management Divisio n

J.W. van de Hulst Soil and Land Management Division Department of Forestry and Agriculture St. John's, Newfoundlan d

AGRICULTURE BRANCH Dept. of Forestry and Agricultur e 1992 Copies of this publication are available from :

Soil and Land Management Divisio n Department of Forestry and Agriculture Provincial Agriculture Building P.O. Box 8700 Brookfield Road St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 4J6

C O N T E N TS

PART ONE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix

SUMMARY x

ABSTRACT xi i

INTRODUCTION 1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 3 Location and extent 3 History and development 3 Climate 5 Topography and drainage 9 Geology and parent materials of the soils 9 Vegetation 1 2

SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING 1 5 Soil formation 1 5 Soil development and classification 1 6 Mapping procedure 2 0

DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNITS 2 3 Barry's Pond map unit 2 3 Chapel Cove map unit 24 Chapel Cove-Loon Point map unit 2 5 Comfort Cove map unit 2 6 Comfort Head map unit 2 7 Crow Cliff map unit 3 1 Dead Wolf Pond map unit 32 Evans Point map unit . 3 3 Indian Cove map unit 3 3 Indian Neck map unit 3 4 Michael's Harbour map unit 3 5 Mint Pond map unit 3 6 Net Cove map unit 3 7 Net Cove Head map unit 3 8 New Bay map unit 3 9 Newstead Harbour map unit 40 Red Cliff Pond map unit 4 1 Turtle Creek Pond map unit 4 2 Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head map unit 4 3 Wiseman Head map unit 4 5 Wiseman Heat-Turtle Creek Pond map unit 4 6

i PART TWO PAGE

INTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USES 53

Suitability rating system of map units for farmland , 53 woodland, recreation and source of material

Use of the soil suitability tables 54

Limitations of the soil suitability interpretations 54

Soil suitability for farmland 54

Soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields 70

Soil suitability for manure and food processing waste 70 application 74

Soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picni c 74 area

Soil suitability for woodland uses 7 4

Access road construction 7 8

Equipment use 7 8

Windthrow hazard 7 8

Soil susceptability to erosion and frost action 86

Soil susceptibility to erosion 86

Soil susceptibility to frost action 9 1

Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units 9 1 for agriculture and mining 9 1

Development difficulty of organic soils 93

Soil suitability of organic soils for agriculture , 98 horticulture and fuel peat

i i

PART TWO PAGE

SOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES 10 7

Explanation of terms used in the description of soil profiles 106

Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analyses 10 7

Soil profiles - Barry's Pond soil 12 5 Chapel Cove soil 12 8 Comfort Cove soil 13 7 Comfort Head soil 140 Crow Cliff soil 143 Dead Wolf Pond organic soil 146 Evans Point soil 148 Indian Cove soil 15 1 Indian Neck soil 154 Loon Point soil 15 7 Michael's Harbour organic soil 16 0 Mint Pond organic soil 16 3 Net Cove soil 16 6 New Bay soil 168 Newstead Harbour soil 17 1 Red Cliff Pond organic soil 17 3 Turtle Creek soil 17 6 Turtle Creek Pond organic soil 17 9 Wiseman Head organic soil 18 5

REFERENCES 18 9

COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS 19 1

iii LIST OF TABLES PAGE

1 . Average monthly temperatures, total precipitatio n 6 and snowfall for Comfort Cove .

2 . Wind direction and average windspeed at Comfor t 8 Cove Decca Station (1955-1965) .

3 . Classification of the soils of the Comfort Cov e 1 7 Peninsula .

4 . Areas of the mapunits and percentages of the tota l 2 2 land area .

5 . Soil factors affecting various uses of minera l 5 5 soils .

6 . Degrees of soil suitability for forage crops . 5 9

7 . Suitability of map units for forage crops . 60

8 . Degrees of soil suitability for potatoes . 6 1

9 . Suitability of map units for potatoes . 62

10 . Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops . 6 3

11 . Suitability of map units for carrots and parsnip . 64

12 . Degrees of soil suitability for carrots an d 6 5 parsnip .

13 . Suitability of map units for carrots and parsnip . 66

14 . Degrees of soil suitability for turnips and 6 7 rutabagas .

15 . Suitability of map units for turnips and rutabagas . 68

16 . Summary table of soil suitability for farmland 69 development .

17 . Degrees of soil suitability for septic tan k 7 1 fields .

18 . Suitability of map units for septic tank absorptio n 7 2 fields .

19 . Degrees of soil suitability for manure and food 73 processing waste application .

LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) PAGE

20 . Suitability of map units for manure and foo d 7 5 processing waste application .

21 . Degrees of soil suitabillity for tent and traile r 7 6 parks and picnic areas .

22 . Suitability of map units for tent and traile r 7 7 parks and picnic areas .

23 . Degrees of soil suitability for construction o f 7 9 access roads .

24 . Suitability of map units for access roa d 8 0 construction .

25 . Degrees of soil suitability for equipment use . 8 1

26 . Suitability of map units for equipment use . 82

27 . Degrees of soil susceptibility to windthrow . 83

28 . Soil susceptibility of map units to windthrow . 84

29 . Summary table of soil suitability for septi c 85 tanks, waste application, recreation an d woodland uses .

30 . K-factors for selected soil profiles . 88

31 . Degrees of soil susceptibility to frost action . 8 9

32 . Soil susceptibility of map units to erosio n 90 and frost action .

33 . Soil properties and land form characteristic s 9 2 affecting development and various uses o f organic soils .

34 . Degrees of development difficulty of organi c 94 soils .

35 . Development difficulty of organic soil ma p 9 5 units .

36 . Degrees of soil suitability for agriculture fo r 9 6 organic soils .

37 . Suitability of organic soil maps units for 97 agriculture .

LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) PAGE

38 . Degrees of soil suitability for horticulture 10 1 for organic soils .

39 . Suitability of organic soil map units for 102 horticultural peat .

40 . Degrees of soil suitability for fuel peat for 103 organic soils .

41 . Suitability of organic soil map units for fuel 104 peat .

42 . Summary table of suitability of organic soil map 10 5 units for agriculture and mining .

43 . Engineering particle size classes for selected soil 18 8 profiles .

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

1 . Outline map of Newfoundland showing the location 2 of the Comfort Cove Peninsula .

2. General map of the area covered by the survey . 4

3 . Topography and drainage of the Comfort Cove 1 0 Peninsula .

4. Bedrock geology of the Comfort Cove Peninsula . 1 1

5. Vegetation types of the Comfort Cove Peninsula . 1 4

6. Distribution of examined soil profiles . 2 1

7 . Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol , 2 9 Comfort Cove soil (80-0025) .

8 . Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol , 2 9 Comfort Head soil (80-0026) .

9 . Soil profile of an Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol , 2 9 Indian Neck soil (83-0004) .

10 . Soil profile of an Orthic Gleysol, Loon Poin t 2 9 soil (83-0002) .

11 . Aerial view of the Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head map 3 0 unit, dissected by a stream fen (Mint Pond ma p unit) and with a sloping bog (Dead Wolf Pon d map unit) in the right hand corner .

12 . Soil profile of a Typic Folisol, Wiseman Head 3 0 soil (83-0003) .

13 . Vegetation of a coniferious, horizontal fen, 3 0 Turtle Creek Pond map unit .

14 . Ground cover of a low shrub, domed bog, Dead 30 Wolf Pond map unit .

15 . Location of cross-sections showing soil- 4 8 landscape relationships of map units .

16 . Soil-landscape relationships of map units along 49 cross-section #1 .

17 . Soil-landscape relationships of map units along 50 cross-section #2 .

vii

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

18 . Soil-landscape relationships of map units along 5 1 cross-section #3 .

19 . Soil-landscape relationships of map units along 5 2 cross-section #4 .

20. Erosion potential of soil . 8 7

21 . A diagram showing the ranges in percentages of 11 2 sand, silt and clay in the soil textural classes .

viii ACKNOWLEDGEMEN T

This survey was jointly funded by the Government of Canada, Departmen t of Regional, Economic Expansion and the Government of Newfoundland an d Labrador, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development .

The field work was carried out by the author, with the assistance o f W . Williams, J . Whalen and R . St . Croix. The author wishes to express his appreciation to the soil surve y staff of the Soil and Land Management Division, Department of Rural , Agricultural and Northern Development for support and useful discussions , and in particular to R. Ricketts for reviewing part of the manuscript .

Thanks go to the following persons of the Soil and Land Managemen t Division, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development : Mrs . D . Blackmore, who typed the manuscript ; A . Webber and B . Fardy, for drafting the manscript soil map and report figures ; R. Pound who performed laboratory analyses on many of the organic soil samples .

The author is indebted to the Land Resource Research Institute , Agriculture Canada for the publication of this report, and especially to : D . Kroetsch for reviewing, editing and managing the production of the report ; B . Edwards and his cartography staff for producing the final soi l map and figures ; B . Sheldrick and his staff for performing laborator y analyses on the soil samples .

ix SUMMARY

The Comfort Cove Peninsula is situated in the Bay of Exploits on th e Northeast coast of the Island of Newfoundland . The peninsula has a land area of approximately 1950 ha .

The area was first occupied by the Beothuk Indians . By 1869, the peninsula was settled by white settlers who, like the Beothuk Indian s were attracted by the salmon fishery . The settlers were also attracte d by the agricultural possibilities of the area and both fish and farm products were sold and bartered to merchants of Fogo, Twillingate an d Exploits . In 1930, a fish product cannery operated, which was incor - porated as Notre Dame Bay Fisheries in 1944 . This plant canned fis h products as well as a variety of farm products .

The climate of the peninsula is strongly influenced by the ocean . The cold Labrador current has a year round cooling effect, resulting in a short (4 month), cool growing season and a highly variable daily micro - climate . Average monthly temperatures during the growing season rang e from 110 to 160C . The mean annual precipitation is about 1150 m m with a total precipitation of approximate 350 mm during the growin g season.

The average elevation is between 15 and 30 m above mean sea leve l (amsl), with local relief generally being less than 60 m amsl . The physiography of the peninsula is a result of glaciation . Differences i n resistance of the bedrock to glaciation and erosion resulted in protruding . hills, hummocky terrain and a random drainage pattern.

Approximately 85% of the peninsula is covered by trees or shrub , occupying mainly the central and southern part . The main trees are balsam fir and black spruce with occasional tamarack and white birch . Mountain alder is common, while speckled alder is found on wet site s along brooks .

The soils of the peninsula have developed from materials derive d from the underlying bedrock . Tills which are derived from argillites , mudstone, shales, slates with sandstone are moderately coarse to moder - ately fine textured and moderately to very stony . Soils developed i n these tills are the very shallow Barry's Pond and Crow Cliff soils an d the shallow Comfort Head soils . Tills developed from volcanic and intrusive rocks, such as granites and granodiorites, are classified as th e moderately coarse to coarse textured, very to exceedingly stony, deep Ne w Bay soils and the very shallow Turtle Creek, Chapel Cove and Loon Point soils . The glaciofluvial deposits consist of coarse textured, wel l stratified sands and gravels of mixed origin . Soils developed on thes e deposits are the deep, poorly sorted Comfort Cove soils and the shallow and very shallow Net Cove, Newstead Harbour and Net Cove Head soils whic h have generally fine textured surface layers . Indian Cove and Indian Nec k soils are well stratified coarse textured soils developed on glaciofluvial or outwash deposits, sometimes underlain by morainal deposits . Soils developed on organic deposits are the Dead Wolf Pond, Mint Pond, Re d Cliff Pond, Michael's Harbour and Turtle Creek Pond soils .

x The Comfort Cove, Comfort Head, New Bay and Net Cove soils, situate d in the northern part of the peninsula are generally suitable for a rang e of crops, while the Barry's Pond, Indian Cove, Indian Neck and Crow Clif f soils are limited to use as pasture and for forage . The deeper soils ar e also best suited for residential septic tank absorption fields, an d manure and food processing waste application . The Turtle Creek soi l which is the dominant soil in the central and southern part of the penin - sula is generally unsuitable for agricultural and non-agricultural uses . Soils have also been rated as to their suitability for tent and traile r parks and picnic areas, for forestry access road construction, an d forestry equipment use . Windthrow hazard and susceptibility to fros t action and erosion have been assessed for each soil .

X1 INTRODUCTION

The soil survey report of the Comfort Cove peninsula is the first i n a series of semi-detailed soil surveys which were undertaken to provid e information on the type, extent and distribution of the soil resources i n areas designated as potential agricultural development areas . This surve y was jointly funded by the Government of Canada, Department of Regiona l Economic Expansion and the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador , Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development .

The field work was started in the summer of 1979 and complete d during the summer of 1980 . Soil correlation and spot checking were carried out during the field seasons of 1980 to 1983 . The soils and the map units have been correlated with those of Bay of Exploits soil surve y report (Report No. 16) .

This report is divided into three parts . The first part of th e report gives a general description of the area, deals with soil develop - ment, classification and mapping methods, and describes the soil resources of the area. The second part of the report deals with the interpretatio n of soils and map units for various uses, such as farmland, woodland , recreation and source of materials . The third part of the report contains detailed soil descriptions and chemical and physical analytical data.

LOCATION . ~~ X00 C:D OF THE COMFORT COVE PENINSULA Chaff 0 if> Islay BAY OF

Figure 1 . Outline map of Newfoundland showing the location of the Comfort Cove Peninsula.

PART ONE

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ARE A

Location and Extent The Comfort Cove Peninsula is situated in the Bay of Exploits on th e Northeast coast of the island of Newfoundland (Fig . 1) . It lies betwee n the latitudes 490 20' and 490 26' N and the longitudes 540 50' and 540 55' W. The only community, Comfort Cove - Newstead is located on the tip of the peninsula. The nearest town is Lewisporte, which is approximately 30 km to the southwest . The surveyed area covers approximately 1950 ha, composed of 1470 ha of mineral soil (75% of the tota l area), 400 ha of organic soil (21 .5% of the total area), 65 ha of rock outcrops and 15 ha of freshwater (rock outcrops and freshwater constitut e 3 .5% of the area) .

History and development

Settlement and development of the Comfort Cove peninsula occurred o n the northern tip of the peninsula, where now the fishing - farming com - munity Comfort Cove - Newstead is located (Fig . 2) . This community originally consisted of three separate communities : Comfort Cove, New Harbour and Turtle Creek . The area was first occupied by Beothuk Indian s who are thought to have had their encampments near Newstead and on Comfor t Island . The Beothuk, as well as the white settlers later, were attracte d by the salmon fishing in the area . Comfort Cove and New Harbour (Ne w Harbour was called Newstead after 1921) were settled by people comin g from outlying islands in the Notre Dame Bay . In 1869 two families of fourteen people lived in Comfort Cove, who were engaged in the salmo n fishery . By 1884 a total of six families lived in Comfort Cove . New Harbour was first settled in 1885 . The same year an Englishman name d Barr began to can lobster in Comfort Cove . By 1901, seven canning fac - tories were in operation . The largest growth in population occurre d between 1901 and 1911, when the population of Comfort Cove rose to 11 7 people and that of Newstead increased to 99 people . These settlers wer e attracted not only by the fishing potential, but also by the agricultura l possibilities of the area . Both fish and farm products were being sold and bartered to the merchants of Fogo, Twillingate and Exploits, who i n turn sold the farm products mostly as supplies for ships bound fo r Labrador, and to people living on islands in Notre Dame Bay that were to o barren to support agriculture . In the 1930's a fish product cannery operated, which was incorporated as Notre Dame Bay Fisheries in 1944 . Processing at the plant began with lobster, salmon and cod and late r expanded to herring and mackerel . Secondary processing at the plan t included, besides a variety of fishery products, canned turnip-to p greens, rabbit, chicken, rhubarb and partridge berries . In 1976 a new plant replacing the old facilities was built, employing one hundre d people, and making it, with Lewisporte, the largest employer in the area .

In 1936 a farm access road towards the northeast coast of the penin - sula was built . From the late 1930's to the late 1960's twelve o r

3 B A Y O F EXPLOITS OoCornfort Islan d

Chapel Head

Figure 2 . General map of the area covered by the survey .

4 thirteen full-time farmers produced a variety of vegetables and in the 1940's produced fruits including apples, plums, peaches and pears . The produce was shipped by boat to Fogo and Twillingate to be exported t o Labrador and, after 1952, was trucked to central Newfoundland markets . An Agricultural Society was formed and an exhibition of farm products wa s held annually until the 1970's when full-time commercial farming wa s declining as the fish plant attracted workers and young labour force lef t for employment elsewhere . A communal pasture was built in 1977 . In 1979 there were about 100 ha of land in production, and sheep, poultry an d some cattle were raised . Of the labour force of 200, about twenty-on e people were involved in some aspect of part-time farming ; sixteen were employed in forestry, and the remaining work force was employed i n fishing, fish processing and in small business . (After : Smallwood, 1981 )

Climate

The climate of Newfoundland is classified as moderately cold Cryo - boreal with perhumid and subaquic moisture regimes . This classification indicates a climate that has cool annual and summer temperatures with a growing season of less than 220 days (mean daily temperature of 50C o r more) and between 1110 and 1250 growing degree days with base temperatur e of 5oC . Soils are moist all year, and are saturated for short t o moderately long periods . The Comfort Cove Peninsula lies within the central Newfoundland Pedoclimatic Zone as defined by Heringa (unpublishe d 1984) .

This pedoclimatic zone has a growing season of about 150 days and more than 1200 degree days above 50C . There are 50 to 70 days with a maximum temperature of more than 200C . The mean annual precipitatio n is around 1200 mm, and the mean annual potential evaporation is aroun d 350 mm .

No significant water deficits occur during the growing season . The ocean is the largest single factor that influences the climate of the Comfort Cove peninsula, by providing a moderating effect by reducin g extremes in seasonal temperatures . The cold Labrador current, which carries sea ice towards the northeast and east coast, has a year roun d cooling effect on the climate, resulting in a short, cool growing seaso n and a highly variable daily microclimate . Icebergs can often be seen lying off the coast during much of the summer . Table 1 shows the monthl y mean temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for the Comfort Cove meteorological station and for the, now defunct, Comfort Cove Decca station. The only long term data (1951-1980) available are for th e Comfort Cove meteorological station, which is situated approximately 1 0 km south of the Comfort Cove peninsula at an altitude of 99 m above MSL . The general height of the land of the Comfort Cove peninsula ranges from less than 15 to 30 m above MSL . The short term data (November, 1962 - May, 1965) available for the Comfort Cove Decca station, which is locate d on the neck of the peninsula at an altitude of 7 m above MSL, are pr o- vided for comparison . The mean monthly temperatures recorded for th e Comfort Cove meteorological station compare quite well with the temperatures recorded for the Comfort Cove Decca station .

Table 1 : Average monthly temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for Comfort Cove .

Temperature oC Precipitation

Total Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm ) Comfort Cove Comfort Cove Comfort Cove Comfort Cove Comfort Cove Comfort Cov e Decca Decca Decc a

January -6 .4 -4 .9 104 .6 119 .5 81 .2 68 . 9 February -7 .4 -6 .2 95 .0 102 .0 73 .4 83 . 2 March -3 .6 -4 .1 103 .3 134 .5 68 .9 76 . 2 April 0 .9 0 .9 89 .9 101 .8 46 .3 42 . 7 May 6 .0 6 .2 73 .6 55 .8 17 .3 3 . 1 June 11 .7 10 .2 79 .4 76 .2 1 .9 0 . 2 July 16 .6 16 .2 78 .6 100 . 2 August 15 .6 14 .7 107 .5 100 . 2 September 11 .3 11 .9 85 .9 76 .5 0 . 2 October 6 .0 6 .9 110 .6 85 .8 12 . 7 November 1 .9 2 .7 107 .0 106 .3 33 .4 14 . 7 December -3 .8 -3 .3 106 .7 96 .2 71 .7 81 . 6

Year 4 .1 4 .3 1142 .1 1155 .0 4070 370 . 6

No . o f Year s Recorded 14 1-3 14 1-3 14 1- 3

Source : Comfort Cove - Canadian Temperature and Precipitation Normals, 1951-1980 ; Atmospheric Environment Service, Department of the Environment .

Comfort Cove Decca - Monthly records for Temperature and Precipitation, 1962-1965 ; Atmospheric Environment Service, Department of the Environment .

6 Data on average last spring and average first fall frost occurrenc e are not available . Frost data from nearby meteorological stations suc h as Botwood, Rattling Brook - Norris Arm and Twillingate indicate tha t average last spring frost and average first fall frost can be expecte d around the end of May and the end of September respectively, whic h results in a 4 month growing season . Average monthly temperatures during the growing season range from 11 .30 to 16 .60 with daily minimum temperatures of around 60C and daily maximum temperatures of aroun d 220C . Temperatures during the growing season and duration of th e growing season is adequate for most root and cole crops . Measurement o f growing degree days is a method for evaluating the effectiveness of tem - perature conditions during the growing season for plant growth . It measures the amount of growth producing heat a plant receives by accum u- lating the values obtained when subtracting the base minimum temperature , below which a plant will not develop, from the mean daily temperature . The Comfort Cove peninsula accumulates approximately 1080 growin g degree-days( 1) for a base temperature of 50C, which is the temperatur e at which soil microbial activity and therefore plant growth starts .

Mean annual precipitation and snowfall are not significantly differ - ent for the Comfort Cove meteorological station and the Comfort Cov e Decca station . Slight differences occur in the monthly distribution o f precipitation between the two stations . The mean annual precipitatio n for the Comfort Cove peninsula is about 1150 mm . Approximately 30% of the total precipitation falls during the growing season (350 mm) . The number of days with measurable precipitation indicates that the monthly distribution of precipitation is very uniform throughout the growin g season . Precipitation increases in autumn and early winter . Snowfall i s heavy from the latter part of December until March and lasts until early May . As much as 440 cm of snow fell during the winter of 1968-69 (Manning, 1973) . Traces of snow have been recorded in June and September . Potential annual water loss by evapotranspiration is estimated to b e approximately 475 mm (Hare, 1952) . With an annual precipitation o f approximately 1150 mm, this results in a water surplus of approximately 800 mm, which is available for soil water storage and surface runoff .

The wind is an important factor that affects precipitation, temper a- ture and evaportranspiration . Overland winds generally provide relativel y dry and warm conditions, while moisture laden onshore winds result i n cooler temperatures and more precipitation . Table 2 gives wind

(1) Growing degree-days for the Comfort Cove meteorological station hav e been computed from the monthly mean temperatures using the followin g equation : DD = N [(t-b) + L ? 'TN], where DD is the normal degre e days for the month, N is the number of calender days in the month, t is the monthly mean temperature, b is the base temperature, G' i s the standard deviation of the monthly mean temperature and L is a proportionality coefficient . This formula is described in detail in : Growing Degree-Days and Crop production in Canada, Can . Dep. Agric . Publ . 1635 .

Table 2 . Wind direction and average wind speed at Comfort Cove Decca Station * (1955-1965) .

Percentage frequency of wind direction prevailing Averag e wind wind spee d N NE E SE S SW W NW direction (km/h)

January 13 16 12 9 5 17 16 12 SW 28. 5

February 10 16 15 18 8 17 7 9 SE 24 .0

March 15 24 8 10 6 16 10 11 NE 26 . 1

April 12 15 5 9 8 31 8 12 SW 23 . 8

May 15 6 10 10 9 34 4 12 SW 19 . 8

June 10 8 9 12 11 37 6 7 SW 22 . 2

July 6 6 6 12 10 51 4 5 SW 22 . 3

August 5 3 5 14 11 50 6 6 SW 25 . 3

September 6 4 8 8 12 39 13 10 SW 28 . 3

October 6 5 8 13 9 29 18 12 SW 27 . 7

November 3 6 10 17 10 28 17 9 SW 31 . 1

December 7 9 13 8 9 24 18 12 SW 27 . 5

Year SW 25 .6

* Height of anenometer : 10 m Source : Volume 3, Canadian Wind Normals, Environment Canada, Atmospheri c Environment Service Downsview, Ontario, 1975 .

8 direction and average wind speed at the Comfort Cove Decca station. The mean monthly wind speeds range from 20 km/h in May, to about 30 km/h i n November (moderate breeze to fresh winds) with an annual average win d speed of 25 km/h . Prevailing wind direction is from the southwest .

Topography and drainage

Relief and drainage systems are shown in Figure 3 . The Comfort Cove peninsula lies in the Notre Dame Bay Basin Physiographic Region (Twenhofe l and MacClintock, 1940) . The average elevation is between 15 above mean sea level (asml) and 30 m amsl . Local relief is generally below 60 m amsl, except in four locations where volcanic "knockers " rise to abov e 60 m amsl . Much of the northern tip of the peninsula and a narrow stri p along the coast have elevations of less than 15 m amsl . The physiography of the peninsula is a result of glaciation which occured during the lat e Pleistocene era . Differences in resistance to erosion of the sedimentar y and volcanic bedrock in the north half of the peninsula and the resistanc e to glaciation of the instrusive igneous rocks in the south half of th e peninsula resulted in protruding hills, hummocky terrain and a rando m drainage pattern . Organic deposits have developed in depressional areas, especially i n between the rock ridges and hummocks in the southern part of the peninsula . Drainage of the peninsula occurs mainly through the organi c deposits . Several small streams run from the north-south trendin g network of organic deposits towards the east and south coast of the peninsula . A pond is situated at the centre of the peninsula .

Geology and parent materials of the soil s

The Comfort Cove peninsula is underlain by sedimentary rock of th e Cambrian and lower Ordovician age in the north and by intrusive rocks o f the Devonian age in the south (Fig . 4) . The sedimentary rocks ar e predominantly black to green argillite and pebbly and cobbly mudstone with exotic blocks and boulders of pillow lava, graywacke, bedded clasti c rocks, agglomerate, gabbro, limestone and granite . Large volcanic masse s in shaly melange occur in this area . The intrusive rocks in the sout h are predominantly light gray, medium to coarse grained hornblende granodiorite, hornblende-biotite granodiorite and quartz diorite . Many dyke rocks and smaller bodies of pink granite-like rock are associated wit h the granodiorite . (Geol. Surv. Can., 1969 ; Patrick, 1956 )

The peninsula was glaciated in Pleistocene time by northerly moving ice . (Jennes, 1960) . As the stagnant ice retreated, small areas o f marine sediments, deposited during post-glacial submergence, emerge d along the northern and northeastern coast of the peninsula . Minor occur - rences of glaciofluvial deposits can be found along the southeaster n coast of the peninsula.

Morainal deposits cover most of the area . Generally these glacia l tills reflect the characteristics of the underlying bedrock . Tills derived from argillites and mudstone are moderately coarse to moderately fine textured and moderately to very stony . Soils developed on thes e

9 Figure 3. Topography and drainage of the Comfort Cove Peninsula .

10 LEGEN D

Black to green argillite and pebbly and cobbly mudston e with exotic boulders of pillow lava, graywacke, bedded clasti c III'I rocks, agglomerate, gabbro, limestone and granite . Medium to coarse grained granodiorite, hornblend e FA biotite granodiorite, quartz diorite .

Volcanic masses in shaly melange .

Figure 4. Bedrock geology of the Comfort Cove Peninsula.

11 materials have been grouped under the Gander soil association . Morainal deposits associated with the volcanics and intrusive rocks are generall y moderately coarse to coarse, very to exceedingly stony and very shallow . These tills have been grouped under the New Bay soil association .

The glaciomarine deposits are composed of thin veneers of stratifie d clay, silt, sand or gravel over bedrock .

The glaciofluvial deposits consist of coarse textured well stratified sands and gravels of mixed origin . These soils are generally moderatel y deep to deep and have some marine influence . Organic deposits represente d by the Dead Wolf Pond soil association are developed on weakly decompose d organic (sphagnum) material, organic deposits of the Mint Pond soil asso - ciation are developed on moderately decomposed organic (sedge) materia l and those of the Michael's Harbour soil association are developed on moderately to strongly decomposed organic (sedge, wood) material .

Vegetation The forested area of the Comfort Cove peninsula is included in th e Northern Peninsula section (B29) of the Boreal Forest Region according t o Rowe (1972) . The North and Northeast coast of the Island of Newfoundlan d is described in more detail as the North Shore Ecoregion by Damma n (unpublished 1975) . In general, the forests of this area consist o f balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce (Picea mariana), with occasional Tamarack Larix laricina) and white birch (Betula papyrifera) . Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is absent in this region, whil e white pine (Picea glauca) is absent on the Comfort Cove Peninusla . Mountain alde(AAllnus crispa) is common . Speckeld alder (Alnus ruposa) is found on wet sites along brooks, but is generally poorly developed .

About 1630 ha (85%) of the peninsula is covered by trees or shrub , covering mainly the central and southern part of the peninsula . About 500 ha (30%) of this area is productive forest and approximately 300 h a (18%) is occupied has scrub growth . Productive forest consists of matur e stands of balsam fir and black spruce with more than 25% crown densit y and tree heights of more than 6 .5 m . (Productive forest stands chiefly occur in the southern part of the peninsula) . Balsam fir is the dominan t tree on good sites and abundant on all but the very poor and wet sites . It reaches heights of 10 to 15 m at maturity . Black spruce is common an d can usualy be found in stands with balsam fir . It has good growth on seepage Gleysols and organic soils and usually reaches heights of 6 .5 to 10 m at maturity . Pure stands of black spruce occur on moderately wel l drained, very shallow organic soils, where the black spruce originate s through layering or as a fire succession after balsam fir-black spruc e forest .

Balsam fir and balsam fir-black spruce forests with scattered whit e birch chiefly occur in the central part of the peninsual (Fig . 5) . These are generally the less productive forests on the peninsula although they occupy the better sites . They belong to the Pleurozium-balsam fir type forest (Damman, 1964), with Pleurozium spp . the dominant species in the

12 ground vegetation . The Pleurozium-balsam fir forests generally occur on the well drained moderately deep to deep Comfort Head and Net Cove soil s and on the very shallow, well drained Turtle Creek soils found on middl e and upper slope positions of the Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head map unit . The Hylocomium-balsam fir forest type, consisting of a dense balsam fi r forest with scattered white birch and black spruce with Hylocomium spp . as the dominant species in the ground vegetation, is mainly found a s the poorly to imperfectly drained Chapel Cove soil .

Black spruce and black spruce-balsam fir forests occur mainly in th e southern part of the peninsula (Fig . 5) . These forests are the mor e productive forest on the peninsula and resemble the Kalmia-black spruc e and the Sphagnum-Kalmia-black spruce forest types as found in Central Newfoundland . The Kalmia-black spruce forest variant occurs on th e shallow and very shallow, moderately well to well drained, coarse te x- tured Turtle Creek soils and the deep, coarse textured Indian Neck soil s with ortstein formation . This forest type consists of an open blac k spruce stand with abundant balsam fir and scattered white birch . Cladonia spp . and sheep laurel are the dominant species in the ground vegetation . The imperfectly to poorly drained, coarse textured, shallo w and very shallow Chapel Cove and Loon Point soils and the deep, coars e textured Indian Cove soils support the Sphagnum-Kalmia-black spruc e forest variant . This forest type consists of an open black spruce stan d with stunted balsam fir and scattered tamarack . Sphagnum mosses and sheep laurel form the ground cover and shrub layer respectively .

The well drained organic Wiseman Head soils, that consist of a thic k raw humus layer over bedrock, often support good stands of black spruce . This black spruce forest has very little balsam fir and the black spruc e originates mainly from layers( l) (Damman, 1964) .

A scrubby black spruce forest type is found on the organic Mint Pond soils . Vegetation generally consists of scrubby black spruce with sca t- tered tamarack . The ground vegetation is made up of bog laurel, Labrado r tea and sheep laurel with a sphagnum moss carpet . This vegetation typ e is usually found in association with the Kalmia-black spruce fores t variant similar to that found on the Turtle Creek soils . The acidity o f the underlying organic material is usually less than pH 4 .5 .

A more varied vegetation consisting of an open stand of poorly growing speckeld alder with black spruce, scattered tamarack and singl e stunted balsam fir, occurs on Turtle Creek Pond soils developed alon g small brooks and intermittent drainage courses . These channel fens have a surface cover of Carex or sedge species with bog laurel and Labrado r tea. Sphagnum mosses often occur in patches on dryer areas . Acidity of the underlying organic material is generally around pH 5 .

(1) Layers : Branches or shoots from trees that form roots when in contact with the ground, while still attached to the paren t tree .

13 Figure 5 . Vegetation types of the Comfort Cove Peninsula.

14 Vigorous growths of alder can be found, along drainage channels wit h shallow to very shallow and moderately to very decomposed organic materia l over coarse textured till or glaciofluvial material and also on the poorly drained glaciomarine Evans Point soils .

The deep organic Red Cliff Pond soils and the moderately deep organi c Mint Pond soils, that are found on the open-wooded fens, support a vegetation that consists of dominantly sedge with sphagnum moss hummocks , black spruce and scattered tamarack and juniper .

The ombrotrophic Dead Wolf Pond organic soils have a vegetation o f sphagnum mosses with bog laurel, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, cottongrass , scattered black spruce and tamarack .

The Michael's Harbour soils of the channel marsh are vegetated wit h reed grasses and rushes in the wetter areas while sedges, bog laurel , speckeld alder and scattered black spruce occupy the drier parts alon g the border of the marsh . A list of the common and botanical names o f plants is provided in the back of the report .

SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING

Soil Formation

Soil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, topography an d drainage acting on the parent material over a period of time . These factors have been discussed previously but their effect on soil formatio n will be briefly outlined in the following paragraphs .

Climate and microorganisms act on rock and the parent materia l derived from rock to produce soils . Moisture and temperature are the tw o main factors that influence chemical, and to a minor extent physical , reactions involved in soil formation . The chemical reactions are more rapid at higher temperatures, and they depend on the availability o f moisture to bring elements into solution . Frost churning and fros t heaving are brought about when moisture forms ice lenses at low temperatures . The amount of precipitation determines the rate at which th e products of weathering, including plant nutrients and organic materials , are leached out of the upper part of the soil .

The cool and humid climate of Newfoundland favours rapid leaching but slow replacement by weathering . It is also responsible for the accumulation of soil organic matter, which is slow to decompose at the lo w temperatures prevailing for much of the year . The latter is enhanced by the dominance of coniferous forest on the peninsula, which produces organic litter that is not readily digested by microorganisms and consequently is slow to decompose . The result is a relatively thick layer o f unincorporated, slightly to moderately decomposed, organic material . Rain water filtering through this layer is rendered acidic, which is eve n more efficient in leaching out nutrients . Topography affects drainage , which in turn affects . the oxygen status of the soil . Water tends to run down the slopes and is collected in depressional areas or on concav e slopes . Depending on the premeability of the soil, depth of ground wate r

15 and depth of bedrock or other impermeable layers, excess water may lead to either intense leaching or reducing conditions in the soil . The latter results in solubilization and consequently translocation of iron and manganese compounds as evident in rusty colored mottles . Excess water also induces the growth of hydrophytic vegetation . Accumulation o f dead hydrophytic vegetation under wet conditions results in the build u p of organic soils .

Texture of the soil and mineralogy are determined to a large exten t by the parent material and the kind of rock from which it is derived . The parent material, therefore, partly determines internal drainag e conditions, stone and cobble content, color and soil fertility .

Rate of weathering depends largely on the resistance of mineral s which are dominant in the parent rock . Given time, even the most resistant minerals are broken down and the soils become finer textured an d reach greater depths .

Soil development and classification

A visual indication of soil forming processes is the development o f parallel layers or horizons, which can be observed in a vertical sectio n of the soil which is commonly called a soil profile . The horizons are the result of leaching, accumulations or translocations brought about b y soil forming processes as they act upon the parent materials . Horizons and layers commonly found in a soil profile are organic layers designate d as 0 or L, F and H, and master mineral horizons designated A, B, C an d R . Each of these horizons may have subhorizons with different characteristics . These are denoted by an appropriate subscript added on to the master horizon designation . L, F and H horizons are organic layer s formed from forest litter . The organic matter is not incorporated in the underlying mineral soil . The organic matter is raw in L, partly decomposed in F and decomposed in H . These horizons generally occur unde r forest vegetation . The A horizon is the mineral surface horizon . It i s dark coloured due to accumulation or incorporation of organic matter suc h as occurs when the soil is cultivated (Ah), or it is light coloured whe n clay, iron and humus have been leached out (Ae) . The lower part of the soil in which substances removed from the Ae horizon have accumulated i s called the B horizon . It may be enriched by iron (Bf), by iron and organic matter (Bhf), or it is altered to give a change in colour o r structure (Bm) . If the Bf or Bhf is cemented by iron and organic matte r (Bfc or Bhfc) the horizon is called an "ortstein " horizon. The underlying unweathered parent material is designated as C horizon . This horizon is relatively unaffected by soil forming processes, except fo r gleying (Cg) or cementation (Cc) . A substratum of unconsolidated bedroc k is commonly designated as R .

It is the sequence and the presence or absence of these horizon s that reflect certain soil conditions and which are used to separate soil s into soil map units . Sets of profiles with a common characteristic horizon or set of horizons are grouped into great groups and subgroup s according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification (1978), as out - lined in Table 3 .

TABLE 3 . CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS OF THE COMFORT COVE PENINSULA ACCORDING TO THE CSSC, 1978 .

ORDER GREAT GROUP SUBGROUP SOI L

Podzolic Soils . Ferro-Humic Podzol . Orthic Ferro-Humic Barry's Pond , The well to imper- Soils that have a Podzol . Comfort Head fectly, drained brownish B horizon, Profile type : LFH , soils of thi s at least 10 cm thick, Ae, Bhf, Bf, BC, C order have Pod- that contains 5% or zolic B horizon s more organic C an d in which the 0 .6% or more pyrophos - dominant accumu- phate extractable Fe + lation product i s Al (0 .4% for sands) . amorphous materia l composed mainly o f humified organi c matter, combine d in varying degree s with Al and Fe .

These soils mainly occur under coniferous and mixe d forest vegetation but they may occu r under heath and shrub vegetation

Humo-Ferric Podzol . Orthic Humo-Ferric Barry's Pond, Chape l Soils that have a Podzol Cove, Comfort Cove , brownish B horizon Profile type : LFH, Comfort Head, Crow with less organi c Ae, Bf, BC, C Cliff, Net Cove, Ne w matter than the B Bay, Newstead Harbour , horizon of Ferro - Turtle Cree k Humic Podzols . The y lack Bh or Bh f horizons at least 1 0 cm thick . The Bf Ortstein Humo-Ferric Indian Nec k horizon contains 0 . 5 Podzo l - 5% organic C and Profile type : LFH , 0 .6% or mor e Ae, Bfc, Bfj, C pyrophosphate extract - able Fe + Al (0 .4% fo r sands) . Gleyed Humo-Ferri c Chapel Cove , Podzo l Indian Cove Profile type : LF H Aegj, Bfgj, BCg, Cg

TABLE 3 . CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS OF THE COMFORT COVE PENINSULA ACCORDING TO THE CSSC, 197 8 (CONTINUED) .

ORDER GREAT GROU P SUBGROUP SOI L

Gleysolic soils . Gleysol . Orthic Gleysol Evans Poin t Soils that have Soils that do not have Profile type : LFH Loon Poin t feature s well developed minera l or 0, , C g indicative o f - organic surfac e periodic or pro- horizon s longed saturatio n Rego Gleysol Net Cove Head with water an d Profile type : LF H reducing con- or 0, a ditions . The y have within 5 0 cm of the minera l surface eithe r matrix colors o f low chroma o r distinct t o prominent mottle s of high chroma

Lithic Phases o f subgroups : thes e soils have the general characteristics of the abov e subgroups but also have a lithic contact within 1 m of the mineral surface

Organic Soils . Fibrisol . Typic Fibrisol . Dead Wolf Pond Soils compose d Soils composed largely Profile type : Of o r largely of organi c of relatively undecom- Om, O f materials contain- posed (fibric) organi c ing 17% or mor e material . The middle organic C (30% tier (40-120 cm) i s organic matter ) dominantly fibric . If by weight and a terric or lithic con- meet the follow- tact occurs between 40- ing dept h 120 cm both middle and specifications : surface tier ar e dominantly fibric .

1 8

TABLE 3 . CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS OF THE COMFORT COVE PENINSULA ACCORDING TO THE CSSC, 197 8 (CONTINUED) .

ORDER GREAT GROUP SUBGROUP SOIL

Organic Soil s 1. at least 6 0 Mesisol . Typic Mesiso l Red Cliff Pond cm if the Soils composed domin- Profile type : O f surface laye r ap tly of organic or Om, Om is undecom- material in an inter- posed (fibric ) mediate stage of decom- material . position (mesic) . The Terric Mesisol . Mint Pon d middle tier (40-120 cm) Profile type : Om Turtle Creek Pond 2. at least 4 0 is mesic . If a terric (or Of), Om, C cm if the or lithic contac t surface laye r occurs between 40-12 0 is moderatel y cm both middle and decomposed surface tier ar e (mesic) or dominantly mesic . well decomposed (humic ) material .

3. at least 10 cm if a lithic contac t occurs withi n 40 cm of th e surface .

Humisol . Typic Humiso l Michael's Harbou r Soils composed domin- Profile type : Om antly of organic or Oh, Oh material in the mos t advanced stage o f decomposition (humic) . Terric Humiso l Michael's Harbou r These soils have a Profile type : Om dominantly humic middle or Oh, Oh, C tier or middle and surface tier if a terri c or lithic contac t occurs between 40-12 0 cm .

Folisol . Typic Foliso l Wiseman Head Soils composed of an Profile type : LFH , LFH horizon more than R 10 cm thick overlying either fragmental material or bedrock

19 Mapping Procedure :

Differences in parent material, texture, depth to bedrock and drain - age were used to separate the soils . Map units containing a dominan t soil or a set of associated soils were determined through aerial phot o interpretation and the examination of soil profiles, which were spaced a t irregular intervals depending on the topography and accessibility of the area . A total of 110 profiles were examined, within walking distanc e from roads, in pits dug in forested areas and fields and in roadsid e exposures and gravel pits . An additional 28 profiles were examined i n locations visited by helicopter . Due to poor accessibility, density o f examined profiles is low in the Southwest part of the peninsula (Fig . 6) . Map units were plotted on aerial photographs at a scale of 1 :12 500 . Differences in slope, stoniness and amount of rock outcrops were recorde d in order to delineate soil phases within the map units . Note was take n of the vegetation, agricultural practices, and the suitability of th e soils for various uses . A total of 20 soil profiles were described i n detail and samples were taken for physical and chemical analyses .

DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNIT S

This section presents a general description of each map unit . Each description indicates where the map unit occurs in the area, its positio n in the landscape, and a description of the parent material, topography , drainage and vegetation . Range of characteristics of soil profiles ar e discussed, and associated soils occurring in the map units are mentioned . Representative profiles for most of the map units have been describe d and sampled . Profile descriptions and their analytical data are presented in Part Three of the report together with an explanation of term s used in the profile descriptions and an explanation of chemical an d physical data . The map units are named after the most dominant soil which occurs in the map unit . If two contrasting soils occur in a map unit and both soils dominate over any other soil, the map unit carrie s both names . Table 4 gives the areal extent of each map unit (hectares) .

Most of the map units have been illustrated by a series of cross - sections, depicting soil-landscape relationships (Figs . 20-23) . These cross-sections can be found in the report, immediately following the ma p unit descriptions . Figure 19 shows the location of the cross-sections o n the map . These cross-sections are not drawn to scale ; their function i s to indicate the soils occurrence and distribution and its associatio n with other soils and non-soils in the landscape .

20 LEGEND

• Observations by Road ♦ Observations by Helicopte r Detailed Profile Descriptions ▪ and Sampled Soils .

Figure 6 . Distribution of examined soil profiles.

21 TABLE 4

AREAS OF THE MAP UNITS AND PERCENTAGES OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA

PERCENTAGE OF MAP UNIT HECTARES LAND AREA

Barry's Pond 162 8 . 3 Chapel Cove 52 2 . 7 Chapel Cove-Loon Point 60 3 . 1 Comfort Cove 115 5 . 9 Comfort Head 151 7 . 8 Crow Cliff 60 3 . 1 Dead Wolf Pond 137 7 . 0 Evans Point 33 1 . 7 Indian Cove 29 1 . 5 Indian Neck 27 1 . 4 Michael's Harbour 28 1 . 5 Mint Pond 85 4 . 4 Net Cove 32 1 . 6 Net Cove Head 8 0 . 4 New Bay 37 1 . 9 Newstead Harbour 23 1 . 2 Red Cliff Pond 14 0 . 7 Turtle Creek Pond 113 5 . 8 Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head 505 25 . 9 Wiseman Head 197 10 . 1 Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek Pond 63 3 . 2 Water Bodies 16 0 . 8

TOTAL AREA 1947

2 2 BARRY'S POND MAP UNIT(Ba)

Location : Barry's Pond soils are located in the northern central part of the peninsula . Soils of the Barry's Pond Map unit occupy 162 ha, or 8% of the area mapped .

Parent Material : These soils have developed in a thin veneer (20-50 cm) of moderately coarse to medium textured glacial till derived from slate, shale, siltstone and sand - stone, overlying fragmented bedrock .

Topography : The Barry's Pond soils occupy hummocky terrain , with slopes ranging from 2 to 30% (Fig . 21) . Rock outcrops occur along ridge tops where the folde d bedrock exposes more resistant strata .

Drainage : These soils are generally moderately well to wel l drained, despite their shallowness to bedrock . It is thought that the fragmented bedrock is perviou s enough to allow water to drain . Faint mottling often occurs immediately above the fragmente d bedrock .

Vegetation/Land Use : Most of the Barry's Pond soils support unproductiv e balsam fir forest with some black spruce . Approxi- mately 20 ha are in use as improved pasture and hay land .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol very shallow lithic phas e and Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol very shallow lithic phase .

Range in Characteristics : The thickness of the organic surface horizons in - creases from the upper to the lower part of the slope . A 2 to 10 cm thick leached Ae horizo n immediately overlies a sequence of strong brown to dark brown Bhf and Bf horizons . Clay and silt contents of these horizons tend to increase toward the surface . Textures range from loam to clay loam for the upper horizons, while the lower B horizo n usually has a coarse sandy loam texture . Bedrock underlies the Bhf and Bf horizons, usually at depths of 40 to 50 cm . Horizontally orientate d flaggy stones often occur immediately below th e organic surface horizon . They are usually bleache d and sometimes form a continuous stone pavement i n the upper part of the profile . Surface stonines s varies widely, with stoniness increasing in lowe r slope positions . The soils have high contents o f slaty and shaly coarse fragments, which generall y increases with depth.

Associated Soils : Comfort Head soils occur within the Barry's Pon d map unit . These soils occupy areas where bedrock occurs more than 50 cm, below the surface . Depressed, wet areas, such as black spruce swamp s and alder-black spruce swamps occur . The soils of these areas are usually very to exceedingly stony .

CHAPEL COVE MAP UNIT(Cl)

Location : Chapel Cove soils are found on a ridge just nort h of Chapel Cove, and on the southwest tip of th e peninsula . The soils of the Chapel Cove Map Uni t occupy 52 ha .

Parent Material : These soils have developed in a thin veneer (20 t o 50 cm) of moderately coarse to coarse textured , slightly cemented glacial till, derived from granites granodiorite and volcanic rock ; overlying bedrock.

Topography : The Chapel Cove soils occur on ridged and hummock y terrain with slopes ranging from 30 to 45 % (Fig. 23) . Bedrock outcrops in the form of ridge s or dykes are common.

Drainage : These soils are generally imperfectly drained wit h seepage occurring over the bedrock .

Vegetation : Vegetation is productive balsam fir and balsam fi r - black spruce forest .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol very shallow lithic phase .

Range in Characteristics : Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm below th e mineral surface . Thickness of organic surface horizon is 10 to 20 cm . The texture of the solum varies from loamy sand to sandy loam, with high amounts of angular gravel . A 10 to 15 cm thic k layer of bedrock rubble often overlies the bed - rock . Mottling occurs immediately above th e bedrock or bedrock rubble . Surface stoniness o f the Chapel Cove soils ranges from very t o exceedingly stony . Granitic boulders are commo n throughout the area.

Associated Soils : Wiseman Head soils and Turtle Creek soils occur in this area . Wiseman Head soils occupy tops o f ridges and hummocks and very steep upper and middl e slopes . Turtle Creek soils occupy the bette r drained positions in the area such as upper and middle slopes where little seepage occurs .

CHAPEL COVE-LOON POINT MAP UNIT (CL1 )

Location : Chapel Cove-Loon Point map unit is a complex of th e moderately well to imperfectly drained Chapel Cove soils and the poorly drained Loon Point soils . This complex map unit is found on the south coas t of the peninsula just east of Chapel Cove. There are 60 ha of the Chapel Cove-Loon Point Map Uni t soils .

Parent Material : Parent material and range in depth to bedrock ar e the same for both soils . They have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick veneer of gravelly to ver y gravelly coarse textured rewashed glacial till derived from coarse grained granites, granodiorite s and diorite with minor amounts of reddish sand - stone, over bedrock.

Topography : The soils occur on slightly hummocky and incline d terrain with slopes ranging from 6 to 9 % (Fig . 23) . Many "planed off" bedrock outcrops are associated with these soils .

Drainage : Drainage of the soils range from poor to imperfect , with moderately well drained soils occurring on the higher parts of the terrain, while the poorl y drained soils are found in depressions among th e bedrock outcrops .

Vegetation : Vegetation consists of productive black spruce - balsam fir forest with a feathermoss ground cover .

Soil Classification : The Chapel Cove soil is an Orthic or Gleye d Humo-Ferric Podzol, the Loon Point soil is a n Orthic Gleysol .

Range in Characteristics : Thickness of the organic surface horizon range s from 10 to 30 cm for the imperfectly and poorl y drained soils . The Chapel Cove soils generall y have a thick (20-30 cm) light gray coloured Ae horizon overlying mottled very gravelly sandy loam Bf horizons . The Loon Point soils consist of a 2 0 to 50 cm dark gray to very dark gray coloure d gravelly to very gravelly sandy loam solum . Textures of the underlying parent material, i f present, vary from medium to coarse sand to angula r gravels . Surface stoniness for both soils rang e from moderate to exceedingly stony, with mor e stones occurring on the poorly drained soils tha n on the well drained soils . Granitic and granodioritic boulders are common .

Associated Soils : Soils consisting of gravelly beach material occu r in this area as a thin strip along the coast line .

COMFORT COVE MAP UNIT (Cc )

Location : These soils are found on glaciomarine deposits tha t occur on the tip of the peninsula and along th e west coast of the peninsula . Soils of the Comfor t Cove map unit occupy 115 ha .

Parent Material : Comfort Cove soils have developed on moderatel y fine to medium textured glaciomarine material ove r dark brown, poorly sorted glaciomarine sands an d subrounded gravels of mixed origin.

Topography : The soils occupy level to very gently sloping ter - rain, with slopes between 0 and 5% (Figs . 20-21) . Small rock outcrops occur in this map unit .

Drainage : The soils are well drained due to the coarse nature of the subsoil . Water deficits may occur durin g prolonged dry spells in the summer.

Vegetation/Land Use : Most of the Comfort Cove soils are in use a s improved pasture or as vegetable gardens . The community of Comfort Cove-Newstead is situated o n these soils . Natural vegetation consists of unproductive balsam fir forest with some black spruce .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Range of Characteristics : The surface horizons of these soils have generally high clay and silt contents compared to th e underlying material and show little evidence of stratification . Their textures range from gravell y sandy loam to very gravelly sandy clay loam . Thickness of these surface horizons varies from 2 0 to 40 cm. Textures of the subsoil range from sand s to gravels . Gravel content is generally high in the surface horizons, (50-60% by volume), bu t decreases with depth (20-30%) in BC and C horizons . Surface stoniness ranges from moderately stony to very stony . Stones are usually small an d subrounded or angular in shape . Sands occur as lenses throughout the gravelly parent material .

Associated Soils : Imperfectly and somtimes poorly drained soils occu r in depressed areas and on slopes, where latera l water movement occurs .

COMFORTHEADMAP UNIT (Ch )

Location : These soils occur in two small tracts of land alon g the east coast of the peninsula, and as inclusion s of the Barry's Pond map unit . There are 151 ha o f Comfort Head map unit soils .

Parent Material : They have developed in a moderately thin to thic k veneer (50-100 cm) of moderately coarse to mediu m textured glacial till derived from slate, shale , siltstone and sandstone overlying fragmented an d weathered bedrock .

Topography : These soils occupy hummocky terrain with gentle to moderate slopes (6-15%) (Fig . 21) . Many rock outcrops occur in more inland positions, where th e veneer becomes thinner.

Drainage : The Comfort Head soils are generally moderatel y well to well drained . Mottling often occur s immediately above the fragmented bedrock .

Vegetation/Land Use : Natural vegetation of these soils consists of unproductive Hylocomium - balsam fir forest . The area which is located on the west coast supports an improved pasture, which has been partially exc a- vated for fill .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase an d Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, shallow lithic phase .

Range in Characteristics : Thickness of the organic surface horizons increase s towards the lower part of the slope . Ae horizons are usually very thin when under natural veget a- tion, and increase in thickness when unde r cultivation . Depth to consolidated bedrock varies from 50 to 100 cm below the mineral surface . The subsoil, often consists of weathered, friable , unconsolidated bedrock or bedrock rubble whic h gradually grades into consolidated bedrock . A series of gray to dark brown B horizons overli e this unconsolidated bedrock or bedrock rubble . Clay and silt content of these horizons generall y increase toward the surface . Textures of the Ae and upper B horizons range from loam to clay loa m while textures of the lower horizons range from loamy sand to sandy loam with high amounts of shaly fragments. The soils have moderate amounts o f shaly coarse fragments (30 to 40% by volume), an d have moderate surface stoniness .

27 Associated Soils : Barry's Pond soils occur within the Comfort Hea d map unit . These soils occur where bedrock is within 20 to 50 cm of the surface . Poorly draine d soils are found in depressed wet areas. These soils have thick (20 to 40 cm) dark brown mineral - organic surface horizons overlying mottled B and C horizons .

28 Figure 7. Soil profile of an Figure 8 . Soil profile of a n Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol ; Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol ; Comfort Cove Soil (80-0025) Comfort Head Soil (80-0026 )

Figure 9 . Soil profile of a n Figure 10 . Soil Profile of a n 2 9 Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol ; Orthic Gleysol ; Indian Neck Soil (83-0004) Loon Point Soil (83-0002) Figure II . Aerial view of the Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d Figure 12 . Soil profile of a map unit, dissected by stream fens (Mint Pond Map unit) Typic Folisol; with a sloping bog (Dead Wolf Pond map unit), upper right . Wiseman Head Soil (83-003 )

; Figure 13 . Vegetation of Coniferous Horizontal Fen ; Figure 14 . Ground cover of a Low Shrub Domed Bog Turtle Creek Pond map unit . Dead Wolf Pond map unit .

CROW CLIFF MAP UNIT (Cw)

Location : These soils are located northeast of the wate r supply pond in the Central portion of the Penin - sula . Soils of the Crow Cliff map unit occupy 6 0 ha .

Parent Material : They have developed in a thin veneer (20-50 cm) of moderately coarse to medium textured glacial til l derived from slate, shale, siltstone and sandston e overlying fragmented bedrock .

Topography : The Crow Cliff soils occur on hummocky terrain wit h slopes ranging from 10 to 15% (Fig . 21) . Bedrock outcrops occur along ridge tops and on tops of hummocks where the folded bedrock exposes mor e resistant strata .

Drainage : These soils are generally imperfectly drained wit h seepage occurring over the bedrock .

Vegetation : Vegetation in this map unit consist of balsam fi r and balsam fir - black spruce forest .

Soil Classification : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phas e

Range in Characteristics : Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm below the mineral surface . Thickness of organic surface horizon is 10 to 20 cm thick . The texture of the solum varies from loam to clay loam with hig h amounts of shaly and slaty rock fragments . Bedrock rubble and weathered bedrock material generall y overlies the bedrock . Mottling occurs immediatel y above the bedrock or bedrock rubble . Surfac e stoniness of the Crow Cliff soils ranges from moderately to very stony with sandstone flagstone s and boulders occurring throughout the area .

Associated Soils : Comfort Head and Barry's Pond soils occur withi n the Crow Cliff map unit . Comfort Head soils ar e found in areas where the bedrock is deeper than 50 cm . These soils often have compacted till at 30 t o 40 cm below the surface . Barry's Pond soils occu r in better drained positions in the landscape suc h as the upper slopes of hummocks and ridges . Wiseman Head soils and bare rock occurs on top o f ridges and hummocks . In between hummocks and o n lower slope positions where there is enough mois - ture for the development of peat, Turtle Creek Pond organic soils and Michael's Harbour organic soil s are found .

DEAD WOLF POND MAP UNIT (Dw )

Location: Dead Wolf Pond organic soils occur in severa l inland locations mostly on the southern half of th e peninsula. There are 137 ha of Dead Wolf Pond ma p unit soils .

Parent Material : These soils are developed mainly from fibrous unde - composed to slightly decomposed sphagnum mosses .

Landf orms : Dead Wolf Pond soils are found in domed bogs, fla t bogs, and slope bogs, depending on the slope an d form of the surface of the bog (Fig . 21 and 22) . Rock outcrops sometimes occur along the peripher y of the bogs .

Drainage : These soils are generally imperfectly to poorl y drained. Depth to water table varies from 10 to 3 0 cm and may be deeper in late summer.

Vegetation/Land Use : The dominant vegetation of these bogs consists o f sphagnum mosses with bog laurel, sheep laurel , Labrador tea and some cotton grass . Tamarack an d black spruce shrubs occur . A large domed bog in the southern part of the peninsula has been draine d and is in use as pasture .

Soil Classification : Typic Fibriso l

Range in Characteristics : Depth of the peat material is as much as 300 cm. The upper 100 to 200 cm generally consists of unde - composed sphagnum peat . The substrate may consis t of slightly to moderately decomposed sedge and woody peat . The peat material is usually underlai n by a thin veneer of very stony and bouldery sand y loam over the bedrock.

Associated Soils : Mint Pond and Michael's Harbour organic soils occurring along the periphery of the bogs ar e included in this map unit .

EVANS POINT MAP UNIT (En )

Location : These soils are located west of the Newstead community, bordering the closed off part of Newstea d Harbour . The soils of the Evans Point map uni t occupy 33 ha .

Parent Material : Evans Point soils are developed on deep coars e textured fluviomarine and marine deposits of mixe d origin.

Topography : These soils occur in a basin or depressed area wit h slopes between 0 .5 and 2% (Fig . 20) .

Drainage : Drainage of the Evans Point soils is very poor . Water from the uplands collects in the basin, while closer to the waters edge the water table fluct u- ates with rising and falling tide .

Vegetation : Upper slopes of the basin are vegetated with a dense growth of Alder with a grass and Kalmi a understory . Closer to the waters edge the veget a- tion is influenced by salt water .

Soil Classification : Orthic Gleysol .

Range in Characteristics : A 20 to 40 cm thick layer of slightly to moderatel y decomposed organic material overlies the fluviomarine deposits . A thin (5 to 10 cm) layer of medium to coarse sand, enriched with humus and silt separates the organic material from the underlying medium to coarse sandy parent material .

Associated Soils : Mint Pond soils occur in the same area . These soils have a layer of moderately decomposed organic material, derived from sedges, grasses and minor sphagnum mosses which is thicker than 40 cm .

INDIANCOVE MAP UNIT (Id )

Location : These soils occur along the south coast of th e peninsula . There are 29 ha of Indian Cove map uni t soils .

Parent Material : Indian Cove soils are developed in a 1 .5 to 2 mete r thick blanket of well stratified coarse textured glacio-fluvial material of mixed origin overlying grayish till .

Topography : These soils occupy hummocky and inclined terrain with slopes between 2 to 9% (Fig . 23) . Rock outcrops occur in the area .

Drainage : They are generally poorly to imperfectly drained .

Vegetation : The natural vegetation consists of a productiv e black spruce - balsam fir forest with some larch , white birch and pine .

Soil Classification : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Range in Characteristics : The organic surface horizon is generally 15 to 2 0 cm thick and consists mainly of moderately decom - posed sphagnum mosses for the poorly drained soils , while the imperfectly drained soils have a 20 to 3 0 cm thick layer of leaf litter . Textures of the solum range from gravelly coarse sandy loam to ver y gravelly loamy coarse sand . Gravel content increases with depth and varies from 30 to 80% b y volume . These soils have gray to dark gray colors , indicating high water table levels resulting i n poor aeration . Surface stoniness in these soils i s generally high, with large granitic boulders a s erratics occurring throughout the area .

Associated Soils : Turtle Creek Pond soils occur in the area, where a layer of organic material, thicker than 40 cm ha s formed . These soils are usually vegetated with a dense alder growth . Net Cove and Newstead Harbou r soils occur in more inland positions within the ma p unit, where bedrock is closer to the surface .

INDIAN NECK MAP UNIT (In )

Location : Indian Neck soils occur in a small outwash fan o n the south shore of the peninsula . Soils of the Indian Neck Map Unit occupy 27 ha .

Parent Material : These soils have developed in a thin blanke t (1-1 .5 m) of coarse textured well stratified glaciofluvial material of mixed origin .

Topography : The soils occupy hummocky terrain which slope s towards the coast (slopes range from 2 to 5%) . They are found in between the many planed off bed - rock hummocks that are part of the underlyin g hummocky bedrock (Figs . 22 and 23) .

Drainage : Drainage of the Indian Neck soils ranges fro m imperfectly to well drained . A small brook ,

originating from a fen to the north, and which drains towards the ocean, flows through the middle of the area . Seepage occurs over the "planned off " bedrock and over the massive ortstein layers present in the deeper soils .

Vegetation : The soils are occupied by a productive black spruc e - balsam fir forest .

Soil Classification : Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Range in Characteristics : Indian Neck soils are characterized by the massive and thick ortstein layer present . The ortstein generally starts at depths ranging from 30 to more than 50 cm below the surface . Texture of the horizons overlying the ortstein is gravelly sand y loam. Textures of the parent material range fro m loam coarse sands to medium to coarse sands and gravels . These soils occur as deep pockets of soi l in between the granodioritic bedrock outcrops . They are generally very stony . Large granitic erratics are found on top of these bedrock outcrops .

Associated Soils : Net Cove soils and Newstead soils, are associated with the Indian Neck soils, where bedrock occurs close to the surface and where the soils are wel l drained . Net Cove Head soils occur in simila r positions in the landscape but have seepage occurring over the bedrock . Deeper soils occur in the same area where the ortstein layer is lacking . These soils have thin Ae horizons and Bf horizon s that often extend to more than 50 cm below th e surface . They are moderately well drained an d support a good growth of black spruce .

MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (Mr )

Location : The Michael's Harbour organic soils occur along th e drainage course flowing from the drink water supply pond to the west . There are 28 ha of soils of the Michael's Harbour Map Unit .

Parent Material : The soils are developed from strongly decompose d sedges, grasses, mosses, woody material and othe r hydrophytic vegetation .

Landforms : These soils are found in a channel marsh along a n intermittent drainage channel with pools of open water, and in many small slope fens, which are to o small to map .

Drainage : The Michael's Harbour soils are very poorly drained . Parts of the marsh are periodically inundated by standing or slowly moving water .

Vegetation : The dominant vegetation on these soils consist o f sedges, reed grasses and rushes . Zones of shrub vegetation consisting of black spruce and alde r with bog laurel and sphagnum mosses occur wher e mineral soil is close to the surface .

Soil Classification : Typic Humisol, shallow phase and Terric Humisol .

Range in Characteristics : Depth of peat material ranges from 40 to 100 cm . A thin surface layer of slightly decomposed fibrou s sphagnum and sedge peat overlies the strongl y decomposed sedge,grass, moss and woody pea t material . A 10 to 30 cm thick mineral layer ove r bedrock forms the substratum of the peat deposit .

Associated Soils : Bedrock outcrops with or without thin veneers o f glacial till occur within the map unit . Areas of deeper, slightly decomposed organic materia l derived from sedges and reed grasses occur alon g the shoreline of the channels and pools .

MINT POND MAP UNIT(Mi )

Location : These organic soils occupy depressional areas an d gentle slopes throughout the central and souther n part of the peninsula . Mint Pond Map Unit organi c soils occupy 85 ha .

Parent Material : Mint Pond soils are developed from moderately an d decomposed sedge, grass, and sphagnum mosses .

Landforms : The soils occur on horizontal fens developed i n shallow depressional areas and on slope fen s developed on gentle slopes with enough moisture fo r the development of peat (Fig . 22) .

Drainage : These soils are very poorly drained . Depth t o water table ranges from 0 to 10 cm . Open water in the form of flashets or mud ponds occupy 10 to 30 % of the surface area . These flashets usually occur as elongated pools, parallel to each other and wit h their longest axis perpendicular to the directio n of the slope . Horizontal fens generally hav e lesser amounts of open surface water in the form o f randomly located pools .

36 Vegetation : Vegetation of these soils consist of dominantl y sedges, reed grasses and sphagnum mosses which ar e found in the form of small hummocks . Scattered tamarack or juniper occur . The more elevated part s of the slope fens may support clusters of blac k spruce shrubs .

Soil Classification : Terric Mesisol .

Range in Characteristics : Depth of peat material is generally 90 to 100 cm . The surface layer consists of undecomposed t o slightly decomposed sphagnum peat or sphagnum sedg e peat . The peat material below the surface laye r consists of moderately decomposed sedge peat o r sphagnum sedge peat . Decomposition generally increases slightly with depth. The peat material overlies a sandy to sandy loam glacial till venee r of variable thickness .

Associated Soils : Red Cliff Pond, Turtle Creek Pond and Michael' s Harbour soils are associated with the Mint Pond soils . Red Cliff Pond soils occur where the dept h of peat material is more than 160 cm . These soils are generally found in the centre of horizontal and sloping fens . Turtle Creek Pond soils occur wher e there is a vegetation cover consisting of tamarack , stunted black spruce or alders . Michael's Harbour soils usually occur along the periphery of the fens .

NET COVE MAP UNIT (Nc )

Location : These soils are located on the northwestern tip o f the peninsula . There are 32 ha of Net Cove Map Unit soils .

Parent Material : Net Cove soils are developed in 40 to 60 cm moderately fine to medium textured glaciomarine material overlying poorly sorted, cobbly and gravelly coars e textured material over fragmented shaly bedrock . Materials are of mixed origin .

Topography : These soils occupy hummocky and inclined terrain with slopes between 2 to 9% (Fig . 20) . Few rock outcrops occur at the tops of the hummocks .

Drainage : They are well drained . Due to the sandy loam texture of the solum, these soils have sufficien t water holding capacity .

Vegetation/Land Use : These soils are in use as improved pasture and fo r forage .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase .

Range in Characteristics : Textures of the solum range from gravelly to ver y gravelly sandy clay loam to loam They hav e generally high gravel contents, (60 to 70% by volume) . Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 cm . The texture of the underlying material is generall y loamy coarse sand with high amounts of channer y coarse fragments and gravel .

Associated Soils : Poorly and imperfectly drained shallow lithic soil s occur in this map unit in a few scattered locations . They occupy depressed areas where wate r collects from surrounding areas . Newstead Harbour soils occupy the tops of many hummocks and ridge s where bedrock is within 50 cm of the surface .

NET COVEHEADMAP UNIT (Nh )

Location: These soils are located on the northwestern tip o f the peninsula . There are 8 ha of soils of Net Cov e Head Map Unit .

Parent Material : Net Cove Head soils are developed in a thin venee r (20-50 cm) of poorly sorted, moderately fine t o medium textured glaciomarine material of mixe d origin over fragmented shale bedrock.

Topography : They occupy inclined and hummocky terrain with slopes from 2 to 5% (Fig . 2) . Rock outcrops occu r on the tops of the hummocks .

Drainage : These soils are generally poorly to imperfectl y drained .

Vegetation : The main vegetation on these soils consists of alders and stunted black spruce . The bette r drained areas support grassland .

Soil Classification : Rego Gleysol, very shallow lithic phase and gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, very shallow lithi c phase .

Range in Characteristics : The Rego Gleysols have up to 10 cm of mineral - organic or well decomposed organic material over - lying 30 to 50 cm of highly mottled gravelly and shaly sandy clay loam to loam . The Gleyed Dystric Brunisols consist of a thin layer of leaf litter o r mineral - organic material over a thick (20-30 cm) mottled Ae horizon overlying a very thin Bf

38 horizon (less than 10 cm) . Bedrock occurs betwee n 30 to 40 cm below the surface . Surface stonines s is slight .

Associated Soils :_ Newstead Harbour soils occur in the same area . They occupy better drained positions in the landscape . Net Cove soils occur, where bedrock is more than 50 cm below the surface .

NEW BAY MAP UNIT (Nw)

Location : These soils (37 ha) are located on the east coas t of the peninsula, just south of the community o f Turtle Creek .

Parent Material : New Bay soils have developed from deep coarse textured, light olive brown, slightly compacte d glacial till, derived from coarse grained granite , granodiorite and diorite with minor amounts o f volcanic rock .

Topography : These soils are found on slightly hummocky to inclined terrain with slopes between 2 to 5% . Rock outcrops are not common in these areas .

Drainage : They are generally moderately well drained, wit h seepage occurring over the slightly compacted o r cemented subsoil .

Vegetation/Land Use : Natural vegetation is unproductive black spruce - balsam fir forest . These soils also support smal l scale vegetable production and some forage production .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Range in Characteristics : Organic surface horizons are generally thin (5 t o 10 cm) . A thin (2-5 cm) Ae horizon overlies a series of brown to dark brown B horizons, whic h grade into slightly compacted BC and C horizons . Texture of the solum varies from gravelly coarse sandy loam to gravelly medium to coarse sands . Texture of the parent material is gravelly mediu m to coarse sand, and often has a rewashed til l appearance . Gravel and cobbles are usually concen- trated at the surface . Surface stoniness range s from very to exceedingly stony with boulders being common throughout the areas .

Associated Soils : Turtle Creek and Wiseman Head soils occur in thi s area to a minor extent, where bedrock is close t o the surface.

NEWSTEADHARBOURMAP UNIT(Nd)

Location : Newstead Harbour soils occur on the northwest ti p of the peninsula . There are 23 ha of soils of the Newstead Harbour Map Unit .

Parent Material : These soils are developed in a thin venee r (20-50 cm) of moderately fine to medium textured glaciomarine material of mixed origin over shal e bedrock.

Topography : They occupy hummocky terrain with slopes from 2 t o 5% .

Drainage : These soils are generally well drained . Some depressed areas, where water collects are imperfectly to poorly drained .

Land Use : The soils are used as improved pasture .

Soil Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithi c phase .

Range in Characteristics : These soils have a thin (2-5 cm) mineral - organi c surface horizon overlying gravelly sandy clay loam to loam . Bedrock occurs generally at depths of 3 0 to 40 cm. The soils contain large amounts of subrounded gravel and shaly coarse fragments . Rock outcrops occur at the tops of hummocks where th e soil has eroded away .

Associated Soils : Poorly and imperfectly drained Net Cove Head soil s occupy depressed areas where surface runoff wate r from the surrounding areas collects . Along the eastern fringe of the Newstead Harbour map unit , the deeper Comfort Cove soils occur . These soils are generally used for small scale vegetabl e production .

RED CLIFF POND MAP UNIT (Rc )

Location : The Red Cliff Pond organic soils occur as small scattered tracts, comprising 14 ha, in inland loca - tions in the southern part of the peninsula .

Parent Material : These soils are developed from the moderatel y decomposed sedges with some grasses and mosses .

Landforms : The Red Cliff Pond soils are found on slope fens developed in depressions and on gentle slopes where there is sufficient moisture to promote th e development of peat and on stream fens developed along intermittent drainage channels (Fig . 22) .

Drainage : These soils are very poorly drained . Depth to water table varies from 0 to 10 cm . Many flashet s or mud pools occur.

Vegetation : The vegetation of these fens consists of sedges , reed grasses and sphagnum mosses on hummocks wit h scattered tamarack and black spruce shrubs .

Soil Classification : Typic Mesisol .

Range in Characteristics : Depth of peat material varies from 160 cm to ove r 200 cm . The surface layer generally consists o f slightly decomposed (fibrous) sedge peat to a dept h varying from 10 to 40 cm . The underlying organi c material consists of moderately decomposed sedge peat . Decomposition of the organic material generally increases with depth. Below 160 c m moderately to highly decomposed sedge peat or woody peat may occur . The peat material is usually underlain by bedrock . A thin veneer of stony and gravelly sandy loam till may lie over the bedrock .

Associated Soils : Mint Pond and Turtle Creek Pond soils are associated with the Red Cliff Pond soils . These soils occur where depth of moderately decomposed sedge and sphagnum sedge peat is less than 160 cm . Turtle Creek Pond soils usually support a stunte d black spruce growth .

TURTLE CREEK POND MAP UNIT (Tp )

Location: Turtle Creek Pond soils are found in depressiona l areas and on gentle slopes throughout the centra l and southern part of the peninsula . The soils of the Turtle Creek Pond Map Unit occupy 113 ha .

Parent Material : These soils have developed from moderately decomposed sedges, grasses, mosses and woody material .

Landform: The soils occur on slope fens developed in depressions and on gentle slopes or on channel fen s developed in abandoned glacial meltwater spillway s and intermittent drainage courses (Fig. 21) .

Drainage : The drainage of these soils is poor to very poor , with water table levels varying from at or abov e the surface to 30 cm below the surface . The channel fens often have small intermittent stream s or brooks running through the center of the fen . The slope fens have few or no pools .

Vegetation : Water draining from the surrounding areas int o these soils is generally higher in nutrients an d less acidic than the water which drains into th e Mint Pond soils, resulting in a more varied vegetation. Speckled alder, black spruce and tamarac k trees up to 3 m high are common . Bog laurel, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, sedges, rushes and grasse s form the understory while most of surface is vegetated with sphagnum and feather mosses .

Soil Classification : Terric Mesisol .

Range in Characteristics : Depth of organic material varies considerably, but is usually less than 120 cm deep . The surface 10 to 30 cm generally consists of undecomposed t o slightly decomposed (fibrous) sphagnum mosses an d sedges. The underlying organic material is moderately decomposed sphagnum sedge and sedge peat to a depth which varies between 70 and 120 cm . Below this, a more humified layer of sedge peat or wood y peat may occur . The peat material usually overlie s a stony and gravelly sandy loam veneer of variabl e thickness over bedrock.

Associated Soils : Included in the map unit are areas with ver y shallow (less than 40 cm) highly decomposed pea t and areas with less than 40 cm of moderately t o very decomposed organic material overlying dark gray coloured mineral soil . Boulders and stones ,

42 covered by the organic material often occur in these areas . Mint Pond soils occur where there i s no tree cover .

TURTLE CREEK-WISEMANHEADMAP UNIT (Tr-Wh)

Location : The Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head map unit is a complex of Turtle Creek soils (60%) and Wiseman Head soils (40%) . This complex occupies most of the southern half of the peninsula (505 ha or 25 .9% of the area) .

Parent Material : Turtle Creek soils have developed in a thin venee r (20-50 cm) of moderately coarse to coarse textured , slightly cemented glacial till derived from coars e grained granites, granodiorites, diorites and volcanic rocks . Wiseman Head soils consist of a thic k layer (20 cm or more) of forest litter and mosse s over bedrock.

Topography : The Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head compound map unit occurs on hummocky and ridged terrain with stron g to very steep slopes, interspersed by many small organic deposits . The Wiseman Head soils occup y the crests and upper slopes of hummocks and ridge s as well as the very steep and steep middle and lower slopes . Turtle Creek soils are found on th e moderate to extreme sloping middle and lower slope s and on some of the better drained areas in between the hummocks and ridges (Figs . 22 and 23) .

Drainage : Both soils are generally moderately well to wel l drained due to their position in the landscape . Seepage is usually present, especially on middle slope positions . Poorer drainage occurs on lowe r slope positions and in level or depressed areas i n between the hummocks and ridges, where surfac e runoff water collects . In these positions organic deposits have often formed that have water tabl e levels varying from at or above the surface t o approximately 30 cm below the surface during dry periods .

Vegetation : This complex of soils generally supports unproductive stands of balsam fir and black spruce . A stunted growth of black spruce and balsam fir with kalmia species, feathermosses and low blueberr y bushes can be found on upper slopes of hummocks and ridges . Better growth occurs on middle and lowe r slopes where lateral water movement occurs over the bedrock . These landscape positions are ofte n occupied by productive balsam fir and balsam fir - black spruce forests with occasional patches of

43 white birch . These forests generally have a moss ground cover . Tamarack, alder, stunted black spruce, bog laurel, sheep laurel and sphagnu m mosses or grasses and sedges occur on lower slop e positions and organic deposits in between the hummocks and ridges . Reindeer lichen is generall y found over bare rock .

Soil Classification : Turtle Creek soils are classified as Orthi c Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phas e (60%) . Wiseman Head soils are classified as Typi c Folisols (40%) .

Range in Characteristics : Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm for the Turtle Creek soils to less than 10 cm for th e Wiseman Head soils . Thickness of the organic sur - face horizons varies from 2 cm to more than 20 cm . Surface textures of the Turtle Creek soils ar e generally loamy sands or sandy loams, while solum textures are sandy loam with moderate to hig h amounts of angular gravel . Wiseman Head soil s often have a thin layer (less than 10 cm) of mediu m to coarse sands and gravel, derived from graniti c material, overlying the bedrock . Bedrock rubble often overlies the unconsolidated bedrock . Mot- tling occurs immediately above the bedrock o r bedrock rubble for the Turtle Creek soils . Surface stoniness for both the Turtle Creek soils and th e Wiseman Head soils ranges from very to exceedingl y stony with many granitic and granodioriti c boulders . Stones and boulders are often covere d with thick layers of moss .

Associated Soils : Turtle Creek and Michael's Harbour organic soil s are found in shallow and deep depressions i n between hummocks and ridges and on slopes wher e there is enough moisture for the development o f peat . Depth of peat material for the Turtle Cree k Pond soils varies from less than 100 cm to mor e than 160 cm . The surface layer of the Turtle Cree k soils generally consists of slightly decompose d sphagnum mosses and sedges, while the underlyin g organic material consists of moderately decompose d sphagnum and sedge peat with more humified layer s of sedge fen peat and woody peat occurring a t varying depths . The Michael's Harbour organi c soils generally consist of a 40 to 100 cm thic k layer of humified sedge peat or woody peat over a very stony, sandy loam glacial till veneer or ove r bedrock. Large stones and boulders are ofte n embedded in the peat material . Bare rock, rock with a thin moss cover and soils, consisting of a

44 10 to 20 cm thick veneer of sandy loam to medium t o coarse sands and angular gravels are included i n the map unit .

WISEMAN HEAD MAP UNIT(Wh)

Location : These soils occur in scattered locations throughout the southern part of the peninsula where ridged an d hummocky bedrock occurs at the surface . There are 197 ha of soils of the Wiseman Head Map Unit .

Parent Material : Wiseman Head soils are developed from a more tha n 20 cm thick organic layer of forest litter and mosses over bedrock .

Topography : These soils occur on ridged and hummocky bedroc k outcrop with extreme to very steep slopes rangin g from 45 to more than 100% (Figs . 21 and 23) .

Drainage : The soils are generally moderately well to well drained on the tops of the hummocks and ridges and imperfectly to poorly drained on the sides and lower slopes of the ridges and hummocks .

Vegetation : Natural vegetation consists of stunted balsam fir - black spruce forest with a thick feathermoss groun d cover. On the sides of the slopes, where a thi n layer of glacial till has accumulated and nutrient rich seepage occurs over the bedrock, productiv e balsam fir - black spruce forests have developed . On the more poorly drained lower slopes, tamarac k and sheep laurel are found . Patches of low blueberry bushes occur . Due to the shallow nature o f the soil rooting depth is shallow . Tree root s generally follow shallow infilled pockets and cre- vasses in the bedrock, and are often partiall y exposed .

Soil Classification : Typic Folisol, Typic Fibrisol, shallow phase .

Range in Characteristics : These soils generally consist of a 10 to 20 c m thick layer of forest litter and mosses over bed - rock . A thin layer, less than 10 cm thick, of ver y coarse sand derived mainly from granites and granodiorites may underlie the organic surface horizon .

Associated Soils : Soils consisting of a very thin (10-20 cm) venee r of morainal material over bedrock occur in th e Wiseman Head map unit . On lower slope positions , where drainage is poor, a thin layer of moderately decomposed organic material derived from sphagnu m

45 mosses and feather mosses occur, overlying les s than 20 cm gray loamy coarse sand or bedrock . Exposed bedrock is common throughout the Wisema n Head map unit .

WISEMAN HEAD-TURTLE CREEK POND MAP UNIT (Wh-Tp )

Location : This map unit is a complex of Wiseman Head soil s (60%) and Turtle Creek Pond soils (40%) . This complex of soils occurs on the southwestern tip o f the peninsula and occupies 63 ha .

Parent Material : Wiseman Head soils consist of a thick (more than 20 cm) layer of forest litter and mosses . Turtle Creek Pond soils have developed from organi c material derived from sedges, grasses, mosses an d woody material .

Topography : These soils occupy terrain dominated by rock ridge s or dykes with steep to very steep slopes . The Wiseman Head soils occur on the sides and lower slopes of the ridges . Turtle Creek Pond soils ar e found in the depresions in between the ridges (Fig . 23) .

Drainage : Wiseman Head soils are generally moderately well to well drained due to their position on the slopes . The organic Turtle Creek Pond soils are poorly t o very poorly drained with water table levels rangin g from 0 to 30 cm below the surface .

Vegetation : Vegetation on these soils is dominated by ericaceous species such as bog laurel, sheep laurel , Labrador tea and stunted black spruce trees or shrub . Sphagnum mosses cover most of the lower slopes and depressions . Reindeer lichen is foun d on the upper slopes and crests of the ridges .

Soil Classification : Wiseman Head soils are classified as Typic Folisol s and Typic Fibrisol, shallow phase . Turtle Cree k Pond soils are classified as Terric or Typi c Mesisols and Fibric Mesisols .

Range in Characteristics : Depth of organic material of the Turtle Creek Pon d soils varies, but is usually more than 120 cm . The top 40 to 80 cm generally consists of undecompose d to slightly decomposed sphagnum peat . The underlying organic material is more humified and consists of moderately decomposed woody peat or sedge peat . Layers of fibric sedge peat and humic woody peat occur at varying depths . The Wiseman

46 Head soils may have a thin veneer (less than 10 c m thick) of coarse textured mineral soil overlying the bedrock.

Associated Soils : Bare rock and rock covered with Reindeer lichen an d feather mosses, as well as soils, consisting of a 10 to 50 cm thick veneer of glacial till occur i n the map unit .

47 Figure 15 Locations of cross sections showing soil-landscape relationships of map units .

. ; .. ~ : ,::wr:iti . . , L .~ •~<~ ~ Ocean 3`~~~d~ ,,~~,~'~ ` ~,~~~~ IIPP7_..~ 40, `A, y Alder Medium textured Sands and gravels Fluviomarine !WI Black Spruce Black Spruce Larch j scrub Bedrock i= White Birch Kalmia 4' Sedge

Figure 16 . Soil-landscape relationships of map units along cross section No . 1 .

10m . 2 Crow Cliff Barry's Pond Comfort Head mc E r Û N o 3 É 0 c Û

;se Alder Tremblin g Balsam Fi r PA Till over bedrock Sphagnum peat Aspen Black Spruce Black Spruce Larch Medium textured ~ scrub ~ l1M:R i fluviomarine over Sedge peat - r*.'5 sands and gravels White Birch f Kalmia Sedge

Figure 17. Soil-landscape relationships of map units along cross section No. 2.

Indian Neck Dead Wolf Pond Turtle Creek- Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head Wiseman Head c o o- ~ Û

c 0

ffff. /xUEM',& Trembling Nsmu Medium texture d Alder Balsam Fi r fluviomarine over Till over bedrock Aspen 1 sand and gravel s t scrub Spruce Black Spruce Larch Sedge peat _ Sphagnum peat 1 `- I " White Birch 4i Kalmia l Sedge

Figure 18- Soil-landscape relationships of map units along cross section No . 3.

W E

Tremblin g Alder Balsam Fi r FL' Moderately coarse Stratified Aspen Itl to coarse till over glaciofluvial Black Spruce bedrock k Black Spruc e scrub Larc h ,"I' ; Organic over bedrock White Birch Kalmia ï~ Sedge

Figure 19. Soil-landscape relationships of map units along cross section No . 4.

PART TWO

INTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USE S

Suitability rating system of map units units for farmland, woodland , recreation and source of material The map units are rated according to their degree of suitability fo r various uses, by evaluating soil properties that influence the variou s uses . Four degrees of soil suitability are used :

Good - The map unit is suitable for a particular use . The soils o f the map unit are relatively free of problems or limitations , or if they exist, they can be easily overcome .

Fair - The map unit is marginally suitable for a particular use . The soils of the map unit have problems or limitations whic h can be overcome with good management and careful design . Input costs should be carefully assessed .

Poor - The map unit is poorly suited for a particular use . The soils of the map unit have problems or limitations which ar e severe enough to make use questionable, because of costs o f overcoming them or of continuing problems expected with suc h use .

Unsuitable - The map unit is unsuitable fora particular use . The soil s of the map unit have problems or limitations which are s o severe, that the input required to utilize the soil is to o great to justify the effort under existing conditions .

The map units containing mineral soils have been rated as to thei r suitability for the following uses : production of forage crops, produ c- tion of vegetables (potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip, turnip an d rutabagas), septic tank systems, manure and waste application, recreatio n (tent and trailer parks and picnic areas) and woodland uses (access road s and equipment use) . Map units made up of organic soils have been rate d as to their suitability for agriculture (vegetable production and forag e crop production), horticultural peat (peat moss) and fuel peat .

The suitability ratings are based only on soil and landscape cha r- acteristics . The ratings indicate the suitability of the soils an d landscape of the map units for various uses . Size and shape of the ma p unit delineations as they occur on the map, are not taken into consider- ation . Socio-economic factors, such as availability of markets , development opportunites and recreation potential, are not considered .

These interpretations make it possible to select from the soils ma p those areas that are best suited for each of the above uses . Allowance must be made for other soils that are included in the map unit . These soils can be identified from the descriptions of "associated soil s" in the map unit descriptions in Part One of the report .

53 Use of the soil suitability table s

The degree of suitability (good, fair, poor or unsuitable) is deter - mined by the most restrictive or severe rating assigned to any of th e listed soil properties . The severity of the restriction of individua l soil properties can have an accumulative effect, which can downgrade th e degree of suitability of a map unit . This depends on the severity of th e combined effects of several restrictive soil properties . The decision t o downgrade the degree of suitability of a map unit is arbitrary and lef t up to the discretion of the interpreter . Soil properties and landfor m characteristics used to rate the suitability of each map unit for variou s uses are given in Table 5 for the mineral soils and in Table 33 for th e organic soils .

Limitations of the soil suitability interpretation s

One cannot assume that each of the major soil properties influencin g use has an equal effect . However, the degree to which a soil propert y influences a particular use has not been taken into account .

Many of the major soil properties, used to determine the degree o f suitability of a map unit, have been described in literature from outsid e the island of Newfoundland, as influencing certain uses .

The class limits for the degree of suitability of individual soi l properties are arbitrary and need to be tested under Newfoundland conditions . The interpretations of the soil suitability of map units shoul d be viewed as a guide, however, factors not considered in the suitabilit y interpretations may change the suitability of a certain area for a particular use .

Climate is one of the most important factors affecting suitabilit y ratings for crop production . Although it is understood that micro - climatic differences exist on the Comfort Cove peninsula, due to lack o f information, this has not been taken into account .

The good to poor rating of the map units may reflect the best an d the poorest soil within the surveyed area . Comparing suitability rating s of map units of other survey areas may not always be valid .

Soil suitability for farmlan d

Soil interpretations for farmland have been divided into forage crops and vegetable crops . No ratings were established for pastur e lands . The soil suitability criteria for forage crops in Table 6 ar e based on the "Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture", The Canad a Land Inventory Report No . 2, 1965 ; Queen's Printer, Ottawa . The soi l properties used in the ratings are based on limitations recognized at th e subclass level, and range limits are set accordingly . Table 7 indicate s the suitability of the map units for forage crops .

Because of the variability in soil requirements of vegetable crops , suitability ratings for individual vegetable crops are included . Only

Table 5 . Soil factors affecting various uses of mineral soils .

Depth t o compact/ % of surface cemente d Depth t o Transmissibilit y Drainage % gravel b y covered b y Solum - layer bedrock High watertable (cm) Drought- volume in cobbles Stoniness- Soi l Map unit textur e (cm) (cm) Seepage hazard top 30 cm ( 7-15 cm) % Slope Structur e

Barry's Pond loam-clay 20-50 medium well 20-80 3-15 S1-3 wea k loam slight 2-3 0 absen t

Chapel Cove sandy loa m 20-50 medium imperfect 50 30-50 S3-4 weak slight 30-4 5 presen t

Chapel Cove- sandy loam 20-50 medium to high imperfect 35-50 15-50 S2-4 weak t o Loon Poin t to poor moderat e present slight t o non e

Comfort Cove sandy cla y 100 medium good 50 3-15 S2-3 very wea k loam to loa m 100-150 slight 0- 5 over loamy absen t coarse san d

Comfort Head loam to cla y 50-100 medium well 35-50 3 SO-1 wea k loam ove r 50-100 none 6-1 5 loamy coars e absen t san d

Crow Cliff sandy loam 20-50 medium imperfect 35-50 3 S2 wea k - clay loa m - slight 10-1 5 presen t

Evans Point organic mat . 100 - very poor - over sand none 0-2 5 absent Table 5 . Soil factors affecting various uses of mineral soils (continued) .

Depth t o compact/ % of surfac e cemente d Depth t o Transmissibilit y Drainag e % gravel b y covered b y Solum- laye r bedrock High watertable (cm ) Drought - volume i n cobble s Stoniness- Soi l Map unit texture (cm) (cm) Seepage hazard top 30 cm ( 7-15 cm) % Slope Structur e

Indian Cove coarse sandy 150-200 high poor to 35-80 30-50 S3 wea k loam-loamy 100 imperfect 2- 9 coarse sand presen t none

Indian Neck sandy loam 30-50 100-150 medium imperfect 20-50 30-50 S3 wea k 100 to good 2- 5 present none

Net Cove sandy clay - 50-100 medium well 35-80 3-15 S2 very wea k loam - loam 50 none 2- 9 absent

Net Cove sandy clay - 20-50 medium poor to 35-50 3 S2 wea k Head loam - loam imperfect 2- 5 presen t none

New Bay coarse sandy 30-50 100 medium well 20-50 15-30 S3-4 very weak loam over 100-150 slight 2- 5 san d present

Newstead sandy clay - 20-50 medium well 5-35 3 S2 moderat e Harbour loam - loam slight 2- 5 absen t

Turtle sandy loam 20-50 medium poor to - 30-50 S3-4 very wea k Creek- forest 20 - well 4 5 Wiseman Head litter present - and/o r slightl y decomposed mosses ove r bedrock

Table 5 . Soil factors affecting various uses of mineral soils (concluded) .

Depth t o compact/ X of surfac e cemented Depth to Transmissibility Drainage % gravel by covered by Solum-layer bedrock High watertable (cm) Drought- volume in cobbles Stoniness- Soi l Map unit texture (cm) (cm) Seepage hazard top 30 cm ( 7-15 cm) % Slope Structur e

Wiseman Head forest 20 - well - 50 S 4 litter 4 5 and/or presen t slightl y decompose d mosses ove r bedroc k

Wiseman Head forest 20 well ; - 50 S 4 Turtle Creek litter poor 4 5 Pond and/or presen t slightl y decompose d mosses ove r bedrock ; shallo w organi c material the more common vegetable crops, grown on the island of Newfoundland, ar e considered . Tables 8, 11, 12 and 14 give the soil suitability criteri a for potatoes, cole crops, carrots and parsnip, and turnips and rutabaga s respectively . The soil suitability criteria for these crops are based o n the "soil limitations for vegetable crops " as used in "Soils of th e Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick, Report No . 9, 1983 ; Min . Supply and Services, Canada" and "Climate and soil requirements fo r economically important crops in Canada, Min . Supply and Services, Canada . "

The soil suitability ratings for farmland deal with the soil s ability to produce forage and vegetable crops on a viable commercia l basis, using mechanization . Home gardening and small scale market gardening is a different matter . These gardens are relatively small i n size, receive more intensive soil manipulation, use more manual labou r and most important, are not governed by the " produce or else " aspect of the business . Although the interpretations for forage and vegetabl e crops can be used as a guide to locate soil units most suitable for hom e gardens and small market gardens, relatively suitable plots can usuall y be established within the boundaries of the poorer grade map units .

Tables 9, 11, 13 and 15 show the soil suitability ratings with an indication of the major limiting factor of each map unit (mineral soils ) for potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip, and turnip and rutabaga s respectively . Table 16 is a summary table of soil suitability for farm - land development .

Table 6 . Degrees of soil suitability for forage crops .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to compact o r cemented layer greater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 c m

Transmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/ h

Available moisture not affected b y drought occurs droùght occurs almos t droughtines s in some years every yea r

Drainage well and moderatel y imperfectly poorly draine d well drained drained

Surface rock fragments : stones SO, S1, S2 S3 S4

Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 c m 20-50 cm

Topography (% slope) 0-9% 9-15% more than 15 %

A fourth degree of soil suitability for forage crops is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 45%, excessively stony (S5), ver y poorly drained soils .

Table 7 . Suitability of map units for forage crops .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond fair to poor - depth to bedrock and topograph y (fair if slope is 9% or less )

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedrock, topography and stonines s

Chapel Cove-Loon Poin t poor - depth to bedrock, drainage and stonines s

Comfort Cove good - sometimes stoniness is a limiting facto r

Comfort Head good to fair - depth to bedrock and topography (good if slope is 9% or less )

Crow Cliff fair to poor - depth to bedrock, drainage and stoniness (moderate if stoniness is Sl-2 )

Evans Point unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove fair to poor - drainage and stonines s (fair if imperfectly drained )

Indian Neck fair - drainage, stoniness, cemented laye r

Net Cove good to fair - depth to bedrock and topography (good if slope is 9% or less )

Net Cove Hea d fair to poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e (fair if imperfectly drained )

New Bay fair - compacted layer and stonines s

Newstead Harbour fair - depth to bedrock

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony , Pond too wet

Table 8 . Degrees of soil suitability for potatoes .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to compact o r cemented layer greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 c m

Transmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0 .1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/h

Solum texture loam, sandy loam loamy sand , other sand

Available moisture not affected by drought occur s drought occurs almos t droughtiness in some year s every yea r

Drainage well and moderately imperfectly poorly draine d well drained drained

Surface rock fragments :

cobbles less than 3% 3-15% more than 15% stones SO, Sl S2 S3

Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Topography (% slope) 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%

A fourth degree of soil suitability for potatoes is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock les s than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S4), ver y poorly drained soils .

Table 9 . Suitability of map units for potatoes .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pon d poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove-Loon Poin t poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e

Comfort Cov e fair to poor - stoniness and cobblines s (fair if 15% or less stones and cobbles )

Comfort Hea d fair - depth to bedroc k

Crow Clif f poor - depth to bedroc k

Evans Point unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - drainage, stoniness and cobblines s

Indian Nec k poor - stoniness, cobbliness, cemented laye r

Net Cov e fair - cobbliness and depth to bedrock

Net Cove Hea d poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e

New Ba y fair to poor - stoniness, cobbliness, compacte d layer (fair if 15% or less stones and cobbles )

Newstead Harbou r poor - depth to bedroc k

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too ston y and rocky

Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too ston y and rocky

Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony , Pond too we t

Table 10 . Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli , brussel sprouts) .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to compact o r cemented layer greater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 c m

Transmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/h

Available moisture not affected by drought occurs drought occurs almos t droughtiness in some years every yea r

Drainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly draine d well drained imperfectly drained

Surface rock fragments :

cobbles less than 15% 15-50% more than 50 % stones SO, Sl S2, S3 S 4

Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Topography 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%

A fourth degree of soil suitability for cole crops is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, excessively stony (S5), ver y poorly drained .

Table 11 . Suitability of map units for cole crops .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pon d poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove-Loon Point poor - depth to bedrock and drainage

Comfort Cov e fair - stoniness and cobblines s

Comfort Hea d fair - depth to bedrock

Crow Cliff poor - depth to bedroc k

Evans Poin t unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - drainag e

Indian Neck poor - stoniness, cobbliness, cemented laye r

Net Cov e fair - cobbliness and depth to bedrock

Net Cove Hea d poor - depth to bedrock and drainage

New Bay fair to poor - stoniness, cobbliness, compacte d layer (fair if 15% or less stones and cobbles )

Newstead Harbou r poor - depth to bedroc k

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too ston y and rock y

Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rock y

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony , Pond too wet

Table 12 . Degrees of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poo r

Depth to compact o r cemented layer greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cm

Transmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0 .1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/ h

Solum textur e

carrots loamy sand, loam, sands othe r sandy loam parsnip sandy loam, loam loamy sand, sand othe r

Available moisture not affected by drought occurs drought occurs almos t droughtiness in some years every year

Drainag e well and moderately rapidly and poorly draine d well drained imperfectly draine d

Surface rock fragments :

cobble s less than 3 % 3-15 % 15-30% stones SO, Sl S 2 S 3

Gravel content of upper less than 20% by 20-50% by more than 50% b y 30 cm volume volum e volume

Depth to bedrock greater than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Topography 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%

A fourth degree of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly ston y (S5), very poorly drained .

Table 13 . Suitability of map units for carrots and parsnip .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedroc k

Chapel Cove-Loon Point poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e

Comfort Cove fair to poor - gravel conten t (fair if gravel content is less than 50% )

Comfort Hea d fair - gravel content and depth to bedroc k

Crow Cliff poor - depth to bedroc k

Evans Point unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - drainage, gravel content, stonines s

Indian Nec k fair to poor - stoniness, gravel content , drainage (poor if imperfectly drained and S3 )

Net Cove fair - gravel content, cobbliness and depth t o bedrock

Net Cove Hea d poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e

New Bay fair to poor - stoniness, cobbliness, compacte d layer (fair if 15% or less stones and cobbles )

Newstead Harbou r poor - depth to bedroc k

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony , Pond too wet

Table 14 . Degrees of soil suitability for turnips and rutabagas .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to compact o r cemented laye r greater than 50 c m 30-50 cm less than 30 c m

Transmissibilit y greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0 .1-0 .5 cm/ h less than 0 .1 cm/h

Solum textur e loam, clay loam sandy loam , other loamy sand

Available moistur e not affected by drought occur s drought occurs almos t droughtines s in some year s every yea r

Drainage well and moderatel y rapidly and poorly draine d well drained imperfectl y drained

Surface rock fragments :

cobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30% stones SO, Si S2 S3

Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Topography 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%

A fourth degree of soil suitability for turnips and rutabagas is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly ston y (S4) .

Table 15 . Suitability of map units for turnips and rutabagas .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)

Barry's Pond poor - depth to bedrock

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedrock

Chapel Cove-Loon Poin t poor - depth to bedrock and drainag e

Comfort Cov e fair - stoniness and cobblines s

Comfort Hea d fair - depth to bedroc k

Crow Clif f poor - depth to bedroc k

Evans Point unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - drainage, stonines s

Indian Neck fair to poor - stoniness, drainage, cemente d layer (poor if imperfectly drained and S3 )

Net Cove fair - cobbliness and depth to bedrock

Net Cove Hea d poor - depth to bedrock and drainage

New Bay fair to poor - stoniness, cobbliness, compacte d layer (fair if 15% or less stones and cobbles )

Newstead Harbou r Door - depth to bedroc k

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony , Pond too wet

68 Table 16 . Summary table of soil suitability for farmland development .

Carrot & Turnip & Map Unit Forage crops Potatoes Cole crops parsnip rutabaga s

Barry's Pond fair to poor poor poor poor poo r

Chapel Cove poor poor poor poor poo r

Chapel Cove-Loon Point poor poor poor poor poo r

Comfort Cove good fair to fair fair to fai r poor poo r

Comfort Head good to fair fair fair fair fai r

Crow Cliff fair to poor poor poor poor poo r

Evans Point unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitabl e

Indian Cove fair to poor poor poor poor poo r

Indian Neck fair poor poor fair to fair t o poor poor

Net Cove good to fair fair fair fair fai r

Net Cove Head fair to poor poor poor poor poo r

New Bay fair fair to fair to poor fair to fair t o poor poor poo r

Newstead Harbour fair poor poor poor poo r

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitabl e

Wiseman Head unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable

Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable Pond

69 Soil suitability for septic tank absorption field s

Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile o r perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into th e natural soil . A septic tank absorption field that is badly designed an d located, can lead to considerable nuisance and expense, and may seriousl y endanger health . In particular, the installation must be so planned an d built that surface and ground water supplies do not become contaminated and that effluent does not pond on the surface . The depth of the tile line is generally about 50 to 60 cm . Only the soil between 50 cm and 15 0 cm is considered in making the ratings . Major soil properties affectin g the movement of effluent from a septic tank are the permeability of the soil between 50 cm and 150 cm (inferred from texture and structure) and slope . Other soil properties, such as depth to bedrock, depth to seasona l high ground water table, depth to impervious layer, drainage, seepage an d stoniness are related to the construction and maintenance or the pre - vention of contamination of water supplies . The criteria for soi l suitability for septic tank absorption fields in Table 17 are based on criteria used in the "Guide for Interpreting Engineering Uses of Soils , USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1971" and criteria established by "Wall , G .J . and L .R . Webber (1970) . Table 18 indicates the soil suitabilit y ratings given to each map unit with an indication of the major limitin g factor .

Soil suitability for manure and food processing waste applicatio n

Manure is excrement of livestock and poultry . The consistency o f manure changes in storage or treatment, and it depends upon bedding use d and upon whether the manure is diluted or allowed to dry . Food processing wastes consists of fish offal or the peelings, leaves and soi l particles of vegetables removed in food preparation .

Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content . The material is either solid, slurry or liquid . Application rates ar e governed by the nitrogen content . High nitrogen contents will limit th e application rates . Proper application rates for various nitrogen level s are not considered in the soil suitability ratings . Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes are outside the meaning of manure and food processin g wastes as used here .

The soil suitability rating is based on utilizing the nutrients i n the waste for crop production . Application can be by tank wagon fo r liquid wastes or by surface or subsurface application of solid and slurr y wastes .

The soil properties considered in Table 19 reflect soil absorption , contamination hazard to surface water and ground water supplies, an d susceptibility to water erosion . Criteria used to establish the degre e of suitability for manure and food processing waste application are base d on criteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservatio n Service 1983" : Soil properties that affect absorption are solum texture , depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock or an imperviou s layer . Drainage, seepage, depth to seasonal high ground water table an d

Table 17 . Degrees of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to bedrock more than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 c m

Depth to seasona l high ground water table more than 150 cm 150-100 c m 100-50 c m

Depth to imperviou s layer more than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cm

Drainag e well and moderatel y imperfectl y poorly draine d well drained draine d

Seepag e absen t absen t presen t v N Textur e silt loam, loam , coarse sands , very coarse sands , sandy loam, loam y gravels, silt s very fine sands , sand, fine sand s gravels, silt, cla y

Structur e granular, porou s weak structure structureles s

Slope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30%

Surface stoniness SO, S1, S2 S3 S4, S 5

A fourth degree of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields is defined a s unsuitable : Bedrock less than 50 cm below the surface, less than 50 cm to seasonal hig h ground water table and/or impervious layer, very poorly drained soils, slopes greate r than 30% .

Table 18 . Suitability of map units for septic tank absorption fields .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallo w

Chapel Cove unsuitable - too shallo w

Chapel Cove-Loon Poin t unsuitable - too shallow

Comfort Cove fair - seasonal high watertable, soil structur e

Comfort Head poor - seasonal high watertable, depth t o bedrock

Crow Cliff unsuitable - too shallow

Evans Poin t unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - seasonal high watertabl e

Indian Neck fair - seasonal high watertabl e

Net Cove poor - seasonal high watertable, depth t o bedrock

Net Cove Hea d unsuitable - too shallo w

New Bay poor - seepag e

Newstead Harbou r unsuitable - too shallo w

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow

Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallo w

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too'shallow and organic soil s Pond

Table 19 . Degrees of soil suitability for manure and food processing waste application .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth to bedrock more thin 100 c m 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Depth to seasona l high ground water table more than 100 c m 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Depth to imperviou s layer more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm

Drainage well and moderately imperfectly poorly draine d well drained drained

Seepage absent absent present

Solum texture sandy loam, loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay , silt loam, sandy clay loam, sandy gravel, sand , clay loam clay, loamy san d

Slope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30%

Surface stoniness SO, S1, S2 S3 S4, S5

Erosion factor less than 3 . 3-7 greater than 7 (k x % slope) o f surface laye r

A fourth degree of soil suitability is defined as unsuitable : Depth to bedrock less tha n 20 cm below the surface, less than 20 cm to seasonal high water table and/or imperviou s layer, slopes greater than 30% . slope are soil properties that affect the contamination hazard of wate r supplies . Slope and erosion factors indicate the susceptibility to wate r erosion . Surface stoniness, slope and depth to seasonal high water tabl e can interfere with application of the waste . Table 20 lists the soi l suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limitin g factor.

Soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic area s

The soils of the map units are rated according to their suitabilit y for camp areas and park-type roadside stops under intensive use . Locatio n and accessibility of the area, scenic quality, sewage disposal, wate r supply, access to public service lines, the ability of the soil t o support vegetation and possible hazards to fragile plant communities ar e not considered in the ratings ; however, these features are important i n evaluating a site . Soils subject to flooding are limited for recreationa l use depending on the duration of flooding and the season when it occurs . On-site assessment of the duration and frequency of flooding is essentia l in evaluating a site .

Camp and picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic . Vehicular traffic is assumed to be confined to access roads and parking lots . Because construction is limited to shaping and leveling of areas fo r tents and trailers and stabilizing roads and parking areas, the soi l properties of greatest concern are those that interfere directly with th e intended use, and those that affect maintenance . Drainage related t o depth to water table during the period of use, transmissibility of th e soil to water related to absorbing rainfall, slope, surface rock fragment s (gravel, cobbles, and stones) and depth to bedrock are soil propertie s that affect the development and use of camp and picnic sites . Transmis- sibility of the soil to water, available moisture for adequate vegetatio n growth, and surface texture related to trafficability are soil propertie s that affect the maintenance of camp and picnic sites . The criteria for these soil properties, as they appear in Table 21 are based on criteri a used in "Rose, R .D ., et al . Use of soils in the fourteen-county Appalachi a region of New York Stat e" , "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conse r- vation Service 1983" and "Holland, W .D . and G .M. Coen. 1976, Soils o f Waterton Lakes National Park, Albert a" . Table 22 summarizes the soi l suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas for each map uni t and indicates the major limitations .

Soil suitability for woodland use s

The soil suitability interpretations as presented here are relate d to woodland management . Soil suitability ratings are provided fo r construction of access roads and equipment use . In addition, soil sus - ceptibility ratings are provided for windthrow hazard . Soil suitability interpretation for forestry have not been included as this information i s available through the Department of Forest Resources and Lands of th e Province of Newfoundland and Labrador .

Table 20 . Suitability of map units for manure and food processing wast e application .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond poor - depth to bedrock

Chapel Cove poor - depth to bedrock, slop e

Chapel Cove-Loon Point poor - depth to bedrock

Comfort Cove good

Comfort Head fair - seasonal high water table, depth t o bedrock

Crow Cliff poor - depth to bedrock

Evans Poin t unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - seasonal high water tabl e

Indian Nec k fair - seasonal high water table

Net Cove fair - seasonal high water table, depth t o bedrock

Net Cove Hea d poor - depth to bedrock

New Bay poor - seepag e

Newstead Harbou r poor - depth to bedrock

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - too shallow

Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallo w

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - too shallow and organic soil s Pond

Table 21 . Degrees of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Drainage (depth t o rapidly, well and imperfectly poorly draine d water table during moderately well drained (water (water table les s use ) drained (wate r table between than 0 .5 m ) table deeper tha n 0 .75 and 0 .5 m) 0 .75 m )

Transmissibility greater tha n 1 .0 cm/hr - less than 0 .1 cm/hr 1 .0 cm/hr 0 .1 cm/hr

Slope - tent and trailer par k 0-5% 5-9% 9-15% picnic area 0-9% 9-15% 15-30%

Depth to bedrock o r cemented laye r greater than 0 .5 m 0 .2-0 .5 m less than 0 .2 m

Available moistur e not affected b y drought occurs drought occurs almos t droughtines s in some years all year s

Surface textur e sandy loam, loa m clay loam, sandy sandy clay, silt y silt loa m clay, loamy sand, clay, clay, loose san d stable sand

Surface rock fragment s

Gravel and cobble s less than 20 % 20-50% greater than 50 %

Stones SO, S1, S2 S3 S4

A fourth degree of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas i s defined as unsuitable : permanently wet areas, slopes greater than 15% for tent an d trailer parks and more than 30% for picnic areas, excessively stony (S5)

Table 22 . Suitability of map units for tent and trailer parks and picni c areas .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond fair to poor - depth to bedrock, texture, slop e (poor if slope is more than 9% )

Chapel Cov e poor - slope

Chapel Cove-Loon Point fair to poor - depth to bedrock, drainage (poo r if poorly drained )

Comfort Cove fair - texture, surface gravel and cobble s

Comfort Hea d fair to poor - texture, slope (poor for tent and trailer parks if slope is more than 9% )

Crow Clif f fair to poor - depth to bedrock, slope (poo r for tent and trailer parks if slope is more than 9% )

Evans Poin t unsuitable - permanently we t

Indian Cove poor - drainag e

Indian Nec k fair - surface gravel and cobbles, stonines s

Net Cove good to fair - slope (fair for tent and traile r park if slope is 5-9% )

Net Cove Hea d poor - drainag e

New Bay fair - surface gravel and cobbles, stonines s

Newstead Harbou r fair - depth to bedrock, textur e

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d unsuitable - slope

Wiseman Head unsuitable - slope

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k unsuitable - slope, drainag e Pond

77 Access road construction

Road construction is a major part of all woodlands operations . Road s are required to provide access to the work area . They are usually con- structed of on-site material with little or no hauling of fill . Ignoring soil properties may lead to increased costs of construction and mainten - ance . By identifying areas with less desirable soil properties, acces s roads can be planned to take advantage of more suitable routes, or they ca n be built and used during the time of the year when soil conditions are mor e favourable . The criteria to rate soils according to their suitability fo r access road constructions in Table 23 are based on criteria used in "Wang , C . and H .W . Rees, 1983 . Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick" . Table 24 rates the map units according to suitability fo r access road construction and indicates the major limitations .

Equipment us e

Soil suitability for equipment use ratings indicate the degree to whic h topographic conditions such as slope and soil characteristics (drainage , texture and stoniness) affect the use of rubber-tired skidders used in wood - land operations, based on both degree of difficulty of machine operation an d potential soil damage . The criteria used to rate soil suitability fo r equipment use, as outlined in Table 25 are based on criteria used in "Wang , C . and H .W. Rees 1983 . Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of Ne w Brunswick" . Table 26 indicates the suitability of soils for equipment us e for each map unit .

Windthrow hazar d

The roots of a tree support the above ground portion of the tree . If the rooting system is insufficiently developed, due to restricting soi l properties, the tree may become uprooted when that tree becomes openl y exposed to the elements such as along edges of right-of-ways or clearings . The suitability of a soil for root growth is related to depth of suitabl e mineral soil, soil aeration, ease of root penetration and to a minor exten t available moisture and nutrients . Restricting layers such as ortstei n layers, compacted till and bedrock restrict the depth of suitable minera l soil and make root penetration difficult . Soil drainage affects the rooting depth by reducing aeration and it affects the mechanical strength of th e soil . Stoniness reduces the space available for proper root growth . These criteria, as they appear in Table 27 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C . and H.W . Rees, 1983 . Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick" . Table 28 lists the potential windthrow hazard of soils for eac h map unit .

Table 29 summarizes the soil suitability of the map units for septi c tanks, manure and waste application, recreation (tent and trailer parks an d picnic areas) and woodland uses (access roads, equipment use, windthrow hazard) .

Table 23 . Degrees of soil suitability for construction of access roads .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Material according GW, GP, GM, GC CL (PI less than CL (PI greater tha n to Unified Classi- SW, SP, SM, SC 15) 15) ML, CH, MH . fication System*

Drainage rapidly, well and imperfectly poorly and very poorly moderately well drained draine d drained

Slope 0-5% 5-15% 15% and greate r

Stoniness S1, S2, S3 S4 S5

* Unified Classification System is a textural soil classification system used by engineers . In this system all material up to 7 .5 cm in diameter is classified . Sandy and gravelly soils are classified according to particle size, clayey and silty woil s are classified based on their liquid limit (Soil Conservation Service, U .S .D .A . 1970) . Table 43 in Part Three of the report gives the sieve analyses used to arrive at the Unified Classification System for selected soil profiles .

Table 24 . Suitability of map units for access road construction .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond good to poor - slope (poor if slope is more than 15% )

Chapel Cove poor - slope

Chapel Cove-Loon Point fair to poor - drainage (poor if poorly drained )

Comfort Cove good

Comfort Head fair - slope

Crow Clif f fair - slope

Evans Point unsuitable - 20 to 40 cm thick peaty surfac e layer

Indian Cove poor - drainag e

Indian Neck good to fairy - drainage (fair if imperfectly drained )

Net Cove good to fair - slope (fair if slope is 5% )

Net Cove Hea d fair to poor - drainage (poor if poorly drained )

New Bay good

Newstead Harbour good

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d poor - slope, stonines s

Wiseman Head poor - slope, stonines s

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k poor - slope, stoniness, drainag e Pond

Table 25 . Degrees of soil suitability for equipment use .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Soil drainage clas s

less than 35% rapidly, well, poorly drained very poorly draine d silt and clay moderately well, an d imperfectly drained

35-70% silt well, moderately imperfectly very poorly draine d and clay well drained drained an d poorly draine d

more than 70% well, moderately imperfectly poorly and ver y silt and clay well drained drained poorly draine d

Slope 0-9% 9-15% more than 15 %

Stoniness S1, S2, S3 S4 S 5

Table 26 . Suitability of map units for equipment use .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond good to poor - slope (poor if slope is mor e than 15% )

Chapel Cove poor - slope

Chapel Cove-Loon Point good to fair - drainage (fair if poorly drained )

Comfort Cove good

Comfort Head good to fair - slope (good if slope is les s than 9% )

Crow Clif f fair - slope

Evans Point unsuitable - 20 to 40 cm thick peaty surfac e laye r

Indian Cove good to fair - drainage (fair if poorly drained )

Indian Nec k good

Net Cove good

Net Cove Hea d fair - drainage, high silt and clay conten t

New Bay good

Newstead Harbou r good

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d poor - slope, stonines s

Wiseman Hea d poor - slope, stonines s

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k poor - slope, stoniness, drainag e Pond

Table 27 . Degrees of soil susceptibility to windthrow .

Windthrow susceptibility classe s

Low Moderate High

Depth to bedrock more than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 c m

Depth to restricting more than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 c m laye r

Soil drainage rapidly, well, poorly drained very poorly draine d moderately well , and imperfectl y drained

Stoniness S1, S2, S3 S4 S5

Table 28 . Soil susceptibility of map units to windthrow.

Map unit Susceptibility rating and limiting factor(s )

Barry's Pond moderate - depth to bedrock

Chapel Cove moderate - depth to bedrock

Chapel Cove-Loon Poin t moderate

Comfort Cov e low

Comfort Head low

Crow Cliff moderate - depth to bedroc k

Evans Poin t high - drainag e

Indian Cove low to moderate - drainag e

Indian Neck moderate - restricting laye r

Net Cove low

Net Cove Hea d moderate - depth to bedroc k

New Bay low

Newstead Harbou r moderate - depth to bedroc k

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Hea d moderate to high - depth to bedrock, stonines s

Wiseman Hea d high - depth to bedrock, stonines s

Wiseman Head-Turtle Cree k high - depth to bedrock, stonines s Pond

Table 29 . Summary table of soil suitability for septic tanks, waste application, recreation and woodland uses .

Manure and Tent and trailer Woodland use s waste parks and picni c Map Unit Septic tanks application areas Access roads Equipment use Windthrow hazar d

Barry's Pond unsuitable poor fair to poor good to poor good to poor moderate

Chapel Cove unsuitable poor poor poor poor moderat e

Chapel Cove-Loon Point unsuitable poor fair to poor fair to poor good to fair moderat e

Comfort Cove fair good fair good good lo w

Comfort Head poor fair fair to poor fair good to fair lo w

Crow Cliff unsuitable poor fair to poor fair fair moderat e

Evans Point unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable high

Indian Cove poor poor poor poor good to fair low to mod .

Indian Neck fair fair fair good good moderat e

Net Cove poor fair good to fair good to fair good lo w

Net Cove Head unsuitable poor poor fair to poor fair moderat e

New Bay poor poor fair good good lo w

Newstead Harbour unsuitable poor fair good good moderate

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable poor poor mod . to hig h

Wiseman Head unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable poor poor hig h

Wiseman Head-Turtl e Creek Pond unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable poor poor high Soil susceptibility to erosion and frost actio n

Soil erosion and frost action are hazards to which soils i n Newfoundland are susceptible due to the relative high precipitation, col d climate and lack of adequate snow cover during the winter months . Both soil erosion and frost action have damaging effects to the soil and t o crops or structures in the soil . Although soil erosion and frost actio n hazards have not been directly taken into account in rating soils fo r various uses, they should be included in the decision making process .

Soil susceptibility to erosio n

Soil erosion can be defined as the process of detachment, entrain - ment and transport of soil particles caused by the forces of nature suc h as wind and water or precipitation . Due to the high precipitation i n Newfoundland (1000-1500 mm/yr) and the relatively steep slopes which ar e being cleared either for farming or in the course of woodland operations , erosion by water is the most significant . Many of the soils on th e island of Newfoundland are low in organic matter, have a weak structure , a compact subsoil or cemented layer which prevents infiltration and the y are subject to a freeze-thaw cycle in the spring, where soil may thaw ou t on the surface while remaining frozen below. This makes them particu- larly susceptible to erosion by water . Soil erosion, besides the loss o f adequate depth of topsoil and the loss of plant nutrients and fertilizer s resulting in crop yield reduction, causes pollution of streams and ponds , thereby threatening fish habitats .

Table 30 gives the estimated K-factors for the upper horizons o f selected soil profiles . The K-factors or soil erodibility factors have been computed using the soil erodibility nomograph as presented b y Wischmeier et al 1971 . The K-factors have been further adjusted for roc k fragments to reflect the degree of protection afforded by these fragments , as outlined in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA - Soil Conservatio n Service, 1983" . Actual soil erosion is a factor of the erodibility o f the soil as well as slope gradient, slope length, rainfall index and lan d use or cropping index .

Figure 20 is used to determine whether a high or low erosion potential exist, using the K-factors of Table 30 and slope gradients . Erosion potential is determined for different rooting or soil depths . The figur e assumes an average slope length of 30 m, and the rainfall erosion index , adjusted for winter conditions has been determined for Gander as 1260 b y Wall, G .J., et al, 1983 . The curves have been calculated for a maximu m allowable annual soil loss of 2 tons/ha for soils less than 20 cm deep, 4 tons/ha for soils 20 to 50 cm deep, and 6 tons/ha for soils more than 5 0 cm deep (National Soils Handbook, USDA, 1983) under a continuous potat o cultivation with rows running up and down the slope . Soil depth in thi s context refers to depth of rooting zone . Table 32 lists the soil erosion potential for the map units .

86 SLOPE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

NOTE: ' Soil depth to bedrock, compacted till or cemented layer curves are based on 30m average slope length, R = 1260 .

Low erosion potential if the intersect of the K-factor and the % slope falls to the left of the curve for the appropriat e soil depth .

High erosion potential if the intersect of the K-factor and the % slope falls to the right of the curve for the appropriat e soil depth .

Figure 2 0. Erosion potential of soils.

87 Table 30 . K-factors for selected soil profiles .

Soil name Depth % slope K-factor Soil name Depth % slope K-factor

Barry's Pond 2-12 20 0 .04 Indian Cove 0-15 5 0.0 4 12-18 0 .06 15-27 0 .0 4 18-38 0.02 27-60 0.0 1

Barry's Pond 0-10 5 0.24 Indian Neck 0-7 5 0 .0 8 10-22 0.13 7-15 0 .0 8 22-34 0.1 0 34-45 0.1 1

Barry's Pond 2-14 20 0.06 Loon Point 0-12 5 0 .0 6 14-28 0.10 12-27 -- 28-40 0.05 27-33 0 .0 2

Chapel Cove 0-19 20 0.04 Net Cove 5-28 5 0.0 3 19-45 0 .02 28-36 0.0 3 36-60 0.0 4

Comfort Cove 0-17 1 0 .01 New Bay 0-5 4 0.0 2 17-24 0.03 5-12 0.0 3 24-51 0.03 12-35 0.0 1 35-60 0.0 9

Comfort Cove 0-7 5 0 .02 Turtle Creek 0-8 5 0.0 8 7-33 0 .03 8-16 0.0 4 33-58 0 .03 16-29 0.0 7

Comfort Cove 0-8 9 0 .04 8-11 0 .0 2 24-29 0 .0 7 29-50 0 .0 5

Comfort Head 2-9 10 0.0 4 9-37 0 .0 8 37-80 0 .0 7

Crow Cliff 1-11 8 0 .0 7 11-41 0.0 7 41-55 0.08

8 8 Table 31 . Degrees of soil susceptibility to frost action .

Frost action classe s

Drainage Classes Low Moderate High

Very poorly and poor Fragmental Sandy Coarse-loamy drained Sandy-skeletal Fine-loam y Coarse-silt y Fine-silty Loamy-skeleta l Clayey and clayey-skeletal

Imperfectly drained Fragmental Coarse-loamy Coarse-silt y Sandy Fine-loamy Fine-silty Sandy-skeletal Loamy-skeleta l Clayey an d clayey-skeleta l

Moderately well Fragmental Coarse-loam y and well drained Sandy Fine-loam y Sandy-skeletal Coarse-silt y Clayey Fine-silt y Clayey-skeletal Loamy-skeletal Table 32 . Soil susceptibility of map units to erosion and frost action .

Map unit Erosion Frost action

Barry's Pond high moderat e

Chapel Cove high moderat e

Chapel Cove-Loon Point high low to moderat e

Comfort Cove low moderat e

Comfort Head high moderate

Crow Cliff high moderat e

Evans Point moderate

Indian Cove low moderate

Indian Neck low low

Net Cove low moderat e

Net Cove Head high

New Bay low low

Newstead Harbour moderate

Turtle Creek-Wiseman Head high low to moderat e

Wiseman Head low

Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek low Pond

9 0 Soil susceptibility to frost action

Frost action is the upward or lateral movement of soil by the forma - tion of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent loss o f soil strength upon thawing . The upward movement of soil or frost heav e can be particular damaging to pavements, concrete foundation slabs o r shallow footings which can crack or tip . Thawing causes collapse of th e surface and produces free water which cannot drain through the stil l frozen soil underneath, resulting in a reduction of the strength of th e soil. Exposed back slopes and side slopes of cuts and fills in fros t susceptible soils have a tendency to slough during thawing . Frost heave may cause injury to crops during cold weather . Tree seedlings and young clover plants are sometimes raised out of the soil by frost heave o r their root systems are broken .

Temperatures below OoC, free soil water besides capillary water i n voids and absorbed water on particles, and soils where the pores or void s are fine enough to hold quantities of water under tension but coars e enough to transmit water to the freezing front, are needed for the forma - tion of segregated ice lenses . Ice crystals form in the larger pore s first since capillary water and water absorbed on soil particles freeze s at lower temperatures . This super cooled water is strongly attracted t o the ice crystal, moves toward it, and freezes on contact . The resulting ice lens continues to grow in width and thickness until all availabl e water that can be transported by capillarity has been added to the ic e lens. Table 31 states the criteria used to rate soils according to thei r susceptibility to frost action . Drainage indicates the amount of fre e water present in the soil ; the family particle size classes give an indi - cation of the pore sizes and distribution available for the formation o f ice lenses . Table 32 rates the soils for each map unit according t o their susceptibility to frost action . The following classes are used : low - soils are rarely susceptible to the formation of ice lenses ; moderate - soils are susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, resulting i n frost heave and subsequent loss of soil strength ; high - soils are highl y susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, resulting in frost heave an d subsequent loss of soil strength (National Soils Handbook, Soil Conserv a- tion Service, USDA) .

Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units for agriculture and mining

The organic soil map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for agriculture (vegetable production and forage crop produc - tion), horticultural peat (peat moss) mining and fuel peat mining . Little is known about the soil requirements of organic soils for various crops . Therefore, no attempt is made to rate soils of organic soil ma p units according to their suitability for single crops . Instead a general rating of suitability for agriculture is presented . Table 33 lists the soil properties and landform characteristics used to rate the soil suitability of each organic soil map unit for agriculture, horticultural pea t mining and fuel peat mining .

91 Table 33 . Soil properties and landform characteristics affecting development and various uses of organic soils .

Degree o f Underground decomposition seepage and % Map unit and Depth o f surface Inun- % coars e associated deposit Underlying Origin of 0-40 40-120 12 0 Vegetative runoff from dation Surface open wood % landforms (cm) stratum peat cm cm c m cover other land hazard roughness water fragments slop e

Dead Wolf Pond dome bog 200-30 0 absent none none 5 1 2- 5 till or sphagnum mosses , 0 flat bog 160- 200 bedrock sedges & H2-3 H4-5 H4- 5 low shrub , absent none none 5 1 reed gras s small tree s slope bog 160- 200 absent none none 5 1 2

Michael's Harbour til l channel marsh 40-100 veneer sedges , sedges, reed - present severe none 30 1 0 over reed grass, H7 H7-1 0 - grass, bullrus h 10-30 1-5 2 slope fen 40-100 bedrock bullrus h sedges, reed- present slight none grass, low shru b

Mint Pond till sedges , horizontal fen 90-100 veneer reed grass, H4-5 H5-6 - sedges, ree d present none hummocks 10-30 1-5 0 ove r cotton grass , grass, mosse s 2 sloping fen 90-100 bedrock sphagnum low shrub present none high 5-10 1-5

Red Cliff Pond 3 sloping fen 160- 200 till or sedge s sedges, ree d present none hummocks 10-30 1-5 bedrock some H3 H4-5 H6- 7 grass, mosse s 30 cm stream fe n 160- 200 cotton gras s some tree s present slight high 10-30 1-5 0

Turtle Creek Pond till sedge, ree d 5 3 sloping fen 70-120 veneer grass, alder H5-6 H5- 8 - alder, black present slight none 5-10 ove r black spruce spruce, low 5 5 0 channel fen 70-120 bedrock shru b present severe none Development difficulty of organic soil s Development difficulty ratings recognize that soils of differen t organic soil map units may have similar suitability for a particular use , but may have different reclamation requirements . The ratings are based on evaluation of the organic soil map units in their natural state, and expres s the amount of effort required to reclaim the organic soil map units for agriculture or mining . Three relative degrees of development difficulty ar e recognized .

Minor development difficulty - Minor reclamation is required t o prepare a map unit for use as agriculural land or for mining . Apart from installation of surface or subsurface drainage, majo r reclamation activities include installation of periphera l ditches and roto-cutting the surface layer . Moderate development difficulty, reclamation warranted - Moderat e reclamation is required to prepare a map unit which is rated good or fair as to the degree of suitability for agriculture o r mining . Apart from installation of surface or subsurface drain - age and roto-cutting the surface, major reclamation activite s include clearing of brush and trees, levelling rough surface , removing woody material such as tree stumps and large branches , construction of water control works and infilling of ponds .

Major development difficulty, reclamation seldom warranted - Major reclamation is seldom warranted because of the cost of overcoming certain limitations is too great or they constitut e some continuing limitation that reduces the suitability for a particular use .

Certain soil properties that affect the suitability of organic soil s for agriculture or mining also affect the degree of development diffi - culty . However, the relative importance of these soil properties may have to be adjusted when development difficulty is rated . Features o f organic soils and their landform characteristics, important to rating th e degree of development difficulty are listed in Table 34 . These include : vegetative cover which indicates the amount of land clearing necessary ; excess water and inundation hazard, indicating special drainage and wate r control works requirements ; surface roughness which dictates the amount of land levelling required ; percentage open water specifies the amount o f pools to be filled in ; percentage coarse wood fragments indicates the amount of tree stumps and branches to be removed . Depth of deposit give s an indication of the life span of the deposit and thickness after settle - ment . It also indicates special water control requirements . Water movement in the organic material can be considered independent of th e more or less impermeable substrata if the deposit is more than 120 c m thick after drainage . Criteria for the landform and soil characteristic s as they appear in Table 34 are based on criteria presented in Mills, G .F . et al . (1977) which were adapted for Eastern Canadian conditions usin g Parent, L .E . (1981) . Organic landforms for each map unit are rated

Table 34 . Degrees of development difficulty of organic soils .

Degree of development difficulty

Major : Major physical feature s Moderate : reclamation affecting development Mino r reclamation warranted seldom warrante d

Vegetative cove r light : grasses, moderate : brush, small heavy : many large trees sedges, trees heavy shru b reed s

Excess wate r No underground Underground seepag e seepage and surface and surface runof f runoff from sur- from surrounding area s rounding area s

Inundation hazard none slight severe

Surface roughnes s none hummocks and mounds holes and mound s (30-60 cm micro relief) ( 60 cm micro reflief )

% open wate r 10% 10-30% 30%

% coarse wood fragment s 1% 1-5% 5%

Depth of deposit i f underlain by : sand 160 cm 120-160 cm 120 cm

clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

Table 35 . Development difficulty of organic soil map units .

Map unit Development difficulty rating and limiting factor(s)

Dead Wolf Pond dome bog minor flat bog minor slope bog minor

Michael's Harbou r channel marsh major - inundation hazard, % open water, soil dept h slope fen major - % open water, soil dept h

Mint Pon d horizontal fen moderate to major - soil dept h slope fen moderate to major - soil dept h

Red Cliff Pon d slope fen moderate - surface roughness, % open wate r stream fen moderate - excess water, surface roughnes s

Turtle Creek Pon d slope fen major - depth of deposit, vegetative cove r channel fen major - inundation, vegetative cover, soil dept h

Table 36 . Degrees of soil suitability for agriculture for organic soils .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Poor

Depth of peat materia l if underlain b y till or bedrock more than 160 cm 120-160 cm 80-120 cm

sand, clay or marl more than 120 cm 80-120 cm 40-80 cm * Origin of peat material slightly decomposed reed grass, decomposed sphagnum , sphagnum, reed grass, sedges, alder cottongrass alder .

Degree of decomposition fibric for sphagnum, mesic for humic (40-120 cm) mesic for reed grass sphagnum, fibri c and sedges for reed gras s and sedges .

A fourth degree of soil suitability for agriculture for organic soils is defined a s unsuitable : Depth of peat material less than 80 cm when underlain by till or bedrock o r less than 40 cm when underlain by sand, clay or marl .

Table 37 . Suitability of organic soil map units for agriculture .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Dead Wolf Pond good

Michael's Harbour poor - soil depth, degree of decompositio n

Mint Pond poor - soil dept h

Red Cliff Pond good

Turtle Creek Pond poor - soil depth, degree of decompositio n

according to the degree of development difficulty in Table 35 regardles s of their suitability for agriculture or mining .

Soil suitability of organic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat

The organic soil map units are rated according to their degree o f suitability for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat . On the island of Newfoundland, organic soils have been used mainly as pasture s and only a limited number of attempts are being made to utilize organi c soils for vegetable production . Since little is known about crop requirements on organic soils, no attempt has been made to rate organi c soil map units according to their suitability for single crops . Horti- cultural peat or peat moss has been mined on the island of Newfoundland for quite some time, usually as small scale operations satisfying loca l demands . Mining organic soils for fuel peat has only started recently o n a large scale . However, much interest has been shown in peat as a n alternative source of energy . A peatland inventory covering the study area was completed in 1980 by the Department of Forest Resources an d Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (Dept . of Forest Resource s and Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980 . Peatland Inven- tory, Eastern Newfoundland) . Table 33, 35 and 37 list the ranges in soi l properties for the suitability ratings of organic soils for agriculture , for horticultural peat mining and for fuel peat mining respectively . The soil properties used to rate the organic soils for the various uses are : depth of deposit if underlain by till or bedrock or if underlain by sand , clay or marl ; origin of the peat material and degree of decomposition .

DEPTH OF DEPOSIT . After drainage, organic soils are subject t o subsidence, caused by shrinkage that result from drying, compaction , oxidation and erosion . The effect of each of these on the rate of subsi - dence increases as the depth of water table level increases . Maintaining the water table at levels that are best for crop production (60 cm fo r vegetable production and 30 cm for pasture) or for horticultural or fue l peat mining is less difficult if the water regime of the organic deposi t is independent from the water regime of the surrounding area and no t restricted by underlying impermeable or less permeable layers . Water movement in the organic deposit can be considered independently of thes e underlying impermeable or less permeable layers if the thickness of th e deposit, after drainage, is 120 to 160 cm .

The underlying materials affect the suitability of the deposit fo r subsurface drainage . Tile must generally be laid at 100 cm depth . A sand substrate presents a drainage problem if the tile is laid in th e sand . The sand due to its much larger pores compared to pores in th e organic material creates an "impervious layer due to increased porosit y" and continuous flow of water is possible only under saturated condi - tions . Tile laid in a clay or marl substrate creates a drainage proble m due to the impervious nature of the material .

An important aspect of the thickness of the deposit is related t o the life span of the soil . Mining for horticultural peat or fuel pea t will deplete the deposit eventually, leaving a substrate behind which ma y

9 8 not be suitable for crop production or forestry . Organic deposits, whe n used for agriculture, even with the best water control, will eventuall y disappear and the land base will be lost from production .

ORIGIN OF PEAT MATERIAL . Peat owes its origin to the growth and decomposition of mosses, sedges, ericaceous shrubs and other hydrophyti c vegetation . The kind of vegetation and consequently the kind of pea t material depends largely on the acidity and the nutrient status of th e deposit . Bog peats tend to be very acidic and low in nitrogen, wherea s fen peats are less acidic and relatively rich in nitrogen . Sphagnum mosses prefer the high acidity and low nutrient status of bogs, whil e sedges, grasses and ericaceous shrub are more commonly found on the some - what less acidic and more nutrient rich fens . The presence of coars e wood fragments found in peats derived from vegetation with large amount s of conifers and birch will clog agricultural implements, drainage equipment, peat moss shredders and equipment used in fuel peat mining . Rhizomes of cotton grass are very slowly decomposed . Its tough fiber s form a matted peat material which has a low hydraulic conductivity and i s hard toa work . Alder peat and peat of ericaceous shrub have no coars e fragments and are suitable for agriculture if they are sufficiently decomposed and have good hydraulic conductivity . Sphagnum peat, when slightly decomposed has a high hydraulic conductivity which is favourabl e for Newfoundland conditions . Sphagnum peat also forms the prime materia l for horticultural peat . Peat derived from sedges and reed grasses, when slightly decomposed has lower hydraulic conductivities than sphagnu m peat, and has a relatively rapid rate of decomposition . Well decompose d peat derived from sedges, reed grasses, alder and ericaceous shrub i s suitable as fuel peat, but often leaves high ash contents after burning .

DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION . The degree of decomposition of the organic material affects permeability, capillary rise of water and rate of subsidence . Undecomposed peat materials have higher hydraulic conductivit y rates than decomposed peat materials . Capillary rise of water in the profile improves with increased degree of decomposition . Subsidence , which to a large extent is due to decomposition of the peat material wil l consequently be higher in undecomposed peat materials .

The very nature of the peat moss material requires it to be fibric . Slightly decomposed sphagnum mosses with von Post scale rating of 2 and 3 and slightly decomposed reed grass and sedge grass with von Post scal e rating of 4 are considered to be suitable as material for horticultura l peat (See Table 38) . Similarly, fuel peat requires a well decompose d organic material with high BTU and low ash content . Sphagnum peats wit h von Post scale rating of 4 or more and sedge and reed grass peat with vo n Post scale rating of 6 or more are considered suitable as material fo r fuel peat (See Table 40) .

WATER CONTROL. Water control can be considered the most importan t factor effecting suitability of peat material for crop production . Slightly decomposed sphagnum peats have the highest hydraulic conductivit y rates . They are, in a high rainfall climate such as on the island o f Newfoundland, best suited to agriculture . The exception is peat materia l derived from Sphagnum cuspidatum which is very leafy and has low perme -

99 ability (Parent 1981) . Slightly decomposed sedge and reed grasses are often too matted and have low vertical hydraulic conductivity . Peat material derived from sedge and reed grass is therefore better suited t o agriculture when at an intermediate stage of decomposition (von Pos t scale rating 4 to 7) . The degree of decomposition of the rooting zone i s probably of less importance than that of the lower profile . The surface 40 cm, because it will be drained, cultivated, aerated and fertilized , will experience active microbial degradation and as a result will decompose more rapidly . The degree of decomposition for agricultural soils i s assessed for the peat material between 40 cm and 120 cm below the surface .

Tables 37, 39 and 41 show the soil suitability ratings, using the above criteria, for each organic soils map units for agriculture, horti - cultural peat mining and fuel peat mining . The major limiting factor i s indicated for each rating . Table 42 is a summary table of soil suit - ability of organic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fue l peat mining .

100

Table 38 . Degrees of soil suitability for horticulture (peat moss) for organic soils .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing use s Good Fair Unsuitabl e

Depth of deposit i f underlain by till or bedroc k 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

sand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

Origin of peat material slightly decomposed slightly decom- decomposed sphagnum , sphagnum, cotton posed, reed decomposed reed gras s grass . grass and and sedge grass , sedge grass alde r

Degree of decomposition fibric (H2-3) fibric (H4) mesic and humi c (entire depth)

Table 39 . Suitability of organic soil map units for horticultural peat .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Dead Wolf Pond fair - degree of decompositio n

Michael's Harbour unsuitabile - degree of decomposition

Mint Pond unsuitable - degree of decomposition

Red Cliff Pond fair - origin of peat material, degree o f decomposition

Turtle Creek Pond unsuitable - degree of decomposition

102

Table 40 . Degrees of soil suitability for fuel peat for organic soils .

Degree of suitabilit y Major soil propertie s influencing uses Good Fair Unsuitabl e

Depth of deposit i f underlain by till or bedrock 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

sand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

Origin of peat material decomposed sphagnum, slightly decom- cottongras s decomposed reed posed sphagnu m grass and sedge grass peat (if low in ash an d friable )

o Degree of decomposition humic, mesic (H6) mesic (H5), fibric (H1-3 ) (entire depth) fibric (H4)

Table 41 . Suitability of organic soil map units for fuel peat .

Map unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s )

Dead Wolf Pond fair - degree of decompositio n

Michael's Harbour fair to poor - soil depth (depth of deposit ) (poor if soil is less than 80 cm )

Mint Pond fair - degree of decomposition, soil dept h

Red Cliff Pond fair - degree of decompositio n

Turtle Creek Pond fair - soil dept h

104 Table 42 . Summary table of suitability of organic soil map units for agricultur e end mining .

Development Horticultur e Map unit difficulty Agriculture (peat moss) Fuel pea t

Dead Wolf Pond minor good fair fai r

Michael's Harbour major poor unsuitable fair to poo r

Mint Pond moderate to major poor unsuitable fair

Red Cliff Pond moderate good fair fai r

Turtle Creek Pond major poor unsuitable fair PART THREE

SOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSES

Explanation of terms used in the description of soil profiles :

Important characteristics of the horizons are color, texture, structure, consistence, root distribution and porosity . Color is an easil y determined feature for soil identification . Colors in soil horizons ar e usually good indications of organic matter content, drainage, iron con - tent and leaching effects . Poor drainage is usually indicated by grayish, brownish and reddish mottling .

Soil texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt and clay o f which the soil material less than 2 mm in diameter is composed . When coarser (ie . 2 mm) soil particles constitute 20% to 50% or more than 50 % of the soil volume, the terms gravelly and very gravelly are use d respectively . Figure 21 shows the soil textural classes expressed a s percentages of sand, silt and clay .

Soil structure and porosity are the most important characteristic s of the soil profile that influences plant growth, drainage and suscepti - bility to degradation and erosion . The form, size and durability of the soil aggregates and the abundance and size of pores determine aeration , moisture-holding capacity, and distribution of plant roots within the soil . A soil horizon may have blocky, platy, or granular structure, o r it may be structureless that is, non-aggregated .

Soil consistence is related to texture and refers to the attractiv e forces between soil particles . Depending on texture and moisture conditions, soils may be loose, hard or very hard when dry ; loose, friabl e or firm when moist ; non-sticky or sticky when wet ; nonplastic or plasti c when saturated . Soils may be cemented when cementing agents such as silica and iron in combination with organic matter are present . Soil consistence indicates the ease with which a soil can be worked . A heavy textured soil generally becomes sticky when wet . In this state it is hard to work with machinery .

106 Additional features of the horizons are distinctness and form of the lower horizon boundary ; abundance, size, and distribution of roots ; and the size, form, and abundance of coarse fragments such as gravel, cobble s and stones . Organic soil horizons are characterized by the stage of decompositio n of the material . The decomposition of the organic material is determine d by observing the ease with which plant remains can be distinguished, the nature of the fibers, the form the samples takes, the color of the water expressed and the proportion of the original sample that remains in th e hand after squeezing a sample within the closed hand . Ten classes are defined in the "von Post" scale of decomposition . Class 1 to 4 rang e from undecomposed to weakly decomposed and are generally called fibric , class 5 and 6 are moderately and strongly decomposed respectively and ar e called mesic, class 7 to 10 range from strongly decomposed to completel y decomposed which are generally indicated as being humic .

Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analyses :

For most of the soil profiles described in this section, chemica l and physical analyses are presented . Physical and chemical analyses giv e quantitative expression to constituents and properties of the soil and t o the nutrient status of the soil . The analyses also aid in the classification of the soils according to the Canadian System of Soi l Classification . . This report contains over 600 soil analyses and particl e size distribution determinations .

Soil reaction :

The reaction of soils is usually expressed as pH, which is deter - mined in a 0 .01 M CaC12 solution . The pH measurements range from a lo w of 3 .4 in an Ae horizon to a high of 5 .5 in a subsurface horizon . In general pH increases with depth, due to greater leaching in the surfac e horizons . Most agricultural crops grow best within the pH range 5 .8 to 6 .1, indicating that the soils of the Comfort Cove area are generally to o acid and need amendment through addition of limestone . For organic soils, the pH is determined on moist soil, using 0 .015 M CaC12 and ranges from about 3 .0 to 4 .0 . Bogs usually have the most acidic peat . Fen peats generally have a pH greater than 4 .2 .

Total carbon :

Total carbon in soils refers to the total of organic carbon an d inorganic carbon in the form of carbonate minerals . However, in humi d regions, such as Newfoundland, where the profile is subject to leaching , total carbon exists predominantly or entirely as organic carbon .

Organic matter content of a soil is related to organic carbon con - tent by a factor of 1 .724 (Organic Matter = % Org . C x 1 .724) . Organic Matter consists of organic materials in various stages of decomposition . The well decomposed, colloidal organic material forms with the clay th e colloidal complex, the site for most of the chemical reactivity in th e soil. Organic matter is also the site for microbial activity in th e soil . Organic matter is usually highest in the B horizon or the horizo n

107 of illuviation, and lowest in the C horizon or parent material . In general the organic matter contents in the soils of the Comfort Cove are a can be considered as relatively low .

Total nitrogen and C/N ratio :

The nitrogen in soils depends on organic matter content, its rate o f decomposition by microbial activity, and the conversion of nitrogen int o soluble forms that are used or lost from the soil . The use of nitroge n depends on microbial activity, which in turn depends on the organi c matter content . Thus the nitrogen content of a soil is directly relate d to the organic carbon content of the soil and total nitrogen status o f the soil . Therefore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is often used to express the relationship between the nitrogen status and the organi c matter content in the soil . C/N ratios between 10 and 15 for mineral surface horizons usually indicate a relative stable condition . The percentage of total nitrogen being removed equals the percentage of tota l carbon being lost . Ratios of 15 to 30 indicate that the microbial activity is above normal and the organic matter content of the soil i s undergoing reduction . Ratios of more than 30 indicate a relatively larg e supply of organic matter, intense microbial activity and rapid reductio n of the organic matter content . Ratios below 10 indicate low organi c matter contents and little microbial activity . These ratios are normall y found only in subsoils . For the soils of the Comfort Cove Peninsula, C/N ratios for most of the A and B horizons range from 10 to 25 indicatin g stable conditions to an annual increase in organic matter from vegeta - tion . For organic surface horizons and peat material the situation is different . Organic soils generally have a high carbon-nitrogen ratio .

Availablephosphorus :

Phosphorus in soils occurs as organic phosphates and rock phosphates . Phosphate is very slowly soluble, especially under aci d conditions, and only a small proportion of it is in a form which i s available to plants . However, unlike other plant nutrients, almost n o phosphate is leached out of the soil . With the possible exception of nitrogen, phosphorus is the most important element for plant growth . It regulates processes in the plant such as flowering and fruiting, see d formation, crop maturation and root development . The availability of phosphorus to plants is determined by the pH . For most soils, the availability of phosphorus to plants is maximum at a pH of around 6 . For vegetable production the optimal available phosphorus content is considered to be in the range of 50 to 75 ppm . Available phosphorus contents in the Comfort Cove range between 20 and 30 ppm for most of the cultivated soils, and below 20 ppm for soils under forest vegetation . High phosphate levels are found in organic surface horizons .

Lime requirement :

Lime requirement indicates the amount of limestone with 60% immediately available CaC03, that is needed to raise the soil pH to 6 .5 to a 15 cm depth . Lime requirement does not only take into account the soi l

108 acidity due to Hydrogen-ion concentration, but also takes into accoun t the exchange acidity due to the Aluminum ion concentration in the soi l solution .

Iron, aluminum and manganese :

Iron and aluminum are extracted using three different methods : extraction by the sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate and th e dithionite citrate methods . It is thought that the dithionite citrat e extracts most of the crystalline and amorphous iron (Fe) oxides an d hydroxides as well as iron (Fe) salts and iron (Fe) organic complexes , while the iron (Fe) extracted with ammonium oxalate closely parallels th e amorphous iron (Fe) content . Ammonium oxalate is considered to extrac t most of the amorphous forms of Aluminum in the soil . Sodium phyrophosphate only extracts the iron and aluminum that are associated wit h organic matter . Pyrophosphate-, oxalate- and dithionite- extractable iron an d aluminum values are useful in studies of soil genesis and classifica - tion. The oxalate values especially, give an indication of the degree o f accumulation of amorphous products of recent weathering in soils tha t vary widely in texture, colour, soil reaction, organic matter content an d total iron oxides content . The phyrophosphate extractable iron an d aluminum is used to confirm the presence of podzolic B horizons in orde r to classify the soils according to the Canadian System of Soil Classifi - cation (Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978) . A podzolic B horizon mus t have an extractable iron + aluminum value of 0 .6% or more for texture s finer than sand, and 0 .4% or more for sands . Dithionite citrate i s thought to extract the Manganese-compounds in the soil that is no t retained in the silicate crystal lattice . Manganese generally follow s the same trend as iron under oxidation and reduction . Both iron and manganese become soluble under reduced conditions and relocation of thes e soluble forms may occur . Iron and Manganese often segregate into concre- tions in the upper horizons of soils where oxidation-reduction condition s alternate, which is at the contact of the A and B horizons .

Cation exchange capabity and exchangeable cations :

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the storage capa - city of the colloidal complex for exchangeable cations or simpler, ho w much nutrient the soil can hold in storage for plant growth . The cation exchange capacity of a soil varies with pH . Therefore, the catio n exchange capacity has been measured at the pH of the soil (CEC Perm .) . Besides being pH dependent, the cation exchange capacity values increase with clay content and organic matter content . Consequently the coarse r textured soils and the horizons low in organic matter have the lowes t exchange capacity . Many of the B horizons have moderately high to hig h cation exchange capacity values, while the overlying, leached out, A e horizons and the underlying parent materials have low values . Calcium and aluminum are generally the dominant exchangeable bases . Potassium and magnesium are present in smaller amounts . A low cation exchang e capacity within the top 30 cm of the soil indicates a low nutrient statu s

109 and the soil fertility will have to be supplemented to avoid reduced cro p yields .

Gravel content and particle size distribution :

Coarse fragments of 2 mm or greater in diameter are referred to a s gravel, cobbles or stones . Soil texture is determined by the proportion of particles of different size grades over the soil particles less than 2 mm effective spherical diameter . Three basic size grades or fraction s are used : clay (less than 0 .002 mm effective spherical diameter), sil t (0 .002 - 0 .05 mm) and sand (0 .05 - 2 mm) . The sand fraction has been subdivided into five fractions : very coarse sand (1 - 2 mm), coarse sand (0 .5 - 1 mm), sand (0 .25 - 0 .5 mm), fine sand (0 .1 - 0 .25 mm) and very fine sand (0 .05 - 0 .1 mm) . Figure 25 shows the soil textural names , given to various combinations of the three basic fractions .

Engineering particle size classes are approximated using siev e analyses of particles greater than 2 mm effective spherical diameter, an d the percentages very fine sand (0 .05-0 .1 mm), silt (0 .002-0 .05 mm) and clay (less than 0 .0002 mm) are calculated over the total sample weight . Sieve analyses, percentages very fine sand, silt and clay are presente d in Table 43, together with the approximated percentages passing No . 4 and No . 200 sieves . From this the Unified Engineering Soil Classification i s determined for selected soil profiles .

Pyrophosphate-soluble organic matter :

The pyrophosphate-soluble organic matter index for organic soils i s a measure of the degree of humification of the organic material . A pyrophosphate index of less than 40 is generally expected for undecomposed t o weakly decomposed organic material ; between 40 and 60 for moderately t o strongly decomposed organic material ; more than 60 for very strongly t o completely decomposed organic material (Schintzer and Desjardins, 1965) . Ash content :

Ash content for organic soils, expressed as the percentage of as h over the original weight gives an indication of the degree of humification of the organic material . The more humified the organic material is , the higher the ash content is . It also gives an indication of the suit - ability of the organic material for fuel peat . Ash content of fuel pea t should be as low as possible and preferably around 2 .5% .

Methods of soil analyses :

The following methods were used to analyse the soil samples :

2H: Soil pH was determined in a 1 :2 soil to 0 .O1M CaC12 ratio with 10 gram of 2 mm material . The reading was taken at the end of 30 minutes . (Method 3 .11) .

110

Total Carbon : The percentage total carbon by weight was determined using a LECO induction furnace equiped wit h purifying train, and carbon determinator . (Method 3 .611) .

Total Nitrogen : The semi-micro Kjeldahl method, Not and No5 not included . (Method 3 .621) .

Extractable Iron Three extraction procedures were used . Extraction and Aluminum : by sodium pyrophosphate (Method 3 .53), th e dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate method (Method 3 .51) and the acid ammonium oxalate method (Method 3 .52) .

Extractable The acid ammonium oxalate method was used (Metho d Manganese : 3.52) .

Cation Exchange Exchangeable cations were extracted using NaCl . Capacity and Amounts of Ca, Mg, K and Al were measured using an Exchangeable Cations : Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model 1200 Varian Techtron)(Method 3 .31) . Cation exchange capacity (Permanent charge) is the sum of th e cations measured .

Available Prosphorus : Phosphorus extracted by 0 .03N NH4F + 0 .025 M HC1 . Phosphorus extracted is measured using an auto - analyser (Method 4 .45) .

Lime requirements : Lime requirement was determined using the buffer method (Method 4 .71) . Lime requirements ar e expressed in quantities of limestone in tons required to raise the soil pH to 6 .5 to a 15 cm depth.

Particle Siz e Particle size distribution is determined using the Distribution : pipet method on less than 2 mm material with pretreatments to remove carbonates, organic matter and soluble salts (Method 2 .11) . Sieve analysis o f particles coarser than 2 mm for selected profile s used the following sieves : 2, 4, 8, 16 and 31 .5 mm.

Pyrophosphat e Determination of the amount of organic matter in Soluble Organi c solution with Sodium pyrophosphate using a spectro- Matter Index for photometer (Method 3 .615 ) . Organic Soil s

ExtractableK The cations are extracted with ammonium acetat e Ca and Mg fo r (NH4 Ac) . Amounts of K, Ca, and Mg were measure d organic soils : using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Mode l IL 951) (Method 4 .51) .

ExtractableP P is extracted with a "strong" Bray extract (0 .05 for organic soils : N NH4F + 0 .1 N HC1) . Amounts of P are measure d using an Auto-Analyzer . (Method 4 .46) .

111

Organic C for Using a muffle furnace at 420 0C for 1 .5 hours . organic soils : The result is the Loss on Ignition which provide s an estimate of organic matter . This has been con- verted into organic carbon content (Method 3 .81) .

pH for organic Soil pH was determined using 4 ml of 0 .015 M CaC1 2 soils : with 1/2 teaspoon of moist peat sample . The reading was taken at the end of 15 minutes using a portable pH meter (Method 3 .12) .

Fiber content for Rubbed and unrubbed fiber content was determine d organic soils : with the syringe method . The sample volume is measured in the modified syringe, then washed on a 100 mesh sieve and the remaining material i s measured again using the syringe to arrive at percent (%) unrubbed fiber content . Rubbed fiber content uses the same procedure, however, th e material is lightly rubbed between the fingers whe n washed on the 100 mesh sieve (Method 2 .72) .

Method numbers between brackets refer to methods in "Manual on Soi l Sampling and Methods of Analysis " , McKeague, J .A . Ed ., 1976, LRRI .

0 «a~`^D 10 0 100 50 0 -Er % SAND Fig. 21 . A diagram showing the ranges in percentages o f sand, silt, and clay in the soil textural classes .

112

SOIL PROFILE : Barry's Pond (07-80-0032-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 550 71 5

ELEVATION : 45 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and coars e loamy and coarse silty, extremely to strongl y acidic, morainal (till), shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 6 (16-30%), facing nort h site at lower slope position .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, moderately well drained, medium trans- Drainage : missibility, moderate surface runoff, seepag e present .

Depth to Bedrock : 38 cm .

Stoniness and Very stony, exceedingly rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

113

FH 5 to 0 cm; black (7 .5YR 2/0, matrix moist) ; granular, moderately and highly decomposed organic material predominantly derived fro m sphagnum mosses, feather mosses and needles and twigs, with a ma t of roots of ericaceous shrubs, abundant, medium and coarse, rando m roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 2 cm ; discontinuous ; gravelly silt loam ; abundant, medium and coarse, random roots ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bhf 2 to 12 cm ; dark brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; ver y gravelly sandy clay loam ; very weak, fine to medium, subangula r blocky structure ; weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, random, exped roots ; many, fine and medium , random, exped pores ; 70% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, clear horizon boundary .

Bf 12 to 18 cm ; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium to coarse subangula r blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, random, exped roots ; common, fine, random , exped pores ; 50% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, diffuse horizon boundary .

Bhf 18 to 38 cm ; dark brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly loam ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, granular, secondary structure ; slightly sticky, ver y friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; common, fine and medium , random exped pores ; 80% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

R 38 cm plus ; bedrock rubble ; shale .

114

Barry's Pond : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 : 2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 FH 5-0

2 Ae 0-2

3 Bhf 2-12 3. 9 6 .2 0.2 31 .0 13 .9 1.03 1 .0 1 1.44 1 .05 6 .75 1 .65 0 .10 17

4 Bf 12-18 4. 4 3 .6 0 .3 12 .0 21 .5 0.69 1 .0 7 1.80 1.44 6 .01 1 .60 0.13 17

5 Bhf 18-38 4.3 6 .1 0.3 20 .3 7 .2 0.54 0 .84 1.53 1.97 5 .40 1 .78 0 .10 17

Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations Pyroph . CEC Tota l % sand/particle size in mm . Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

3 0 .24 0 .62 0 .23 3 .09 4.18 80 66 .1 26 .8 15.3 9 .1 8. 7 6 .2 12 .7 21 . 2

4 0 .17 0 .42 0 .18 1 .45 2.21 71 53 .0 24 .7 13.9 5 .9 5 . 6 2.9 28 .9 18 . 1

5 0 .23 0 .48 0 .13 1 .39 2.23 87 43 .8 19 .5 10.8 4 .8 4 .9 3.8 39 .5 16.7

SOIL PROFILE : Barry's Pond (07-80-0027-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 551 75 1

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, coarse loamy an d coarse silty, extremely to strongly acidic , morainal (till), fine basic and shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 3 (5%), facing north, sit e at middle slope position .

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, moderately well drained, medium trans- Drainage : missibility, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedrock : 45 cm.

Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

116

LF 7 to 0 cm; range 2 to 9 cm ; slightly and moderately decompose d organic material derived from 90% feather moss and 10% wood fragments ; slightly hard to hard, woody material 1 cm thick ; smooth , abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 10 cm ; range 0 to 16 cm ; pale brown (10YR 6/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly silt loam ; weak coarse subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, hard, plastic consistence ; plentiful , fine and medium, random, inped and exped roots ; common, very fin e and fine, random pores ; 20% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bf 10 to 22 cm; range 5 to 16 cm; brown to dark brown (7 .5YR 4/4 , matrix moist) ; gravelly loam ; moderate very coarse subangula r blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondar y structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plasti c consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium, random, inped roots ; few , very fine and fine, random pores ; 20% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

Bm 22 to 34 cm ; range 8 to 14 cm; brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 , matrix moist) ; gravelly loamy coarse sand ; weak, very coarse , subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky second - ary structure ; few, fine and medium, horizontal, exped roots ; common, very fine and fine, horizontal pores ; 30% by volume shal y coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

Bf2 34 to 45 cm ; very dark gray (10YR 3/1, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium to coarse platy structure ; weak , fine, platy secondary structure ; non-sticky, friable, slightl y hard, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine and medium, random, expe d roots ; common, fine and medium, horizontal pores ; 20% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; clear, irregular horizon boundary .

R 45 cm plus ; fragmented bedrock .

117

Barry's Pond : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodiu m Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC 12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 7-0 4. 0 27.9 1.1 25 .3 189 .0 0 .67 0 .16 0.91 0 .17 1.36 0.20 0 .1 5

2 Ae 0-10 3 . 5 1.4 0.2 7 . 0 5 .5 0 .36 0 .04 0.58 0.05 1.10 0.06 0 .02 15

3 Bf 10-22 4. 5 3.5 0.2 17 . 5 10 .0 0 .99 0 .62 1.61 0 .74 4.25 1.07 0 .25 16

4 Bm 22-34 5. 5 0.6 0.1 6 . 0 31 .2 0 .11 0 .14 0.51 0.33 1.41 0.33 0 .35 9

5 Bf 34-45 5.0 1.5 0.1 15 .0 0 .25 0 .43 0.53 0.76 1.54 0.57 0 .10 3

Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . Pyroph . CEC Tota l Total Sol . Perm Gravel San d Silt • Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 10.95 3 .10 2 .19 tr 6 .2 4 14 .3 37.9

2 0.61 0 .56 0 .09 2 .04 3 .30 35 35 . 4 4.0 4 .4 3 .0 9.6 14 .4 51 .0 13. 6

3 0.32 0 .51 0 .11 1 .58 2 .52 38 51 . 5 13.5 8 .8 5 .2 12 .5 11 .5 28 .7 19. 8

4 0.28 0 .25 0 .09 0 .00 0.62 48 83 . 3 17 .8 18 .1 12 .2 22 .0 13 .2 10 .9 5. 8

5 0.16 0 .25 0 .07 0 .00 0 .48 40 75 .5 18.1 16 .8 9 .3 18.5 12 .8 15 .3 9.2

SOIL PROFILE : Barry's Pond (07-80-0028-7-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil Grid . 21 UXE 545 73 1

ELEVATION : Between 30 and 45 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and coars e loamy and coarse silty, extremely to strongl y acidic, morainal (till), shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 6 (16-30%), facing west , site at middle slope position .

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, moderately well drained, medium trans- Drainage : missibility, moderate surface runoff, seepag e absent .

Depth to Bedrock : 40 cm .

Stoniness an d Very stony, moderately rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved pasture .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal mixe d non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

119

LF 6 to 0 cm ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic materia l derived from 90% feather moss and 10% wood fragements ; slightly hard to hard woody material 1 cm thick ; abundant, medium and coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 2 cm ; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly loam ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, hard, slightly plastic consistence ; abundant , medium to coarse, random, inped and exped roots ; common, mediu m and coarse, random, exped pores ; 50% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bfl 2 to 14 cm ; brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly clay loam ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; sticky , firm, hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium , random inped and exped roots ; common, medium, random, exped pores ; 30% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bf2 14 to 28 cm ; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium subangular block y structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, random, inped and exped roots ; few, coarse , random, inped pores ; 50% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy , gradual horizon boundary .

Bf3 28 to 40 cm ; brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium, subangula r blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; few, coarse, random, exped pores ; 50% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; irregular, clear horizon boundary .

R 40 cm plus ; fragmented bedrock, shale .

120

Barry's Pond : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % X ratio ppm % % % % % X % (15 cm )

1 LF 6-0 --1

2 Ae 0-2 3 .6 4.6 0.2 23.0 5 .0 0.87 0 .09 1.68 0 .13 2 .88 0 .75 0 .10 17

3 Bfl 2-14 4 .5 3.1 0.2 15.5 12 .0 0.98 0 .43 1 .53 0 .49 5 .16 0 .86 0 .26 17

4 Bf2 14-28 4 .5 1.9 0.2 9 .5 9 .1 0.68 0.46 1.16 0 .59 3 .75 0 .80 0 .21 15

5 Bf3 28-40 4.5 2 .0 0.2 10.0 0.53 0.30 0.91 0 .39 2 .80 0 .57 0 .18 12

Particle Size Distribution

Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . Pyroph . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

2 0 .35 0 .82 0 .09 1 .33 2 .59 68 41 .3 13 .3 11 .4 6.1 5.3 5 .2 37 .8 20 . 9

3 0 .21 0 .36 0 .14 1 .17 1 .88 52 44 .2 15 .0 10 .1 5 .1 8.2 5 .8 27 .8 28 . 0

4 0 .17 0 .31 0 .11 0 .93 1 .52 65 59 .7 24 .4 13.1 5 .8 9.5 6 .9 20 .9 19. 4

5 0 .25 0 .35 0 .11 0 .78 1 .49 66 63 .5 18 .3 12.1 6 .3 13.9 12 .9 23 .0 13 .5

SOIL PROFILE : Barry's Pond (07-80-0029-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 544 73 4

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MS L

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal, coars e loamy and coarse silty, extremely to strongl y acidic, morainal (till) shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 2 (05-2 .5%) .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, moderately well drained, medium trans- Drainage : missibility, moderate surface runoff, seepag e present .

Depth to Bedrock : 45 cm .

Stoniness an d Slightly stony, slightly rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Kalmia spp . , Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

122

LF 20 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic materia l predominantly derived from feather mosses and wood fragments ; abundant, coarse, random roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 7 cm ; pale brown (10YR 6/3, matrix moist) ; very gravell y loam; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, firm, very hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium, random, inped roots ; few, medium, random, inped pores ; 40 % by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, abrup t horizon boundary .

Bf 7 to 23 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 5/6, matrix moist) ; very gravell y clay loam ; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; sticky, friable, slightly hard, plastic consistence ; few, medium , random, inped and exped roots ; common, fine, random, exped pores ; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clea r horizon boundary .

BC 23 to 45 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coars e sandy loam ; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak , medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky , very friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; many, medium an d coarse, random, exped pores ; compacted ; 50% by volume angula r gravelly coarse fragments .

R 45 cm plus ; fragmented bedrock .

123

Barry's Pond : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 20-0

2 Ae 0-7 3.4 1 .2 0 .1 12. 0 5.0 0 .33 0 .06 0 .38 0 .08 1 .13 0 .11 0 .0 2 17

3 Bf 7-23 4.0 2 .6 0.2 13 . 0 5.5 1 .20 0 .42 1 .13 0 .40 3 .68 0 .65 0 .0 9 1 7

4 BC 23-45 4.0 0 .8 0.1 8 .0 10.5 0 .33 0 .20 0 .24 0.20 1.04 0 .32 0.0 2 11

Particle Size Distribution Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Tota l Total Sol . Perm Gravel San d Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .05 % % % %

2 0 .51 0 .80 0 .13 2 .83 4 .27 62 31 . 0 5 .6 8.1 5 .3 7 .2 4.8 48 .8 20 . 2

3 0 .37 0 .48 0 .15 2 .17 3 .17 58 37 .9 9 .4 11 .0 5.7 7 .7 4 .1 32 .1 30 . 0

4 0 .18 0 .38 0 .11 1 .80 2 .47 67 66 .9 16 .9 18 .2 10.5 14 .8 6 .5 18 .9 14 .2

SOIL PROFILE : Chapel Cove (07-80-0036-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 538 70 7

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Chemical and physical weathering ; skeletal and coarse loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ; igneous, coars e acid .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 7 (31 to 45%) ; strongly mounded microtopography .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, imperfectly drained, medium transmissi - Drainage : bility, slow surface runoff, seepage present .

Depth to Bedrock : 54 cm .

Stoniness and Very stony, exceedingly rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, shallow lithic, acid, aquic .

125

LF 5 to 0 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, crushed dry) ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material derived from 70% feather moss and 30% wood fragments ; soft woody material, 0 .5 cm thick ; abundant, medium and coarse, random roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bf 0 to 19 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure ; weak , fine, granular, secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable , soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful fine and medium, random , exped roots ; common, medium, random, exped pores ; 60% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, diffuse horizo n boundary .

Bfgj 19 to 54 cm ; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; few, fine, faint, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, matrix moist) mottles ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful , fine and medium, random, exped roots ; common, medium, random , exped pores; 60% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, diffuse horizon boundary .

R 54 cm plus ; bedrock rubble, coarse grained granite .

126

Chapel Cove : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 5-0 3 .9 28.1 0 .8 35 .1 63 .6 0.79 0.14 1.30 0.17 4.38 0.28 0 .1 6

2 Bfl 0-19 4 .4 3.6 0.2 18 .0 18 .8 0.58 0.52 1.27 0 .17 7.56 0.94 0.14 14

3 Bf2 19-54 4 .7 2.2 0.1 22 .0 -- 0.37 0 .27 1 .00 0 .50 5 .64 0 .68 0 .17 11

Particle Size Distributio n

Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total PySolh Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 4.01 2 .40 1 .00 tr. 7 .4 1 20 .4 50 .9

2 0 .51 0 .37 0 .15 1 .14 2 .17 75 64 .4 22 .4 12 .1 6 .7 13 .0 10.2 19.7 15 . 9

3 0 .64 0 .54 0 .36 0 .61 2 .15 80 71.4 29.9 16 .2 7 .4 11.0 6.9 13.9 14.7

SOIL PROFILE : Comfort Cove (07-80-0025-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MS L

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and sandy , extremely to strongly acidic, glaciomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Landform : Glaciomarine, loamy and pebbly, level .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 1 (0-0 .5%), facing north, sit e at crest position, slightly mounded microtopography , with slope length of 300 m .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedroc k More than 100 cm .

Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved Pasture .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid .

128 Ah 0 to 17 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam; very weak, very fine granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; abundant , fine, vertical, inped roots ; moderately porous horizon ; common , fine, random, inped pores ; 60% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

Ae 17 to 24 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly loam ; very weak, fine, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine , granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft , non-plastic consistence ; abundant, very fine, vertical, inped roots ; moderately porous horizon; common, fine, random, inped pores ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bfl 24 to 51 cm; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist) ; very gravell y coarse sandy loam ; very weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky , very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, very fine , vertical, inped roots ; moderately porous horizon ; common, fine , random inped pores ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth , clear horizon boundary .

Bf2 51 to 82 cm ; dark brown (7 .5YR 3/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, medium to coarse, granular structure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, very fine, vertical , inped roots ; moderately porous horizon ; common, fine random inped and exped pores ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth , clear horizon boundary .

BC 82 to 103 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sand ; very weak, medium to coarse, granular structure ; single grain secondary structure ; non-sticky, loose , non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine, vertical inped roots ; 30% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .

129

Comfort Cove : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % (15 cm )

1 Ah 0-17 4 .4 7.5 0.4 18.8 9 .0 0.74 0.20 0 .91 0 .16 2 .20 0 .33 0 .08 12

2 Ae 17-24 4 .7 3 .2 0 .2 16 .0 10 .8 0.40 0.09 0 .75 0 .12 0 .99 0 .24 0 .05 9 7 3 Bfl 24-51 5.0 1 .9 0 .1 19.0 14.8 0 .40 0 .23 0 .85 0 .38 2 .13 0 .57 0 .04

4 Bf2 51-82 5.1 1 .4 0 .1 14 .0 0 .36 0 .29 0 .70 0 .47 1.50 0 .47 0 .05 6

5 BC 82-103 5.0 0 .7 0.05 14 .0 0 .06 0 .05 0.38 0 .15 1.18 0.15 0.06 2

Particle Size Distribution

Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Pyr olh Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 2 .53 0 .83 0 .12 3 .53 7 .01 76 60 .6 22.6 25 .5 4 .8 4 .4 3.3 26 .8 12. 6

2 4.14 2 .01 0 .08 tr 6 .23 70 48.2 13 .2 19 .3 4 .8 6 .2 4.7 35 .4 16. 4

3 4.03 1 .24 0 .11 tr 5 .38 67 70 .9 24 .3 35.0 5 .5 3.8 2.3 17 .3 11 . 8

4 2 .61 0 .84 0 .11 tr 3 .56 55 61 .6 8 .4 45 .8 5.5 1 .5 0.4 35 .1 3 . 3

5 2 .06 0 .65 0 .13 tr 2 .84 38 92 .3 66 .4 24 .1 1 .2 0 .6 tr 4 .6 3 .1

SOIL PROFILE : Comfort Cove (07-80-0037-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil Grid . 21 UXE 54473 9

ELEVATION : 15 m above MS L

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering ; skeletal and sandy ; extemely to strongly acidic ; glaciomarine ; mixed mineralogy .

Landf orm : Glaciomarine, pebbly and sandy, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of class 3 (2-5%) .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .

Stoniness and Slightly stony, very rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved Pasture .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, acid, perhumid .

131 Ah 0 to 7 cm ; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, matrix moist) ; very gravell y sandy clay loam ; weak, medium, granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard and hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant , medium, vertical roots ; common, medium, random, exped pores ; 70% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bfl 7 to 33 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy clay loam ; weak, fine to medium granular structure ; non-sticky , very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium, vertical roots ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, diffuse horizon boundary .

Bf2 33 to 58 cm ; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist) ; very gravell y loamy coarse sand ; weak, fine to medium granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium, vertical roots ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

BC 58 to 95 cm plus ; very dark gray (10YR 3/1, matrix moist) ; gravelly loamy coarse sand ; very weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky , friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; very few, fine , vertical roots ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

132

Comfort Cove : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 : 2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 X X ratio ppm % X % % % % % (15 cm )

1 Ah 0-7 4 . 2 4 .7 0 .2 23 .5 144 .0 0 .98 0 .24 2 .39 0 .36 3 .65 0 .40 0 .19 16

2 Bfl 7-33 4 . 6 2 .2 0 .2 11 .0 27 .8 1 .01 0 .38 2 .21 0 .53 3 .88 0 .66 0 .29 14

3 Bf2 33-58 4 . 5 1 .4 0 .1 14 .0 -- 0 .34 0 .22 0 .66 0 .33 1 .60 0 .38 0 .10 9

4 BC 58-95 4 .8 0 .7 0 .1 7 .0 -- 0 .09 0 .13 0 .45 0 .26 1 .56 0 .28 0 .10 5

Particle Size Distribution Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Tota l Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 0 .68 0 .84 0 .14 0 .22 1 .88 81 52 . 2 17 .5 16 .7 7 .0 7 .4 3 .6 23 .9 23 . 9

2 1 .14 0 .65 0 .21 0 .56 2 .56 64 64 . 8 21 .9 19 .7 8 .9 10 .1 4 .2 13 .9 21 . 3

3 0 .42 0 .58 0 .14 tr . 1 .14 59 82 . 9 27 .1 29 .3 11 .3 10 .7 4 .5 6 .4 10 . 7

4 0 .23 0 .36 0 .12 tr . 0 .71 36 86 .7 24 .0 22 .8 11 .8 19 .0 9 .1 6 .8 6 .5

SOIL PROFILE : Comfort Cove (07-80-0030-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 54073 1

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material 1 : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and coars e loamy and coarse silty, extremely to strongl y acidic, glaciomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Parent Material 2 : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and fine loamy and fine silty, extremely to strongly acidic , glaciomarine, mixed origin .

Landform : Glaciomarine, loamy and pebbly, inclined ;

Slope : Simple slope of class 4 (6-9%), facing north east , site at upper slope position ;

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : moderate surface runoff ;

Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm ;

Stoniness an d Slightly stony, non-rocky ; Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved pasture/forage ;

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, acid, perhumid .

134 Ah 0 to 8 cm ; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium, granular structure ; non-sticky, friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence ; abundant , medium, random, exped roots ; common, fine, random, exped pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 8 to 11 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly loam ; weak, fine to medium subangular blocky structure ; weak fine t o medium, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable , slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, medium, random , exped roots ; many, medium and coarse, oblique, inped pores ; 70% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Om 11 to 22 cm; black (10YR 2/1, matrix moist) ; moderately decompose d organic material, containing herbaceous fragments and wood frag - ments ; abundant, medium, random roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Aeb 22 to 24 cm ; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak to moderate, medium, granular structure ; abundant, medium, random roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bf 24 to 29 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly coars e sandy loam ; very weak, fine, subangular blocky structure ; very weak , fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft , slightly plastic consistence ; abundant, medium, vertical roots ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

IIBC 29 cm plus ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy cla y loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, fine , subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable , slightly hard and hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium, vertical roots ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

135

Comfort Cove : Eluviated Dystric Brunisol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1: 2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % (15 cm )

1 Ah 0-8 4. 3 6 .0 0.3 20 .0 20.0 0 .72 0 .14 1 .27 0.18 2 .77 0 .28 0.19 14

2 Ae 8-11 3. 7 4.5 0.2 22 .5 24.0 0 .66 0 .07 1 .09 0.11 1.90 0 .13 0.08 17

3 Om 11-22 4. 0 16.9 0.6 28.2 81 .0 0 .54 0 .10 0 .77 0 .12 1 .80 0.18 0.21 16

4 Aeb 22-2 4

5 Bf 24-29 4 . 4 4.2 0.4 10.5 27 .5 0 .67 0.12 1.30 0 .16 2 .70 0.28 0.25 14

6 IIBC 29+ 4 .2 1 .7 0.2 8.5 0.42 0.14 0.68 0 .17 2 .80 0 .36 0 .17 15

Particle Size Distributio n Pyroph . Exchangeable Cation s X sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O.M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % X

1 1.34 0 .77 0 .10 0 .5 8 2 .79 50 57 .6 14 .7 17.0 8 .9 12 .0 5 .0 25 .9 16 . 5

2 1.28 1 .06 0 .10 1 .4 7 3 .91 81 50 .8 13 .6 14 .8 8.5 10 .0 3 .9 32 .4 16 . 8

3 5.51 3 .11 0 .27 0 .9 3 9.8 2

5 1 .88 0 .92 0 .11 0 .5 0 3:41 43 54.0 15.4 15 .6 7 .9 10 .4 4 .7 29.4 16. 6

6 0 .88 0 .88 0 .21 1 .22 3.19 64 59.3 17 .8 16 .8 8 .0 11 .1 5 .6 18.3 22.4

SOIL PROFILE : Comfort Head (07-80-0026-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 538,73 8

ELEVATION : 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material 1 : Chemical and physical weathering ; skeletal and fine loamy and fine silty ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ; shale .

Parent Material 2 : Shattered and weak chemical weathering ; fragmental ; extremely to strongly acidic ; residual ; shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, inclined .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 5 (10%), facing north, sit e at lower slope position, slightly mounded microtopography, with slope length of 100 m .

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : moderate surface runoff, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedrock : 80 cm.

Stoniness and Non-stony, moderately rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved pasture .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

137

Ah 0 to 2 cm; plentiful, fine, vertical, inped roots ; smooth, clea r boundary .

Ae 2 to 9 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly loam to clay loam; weak, fine to medium, subangular, blocky structure ; weak , fine, granular secondary structure ; sticky, friable, slightly har d consistence ; plentiful, fine, vertical, inped roots ; common, fine , random, inped, discontinuous pores ; 30% by volume shaly coars e fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bf 9 to 37 cm ; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly clay loam ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular block y structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium, subangular block y secondary structure ; sticky, firm, slightly hard consistence ; plentiful, very fine, vertical, inped roots ; common, fine, random inped, discontinuous pores ; 40% by volume shaly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

IIC 37 to 80 cm ; very dark gray brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist) ; shaly loamy coarse sand ; very weak to weak, medium to coarse plat y structure ; single grain secondary structure ; non-sticky, loos e consistence ; very few, micro, vertical, exped roots ; 40% by volume shaly coarse fragments .

R 80 cm plus ; fragmented shale bedrock .

138

Comfort Head : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % X % % % % (15 cm )

1 Ah 0- 2

2 Ae 2-9 3.9 3 .2 0.2 16 .0 0.72 0 .10 1.09 0.12 3.00 0.18 0.07 17

3 8f 9-37 4.2 1 .6 0.2 8 .0 24 .2 0.81 0.33 1.17 0.37 4.14 0.52 0.10 17

4 iIC 37-80 4 .6 0 .6 0.1 6 .0 0.13 0.13 0 .57 0.29 3.59 0.33 0.11 8

Particle Size Distributio n Exchangeable Cations . Pyroph . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/10Og . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

2 0 .56 0.49 0 .18 1 .20 2 .43 31 28 .6 13 .0 7 .3 3 .0 3 .7 1 .6 44 .6 26 .8

3 0 .18 0 .09 0 .17 1 .67 2 .11 60 33.9 9 .2 8 .5 4 .8 7 .6 3 .8 31.4 34 .7

4 0.11 0 .12 0 .14 tr. 0 .37 53 83 .6 23.4 22 .9 13 .0 18 .3 6 .0 10.3 6 .1

SOIL PROFILE : Crow Cliff (07-80-0031-I-12)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 551 72 0

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and coars e loamy and coarse silty, extremely to strongl y acidic, morainal (till), shale .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 4 (6-9%), facing north, sit e at upper slope position.

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, imperfectly drained, medium transmissi - Drainage : bility, moderate surface runoff, seepage present .

Depth to Bedrock : 55 cm .

Stoniness and Moderately stony, exceedingly rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Kalmia spp ., Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

140

FH 5 to 0 cm; black (7 .5YR 2/0, matrix moist) ; granular, moderately and highly decomposed organic material, predominantly derived fro m sphagnum mosses with a mat of roots of ericaceous shrubs ; abundant, medium, random roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 1 cm ; gravelly silt loam ; discontinuous ; abundant, medium , random roots ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bhf 1 to 11 cm ; dark brown (7 .5YR 3/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly silt loam ; very weak, fine, granular structure ; slightly sticky , very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium, vertical, exped roots ; 50% by volume angular gravell y coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

Bfgl 11 to 41 cm ; gray to brown (7 .5YR 5/1, matrix moist) ; very gravelly loam ; very weak to weak, medium, subangular blocky struc - ture ; very weak, fine to medium, granular secondary structure ; sticky, very friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, vertical roots ; 40% by volume angular gravell y coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bfg2 41 to 55 cm ; gray (10YR 5/1, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy loam; many, medium, prominent, strong brown (7 .5YR 5/6, matrix moist) mottles ; very weak to weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak, medium, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slgihtly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

IIC 55 cm plus ; fragmental ; shaly bedrock rubble .

141

Crow Cliff : Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Mn 100 kg/ha Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % X % % % % % (15 cm)

1 FH 5-0

2 Ae 0- 1 12 3 Bhf 1-11 5 .3 8.0 0 .3 26.7 5 .0 0 .95 0.77 2 .36 1 .05 3 .14 2 .92 1 .10 .73 10 4 Bfl 11-41 5 .7 3 .6 0 .2 18 .0 4 .8 0 .62 0 .36 2 .31 0 .95 17 .54 2 .54 1 0 .09 12 5 Bf2 41-55 4.5 1 .4 0.1 14 .0 0 .64 0 .24 0 .79 0.29 4 .2 0 .62

Particle Size Distributio n

% sand/particle size in mm . Exchangeable Cations CEC Total Total Pyr olh h Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As % % Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % %

2 9 . 2 3 2 .42 1 .03 0.36 tr . 3 .81 67 19 .8 6 .3 5 .0 2 .8 3 .4 2 .3 71.0 36.5 21 . 5 4 0 .38 0 .36 0 .14 tr . 0 .88 63 42 .0 14 .4 10 .9 5 .6 6 .2 4 .9 .0 13 .4 5 0 .38 0 .39 0 .11 0 .64 1 .52 58 57 .6 9.5 11 .9 11 .1 14.4 10.7 29

SOIL PROFILE : Dead Wolf Pond (07-81-0002-07 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 545 70 5

ELEVATION : 25 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material derived from sphagnum mosses , grasses and sedges .

Wetland Low shrub Domed bog, 5% slope . Classification :

Area of Wetland : 11 .4 ha .

Area of Open Water : Approximately 0 .5 ha .

Soil Moisture an d Aquic, poorly drained, seepage absent . Drainage :

Water Table : Apparent water table 10 to 30 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 300 cm .

Vegetation : Sphagnum spp ., Kalmia polifolia, Carex spp . , Juniperus spp ., Larix laricina, Picea mariana (1-3 m high, 5-10 cm DBH) .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Fibrisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold, aquic .

143

Ofl 0 to 20 cm; brown (10YR 5/3, dry) ; undecomposed sphagnum peat ; von Post scale of humification 2 .

Oft 20 to 40 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, dry) ; slightly decomposed sphagnu m peat ; von Post scale of humification 3 .

Of3 40 to 220 cm ; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) ; slightly decomposed, sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 4 .

Oml 220 to 280 cm ; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry) ; moderately decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 6 .

Om2 280 to 300 cm ; very dark brown to black (10YR 2/1 .5, dry) ; moderately decomposed, woody peat ; von Post scale of humification 6 .

Cg 300 cm plus ; sandy loam .

144 Dead Wolf Pond : Typic Fibrisol .

Fiber content % pH Extractable (ppm) Depth .015M C Horizon (cm) unrubbed rubbed CaC12 (%) P Ca Mg K

Ofl 0-20 92 80 3 .3 46 .1 56 .2 262 .9 110 .7 17 . 4

Of2 20-40 80 68 3 .4 43 .6 53 .4 255 .1 117 .4 13 . 5

Of3 40-220 80 68 3 .4 39 .3 56 .2 169 .7 71 .4 5 . 1

Oml 220-280 44 40 4 .5 30 .9 78 .7 2064 .6 394 .4 6 . 7

Om2 280-300

14 5

SOIL PROFILE : Evans Point (Comfort Cove Site No . 18)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t UTM Grid . 6,555,250 E and 5,474,630 N .

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, sandy, extremely t o strongly acidic, fluviomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Landform : Marine, sandy, inclined .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 2 (0 .5-2 .5%), facing south , site at crest position, slightly mounded microtopo - graphy, 350 m long .

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, very poorly drained, high transmissi- Drainage : bility, slow surface runoff, depth to apparent water table : 40 cm .

Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .

Stoniness and Non-stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive forest .

VEGETATION : Alnus rugosa, Scirpus spp, Sphagnum spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Gleysol, sandy, mixed non-clay, acid , peraquic .

146 Of 0 to 34 cm ; slightly decomposed sphagnum mosses, remnants of wood y plants and matted sedge roots .

Bg 34 to 40 cm ; dark gray ; very gravelly sandy clay loam ; many fine and medium distinct yellowish brown mottles ; platy structure ; sticky when wet ; smooth abrupt horizon boundary .

Cg 40 cm plus ; gray to light gray ; very gravelly medium to coarse sand ; single grain structure ; non-sticky when wet .

147

SOIL PROFILE : Indian Cove (07-80-0040-1-12)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 53867 7

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering ; skeletal and sandy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; glaciofluvial, mixe d mineralogy .

Landform : Glaciofluvial, gravelly and sandy, inclined .

Slope : Simple slope of class 3 (2-5%) .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, poorly drained, high transmissibility , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage present .

Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .

Stoniness an d Very stony, slightly rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Productive woodland .

VEGETATION : Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-clay, acid, peraquic .

148 FH 18 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material , derived from 80% sphagnum mosses and 10% sedges and reeds and 10% wood fragments ; abundant, medium and coarse, random, roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Aeg 0 to 15 cm ; gray (10YR 5/1, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; non-sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, random roots ; few, coarse, random, exped pores ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, gradual horizon boundary .

Bfgl 15 to 27 cm ; dark gray (10YR 4/1, matrix moist) ; gravelly loamy coarse sand ; very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; non-sticky very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine and medium, random, exped roots ; common, medium an d coarse, random, exped pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, clear horizon boundary .

Bfg2 27 cm plus ; very dark gray (10YR 3/1, matrix moist) ; very gravell y loamy coarse sand ; single grain structure ; non-sticky, loose , non-plastic consistence ; few, very fine and fine, random pores ; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

149

Indian Cove : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaC12 X % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 FH 18- 0

2 Aeg 0-15 3.6 2 .7 0.1 27.0 8.7 0.32 0.07 0.05 0 .02 0 .48 0 .08 tr. 5

3 Bfgl 15-21 3.8 1 .7 0.1 17.0 13.2 0.27 0.18 0.48 0 .17 0 .84 0.22 0 .0005 9

4 Bfg2 27+ 3.9 3 .1 0 .2 15.5 -- 0.17 0.66 0 .26 0 .41 0 .48 0 .36 0 .0005 11

Particle Size Distributio n Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % %

2 0 .49 0 .57 0 .07 1 .06 2.19 60 60.2 18.8 16 .0 9 .0 11 .7 4 .7 20.5 19 . 3

3 0 .26 0 .36 0 .06 0 .75 1.43 48 80.7 25.5 24 .3 11 .1 11 .8 8.0 11.7 7 . 6 4 0 .26 0 .29 0 .04 0 .70 1 .29 90 78.7 19.3 18 .3 11 .5 17 .1 12 .5 15.0 6.3

SOIL PROFILE : Indian Neck (07-83-0004-1-12)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 532 67 9

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and sandy , extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial, mixed lithology .

Landform : Fluvial, sandy and bouldery .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 3 (2-5%) facing south, sit e at middle slope position .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedrock : 107 cm.

Stoniness an d Very stony, very rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Borrow pit .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixe d non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid .

151

FH 5 to 0 cm ; moderately and highly decomposed organic material , derived from 70% feather mosses, 20% wood fragments and 10 % needles ; soft woody material 0 .5 cm thick ; wavy, abrupt horizo n boundary .

Ae 0 to 7 cm ; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, matrix moist) ; gravelly loamy coarse sand ; weak, fine to medium, subangular block y structure ; weak, very fine to fine subangular blocky secondar y structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; lightly porous horizon ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; broken , abrupt horizon boundary .

Bhf 7 to 15 cm ; dark reddish brown (2 .5YR 3/4, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable ; slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful , fine and medium, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bhfcj 15 to 26 cm ; very dusky red (2 .5YR 2 .5/2, matrix moist) ; gravelly loamy coarse sand ; weak to moderate, medium to coarse subangula r blocky structure ; weak to moderate fine to medium subangula r blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, firm, very hard , non-plastic consistence ; weakly cemented by iron, continuous ; few, fine, horizontal roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bhfc 26 to 50 cm ; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sand ; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, angular block y structure ; moderate to strong, fine to medium, angular block y secondary structure ; non-sticky, very firm, extremely hard , non-plastic consistence ; strongly cemented by iron, continuous ; few, very fine, horizontal roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, gradual horizo n boundary .

Bfl 50 to 71 cm ; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist) ; very gravell y coarse sand ; moderate to strong, fine to medium ; angular block y structure ; moderate to strong, very fine to fine ; subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, very firm, rigid , non-plastic consistence ; indurated by iron, continuous ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, diffuse horizon boundary .

Bf2 71 to 107 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sand ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate to strong, very fine to fine, subangular blocky secondar y structure ; non-sticky, firm, hard, non-plastic consistence ; weakly cemented by iron, discontinuous ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

R 107 cm plus ; coarse grained granitic bedrock .

152

Indian Neck: Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % (15 cm )

1 FH 5- 0

2 Ae 0-7 3 .7 4 .4 0 .1 40.4 16 0 .50 0 .2 2

3 Bhf 7-15 3 .5 10 .2 0.4 28 .3 5 3 .43 1.1 9

4 Bhfcj 15-26 3 .8 19 .9 0.6 34.9 3 2 .26 4 .8 0

5 Bhfc 26-50 4 .3 10 .9 0.3 38 .9 3 0 .45 2 .3 0

6 Bfl 50-71 4 .5 4 .1 0.1 37 .6 -- 0.16 1.0 1

7 Bf2 71-107 4 .7 1 .9 0.1 27 .1 -- 0 .04 0.3 9

Particle Size Distributio n Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % X 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .05 % % % %

2 1.3 0 .5 0 .3 2.3 4 .40 30 75.7 25.5 29 .9 6 .0 7 .4 6.9 19 .6 4. 7

3 0.7 0.5 0 .3 5.1 6.60 34 71.7 32.9 27 .4 3 .9 3.7 3.8 20 .5 7. 8 4 0 .6 0.2 0 .2 4 .7 5.70 46 80.7 40.0 27 .9 3 .0 4.3 5.5 15 .0 4. 3

5 0.3 0.1 0 .07 0 .5 0.97 46 89.3 54.7 24.5 2 .5 3.5 4.1 8 .1 2. 7

6 0 .3 0.07 0 .06 0 .1 0.53 56 92.6 45 .8 37 .9 4 .2 2.5 2 .2 5 .2 2. 2

7 0.2 0.06 0 .05 0 .0 0.31 58 95.5 47 .7 38.0 7 .3 1.6 1 .0 3 .1 1.4

SOIL PROFILE : Loon Point (07-83-0002-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 East Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 524 69 1

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and sandy , extremely to strongly acidic, morainal (till) , coarse acid lithology .

Landform : Gravelly and bouldery morainal veneer .

Slope : 6% slope, facing southeast site at middle slop e position .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, poorly drained, high transmissibility , Drainage : ponded, seepage present ; perched water table at 20 cm depth.

Depth to Bedrock : 33 cm .

Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, very rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Logging .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Gleysol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, very shallow lithic, acid, cold , perhumid moisture regime .

154

LF 20 to 0 cm ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material , derived from 40% sphagnum moss, 40% wood fragments and 20 % needles ; hard woody material, 0 .5 to 1 cm thick ; smooth, abrup t horizon boundary .

Aeg 0 to 12 cm; dark gray (5YR 4/1, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, medium, subangular blocky, secondary structure ; nonsticky , very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant , medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; 50% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Bg 12 to 27 cm ; very dark gray (5YR 3/1, matrix moist) ; very gravell y coarse sandy loam ; weak to moderate, medium to coarse, subangula r blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium, subangula r blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, soft , slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium, horizontal roots ; highly porous hoirzon ; 50% by volume angular gravell y coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

BCg 27 to 33 cm ; black (5YR 2/1, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coars e sand ; single grain structure ; non-sticky, loose ; non-plasti c consistence ; very few, very fine, hoirzontal roots ; highly porou s horizon ; 60% by volume angular coarse fragments ; wavy, abrup t horizon boundary .

R 33 cm plus ; coarse granitic bedrock .

155

Loon Point : Orthic Gleysol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 20- 0

2 Aeg 0-12 3 .4 2 .4 0 .1 23 .5 7 0 .07 0 .0 9

3 Bg 12-27 3 .5 1 .7 0 .1 13 .8 5 0 .10 0 .1 0

4 BCg 27-33 3 .7 2 .6 0 .1 20 .0 10 0 .20 0 .2 1

Particle Size Distributio n

Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Pyr olh Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

2 U .9 0 .7 0 .6 3 .8 5 .46 61 64 .0 23 .8 15 .1 7 .0 9 .0 9 .2 28 .9 7 . 1

3 1 .0 0 .8 0 .06 2 .7 4 .56 5 9

4 1 .2 0 .7 0 .08 1 .5 3 .48 77 88 .9 42 .4 28 .1 9 .0 6 .6 2 .8 6 .6 4 .5

SOIL PROFILE : Michael's Harbour (07-80-0035-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E7 Eas t Mil. Grid . : 21 UXE 542 68 5

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material mainly derived from sedges and grasses .

Wetland Sedge slope fen, 2% slope . Classification :

Area of Wetland : 0 .5 ha .

Soil Moisture and Peraquic, very poorly drained, seepage present . Drainage :

Water Table : Apparent water table 0 to 20 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 47 cm .

Vegetation : Carex spp ., Scirpus spp ., Sphagnum spp ., Kalmia polifolia, Alnus rugosa, Picea mariana .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Humisol, humic, dysic, cold, peraquic , shallow.

157

Of 0 to 8 cm ; range 2 to 10 cm ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 , pressed wet) ; slightly decomposed, non-woody, slightly greasy , fibrous sphagnum peat ; extremely acid ; wavy, abrupt horizo n boundary .

Ohl 8 to 38 cm ; range 6 to 34 cm ; black (10YR 2/1, pressed wet) ; highly decomposed, slightly woody, moderately greasy, string y sedge peat ; extremely acid ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Oh2 38 to 47 cm ; range 2 to 11 cm ; black (10YR 2/1, pressed wet) ; highly decomposed, slightly woody, very greasy, amorphous sedg e peat ; extremely acid ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Cg 47 to 60 cm ; range 11 to 18 cm ; very dark brown to black (10YR 2/1 .5, matrix moist) ; coarse sand ; moderate, very coarse subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable, very hard consistence ; plentiful, fine, vertical, inped roots ; few, very fine, vertical , inped, discontinuous, closed pores .

R 60 cm plus ; fragmented bedrock ; coarse grained granite .

158

Michael's Harbour : Typic Humisol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % X % % % X (15 cm )

1 Of 0-8 3 .7 43 .8 0 .7 62.6 256 .8 0 .26 0 .29 0 .26 0 .21 0 .39 0 .25 0 .0 2

2 Ohl 8-38 3.8 42 .8 1 .7 25.2 24.0 0 .35 0 .83 0 .16 0.20 0.41 0 .66 0 .0 1

3 0h2 38-47 4 .0 44 .3 1 .6 27 .7 0 .34 0 .89 0 .33 0.60 0.38 0.75 0 .0 1

4 Cg 47-60 4 .1 29 .9 0 .7 42 .7 0 .25 0 .90 0 .23 0.64 0.35 0 .70 0 .0 1

Particle Size Distributio n PyS ol . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mq K Al meq/100g . X % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 8.40 10 .36 5 .03 12 .67 36.4 6 19 .4 8 . 7

2 3 .08 0 .72 0 .54 tr . 4 .34 95 .9 10 . 6

3 19 .9 6 .04 0 .24 9.67 35 .8 5 100 .0 14.3

4 10 .2 2 .70 0 .15 3 .08 16 .13 39.1 89 .5 77 .7 4 .0 1 .7 3 .2 2 .9 8 .6 1 .9

SOIL PROFILE : Mint Pond (07-81-0004-1-07)

LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 540 68 5

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material derived from sphagnum mosses , grasses and sedges .

Wetland Classification : Moss Horizontal fen .

Area of Wetland : 3 ha .

Area of Open Water : Approximately 0 .5 ha .

Soil Moisture an d Drainage : Peraquic, very poorly drained .

Water Table : Apparent watertable 0 to 10 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 90 cm .

Vegetation : Carex spp ., Scirpus spp ., Sphagnum spp ., Larix laricina .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Mesisol, sphagnic, euic, cold, peraquic .

160

Ofl 0 to 20 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, dry) ; slightly decomposed sphagnu m peat ; von Post scale of humification 2 .

Of2 20 to 50 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry) ; slightly to moderately decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 4 .

Oml 50 to 70 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2 dry) ; moderately decomposed sedge peat ; rubbed fiber content 28% ; very strongly acid ; von Pos t scale of humification 5 .

Om2 70 to 90 cm ; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry) ; moderately decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 6 .

Cg 90 cm plus ; gravelly sandy loam .

161

Mint Pond : Terric Mesisol .

Fiber content % pH Extractable (ppm ) Depth .015M C Horizon (cm) unrubbed rubbed CaC12 (%) P Ca Mg K

Ofl 0-20 84 58 4 . 7

Oft 20-50 84 40 4 . 8

Oml 50-70 42 28 4 . 8

0m2 70-90 40 18 4 .9

162

SOIL PROFILE : Net Cove (07-80-0038-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 539 74 4

ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering ; skeletal and coarse loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongl y acidic ; glaciomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Landform : Glaciomarine, loamy and pebbly, inclined .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 3 (2-5%) .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibili ty , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage absent .

Depth to Bedrock : 50 to 100 cm .

Stoniness and Non-stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved pasture/forage .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

163 Ah 0 to 5 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly sandy clay loam ; weak, medium, granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium , vertical roots ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth , abrupt horizon boundary .

Bfl 5 to 28 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy clay loam ; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak , fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable , slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium vertica l roots ; common, fine and medium, random, exped pores ; 60% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, gradual horizon boundary .

Bf2 28 to 36 cm; dark brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, fine, subangular block y structure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, medium, vertical roots ; common, medium, random, exped pores ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, diffuse horizo n boundary .

Bf3 36 cm plus ; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, fine, subangular block y structure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; common, fine, random, exped pores ; 70% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

164

Net Cove : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . p H Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % X % % % % % (15 cm )

1 Ah 0-5

2 Bfl 5-28 4 .8 1 .5 0 .1 15 .0 42 .8 0 .58 0 .13 2 .19 0 .32 4 .00 0 .34 0 .14 1 0

3 Bf2 28-36 4 .7 1 .4 0 .1 14.0 35.4 0 .59 0 .24 1 .05 0 .34 3 .65 0 .38 0 .09 10

4 Bf3 36+ 4 .8 1 .6 0 .1 16.0 0 .55 0 .21 1 .20 0 .37 3.85 0 .38 0 .10 10

Particle Size Distributio n Py Sol . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . X % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 X % % %

2 3 .56 1 .86 0.16 tr* 5 .58 74 62 .7 17 .9 17 .7 14 .2 9.3 3.6 15 .2 22 . 1

3 2 .29 1 .24 0 .17 tr 3 .70 67 71 .4 18 .5 21 .2 17.5 10 .7 3.5 10 .5 18 . 1

4 2 .28 1 .35 0 .15 tr 3 .78 79 67 .3 19 .1 18 .0 14 .9 11 .3 4.0 24 .8 7 . 9

*tr ° trace

SOIL PROFILE : Net Cove Head (Comfort Cove Site No . 7 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t UTM Grid . Ref . 6,334,380 E ., 547, 405 N .

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering ; skeletal and coarse loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongl y acidic, glaciomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Landform : Glaciomarine, gravelly, veneer .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 3 (2-5%) .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, poorly drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : moderate surface runoff, seepage present .

Depth to Bedrock : 36 cm .

Stoniness an d Slightly stony, moderately rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Cleared Land .

VEGETATION : Sphagnum spp, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, loamy skeletal , mixed non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

166

F 1 to 0 cm; slightly decomposed mosses ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

Aeg 0 to 30 cm; light gray (10YR 7/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy clay loam ; common, medium and coarse, prominent, yellowis h brown (10YR 5/6) mottles ; very weak, fine, subangular block y structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plasti c consistence ; common medium and fine roots ; smooth abrupt horizo n boundary .

Bfg 30 to 36 cm ; dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly sandy clay loam; common, medium, prominent light gra y (2 .5Y 7/2) mottles ; weak, medium subangular blocky structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; common, medium and fine roots ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

R 36 cm plus ; shale bedrock rubble .

167

SOIL PROFILE : New Bay (07-80-0033-1-12)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7b Eas t Mil . Grid . 21UXE 549 70 2

ELEVATION : 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering ; skeletal and sandy , extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ; igneous coarse acid .

Landform : Morainal, gravelly and sandy, inclined .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 3 (4%) facing north, site o n middle slope position .

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, moderately well drained, high transmissi- Drainage : bility, slow surface runoff, seepage present .

Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .

Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Productive woodland .

VEGETATION : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-clay, acid, perhumid .

168 LF 7 to 0 cm; black (10YR 2/1, crushed dry) ; slightly and moderatel y decomposed organic material derived from 90% feather moss, 10 % wood fragments, hard woody material 0 .5 cm thick; plentiful, fine and medium, vertical roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 5 cm ; brown (10YR 5/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coars e sandy loam; very weak, very coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak to weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky secondar y structure ; non-sticky, friable, hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium, vertical inped roots ; many, fine , random inped pores ; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, gradual horizon boundary .

Bfl 5 to 12 cm ; brown to dark brown (7 .5YR 4/4, matrix moist) ; gravell y coarse sandy loam ; weak, very coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak to weak, coarse, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, horizontal, inped roots ; common, medium , random, inped pores ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

Bf2 12 to 35 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; gravelly coarse sand ; very weak to weak, coarse subangular blocky structure ; very weak, medium, subangular blocky, secondary structure ; non-sticky , very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; few, very fine and fine horizontal, inped roots ; common, fine, vertical , exped pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy , gradual horizon boundary .

Bf3 35 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sand ; very weak to weak, coarse, platy structure ; very weak, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; common, very fine and fine, horizontal exped pores ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

169

New Bay : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lim e Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . PH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % X % % % X % (15 cm )

1 LF 7-0 3 .9 56.1 1 .2 46 .8 202 .8 0.04 0 .07 0.10 0 .07 0 .20 0.07 0 .0 5

2 Ae 0-5 3 .7 2.2 0 .06 36 .7 4 .0 0.30 0 .06 0.36 0.06 0 .88 0.10 0.01 8

3 Bfl 5-12 4 .0 2.4 0.1 24 .0 9 .0 0.61 0 .34 0.62 0 .32 2.37 0.57 0 .01 12

4 Bf2 12-35 4.1 2.4 0.1 24 .0 11 .8 0.49 0 .76 0.74 0.57 1.74 0.58 0.03 12

5 Bf3 35+ 4 .1 2.0 0.1 20 .0 0.27 0 .51 0.53 0.49 1.13 0.48 0 .02 10

Particle Size Distributio n Exchangeable Cations Pyroph . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total Sol. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O.M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 21 .75 7 .48 1 .83 tr . 31 .06 6.3 14 . 6

2 0.41 0 .58 0 .06 0 .58 1 .63 87 63 .1 23 .8 20 .3 5 .0 6 .9 7.1 30 .2 6 . 7

3 0.31 0 .29 0 .11 1 .42 2 .13 37 69 .4 24 .2 29.2 5 .6 5 .4 5.0 16 .0 14. 6

4 0.46 0 .31 0 .08 1 .25 2.10 48 93 .9 44 .4 29 .1 6 .9 6 .9 6.6 0 .7 5. 4

5 0.67 0 .51 0 .07 1 .14 2 .39 61 89 .3 39.3 31 .8 7 .7 6 .7 3.8 4 .9 5.8

SOIL PROFILE : Newstead Harbour (Comfort Cove Site No . 73 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 540 74 1

ELEVATION : 15 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Moderate chemical weathering, skeletal and coars e loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongl y acidic, glaciomarine, mixed mineralogy .

Landform : Glaciomarine, gravelly, veneer .

Slope : Simple slope of Class 3 (2-5% )

Soil Moisture an d Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : moderate surface runoff .

Depth to Bedrock : 30 cm .

Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Improved pasture/forage .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixe d non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

171

Ah 0 to 7 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist) ; very gravelly , sandy clay loam ; weak, medium, granular structure ; non-sticky , very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful , medium roots ; smooth abrupt horizon boundary .

Bf 7 to 30 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist) ; very gravell y sandy clay loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium roots ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .

R 30 cm plus ; shale bedrock rubble .

172

SOIL PROFILE : Red Cliff Pond (07-81-0003-1-07)

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil Grid . 21 UXE 545 70 0

ELEVATION : 25 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material derived from grasses (Carex spp . ) and sedges .

Wetland Sedge Slope fen, 3% slope . Classification :

Area of Wetland : 4 .8 ha .

Area of Open Water : Approximately 1 .5 ha .

Soil Moisture and Peraquic, very poorly drained . Drainage :

Water Table : Apparent water table 0 to 10 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 215 cm .

Vegetation : Carex spp ., Scirpus spp ., Sphagnum spp ., Larix laricina (10-50 cm high), Sarracenia purpurea .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Mesisol, fennic, euic, cold, peraquic .

173

Of 0 to 40 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry) ; slightly decomposed sedg e peat ; von Post scale of humification 3 .

Oml 40 to 160 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry) ; moderately decomposed , matted, sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 4 .

Om2 160 to 215 cm ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, dry) ; moderatel y to highly decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 6 .

R 215 cm plus ; fractured bedrock .

174

Red Cliff Pond : Typic Mesisol .

Fiber conten t % pH Extractable (ppm ) Depth .015M C Horizon (cm) unrubbed rubbed CaC12 (% ) P Ca Mg K

Of 0-40 76 54 4 .7 34.3 56 .2 261 .2 48 .9 3. 9

Oml 40-160 60 36 4 .6 35 .2 53 .4 314 .6 40 .5 2 . 3

Om2 160-215 48 28 4 .9 26 .8 61 .8 2672 .5 229 .8 12 . 9

175

SOIL PROFILE : Turtle Creek (07-80-0034-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid 21 UXE 547 68 7

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MS L

Parent Material : Chemical and physical weathering ; skeletal an d coarse loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongl y acidic ; morainal (till) ; igneous, coarse acid .

Landform : Morainal, loamy and rubbly, hummocky .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 3 (2-5%) facing north, site at crest position ; moderately mounded , microtopography .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained, medium transmissibility , Drainage : slow surface runoff, seepage absent . Depth to Bedrock : 29 cm .

Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, very rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Productive woodland .

VEGETATION : Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Kalmia spp , Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non-clay, very shallow lithic, acid, perhumid .

176

LF 7 to 0 cm; range 2 to 11 cm ; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, crushe d dry) ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, derive d from 90% feather moss and 10% wood fragments ; soft woody materia l 0 .5 cm thick ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .

Ae 0 to 8 cm ; range 0 to 15 cm ; grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10YR 4 .5/2, matrix moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, coarse, granular structure ; very weak, fine, granula r secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, hard, non-plasti c consistence ; few, very fine, vertical, exped roots ; common, very fine and fine, random, inped pores, 30% by volume angular gravell y coarse fragments ; broken, gradual horizon boundary .

Bfcj 8 to 16 cm; range 4 to 12 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matri x moist) ; gravelly fine sandy loam ; very weak to weak, medium t o coarse subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine to medium , subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, firm, hard , slightly plastic, consistence ; weakly cemented by iron, continuous ; few, very fine, horizontal, inped roots ; common, very fine, random , inped pores ; 30% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

Bf 16 to 29 cm ; range 8 to 16 cm ; dark brown (7 .5YR 3/4, matri x moist) ; very gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak to moderate, ver y coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, coarse, subangula r blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightl y hard, non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine, horizontal , exped roots ; common, very fine, random, inped pores ; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .

R 29 cm plus ; fragmented bedrock, coarse grained granite .

177

Turtle Creek : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC12 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 7-0 3.7 50.3 0 .9 55 .9 112 .8 0 .04 0 .08 0 .07 0 .08 0.15 0.10 0 .0 5

2 Ae 0-8 3 .7 1.3 0.03 43 .3 4 .8 0 .09 0 .04 0.30 0.06 0.32 0.06 0 .003 7

3 Bfc 8-16 4.0 5.1 0.1 51 .0 2 .4 0 .63 1 .02 1.55 3.33 4.49 1.47 0 .007 17

4 Bf 16-29 4 .5 3.6 0.1 36 .0 8 .8 0.28 0.68 1.28 3 .16 2 .40 1.71 0.004 17

Particle Size Distribution PySol. Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 9.53 4 .19 0 .92 tr . 14.64 8.6 11 . 9

2 0.43 0 .41 0 .05 0 .75 1 .64 53 65.6 14 .8 15 .1 7 .8 13 .7 14.2 27 .6 6 .8

3 0.30 0 .27 0 .07 0 .75 1 .39 43 53.5 10.1 9.7 6 .5 13.1 14.1 33 .8 12 . 7

4 0.55 0 .40 0 .07 0 .75 1 .77 57 71.2 14 .7 16 .8 11 .2 15.7 12 .8 20 .9 7 .9

SOIL PROFILE : Turtle Creek Pond (07-81-0001-1-07)

LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . 21 UXE 545 72 8

ELEVATION : 40 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material derived from sphagnum mosses , grasses and sedges .

Wetland Classification : Coniferous, Slope fen, 3% slope .

Area of Wetland : 22 ha .

Soil Moisture an d Drainage : Aquic, poorly drained .

Water Table : Apparent water table 0 to 30 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 116 cm .

Vegetation : Scirpus spp ., Carex spp ., Sphagnum spp ., Alnus rugosa, Picea mariana (2-3 m high, 10-15 cm DBHS-

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Mesisol, sphagnic, euic, cold, aquic .

179

Of 0 to 20 cm ; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry) ; slightly decompose d sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of decomposition 3 .

Oml 20 to 50 cm ; very dark brown to black (10YR 2/1 .5, dry) ; moderatel y decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of decompositio n 5 .

Om2 50 to 80 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry) ; moderately to highl y decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of decompositio n 6 .

Om3 80 to 105 cm; black (10YR 2/1, dry) ; slightly to moderately decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of decomposition 4 .

Om4 105 to 116 cm; black (10YR 2/1, dry) ; moderately decomposed, sedg e peat ; von Post scale of decomposition 6 .

Cg 116 cm plus ; gravelly sandy loam .

180 Turtle Creek pond : Terric Mesisol .

Fiber content % pH Extractable (ppm ) Depth .015M C Horizon (cm) unrubbed rubbed CaC12 (%) P Ca Mg K

Of 0-20 64 40 5 .2 30 .8 56 .2 2500+ 275 .3 38 . 2

Oml 20-50 64 24 5 .4 29 .7 56 .2 2500+ 396 .1 31 . 5

Om2 50-80 56 12 5 .1 25 .6 61 .8 2500+ 389 .3 23 . 6

Om3 80-105 76 32 5 .0 26 .7 59 .0 2500+ 475 .3 25 . 8

Om4 105-116 58 22 4 .8 21 .6 81 .5 2500+ 456 .2 21 .0

18 1

SOIL PROFILE : Turtle Creek Pond (07-80-0039-1-12)

LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E7 Eas t Mil. Grid . : 21 UXE 531 69 4

ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material derived from grasses and sedge s with minor amounts of sphagnum mosses .

Wetland Coniferous, Horizontal fen . Classification :

Area of Wetland : Approximately 10 ha .

Soil Moisture and Aquic, poorly drained . Drainage :

Water Table : Apparent water table 0 to 30 cm below surface .

Depth of Peat : 110 cm .

Vegetation : Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Kalmia spp . , Sphagnum spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Mesisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold, aquic .

182

Of 0 to 25 cm; slightly decomposed, non-woody, slightly greasy , fibrous sphagnum peat ; von Post scale of humification 4 ; extremely acid .

Oml 25 to 60 cm ; moderately decomposed, non-woody, greasy ; sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 6 ; extremely acid .

Om2 60 to 85 cm ; moderately decomposed, slightly woody, greasy sedg e and sphagnum peat ; von Post scale of humification 5 ; extremely acid .

Oh 85 to 110 cm; highly decomposed, slightly woody, very greasy , amorphous sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 8 ; extremely acid .

Cg 110 cm plus ; very gravelly sandy loam .

183

Turtle Creek Pond : Humic Mesisol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaC1 2 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm)

1 Of 0-25 3 .3 47.8 1 .2 39 .8 171 .0 0 .10 0 .16 0 .15 0 .12 0.50 0 .14 0 .0 1

2 Oml 25-60 3 .1 52.2 1 .6 32 .6 37.2 0 .06 0 .40 0 .09 0.21 0 .15 0.28 0 .00 3

3 Om2 60-85 3 .5 56 .6 1.2 47 .2 0 .05 0 .52 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.31 tr .

4 Oh 85+ 3 .4 47 .4 1 .2 39 .5 0 .04 0 .57 0.06 0.28 0 .07 0.26 tr .

Particle Size Distribution Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . Ash Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

1 6.35 8 .56 1 .37 tr. 16 .2 8 10.2 7 . 1

2 4.08 4 .04 0 .51 tr. 8 .6 3 25.2 5 . 8

3 1 .50 0 .25 0 .38 tr . 2 .1 3 39.8 6. 2

4 3 .18 2 .59 0 .38 tr . 6 .15 25 .6 5 .1

SOIL PROFILE : Wiseman Head (07-83-0003-1-12 )

LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E7 Eas t Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 528 679

ELEVATION : Less than 15 cm above MSL .

Parent Material : Organic material mainly derived from feather mosse s and forest litter .

Landform : Gravelly and bouldery, forest litter and moss cove r over bedrock .

Slope : Complex slope of Class 4 (6-9%) ; facing east ; site at middle slope position ; moderately mounded micro topography .

Soil Moisture and Perhumid, well drained . Drainage :

Depth to Bedrock : 22 cm .

Stoniness an d Moderately stony, very rocky . Rockiness :

Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .

Vegetation : Picea mariana, Hylocomium spp .

SOIL CLASSIFICATON : Typic Folisol, fibric, euic, cold, perhumid , extremely shallow .

185

LF 0 to 15 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material , derived from 90% feather mosses and 10% wood fragments ; very soft woody material, 0 .5 cm thick ; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

H 15 to 20 cm ; light gray to gray (10YR 6/1, rubbed dry) ; highly decomposed organic material derived from feather mosses and woody material intermixed with mineral grains ; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .

C 20 to 22 cm ; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2, matrix moist) ; loamy coarse sand ; massive structure ; non-sticky, friable, hard , non-plastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon; smooth, abrup t horizon boundary .

R 22 cm plus ; coarse grained granitic bedrock .

186

Wiseman Head : Typic Folisol .

Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Req . p H Dépth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/h a Horizon cm CaC1 2 % % ratio ppm % % % % % % % (15 cm )

1 LF 0-1 5

2 H 15-2 0

3 C 20-22 3 .7 0 .9 0 .02 45 .5 3 0 .01 0 .0 3

Particle Size Distribution Pyroph . Exchangeable Cations % sand/particle size in mm . CEC Total Total Sol . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O .M . As h Ca Mg K Al meq/100g . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % % %

3 0 .3 0 .2 0 .07 0 .9 1 .47 3 82 .3 22 .9 21 .2 10 .3 15 .6 12 .4 16 .3 1 .3

Table 43 . Engineering particle size classes for selected soil profiles .

Sieve Analyse s

Depth Unified % Pass % Pass % Clay % Silt % v .f . Sand % % % % % Soil Name (cm) Class . No . 4 No . 200 ( 2 u) (2-5 u) (0.05-0 .1 mm) 2-4 mm 4-8 mm 8-16 mm 16-31 .5 mm 31 .5 mm

10 Barry's Pond 18-38 GP-GM 20 10 2.8 6.6 0.6 3 9 20 42 1 Barry's Pond 34-45 SM 82 21 6.2 10 .3 8 .6 14 13 5 17 Barry's Pond 28-40 GM 45 17 5 .3 9 .0 5 .0 6 12 25 4 Barry's Pond 23-45 SM 63 18 6 .7 9.3 3 .2 14 17 16 24 19 Comfort Cove 51-82 GP-GM 33 11 0.9 1.0 0 .1 5 7 17

82-103 SP 73 5 2.0 2.9 0.0 9 10 9 8 1 Comfort Cove 58-95 SM 84 13 4.5 4.7 6.3 15 10 5 15 7 4 Comfort Cove 37-80 SM 75 11 3.4 5 .8 3.4 19 9 16 Crow Cliff 41-55 SM 55 24 6 .5 14 .1 5.2 6 9 11 14 Indian Neck 50-71 SM 57 25 1 .0 2.3 1 .0 14 12 13 4

71-107 SW 59 2 0 .6 1.3 0 .4 17 14 13 3 11 4 51 Loon Point 27-33 GP 34 3 0 .3 1 .6 0.7 10 6 6 22 15 11 2 Net Cove 28-36 GC 50 12 6 .7 3.9 1.3 13 8 11 2 New Bay 35-80 SW-SM 65 7 3.0 2 .5 2.0 14 14

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Mills, G .F . ; Hopkins, L .A. ; Smith, R .E . 1977 . Organic soils of the Roscau River watershed in Manitoba ; Canada Department of Agricultur e Monograph No . 17 .

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190 COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS

COMMON NAMES BOTANICAL NAME S

Balsam fi r Abies balsamea (L.) Mill . Black spruce Picea mariana (Mill .) B .S .P . Blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait . Bog laurel Kalmia polifolia Wang . Bulrush Scirpus cespitosus L. Cotton gras s Eriophorum chamissonis C .A . Mey . Deer grass Scirpus spp . Feathermos s Hylocomium spp . Juniper Juniperus spp . Labrador tea Ledum groenlandicum Oeder . Lamb kill Kalmia angustifolia L. Mosses Pleurozium spp . Mountain alde r Alnus crispa Reindeer liche n Cladonia spp . Sedge Carex spp . Sphagnum mos s Sphagnum spp . Sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia L . Speckled alde r Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng Var . americana Tamarack, Larc h Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch Trembling aspe n Populus tremuloides Michx . White birc h Betula papyrifera March. Wool grass Scirpus spp .

191