TACK'S BEACH 335

LE BAY (pop. 1945, 33). Table Bay, Labrador, is ophiolites (or sections of the ocean crust and upper TAB t 3o km east of Cartwright. The Bay is about 10 mantle), including the "transition zone" between the abou ·de across tts· mouth an d runs m· 1an d 10r~ more t h an two. The rocks of the Tablelands consist of peridotite, kill Wl . . km- Table Harbour 1s ~bout 10 km_t~ the Bay, on with the exposed surface weathered to a tan colour that 20 the north side with severaltslands provtdmg shelter, at contrasts with the surrounding hills, all the more so the point where the Bay narrows. The Harbour and Bay since the unusual chemistry of the rocks is inhospitable ke their names from a flat-topped landmark, Table to most plant life. The ophiolites of the Tablelands are ~ill, which is visible for some distance out to sea. The not only well-exposed, but also uniquely accessible h ad of the Bay formerly had a small year-round popu­ (from the road through Trout River Gulch from Woody l ~ion and was also a winter place of Indian Tickle qv. Point). The area has been protected since the establish­ ;here were several small fishing stations on the north ment ofGros Morne National Park in 1973. In 1987 the side including Table Bay Point (North Head) and Mul­ Park was declared a world heritage site, chiefly be­ lins 'Cove, while the south side was once dotted with cause of the geological significance of the Tablelands. winter-houses at places such as Lugs Cove, Otter Brook, Pat McLeod (1988), Rocks Adrift: the geology ofGros Burdett's Brook, Leddies Brook, Big Bight and Old Cove. Morne National Park (1990). RHC As early as 1820 there were reported to be New­ foundlanders wintering at Table Harbour, and there TACK'S BEACH (pop. 1966, 140). A resettled fishing were year-round residents by the 1850s. In 1856 the community, Tack's Beach was located on King Island, population was recorded at 29, which probably in­ the largest of the Ragged Islands qv in western Placen­ cluded the families of Thomas Reeves and John Mac­ tia Bay. The community (which is usually considered donald. Other family names of Table Bay include to have included Baker's Cove, Best's Cove, Broad Pardy and Burdett (names associated with Indian Cove, Cooper's Cove and Yawl's Cove) was centred Tickle), as well as Heffler (stepchildren of one of the on a narrow beach which separated two coves nearly Macdonalds) and Davis (from Sandwich Bay). By the bisecting King Island: Tack's Beach "proper" (facing 1940s most of these families had summer fishing west) and Best's Harbour. The narrow section of land premises outside the Bay, either at Indian Tickle or at around and between the two coves was the most Cape North, and it would appear that most moved to densely populated area of the Ragged Islands. Cartwright in the 1950s. Since that time some Cart­ The Ragged Islands were probably first settled by wright residents have had cabins at the bottom of fishermen from elsewhere in Placentia Bay, encour­ Table Bay, chiefly for winter use, while Table Bay aged by the establishment of Spurrier and Co.'s prem­ Point has been used as a summer fishing station. W.G. ises at Isle Valen and Barren (Bar Haven) Island in the Gosling (1910), Larry Jackson ed. (1982), V. Tanner early 1800s. By about 1834, William Bolt and his (1947), Census (1857-1945), Them Days (Jan. 1991), family were living at Tack's Beach. According to fam­ Archives (A-7-5/13; VS 113; MG 8/8/14). RHC ily tradition the Bolts of Tack's Beach were descended from a man who changed his name after "bolting" from the Royal Navy. The Census of 1845 recorded two Church of England families at Tack's Beach. By 1857 the population had reached 42. George Best is said to have settled Best's Harbour in 1867, while Henry Haines was an early settler at Cooper's Cove. Baker's Cove first appears in the Census in 1874 with a population of 11. William Brown started a small business c. 1860, with premises at Broad Cove, and Tack's Beach soon became a minor mercantile centre for the people of nearby islands. The business was expanded by his son as H.C. Brown and Co., and became an important local firm. Other planters of Tack's Beach in 1871 were Benjamin Barrett and Samuel and Thomas Bolt. By 1891 three lobster factories had opened on the Ragged Islands and John Warren had established a business on The Tablelands Galton's Island. When lobster became less abundant, a TABLELANDS. The Tablelands are spectacular pla­ schooner and *western boat fishery qv developed to teaus lying southwest of Bonne Bay and within the exploit grounds around Cape St. Mary's and Cape boundary of Gros Morne National Park. They have Race. By 1921 "greater" Tack's Beach had a popula­ been described as one of the most spectacular geologi­ tion of252. cal features of eastern North America: a feature of In the 1920s and 1930s the population of the Ragged "world-wide natural significance" (Rocks Adrift), as Islands began to concentrate at Tack's Beach. The one of the best surface exposures of the earth's upper Green, Dowden, Warren, Trowbridge and Lockyer mantle. Geologists have established that the Table­ families were among those who moved to Broad and lands were once beneath a former ocean and consist of Baker's coves. Herring factories at Broad, Best's and 336 TAGS (THE ATLANTIC GROUNDFISH STRATEGY).

Tack's Beach Cooper's coves attracted some of these new settlers, bly for Trinity district. Who's Who in and from New­ as did seasonal employment in a whaling factory at foundland 1927 (1927). ILB Rosiru qv, on Merasheen Island. Yawl's Cove was settled in the 1940s by George and Stella Brown. The TAIT, JAMES SINCLAIR ( 1849-1928). Physician; 1950s were marked by a decline in the bank and her­ politician. Born Wallace, Nova Scotia; son of James ring fisheries and some men from Tack's Beach sought and Catherine (Sinclair) Tait. Educated Wallace; Am­ work elsewhere. The population had dropped to 140 herst, N.S.; Mount Allison University; Dalhousie Uni­ by 1966, when people began to resettle permanently. A versity; University of Pennsylvania. Married Sarah few families stayed the winter, but by the fall of 1967 Elizabeth Calkin; father of Archibald C. and Robert H. the community was deserted. A total of 45 families Tait qqv. Tait taught for several years in Nova Scotia settled in Arnold's Cove, 10 in Dunville, six in Burin and New Brunswick, and for two years at Brigus. He and the rest elsewhere. A handful of fishermen contin­ graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsyl­ ued to fish the waters off King Island for cod and vania in 1882. Tait practised at Brigus for three years, lobster. A reunion was held in 1992, attracting people and then moved to St. John's. For several years he was from various places in Newfoundland, Canada and the superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane, visiting United States. Brown and Hollett (1992), E.R. Seary physician/surgeon to the General Hospital and public health officer for St. John's. ( 1977), Lovell s Newfoundland Directory ( 1871 ), Cen­ ~ sus ( 1836-1966), Centre for Newfoundland Studies Tait was a contributor to various publications, and (Tack's Beach), Newfoundland Historical Society author of brochures on anatomy, tuberculosis, and en­ (Tack's Beach). ACB docrinology, as well as a frequent lecturer on medical, political, social and scientific subjects. He was elected TAGS (THE ATLANTIC GROUNDFISH STRAT­ MHA for Burin in 1889 and 1893 as a supporter of EGY). See TRANSITIONAL FISHERIES ADJUST­ William V. Whiteway. In 1893 he introduced and MENT PROGRAMS. guided through the Assembly a bill entitled "An Act to Regulate the Practice of Medicine and Surgery in TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL (1884-1966). Phy­ Newfoundland". (He later served as secretary of the sician. Born Brigus, son of Elizabeth (Calkin) and Newfoundland Medical Board.) The next year he was James Sinclair Tait qv. Educated Bishop Feild Col­ one of several Liberals unseated under the "election lege; Stevenage School, England; University of Ed­ petitions" case. He did not run for re-election, but was inburgh. Married Helen Anderson. Tait began the a St. John's municipal councillor from 1916 to 1920. practice of medicine at Brigus in 1910, and moved H.Y. Mott (1894), DNLB (1990), Who s Who in and to New Harbour in 1912. He served overseas from from Newfoundland 1927 (1927). ILB December 1915 to March 1918 as a captain in the Army Medical Corps. On his return Tait established TAIT, ROBERT HOLLAND (1891- ?). Soldier; law­ a general practice in St. John's, and also served at yer. Born St. John's, son of Sarah Elizabeth (Calkin) the St. John's Fever Hospital and as quarantine offi­ and James S. Tait qv. Educated Bishop Feild College; cer for the port of St. John's. Tait was a member of Trinity College, Oxford; University of King's College. the St. John's city council from 1926 to 1930. In Married Margaret G. Gibb. Newfoundland's Rhodes 1923 he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Assem- Scholar at Oxford in 1910 (where he was captain of the TALQUAL 337 Anti-confederate and was subsequently appointed to the cabine~ of ~harles J.~. ~ennett. He was appointed to the Leg1slat1ve Council m 1870, but resigned from both cabinet and the Council in 1872 on being ap­ pointed High Sheriff. To many of his contemporaries Talbot was best known for his literary gifts. He was a frequent contrib­ utor to the local press, and beginning in 1856 was engaged in journalism on a • ,, regular basis, first as pub­ lisher of the Reporter qv. A linguist, Talbot translated The Enchiridion ofEpictetus, and the golden verses ofPythago­ ras (1872). He wrote The He­ brews at Home (1874), The exile, and other verses ( 1879), Greece and the Greeks (18 81) and a three­ volume novel, The Gran­ villes, an Irish tale ( 1882). In Thomas Talbot Major Tail in the trenches at Gallipoli 1882 he wrote Newfound­ Trinity College football team), in 1913 Tait articled in land; or, A Letter Addressed to a Friend in Ireland in law in the office of Alfred B. Morine qv. Joining the Relation to the Condition and Circumstances of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in World War I, he was Island of Newfoundland, With an Especial View to promoted lieutenant in September 1914. Tait served in Emigration. Talbot was "gifted with a keen intellect Gallipoli, Egypt, France and Belgium, and was and his speeches in the Legislative Halls of New­ awarded a Military Cross in 1917. Wounded in 1918, foundland were remarkable for their brilliancy force he was given charge of the headquarters depot at St. and scholarly polish" (ET MC}r. 26, 1901). He died at John's. He later managed the demobilization depot. St. Bon's in 1901, leaving bequests to the College and Tait retired with the rank of major. charitable institutions in the city. Suzanne Ellison Admitted to the Newfoundland Bar in 1919, Tait (1988), Gertrude E. Gunn (1966), H.M. Mosdell practised law in St. John's and was appointed clerk of (1923), Paul O'Neill (1975), D.W. Prowse (1895) the Legislative Council. He moved to Boston in 1923, Frederick W. Rowe (197~), Thomas Talbot (1879; and the next year started the Newfoundland Weekly qv. 1882), DNLB (1990), Evenzng Herald (Mar. 26, 1901), Tait was in charge of the Newfoundland Information EC X, EC: N ( 1949), ET (Mar. 26, 1901 ). ILB Bureau in Boston (1926), and later moved to New York (1935). He was president of the Newfoundland TALC. See LONG POND; PYROPHYLLITE. War Veterans' Association of New York, and pub­ lished a book of poetry, The Trail of the Caribou TAL QUAL. This phrase derives from the latin talis (1933), about the experiences of the Newfoundland qua/is, meaning just as they come. In Newfoundland Regiment. Other publications include Unknown New­ and Labrador, tal qual denoted the practice of buying foundland ( 1928) and Newfoundland: A Summary of a catch of dried and salted cod at a flat rate, that is the History and Development of Britain s Oldest Col­ without culling. As early as 1852 some fish on th~ ony (1939). Richard Cramm (1923), G.W.L. Nichol­ Labrador coast was purchased tal qual, but the system son (1964), R.H. Tait (1928), Who's Who in and from was not prevalent until some years later. W. Waterman Newfoundland 1937 (1937?). LBM and Co. of Fogo took some fish tal qual from 1878 to 1883, but the amount was small compared to total TALBOT, THOMAS ( 1818-1901 ). Educator; author; purchases. Grieve and Bremner of Trinity did not buy politician. Born Kilkenny, Ireland. Educated for the any before 1886 but between 1887 and 1890 purchased priesthood, Talbot instead became a schoolteacher. He nearly all of their Labrador cure and some of their bank came to Newfoundland to teach at Harbour Grace, but cure that way. Some firms, such as Newman and Co., moved to St. John's in 1844 to teach at the newly-es­ refused to take any fish tal qual as they felt that the tablished non-denominational academy at Castle practice was detrimen~al to overall fish quality. But in Rennie. Beginning in 1851 he taught at St. ~he 1890s tal qual buymg _became common, especially Bonaventure's College qv. Talbot became involved in m the Labrador fishery. NiCholas Smith qv held the use local politics and was several times elected to the of steam vessels responsible, as tal qual buying elimi­ House of Assembly (generally siding with the Re­ nated culling time and enabled firms to get their fish form/Liberal faction): as MHA for Conception Bay in to market qui~kly, pr~sumably getting the best price. 1852; for Harbour Main in 1855; and for St. John's However, Sm1th considered the system unfair to both West in 1861. In the election of 1869 he ran as an buyers and sellers, while historians have since suggested 33M TANAGERS

that the poor quality Labrador fish encouraged by tal when Richard Whitbourne qv visited twice, offering qual buying played an important role in the decline of help and advice. The settlers probably returned to Eng­ the Labrador fishery and ultimately damaged the rep­ land soon afterward, perhaps prompted by a fear of utation of all Newfoundland salt fish. See FISHERIES. Spanish attacks on English shipping. The last record D.G. Alexander (1977), Shannon Ryan (1986;1994), of Tanfield is from 1630, when he was in England Nicholas Smith (1936), DNE. ACB preparing to leave for Ireland on the King's service. Gillian Cell (1969), DCB 1. ACB TANAGERS. Tanagers are a group of small birds in the very large family of perching birds, the Emberizidae. TANNER, ADRIAN (1937- ). Anthropologist. Born There are about 200 species of tanagers, most of which Blackheath, London; son of Alys (Ragget) and Herbert live in the tropics. Three species have pushed their G. Tanner. Educated University of British Columbia· range as far north as Canada, and all three have been University of Toronto. Married Marguerite Macken~ seen in Newfoundland, though they are not known to zie. Since coming to Memorial University in 1972 breed here. Tanagers are closely related to wood war­ Tanner has done research on both the Innu and Micmac blers qv and are generally noted for their brilliant peoples ofthe Province. His plumage. They are confined to the Western Hemi­ areas of interest include the sphere. traditional hunting way of The male western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), life, as well as religious and when in breeding plumage, is a yellow bird with black material culture. Tanner wings and a red face. In other seasons most of the red was a co-founder of the colour is lost. The female is yellow underneath, and *Native People's Support dull olive-green above, with white wing bars. It is a Group qv, and has worked little larger than a house sparrow. The white wing bars as a researcher and negotia­ distinguish it from the other two Canadian species. It tor in the area of land breeds from southern Alaska to much of western Can­ claims. In the early 1990s ada and the U.S.A., and winters chiefly in Central he studied the social im­ America. The scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea) is plications of relocating the Adrian Tanner slightly larger than the western tanager. The breeding Innu of Utshimassit qv male is brilliantly scarlet with black wings and tail. In (Davis Inlet), examined the validity of extending In­ fall and winter the males lose their red colouring in dian status to Micmac communities outside of Conne favour of the olive-green of the females, but the black River and conducted research for a Royal Commission wings and tail are retained. The females are olive on Aboriginal Peoples. Adrian Tanner (letter, Apr. above, yellow below, and have brown wings and tail. 1994). ACB It breeds in southern Canada from southeastern Mani­ toba to southern New Brunswick, and in the U.S.A. south to Georgia. It winters from Colombia to Bolivia. The summer tanager (Piranga rubra) is about the same size as the scarlet tanager. The male is all red, and retains this colour throughout the year. Females have the familiar olive upper body, with yellow under­ neath, and no wing bars. It breeds in the southern U.S.A. and northern Mexico, and winters from Mex­ ico to Bolivia and Brazil. JOHN HORWOOD

TANFIELD, FRANCIS (1565- ?). Governor of theRe­ news colony. Born Gayton, Northamptonshire, son of Ann and Clement Tanfield. Sir Francis Tanfield most likely became involved in the Renews qv colony through his second cousin, Elizabeth Tanfield. She was not only daughter of Lawrence Tanfield (one of the founders of the London and Bristol Company), but had married Henry Cary qv, Lord Falkland, who owned land on the north shore of Trinity Bay as well as land purchased from William Vaughan qv between Renews and Aquaforte. Francis Tanfield was chosen by Cary The Tanner Labrador expedition of /939 (V. Tanner at front, as governor of a colony to be established at Renews, wearing a necktie) and in 1623 left England accompanied by an unknown number of colonists. The settlers came into conflict TANNER, VAINO Geographer. Born Finland. A pro­ with migratory fishermen, while Tanfield's inexperi­ fessor of geography at the University of Helsingfors, ence was probably an obstacle as well. Little is known Tanner participated in two Finnish expeditions to Lab­ ofthe scope of the colony, but it was still going in 1626 rador. The expedition of 1939 combined geologic, TANNERIES AND LEATHER GOODS 339

eographic, botanic and ethnographic studies. It was smelling places to work in St. John's, second only to funded by the ~~vernments of Finland and Newfound­ the cod liver oil and seal refineries on the South Side" land, private cttlzens and groups such as the Interna­ (cited in Joy). Raw animal hides were usually tanned tional *Grenfel~ Association qv. A report of the trip by soaking in a tannic acid solution derived from tree was published m Acta Geographica in 1944 and re­ bark or by burial in a lime pit. Fumes from these printed in 194 7 as the two-volume Outlines of the processes could be overpowering. Weekly wages in Geography, Life and Customs of Newfoundland Lab­ 1911 ranged between ab9ut $6.41 at the West End rador. The report contained a large number of photo­ Tannery and $10 at the Rennie's River Tannery (the graphs taken in Labrador as well as an extensive apparent discrepancy in wages was at least in part due bibliography. In 1939 Tanner, with his associate, Dr. to periodic plant closures). Wenner, directed another expedition to Labrador. At The footwear trade absorbed virtually all of the the request of commissioner Wilfred Woods qv, he leather tanned locally, and imported more. Most local investigated the possibility of mixed farming there. leather came under the general description of barked Tanner was intrigued by the similarity of Labrador to tan leather which included goat, boot grain, polished Scandinavia, and in the early 1940s published a series pebble, glove grain, waxed calf, harness leather, oil of articles on Labrador in English and Finnish. V. grain and buff leather. A significant amount of un­ Tanner(l947). ACB dressed leather was imported and finished by local tanneries. Foreign suppliers, mostly Canadian and TANNERIES AND LEATHER GOODS. In Newfound­ American, furnished Newfoundland with fine leathers land, tanneries have been closely associated with the such as chrome tanned, japanned and patent leathers shoe and boot making industry, and have also supplied used for fashionable shoe uppers. In 1913 there were harness makers as well as garment and specialty goods two sole trading firms in St. John's, one owned by producers. The tanning industry, which blossomed in Edmund McLean and one run by Thomas Hellyer in the 1880s and 1890s, began to decline in the early conjunction with a grocery. There were three larger 1900s along with the footwear industry. During the tanneries including the West End Tannery, operated by 1950s a tannery and leather goods factory was begun a partnership involving Anderson McKeen. The in Carbon ear but was not successful. More recently, Rennie's River Tannery was owned by Messrs the production of leather and leather goods has been McCaffrey and Johnston. By far the largest tannery on a small scale, focusing on specialty products. was the Sudbury Seal and Leather Manufacturing Co., A business directory of 1864 lists three leather deal­ established in 1910. Its shareholders included leading ers in St. John's: John Hellyer, Richard Mainwaring St. John's businessmen as well as the Newfoundland and Nicholas Wadden. Mainwaring and Wadden were Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co. The Sudbury Co. shoemakers, and it seems likely that Hellyer was as worked in calf, sheep and seal skins, and also pro­ well. Two saddle and harness makers were also in duced a specialty material called Ice Grain, touted as business in the town. The tanning industry in 1870 the leading waterproof leather. The Sudbury plant was small, as indicated by the business of a Mr. closed in 1914. Like the small tanneries, it could not O'Regan, who operated a small works in his back profitably produce all the kinds and quantities of yard, and by James Browning's small tannery on leather needed by the domestic footwear industry; in­ Gower Street. In 1881 Messrs R. Campbell and Sons creasingly, both leather and finished goods were of Pictou, Nova Scotia built a tannery in the east end imported. of St. John's. The owners of this plant, at least one of In 1951 Premier Smallwood attempted to revitalize whom was a director of the Newfoundland Boot and the tanning industry, and Newfoundland Tanneries Shoe Manufacturing Co., tried to sell a major interest (William Dorn Ltd.) was established in Carbonear. in the firm to that shoe factory but the deal fell Dorn had experience in the German tanning industry through. The Campbells, Browning and O'Regan had and imported equipment (some of it damaged during all gone out of business by 1890. the war) to begin production. Employing about 50 Between 1874 and 1884 three important footwear people, the plant was intended to serve Koch Shoes firms were founded, giving a boost to local tanneries. Ltd. and Gold Sail Leather Goods Ltd., both in Har­ The tanning industry employed 46 people in 1884 and bour Grace. But it soon became apparent that the com­ produced an estimated $168,000 worth of finished pany could not supply the diversity of colours and products. By 1890 small tanneries were being run by finishes required by these businesses: in 1957 its prin­ shoemakers J. and T. Martin and Roger Down. The cipal product was a rough, heavy, ungraded leather largest concern, the Newfoundland Tannery, was manufactured in every basic tannery. Much of this owned by the Newfoundland Boot and Shoe Manufac­ leather was sold below cost to two Montreal ice-skate turing Co. Other tanners were Henry Coffin, Patrick manufacturing firms, the remainder going to Koch Aylward and Anderson McKeen in St. John's and Shoes and Gold Sail Leather Goods. Newfoundland James Davis in Harbour Grace. Workers in these small Tanneries closed in 1958 as did Gold Sail and an tanneries are known to have unionized as early as associated leather garment factory. 1896, but little is known of union activity. Employees In the 1970s the Carino Co. was operating from Would probably have been concerned with working South Dildo, processing seal skin leather for export. conditions as "a tannery was one of the most unpleasant The former Newfoundland Tanneries plant in Carbonear 340 T ANQUEREL, JOSSE

was purchased by the Federation of Newfoundland Council on the Status of Women was designed to in­ Indians and reopened as Elnu Wawsauktaw Ltd., pro­ form women of the Province about major issues and cessing moose and caribou hide as well as cattle and concerns of the Council. Topics dealt with in the pub­ sheep skin. In 1980 there was an attempt to establish a lication included day care, representation of women on tannery in Glenwood, using a traditional Micmac decision-making bodies, equality for women in the smoke-tanning method. These enterprises ran into var­ constitution, part-time work, problems facing older ious difficulties and in 1994 most tanning in the Prov­ women and pensions for women. Regular features in­ ince was done on a cottage industry scale, producing cluded workshop updates, conference reports, profiles seal skin garments and crafts or experimental goods of women and book reviews. No editor was named (such as cod leather). There was one saddlery in St. before 1988, when Martha Muzychka was credited John's doing retail and custom leather work. See NEW with editorship. In 1990 the name changed to Tapestry, INDUSTRIES; SHOE AND BOOT MAKING. John but the basic features of the newsletter remained. Kay Joy (1977), Arthur D. Little, Inc. (1957), DA (Feb. Anonsen (interview, May 1993), Tapestry (1990-1993 1977), Directory of Manufacturers (1991), passim), Women Speak(1983-1990,passim). ILB ' Hutchinson s Newfoundland Directory for 1864-65 (1864), McAlpine s Newfoundland Directory (1894), TARGETT,ARCHIBALD (1862-1931). Tinsmith; Newfoundland Herald (May-June 1984). ACB politician. Born St. John's, son of John and Elizabeth Targett. Educated Hant's Harbour. Married Sarah TANQUEREL, JOSSE (jl. 1650-70). Mariner. Little is Tuck. A tinsmith and solid Methodist citizen ofHant's know of this Norman French fishing master, other than Harbour, Targett was an the fact that he was responsible for the first extensive early supporter of the bathymetrical survey of the Grand Bank (Grand Bane) *Fishermen's Protective and Green Bank (Bane Vert). This survey resulted from Union qv in that community 20 years of experience in France's deep-sea codfish­ and later a member of the ery, sailing from Havre de Grace (Le Havre) or one of FPU District Council for the other Norman ports. Tanquerel's work first ap­ Trinity Bay. He was elected peared in 1673 (not 1678 as stated under CARTOGRA­ MHA for Trinity Bay as a PHY) on an innovative map created by Le Bocage Liberal-Unionist in 1913 Bossaie, a hydrographic chart-maker of Havre de and sat in the House as a Grace, and presented to Louis Matherel, Intendant Member until 1923, where de la Marine at Toulon, as a potential benefit for he had a reputation for say­ thousands of fishermen. Over 500 soundings, geo­ ing little and being a loyal graphically located and measured in fathoms follower of FPU president Arch Targett (brasses), revealed the complex pattern of the William F. Coaker. In 1923 he did not run for re-elec­ Grand Bank and its smaller companion. H. tion, being appointed sergeant-at-arms of the Assem­ Harrisse ( 1900), A.G. Macpherson ( 1981 ), Fabian bly. W.F. Coaker ed. (1930), DNLB (1990), Who's O'Dea (1971). ALAN G. MACPHERSON Who in andfrom Newfoundland 1927 (1927). RHC

TANSY. The common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is TASKER, PATRICK ( 1823-1860). Merchant. Born an introduced alien plant common on the Island of Greenock, Scotland, son of James Tasker. Tasker came Newfoundland and across much of eastern North to Newfoundland in 1842 as a clerk for the firm of America. Growing on roadsides and in fields, the Hunters and Co. of Greenock and St. John's. With the tansy is identifiable by its gold clusters of flat, but­ withdrawal of shareholder George Logan in 1850, sole ton-like, rayless blooms atop strongly-aromatic, ownership of the business was assumed by the Tasker fern-like leaves. The tansy has a history of medicinal family. Despite his youth and inexperience Tasker be­ and folk use that ranges from its serving as a fairly came manager, relying initially on the advice of Scott­ benign, soothing tea, to its function as a toxic agent ish St. John's merchant Peter McBride. He quickly used for centuries in performing abortions. Herbal­ became involved in public service and was elected to ists warn that tansy oil can be lethal, but botanists the board of directors of the St. John's Hospital in have proclaimed tansy's use in cheesemaking, lenten 1850. Re-elected in 1854, Tasker served as president cakes and puddings, salad and pot herbs. The reason of the board until control was assumed by the govern­ for tansy's dual reputation lies in the fact that its ment in 1855. As chairman of a group ofpublic health bitter leaves and stem contain the toxic oil tan­ wardens, Tasker imposed stringent sanitary regula­ acetum, while the flowers and young leaves have tions for the removal of raw sewage from the city's traditionally been used internally without harm. streets. These regulations probably reduced the death Fernald and Kinsey ( 1958), Foster and Duke ( 1990), toll of a cholera epidemic in 1854. William A. Niering ( 1979), Peterson and McKenny Tasker was the director of several financial and in­ (1968), Ernest Rouleau (1978). KATHLEEN WINTER surance institutions, including the Newfoundland Ma­ rine Insurance Co. and the Permanent Loan and TAPESTRY. First published in 1983 as Women Speak, Investment Society, and was a founding committee this quarterly publication of the Provincial Advisory member of the Union Bank. He served as president of TAYLOR, FREDERICK GLENN KEITH 341

such groups as the St. Andr~ws Society a.nd the ~g- 17, 1942), ET (Oct. 15, 1942), Marine Atlantic Ar­ . ultural Society; and was mstrumental m orgamz- chives, Moncton. JAMES MooRE rtc. g the St. John's Vo 1unteer A ssoctatwn· · an d t h e ~asonic Society. By the 1850s, Tasker's business TAVERNER, WILLIAM (c. l680-1768). Planter; sur­ · terests had begun to decline. A disastrous fishery veyor. Born Bay de Verde?, son of William Taverner. ~n 1857 left him heavily in debt. After Tasker's Taverner was a plantation owner in St. John' s in 1698. :eath, the Masonic ~ociety e~t~blished .a charitable By 1702 he had business establishments in Trinity and fund in his honour m recogmtton of hts numerous Poole, and within a few years was spending his winters public works. DCB VIII. ACB in England. Following the Treaty of Utrecht, Placentia and the southwest coast of the Island were ceded to TAVERNER. The M.V. Taverner was built for Cana­ Britain. Taverner was appointed to survey this part of ~ the coast and the adjacent islands where the French usually fished. His report, presented in 1718, included charts and noted the presence of French ships at St. Pierre. From 1718 until 1725 he was probably involved in the trade between Poole, Placentia and St. Pierre. He and other Poole men were involved iQ the salmon fishery of the south coast in 1726. Taverner conducted another survey from 1726 to 1728, this time on the west and northwest coasts. Ex­ perimenting with trade and the fishery in the area, he was operating on his own account in the Strait of Belle Isle in 1729. As an advisor to the Board of Trade, Taverner was consulted in 1740 on the question of fortifications in Newfoundland. His review of the fish­ ery for the years 1736 to 1739 demonstrated the need for protection. Most of Taverner's survey work was The Taverner unloading at Williams Harbour, Labrador presented verbally rather than in chart form and few documents are extant. Nevertheless, his work was sig­ dian National's marine service in 1965 at the Colling­ nificant in expanding English knowledge of the south wood shipyard in Ontario. This 1135-ton vessel was coast and in pioneering trade in areas previously dom­ named in honour of Captain Ben Taverner qv, who was inated by the French and Basques. R.G. Lounsbury master of the S.S. Caribou qv when it was torpedoed (1969), DCB III. ACB in 1942. The Taverner, equipped for both passengers and freight, was placed on the Lewisporte to Happy Valley­ TAXATION. See FINANCE. Goose Bay run. From June or July to mid-December each year the ship has made the trip north carrying mail TAYLOR, CYRUS F. ( 1868-1952). Mariner. Born and supplies to communities along the Labrador coast. . Harbour Grace, son of Eugene and Jane Taylor. Ed­ It was used on the south coast service in the winter ucated Harbour Grace; Carbonear. Married Susie F. months. J.P. Andrieux (1984), Belliveau et al (1992), Taylor. Taylor was in the fish carrying trade for Canadian Geographic (Apr.-May 1987). ACB many years in the employ of firms in Harbour Grace and Carbonear. He joined the Reid Newfoundland TAVERNER, BENJAMIN ( 1880-1942). Mariner. Co. in 1904 as mate of the Bruce. He was later master Born Trinity. At 14 Taverner left Trinity to sail on a of several ships, including the Glencoe, Invermore foreign-going ship as a deck hand. By 1928 he had and the second Bruce qqv. Taylor took part in the worked his way up to become captain of the flagship, seal fishery up to 1921 as navigating officer on the S.S. Caribou qv, on the Gulf service. Taverner went Bowring Bros.' Eagle, Viking and Ranger. He was down with his ship when it was sunk by a German chief officer and then master of the Rosalind in the U-boat on October 14,1942 while en route from North 1920s. Taylor was in command of Job Bros.' Blue Sydney to Port aux Basques with 46 crew members and Peter in 193 5 when an injury forced his retirement. 191 passengers. When the torpedo hit at 2:40 AM the ET (Apr. 8, 1952), Who's Who in and from New­ Caribou was only about 40 miles from Port aux foundland 1927 (1927). ACB Basques. Captain Taverner ''steered the settling craft at the submerged submarine in an effort to ram the TAYLOR, FREDERICK GLENN KEITH ( 1938- ). attacker but the Caribou slid under the waves" (DN Educator. Born Carbonear, son of John and Florizel Oct. 17, 1942). Taverner and his two sons (who had (Moore) Taylor. Educated Memorial University of been his first and third mates) went down with the ship. Newfoundland; University of New Brunswick; Boston They were interred at the Church of England Cemetery University. Married Barbara Barnes. In 1962 Taylor in Port aux Basques on Sunday, October 18, 1942. A joined the staff of Memorial University's school of memorial to those who lost their lives was later erected physical education and athletics as a lecturer and in Port aux Basques. Douglas How (1988), DN (Oct. coach. He was director of the school from 1990 to 342 TAYLOR, MYRA LOUISE

1993. A long-time coach of the University's men's and his wife established the first successful school in volleyball team, in 1988 he became the first inductee the region under the aegis of the Methodist Church. into the Newfoundland Volleyball Association's Hall Having acquired a weakness for "strong drink", he of Fame. Taylor has also promoted cross country ski­ was soon under censure by his Methodist brethren ing, track and field and canoeing in the Province. In who requested Ellis, now official chairman of the dis~ 1992 he was inducted into the Newfoundland and Lab­ trict, to remove him. Ellis suspended his pastoral du­ rador Sports Hall of Fame in the builder category. ties, but allowed him to continue teaching until the Keith Taylor (letter, June 1994), Centre for Newfound­ following year, when the errant missionary was ban­ land Studies (Keith Taylor). ACB ished to Nova Scotia. Though his tenure was brief and blemished, Taylor deserves recognition as a pioneer in TAYLOR, MYRA LOUISE (1881-1939). Nurse. Born the history of education in Conception Bay. D.W. Bay Roberts, daughter of Richard and Eliza (Calpin) Johnson ([1925]), T.W. Smith (1877, 1890), Naboth Taylor. Educated Bay Roberts; General Hospital Winsor (1982). DAVID G. PITT Training School for Nurses; London, England. Taylor entered the General Hospital training school in 1907 TAYLOR, STEPHEN JAMES LAKE ( 191 0-1988). under Mary M. Southcott qv. After graduating in 1910, Physician; president and vice-chancellor of Memorial she was appointed head nurse of the surgical wards, University of Newfoundland. Born Marlow-on­ but resigned a year later to go to London for further Thames, England, son of John and Beatrice (Lake) study. At Queen Charlotte's Hospital she completed a Taylor. Educated at Bilton Grange preparatory school; course in midwifery, and in October 1912 registered Stowe School, Buckinghamshire; St. Thomas's Hospi­ with the Central Midwives Board of England and tal Medical School(University of London); Maudsley Wales. A course in Swedish massage was completed Hospital, London. Married and the diploma of a certified masseuse obtained at St. May Clifford. Elected Lab­ Bartholomew's Hospital. On returning to St. John's in our MP for Barnet in 1945, 1913 Taylor did private duty nursing until joining the he was appointed a junior St. John Ambulance Brigade. In this capacity she su­ minister in the Wilson gov­ pervised the nursing staff at the Seaman's Institute in ernment. After defeat in caring for the survivors of the Newfoundland qv seal­ 1954, he was appointed ing disaster. member of Harlow Develop­ In 1915 Taylor was appointed Lady Divisional Su­ ment Corporation and Medi­ perintendent, Avalon Nursing Division of the St. John cal Director of Harlow Ambulance Brigade. In 1916 she was hired to replace Industrial Health Service. Southcott as Nursing Superintendent of the General One of the first life peers Hospital, and served until her death in 1939. In 1923 created in 1958, as Lord Tay­ Lord Taylor she was appointed to the Register of the General Nurs­ lor of Harlow, he chaired the ing Council of England and Wales. In recognition of Labour Party Education Report in 1962. In that year he her dedicated work, Taylor was made a Fellow of the made headlines in Canada when invited by the Sas­ British College of Nurses. See NURSING. Linda katchewan government to mediate in a doctors' strike. White (1992), DNLB (1990), Remarkable Women of When the Labour party was returned in 1964 Taylor Newfoundland and Labrador (1976), Who's Who in became Undersecretary of State for the Colonies. and from Newfoundland 1927 (1927). ILB Selected personally by J.R. Smallwood, Lord Taylor assumed the presidency of Memorial University in TAYLOR, RICHARD (/1.1760-1820). Missionary; 1967. The University, following earlier feasibility teacher. Born England. Taylor taught school until, in studies, had already approved in principle plans for 1811, though advanced in years and married, he ap­ new degree programs in engineering and medicine. plied to the British Methodist Conference for admis­ Lord Taylor gave strong backing to both programs. He sion to the ministry. Admitted on condition that he be also played a key role in the acquisition of British posted to Nova Scotia to act as both teacher and Maritime shipping records, which became the nucleus preacher, he agreed, and he and his wife embarked at of Memorial's Maritime History Archive, and in the Portsmouth in late September. But their vessel, en­ development of the University's Harlow campus. countering continuous contrary gales, was driven back When Taylor retired to North Wales in 1973 he contin­ to Ireland, harbouring at Cork until February 1812. ued as visiting professor of community medicine. In Recommencing its voyage the ship made good head­ 1986 the University conferred upon him an honorary way until, nearing Newfoundland, it encountered such Doctor of Laws degree. He died at his home in Wales, heavy gales and ice that it barely reached St. John's on on February 1, 1988. F.W. Rowe (1975), Newfound­ April 10. Detained there by these circumstances, Tay­ land and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition lor was shortly importuned by Samuel McDowell, the ( 1968), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Lord Tay­ missionary at Carbonear, to remain in Newfoundland. lor). IAN RUSTED After consulting William Ellis qv, de facto chairman of what shortly became the Newfoundland District, TAYLOR, WILLIAM EWART (1927- ). Archaeolo­ Taylor agreed and was posted to Carbonear. There he gist. Born Toronto, son of William E. and Margaret TAYLOR'S ISLAND 343

(Patrick) Taylor. _Educa~ed ~niversity_ of_Toronto; U_ni- building supplies to see the inhabitants through the rsity of Illinois; Umversity of Michigan. Marned winter. By I935 the community had recovered; there ~;an Elliott. Taylor's interest in arctic archaeology led were I 04 residents, including the new Pike and Chafe to work at several sites in the Ungava region of Labra­ families. With the exception of one Roman Catholic, dor/Quebec in the 19 50s. Chief archaeologist at the the community was Church of England. After I945, National Museum of Man in Ottawa in 1956, he was people began moving away in search of jobs: the director of that institution from 1967 to 1983. In 197 4 Woodland and Walsh families to Port au Bras and St. Taylor discussed northern prehistory in his La John's. With no store or other services, only the Prehistoire de Ia Peninsule de Labrador. From 1982 Bonnell and Hillier families remained in the early to 1988 he was president of the Social Sciences and 1990s. Edgar Bonnell ( 1979), M.F. Howley (NQ, Au­ Humanities Research Council of Canada. He was tumn 19I2), Census ( I884-I99I ), DA (Nov.-Dec. named director emeritus of the Canadian Museum of I984), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1904), Civilization in 1991. Taylor was awarded an honorary NQ, (Jan. 1975), Statistics: Federal-Provincial Reset­ doctorate by Memorial University in 1983. Canadian tlement Program (1975?). ACB Who's Who XXVIII, Centre for Newfoundland Studies (William E. Taylor, Jr.). ACB TAYLOR'S ISLAND (pop. 1921, 35). At the mouth of Bonne Bay, on the south coast, Taylor's Island was TAYLOR'S BAY (pop. 1991, 13). A small fishing set­ once the site of two small fishing villages. The island, tlement on the south coast of the Burin Peninsula. just southeast of McCallum qv, is about 2 km long and According to Howley's "Newfoundland Name Lore", was once settled at both Indian Cove on its western the cove is noted as Baye de Tailleur (Tailor's Bay) on side and Hardy Cove on the east. Taylor's Island does a French map of 1744. The proximity of Taylor's Bay not appear in Census records until 1901 (with a popu­ to St. Pierre and Miquelon suggests that it was fre­ lation of 19), but Hardy Cove was home to the family quented by French fishermen at an early date. The first of one John Foote by 1872. It is likely that the Foote permanent settlers are said to have been William and family and other early residents were enumerated by Martha (Hillier) Bonnell, who moved from Lamaline census-takers under the general heading of Bonne Bay. in about 1850. Taylor's Bay is noted in the Census of By 1877 Indian Cove had also been settled, by the I884, with five Church ofEngland families comprising family of Henry Cross. While virtually every known 2I people. A school had been built by I90 I. Residents inhabitant of Hardy's Cove was a Foote, other family in I904 were the Bonnell, Hillier, Woodland and names recorded at Indian Cove include Lilly and Nash Walsh families. Taylor's Bay does not appear in the (family names of nearby Saddle Island qv) as well as Census again until 1935. Fever and Buffett. The inhabitants of both coves were In I929, an earthquake and tidal wave struck the engaged chiefly in the cod fishery, selling their catches south coast and Taylor's Bay was one of the hardest­ to and supplied by traders out of Pushthrough (al­ hit communities. Virtually all waterside property and though in 1901 three island men were employed at the fishing gear were washed away and only five of the 17 Balena whale factory, at the bottom of Bonne Bay). In houses in the settlement remained standing. The shore about 1914 the last of the Foote family left Hardy fishery was disrupted for some time. Fifteen families Cove, after marrying a resident of Indian Cove, and in were left homeless and five people, four of them chil­ 1921 Indian Cove alone had a population of 3 5 people. dren, lost their lives. A Relief Committee, established But it appears that these people left in the early 1930s, soon after the disaster, provided lumber and other presumably for McCallum or Pushthrough. Since that

Taylor's Bay 344 T AYLOUR, JOSEPH

time both coves have been used periodically as fishing the NT A were to raise teachers' salaries and to estab­ stations of McCallum. Census (1869-1921 ), JHA lish pension and life insurance plans. The constitution (1872), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1894), forbade the discussion of political or denominational Archives (A-7-l/J; VS 102). RHC issues. The superintendents had favoured organizing the teachers into an "Institute", with the major objec­ TAYLOUR, JOSEPH (1662?-1734). Commander of tive of having them improve the skills perceived as the Newfoundland station. Taylour entered the Royal important by their superiors, rather than an Navy in 1690, and in 1703 took command ofthe frigate ''Association'' managed by the teachers and designed Charles. He was successful in capturing a number of to improve the welfare of members. Indeed, every prizes, and after further service in Spain was appointed other provincial teachers' organization in Canada to the Newfoundland convoy. He arrived in St. John's started as an "institute", often controlled by govern­ to find that the town had been devastated by French ment or school trustee officials. forces under Saint-Ovide de Brouillan *Momberton qv Government quickly acceded to the NTA's request over the winter. Thomas Lloyd qv, the garrison com­ for a pension plan, which was designed, ironically, by mander, was a prisoner at Placentia. Taylour proceeded Pilot. The Association's "prayer" for improved sala­ to repair the fortifications, drawing on naval stores and ries was taken under advisement. Within two years employing the crews of the naval ships Litchfield and Bancroft was given a patronage appointment in the Rye. On the recommendation of the inhabitants, Taylour Customs department (at a higher salary than a teacher appointed John Collins governor before leaving the Is­ could hope for), while in 1894 Robinson also left the land. He returned to his duties as a naval captain during teaching profession and founded the Daily News. The Queen Anne's War. DCB II. ACB NTA languished for a while, and soon died. Having criticized the Association in his reports of TEA COVE (pop. 1956, 12). A resettled fishing com­ the 1890s, Pilot was gratified in 1898 when govern­ munity, Tea Cove was located on the west side of Port ment contributed towards the cost of holding a au Port Bay, to the north of West Bay qv. A brook teachers' convention at St. John's. Robinson, now a empties into the cove, and the sea in the area does politician and a member of cabinet, proposed a $1 000 indeed have the colour of weak tea (with milk). assistance grant. Teachers were given reduced rates on Tea Cove was probably settled in the early 1900s by the railway and coastal steamers to attend the conven­ the Benoits and Gaudets from Black Duck Brook qv, tion, a benefit which was extended to cover all their who were accustomed to wintering in the area and travel and maintained until these services were taken eventually established small farms. But the commu­ over by Canadian National in 1949. At t he nity does not appear in the Census until 1935, with a convention's closing, it was decided to revive the population of 32. The tiny community was supported Newfoundland Teachers' Association, with the objec­ by a mixture of farming and fishing throughout its tives of an "institute". Pilot's protege, W.W. Blackall history. When roads in the area were improved in the qv, was elected president. However, after one year, late 1940s, Tea Cove was by-passed by the road con­ during which time education officials exerted pressure necting West Bay and Lourdes qv, and by 1951 its on the Association, Blackall resigned. Shortly there­ population had been reduced to 12. By 1958 the only after the NTA again became dormant. remaining resident was Paul LeCoure, who had moved there from Black Duck Brook to farm upon marrying a local girl in 1933. LeCoure was the sole resident up until about 1967, when he moved to Mainland. Subse­ quently, a rough road was built to connect Tea Cove to the highway and a slipway built for the benefit of fishermen. Paul LeCoure (interview, Aug. 1993), Rob­ ert Wells ( 1960), Census ( 1935-1956). RHC

TEA, LABRADOR. See LABRADOR TEA.

TEABERRY. See CAPILLAIRE AND WINTER­ GREEN.

TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. Following five years of urging by two British-born clergymen- William Pilot and G.S. Milligan qqv, who were respectively the Church of England and Methodist superintendents of education -on November 22, 1890 a small group of teachers founded the first Newfoundland Teachers' Association (NTA) at Spaniard's Bay. J. Frederick Bancroft and J. Alexander Robinson qqv were elected as president and vice-president respectively. The initial objectives of The NTA executive, 1898 TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 345

On the occasion of a 1908 convention of teachers founding of new branches of the Association and the called in St. John's to discuss the p_roblem of tubercu­ holding of the annual conventions outside St. John's. losis, city teacher P.G. Butl~r rev1~ed the_ N~A, but But Bishop recognized that the Association still had a wisely had it pursue the phtl~sophtcal obJectives of long way to go, particularly in tJ?.e improvement of both an institute and an association of teachers - a teachers' qualifications. In 1962, only half of the practice pursued for the next six decades. Butler also Province's teachers had completed as much as a full founded the NTA Journal qv, providing the organiza­ year of post-secondary studies. In the mid-1960s sev­ tion with an official organ. For about 40 years the eral important measures were taken: a teachers' group Journal had as an insert a Canadian teachers' maga­ insurance plan was established to provide medical, zine containing supplementary teaching material. life and salary continuance coverage; the teachers' From 1908 until Confederation, the NTA existed in pension plan was "stacked" on the Canada Pension fair harmony with officialdom, for most of this time Plan to provide substantially increased benefits for occupying office space either subsidized or provided retired members; and a new salary scale was put into free by government. The Association generally paid effect which added three additional categories of cer­ the modest salary of a full-time executive secretary, tification and encouraged teachers to seek advanced usually a retired or disabled teacher. In this 40-year degrees. The result of the adoption of the new scale period, membership was voluntary and the annual fee was not only a tremendous increase in the NTA's cof­ was usually the same for all teachers regardless of fers (for the annual fee was a percentage of salary and income; the executive officials were almost invariably some teachers received raises as high as 40%), but it teaching in St. John's; and the Association appeared also resulted in encouraging university graduates to powerless to help teachers who were unjustly dis­ select teaching as their profession. The median quali­ missed. The denominational system of education was fication increased from less than one year of univer­ acknowledged implicitly by the members, and the ex­ sity study to four years within a short time. The ecutive officers represented each-of the three major teaching profession benefited from improved status, denominations. The NTA was consulted on such mat­ while the NTA became less of a professional associa­ ters as the establishment of the Department of Educa­ tion and more of a union. tion and Memorial University College in the 1920s, With its expanded budget, the NTA initiated the but confined its activities mainly to St. John's, holding establishment of special interest councils and engaged an annual convention there each summer. staff to encourage professional development. More When the depression of the early 1930s saw branches were established, and were visited regularly teachers' salaries cut by 50%, the NTA could do noth­ by staff members and the president, who from 1971 ing, but a major success came when it forced govern­ was a full-time, salaried employee ofthe Association. ment to restore pensions benefits, which had also been A public relations program did much to convince the cut in half. During the Commission of Government general public that the profession and its Association period (1934-1949) the Association had little influ­ were worthy of respect. Yet, appreciation of teachers' ence, but maintained a loyal corps of members in part improved status and the attendant power of the NTA was because of the value of the NTA Journal as an aid to lost in official circles. Taking on the Smallwood govern­ teaching and partly because reduced fares on the rail­ ment in the spring of 1971, the NTA staged its first strike way and coastal services were believed by many (actually a series of rotating strikes) but was eventually teachers to be associated with membership. Although forced to capitulate. After the fall 1971 election, Small­ the end of the Commission of Government brought an wood acknowledged that one of the major causes of his end to the fare reduction, the Association was soon to defeat was his misreading of the public attitude toward benefit from the coming of Confederation. teachers. In the 1970s and 1980s the public image and In bringing about Confederation, J.R. Smallwood perception of teachers changed once again, particularly had the support of many teachers including NTA pres­ in rural Newfoundland, where they came to be regarded ident Samuel Hefferton qv, who became his first Min­ as the nouveau riche. Meanwhile, some of the best qual-. ister of Education. During the first decade of the ified and most respected Association leaders came to Smallwood era, teachers had the Premier's ear, while prominence on the political scene. Eventually, the Asso­ the Association was well-served by general secretary ciation abandoned its policy of political neutrality and Allan Bishop, a retired teacher who was an effective -first against Progressive Conservative Premier Brian negotiator as well as a former colleague of the Minis­ Peckford in its 1985 industrial action and then against ter of Education. By 1954, Bishop had succeeded in Liberal Clyde Wells during the 1993 election and 1994 bringing into effect a salary scheme which paid teachers' strike - organized political action against the women on the same scale as men, in having the NTA government. join the Canadian Teachers' Federation and in requir­ In 1994 the recently-renamed Newfoundland and ing all teachers to be members of the Newfoundland Labrador Teachers' Association still had the potential Teachers' Association. For the first time in its history to be an important force in education in the Province. the NTA was well financed, and Bishop in 1959 per­ It had a sound financial base and a sustaining fee suaded the executive council to purchase its first head­ structure, and represented one of the best-qualified quarters building, at 90 Barter's Hill, and no longer be teaching forces of any Canadian province. Allan beholden to government. Bishop also encouraged the Bishop (1962), Harry Cuff(1985). HARRY A. CUFF 346 TECHNICAL SCHOOLS

TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. See VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS Carbon ear system. But after only 40 miles of construc­ AND COMMUNITY COLLEGES. tion, the project was halted when the Company became insolvent. TELEGRAPH. This weekly St. John's paper, also In 1854, while in New York City, Gisborne met called the Telegraph and Political Review, began pub­ Cyrus W. Field qv, who saw the commercial potential lication on September 17, 1856 and ceased publication of extending the Newfoundland line across the Atlan­ July 7, 1875. Its printer, publisher and proprietor was tic to Europe. Field set up the New York, Newfound­ John T. Burton qv. In its early years the paper was a land and London Telegraph Company (NYNLTC), and strong supporter of "native" rights, that is the rights began work on the project. In March 1854, he met with of native-born Newfoundlanders. (see NATIVES' SO­ Governor Hamilton and arranged for the NYNLTC to CIETY.) Its motto was: "Breathes there the man, with take over the bankrupt Newfoundland Electric Tele­ soul so dead,/ Who never to himself hath said,/ This is graph Company. The NYNLTC agreed to construct a my own, my NATIVE LAND." telegraph line between St. John's and Cape Ray and, In its prospectus it promised to give a faithful ac­ among other things, was granted a 50-year monopoly count of every local occurrence of importance, as well on the landing of telegraph as the latest news from Britain and foreign countries, cables. In August of 1855, and to adhere to the following principles: 1) "the Field attempted to install a unflinching advocacy of NATIVE RIGHTS so far as submarine cable across the they do not interfere with the general welfare of our Cabot Strait, using the Native Land"; 2) "In Politics to examine all matters, Sarah L. Bryant, a sailing and support such views as will best advance the inter­ vessel under tow by the ests of the majority"; 3) "to endeavour to advance the James Adger, but when 40 cause of true Religion by devoting some space in miles from Cape Ray a every number to selections from Christian writers hav­ storm came up and the ing for their object the wide-spreading of the light of cable had to be cut. The fol­ the Gospel without opening to a charge of sectarian­ lowing year the steamship ism." The paper ceased publication in 1875, blaming Propontis completed the F.N. Gisbourne its demise on the sudden loss of government patron­ task. The St. John's to Cape age. Suzanne Ellison (1988), Telegraph (1856-1875 Ray telegraph line followed the south coast, allowing passim). ILB supplies to be delivered by ship and carried to con­ struction sites. The project, employing 600 men, was TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES. Tele­ completed in the fall of 1856. The first message was graphic communication was first introduced to New­ sent on October 1, 1856 to Baddeck, Cape Breton from foundland by Frederick N. Gisborne qv, an English St. John's merchant J.S. Pitts qv. In 1859 the Associ­ engineer who was active in expanding telegraphy in ated Press of New York stationed a boat at Cape Race Quebec and Nova Scotia. Gisborne felt that by extend­ to intercept trans-Atlantic steamers on their way to ing the North American telegraph system to St. John's, Halifax and New York. News and messages from Eu­ trans-Atlantic steamers would be encouraged to stop at rope, thrown overboard from the steamers in water­ the port and drop off messages, which could be relayed tight canisters, were picked up and telegraphed to by telegraph to North American newspapers more than North American newspapers from the telegraph office 48 hours earlier than messages from steamers arriving at Cape Race. This practice continued up to the com­ at Halifax or New York. In September 1851, after pletion of the first successful trans-Atlantic cable in leaving the Nova Scotia Telegraph Company, 1866 and was acknowledged in North American news­ Gisborne appeared before the legislature in St. John's papers by the byline "Via Cape Race". with a plan to construct a telegraph line between St. In 1866, the Anglo-American Telegraph Company John's and Cape Ray that would eventually connect by (AAT) installed the first successful trans-Atlantic tele­ submarine cable to the Nova Scotia telegraph system. graph cable between Ireland and Heart's Content qv The government approved Gisborne's plan and granted (see also CABLE, ATLANTIC). Although AAT held him £500 to survey the route. In the same year he set the monopoly on the rights to build telegraph lines in up the St. John's and Carbonear Electric Telegraph Newfoundland, it was not interested in extending tele­ Company to provide telegraph service between those graph lines to the smaller towns and villages. In 1876, towns, and the telegraph line went into service the therefore, the government began to extend telegraphic following March. In the spring of 1852, the legislature service on its own, and by the end of the century had passed an act incorporating the Newfoundland Electric extended service to the major communities. In 1902 Telegraph Company, giving it the right to build a the government installed new cable on the pole line telegraph line between St. John's and Cape Ray with between Whitbourne and Port-aux-Basques, and, after branch lines to Trepassey and other locations. AAT's monopoly expired, extended it from Whit­ Gisborne organized the company in New York and bourne to St. John's. Two years later the government began work on the line in the summer of 1853. The installed a submarine cable across the Cabot Strait construction employed 350 men and started at Brigus, from Port aux Basques to Canso, Nova Scotia, where where the cabie connected with the St. John's to it connected with the Commercial Cable Company TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES 347

The original telegraph station at Bay Bulls Arm (Sunnyside) telegraph system. And by 1904 the government had while the Company challenged in Newfoundland installed a number of High Frequency (HF) radio tele­ courts AAT's monopoly on landing telegraphic cables graph stations in Labrador: at Battle Harbour, Venison in Newfoundland. After failing to obtain the right to Island, Seal Islands, Domino and Smokey. land its cable, the Company by-passed Newfoundland and terminated its cable at Tor Bay, just south of Hal­ TELEGRAPH COMPANIES ifax. After AAT's monopoly expired, DUSTC in 1910 set up an office at Harbour Grace, to which it diverted ANGLO-AMERICAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY its cable from Nova Scotia which was originally in­ (AAT). The Anglo-American Telegraph Company was stalled in 1874. By terminating its cable in Newfound­ founded by Cyrus Field in 1866, and installed the first land rather than Nova Scotia, the speed of successful trans-Atlantic cable later that year. The transmission was doubled because of the shorter trans­ company had previously amalgamated with the Atlan­ Atlantic distance, allowing the company to carry twice tic Telegraph Co., which was unsuccessful in earlier the number of messages. DUSTC was bought by the attempts to span the Atlantic (see CABLE, ATLAN­ British government in 1921 and became the Imperial TIC). In 1873 AAT amalgamated with the New York, and International Communications Company. In 193 5 Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company, and that company changed its name to Cable and Wireless obtained the latter's 50-year monopoly on landing ca­ Limited. The Harbour Grace station, with a staff of bles in Newfoundland. In addition to the 1865 and approximately a dozen employees, operated only one 1866 cables, AAT installed other trans-Atlantic cables cable, and was closed in 1953. at Heart's Content in 1873, 1874, 1880 and 1894. In COMMERCIAL CABLE COMPANY. In 1884 the 1873 the Company built a land line from Heart's Con­ Commercial Cabfe Company installed two cables be­ tent to Placentia, which connected via a new subma­ tween Canso, Nova Scotia and Waterville, Ireland. It rine cable with St. Pierre and Nova Scotia where in diverted the first of these cables to Cuckold's Cove qv turn it connected with the Western Union system. In near St. John's in 1909, directly connecting Cuckold's 1875 the Company commissioned a permanent cable Cove with Canso and Ireland. The Cuckold's Cove station building in Heart's Content, which was con­ office operated as a relay station for messages be­ structed by J. & J. Southcott of St. John's. The original tween Europe and America until 1916, when the Com­ wood-frame building, which had been given to the pany moved to a new office at 111 Water Street. After employees as a recreation complex, was demolished in AAT's monopoly expired, the Commercial Cable 1955. With advances in technology, AAT's Heart's Company challenged in the courts the Newfoundland Content station became obsolete and was closed on government's decision to levy an annual tax of $4000 June 30, 1966, almost 100 years to the day after the per cable landing, which it refused to pay. In 1917 the first successful cable was laid. government, therefore, gave notice that it would ter­ DIRECT UNITED STATES TELEGRAPH COM­ minate all contracts with the Commercial Cable Com­ PANY (DUSTC). This company placed its first trans­ pany withip six months. After the government won the Atlantic cable in 1874. The cable ship Faraday laid case, it and the Company reached an agreement in the cable to within a few miles of the head of Trinity 1922 allowing the company to transmit and receive Bay, where it attached the end of the cable to a buoy local telegraph messages to and from Newfoundland. 348 TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES

June 22, 1955 when the cable ship Monarch left Clar­ enville for Oban, Scotland paying out the TAT-1 cable. The cable went into service the following year. The $42 million venture was financed by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), the Brit­ ish Post Office and COTC. TAT-1, which had a capac­ ity of 36 voice circuits, was extended overland to Terrenceville and by submarine cable to Sydney Mines in Nova Scotia, and remained in service until 1978. In 1959 the TAT-2 trans-Atlantic telephone cable system was installed, providing 48 circuits. The Clarenville station, where these cables terminated was managed by the Eastern Telephone and Telegraph Company (a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company), and remained in service until the TAT-2 cable was retired in 1982. Heart's Content In 1961 COTC participated in the installation of the In 1926 the Company landed two trans-Atlantic ca­ 80-circuit CANTAT-1 cable, between Oban, Scotland bles at Quidi Vidi. The cables from Cuckold's Cove and Hampden, White Bay, connecting via Deer Lake and Quidi Vidi were extended to the east end of Quidi to Wild Cove, near Corner Brook, and from there via Vidi Lake, continued along the bottom of the Lake to COTC's submarine cable to Gross Roche, Quebec. In the western end and were trenched to the Company's 1974, CANTAT-2, a 1.4 7 inch co-axial cable carrying office at 111 Water Street. After World War II the up to 1840 voice circuits, was installed between Company employed about 50 operators. Because of Widemouth, England and Beaver Harbour, Nova Sco­ dwindling business brought about by the increasing tia. The vastly increased circuit capacity of this cable use of the telephone the Commercial Cable Company rendered CANTAT-1 obsolete, and it was taken out of ceased operation in 1961. service. As a result, COTC's Deer Lake cable station closed down in 1975, followed shortly afterwards by WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY. West­ the Corner Brook station. In 1975 COTC changed its ern Union ·set up a cable station at Bay Roberts in name to Teleglobe Canada. 1910, to which it diverted its Coney Island/Penzance cable. In 1912 Western Union obtained 50-year oper­ DEPARTMENT OF POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS. In ating leases on the cables owned by AAT and the 1905, after AAT's monopoly on telegraph services ex­ Direct United States Telegraph Company, giving it pired, the government set up Newfoundland Postal effective control of those companies (although each Telegraphs, a section of the Department of Posts and continued to operate under its original name). The Telegraphs (DPT), to consolidate postal, telegraph and Company installed a new cable from North Sydney to telephone operations. Earlier, in 1901, Reid New­ Colinet, St. Mary's Bay in 1913, and from there the foundland Company transferred its telegraph assets to cable was trenched to the Bay Roberts station. The the government and agreed to operate the telegraph first Bay Roberts station was a wooden structure, system for an annual subsidy of $10,000 until AAT's which served the Company until a large brick building monopoly expired. was built on Water Street at the end of World War I. Over one million telegrams were sent and received The Company also built a large staff house and attrac­ by the DPT in 1929. More than 10,000 of these were tive homes for its senior staff next to the building on sent by the Post Office as public service messages, Cable Avenue. By 1921 Western Union had installed including messages regarding weather, shipping and two additional cables between Heart's Content and fishing information. In 1930 the DPT installed a small North Sydney, which were the first multi-conductor telephone exchange at Abraham's Cove on the Port au cables to be landed in Newfoundland. In 1926 the Port Peninsula to serve subscribers in the area. By the Company installed, via Bay Roberts, a cable from end of 1930 it operated 246 telegraph offices and 170 Hammel, U.S.A. to Penzance, Cornwall, which was telephone stations serving 34 7 communities. Of the followed by one from Bay Roberts to Horta in the 246 telegraph offices, 55 were wireless stations. Azores. More than 100 people were employed at the Eleven of them served the coast of Labrador. DPT's station at the height of its activity, but it closed down first major telephone system was installed, at the re­ in 1960. quest of the British Air Ministry, between Gander air­ CANADIAN OVERSEAS TELECOMMUNICA­ port and the Botwood seaplane base in 193 7. TIONS CORPORATION (COTC). This company was During World War II the United States Military established by the Canadian government in 1950 to came to an agreement with the railway to use its poles acquire the Canadian assets of Cable and Wireless to connect its Newfoundland bases with each other Limited and certain assets of the Canadian Marconi and with bases in the United States. The United States Company. COTC participated in the installation of the forces contracted with Bell Telephone Company of first trans-Atlantic telephone cable, which began on Canada to build the system, which sent more than 300 TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES 349

roployees and hired over 700 Newfoundlanders to and Refining Company (ASARCO) in Buchans and e ork on the project. Construction began in April 1942 Millertown; the Anglo-Newfoundland Development wnd was completed in less than a year. The Canadian Company in Grand Falls, Bishop's Falls and Botwood; ~rmed Forces a~so bu_ilt a system over the the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation on Bell Is­ government's pole hne, wh1ch connected to t~e Cana­ land; and Bowater's in Corner Brook. The United dian mainland at Cape North, Cape Breton vta a new Towns Electric Company also had an extensive tele­ Very High Frequency radio system installed at the top phone system with several exchanges on the Avalon of Table Mountain. In 1946 the OPT took over the and Burin peninsulas and Bell Telephone Company of RCAF manual telephone exchange in Gander as well Canada operated several exchanges in Labrador. The as the pole system between St. John's and Gander. It Twillingate Telephone and Electric Company, which also took over the U.S. Military system, which it used was set up in 1913 by a group of citizens, provided to provide long distance telephone service to the com­ telephone service to Twillingate. The provision of munities along the line. The OPT operated its tele­ telephone service to other communities was the re­ graph and telephone system until Confederation, when sponsibility of Avalon Telephone Company and the Canadian National Telecommunications assumed re­ Department of Posts and Telegraphs. sponsibility for its operations. AVALON/NEWFOUNDLAND TELEPHONE COM­ PANY. The Avalon Telephone Company was formed in TELEPHONE COMPANIES. 1919 by John J. Murphy qv, his son Robert J. Murphy qv The first telephones in Newfoundland were in­ and J.D. Cameron. Shortly thereafter Avalon Telephone stalled in March 1878 by St. John's postmaster John purchased Western Union's telephone system in St. Delaney qv. Delaney constructed two telephones from John's, where approximately 800 subscribers were a description in the March 31, 1877 edition of Scien­ served from an exchange on New Gower Street. The tific American, and set up a telephone line between his Company installed a new 7000-line exchange at 348 home at 2 Monks town Road and the home of John Duckworth Street in St. John's in 1921. Telephone rates Higgins, a post office messenger at 48 Southwest at the time were $30 a year for a residence phone and Street. The telephone sets were connected by a line $40 for a business phone. Also in 1921, the Company's that was normally used for post office business. There first long distance line was installed between St. John's is no further evidence of telephone use in Newfound­ and Carbonear, and on November 27 the first long dis­ land until 1884, when a line was set up in St. John's tance calls were placed from St. John's to Brigus and between Archibald's Furniture Store, at the junction of Harbour Grace. In that year a telephone line along the Duckworth Street and St. John's Lane, and the resi­ Southern Shore to Cape Race was also constructed. dence of its manager on Devon Row. When John Murphy died in 1938 he was succeeded In 1885 AAT set up the first public telephone system as president of Avalon Telephone by his son Robert. In in Newfoundland, using a switchboard on the second 193 7 the Company installed High Frequency (HF) floor of a building above John Lindberg's jewellery radio facilities to provide telephone circuits from St. store at 171 Water Street. After the exchange was John's to the Burin Peninsula, Grand Falls and Corner destroyed in the fire of 1892, AAT established a new Brook areas. On January I 0, 1939 long distance call­ exchange at 276 New Gower Street, above James ing between Newfoundland and Canada was inaugu­ Black's drygoods store. AAT sold its telephone system rated with a call between Sir Humphrey Walwyn, the to Western Union in 1899. In the early to mid-1900s Governor of Newfoundland, and Lord Tweedsmuir, many of Newfoundland's larger companies operated the Governor General of Canada in Ottawa. Following their own telephone exchanges: the American Smelting the inaugural ceremony, the new HF system was used to place the first overseas telephone call between St. John's and London. The circuit to Canada was over an HF radio system owned by Canadian Marconi and was the only telephone link between Newfoundland and Canada until after Confederation. At the time, the rate for a three minute call from St. John's to Montreal was $7.50 and to London $22.20. In 1948 Avalon Telephone took over and replaced the 25-year-old telephone system that had been oper­ ated in Corner Brook by Bowater's. It opened a new five-storey administration centre at 343 Duckworth Street in St. John's in 1948, and introduced New­ foundland's first dial service in St. John's. Telephone service between St. John's and Port aux Basques was established in 1949, allowing communities along the line to telephone from one end ofNewfoundland to the other for the first time. In 1951 the Company acquired JJ. Collins listening to the S.S. Victorian on the "wireless telephone" Anglo Newfoundland Development Company's 350 TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES

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Telegraph station at Cape Race telephone exchanges in Grand Falls, Botwood and In 1974 the Company's first computer-controlled Bishops Falls. By the end of 1952 Avalon Telephone stored program electronic switch was installed in Corner had 23,509 te"lephones in service, of which 16,21 7 Brook, and was followed by similar installations in St. were in St. John's, 2890 on the rest of the Avalon John's, Mount Pearl and Grand Falls; and it purchased Peninsula, and 4402 on the west coast and in Grand Bell Canada's assets in Labrador. The following year it Falls. Control of the Company was acquired by a installed a new microwave system between Goose Bay, group of Newfoundland and Montreal investors in Hopedale and Nain. In 1977, a light route microwave 1954. Robert Murphy resigned as president and was system was installed between L'Anse au Loup and succeeded by Sidney H. Morris. On December 16, Charlottetown for the provision of long distance tele­ 1955, Mayor Harry Mews of St. John's opened a new phone service; and a 400-mile microwave system was 10,000-line exchange at a new building on Anderson installed between L'Anse au Loup and Goose Bay which Avenue. Avalon Telephone became a member of the connected to the Corner Brook microwave system, pro­ Trans-Canada Telephone System in 1957, a consortium viding a direct telephone link into Newfoundland of the major telephone companies in Canada that co­ Telephone's ODD network. ordinated long distance telephone traffic among the In 1978 the Company completed its first trans-island member companies. In 1958 Avalon Telephone installed microwave system, which extended from St. John's, its first microwave system, linking St. John's with Bell via Grand Falls and Corner Brook, to Sydney, Nova Island and Bay Roberts via a repeater station on Scotia. The new microwave facility provided 1200 Kenmount Hill. The company added 1200 telephones to voice circuits and also allowed Newfoundland Tele­ its network when it purchased United Towns Electric phone to carry television signals into and out of the Company's operations on the Burin Peninsula in 1962. Province for the first time. Also in 1978, Newfound­ Also in 1962 Bell Telephone Company of Canada land Telephone entered into an agreement with purchased Avalon Telephone. George C. Wallace, a se­ Eastern Telephone and Telegraph Company (ET&T), a nior manager from Bell Telephone, was appointed to the subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph position of president and managing director. He was Company, for the purchase of its assets in Clarenville. succeeded in July 1965, by Gunder Osberg, another Bell (ET&T's main function was the management of Telephone employee. In 1966, the Company installed a AT&T's trans-Atlantic telephone cable which came new 20,000-line switching machine in its new Allandale ashore in Clarenville. Newfoundland Telephone took Road building in St. John's. Coincident with this instal­ over this responsibility until the cable was taken out of lation, touchtone telephone service was introduced to St. service in 1982). In 1979 Newfoundland Telephone John's subscribers for the first time. In 1970 Avalon also acquired the Labrador City telephone assets of Telephone changed its name to Newfoundland Tele­ the Iron Ore Company of Canada, adding 6500 tele­ phone Company Limited, and Osberg was replaced by phones to its network. It was also in 1979 that digital Anthony A. Brait, a senior manager with Bell Canada, technology was introduced, with the installation of a who had earlier worked with Avalon Telephone as its digital switch in Nain, followed in 1980 by a digital Chief Engineer. In that year the Company began the switch in Corner Brook. Practically all future ex­ implementation of Direct Distance Dialling (DDD) and changes were to use digital technology. In 1983 the following year the last magneto offices at Western Telesat Canada and Newfoundland Telephone com­ Bay and Old Perlican were retired. pleted a satellite earth station on Kenmount Road, St. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES 351

J bn's as part of a Canada-wide video conferencing Sydney, Nova Scotia; and also rebuilt the pole line to s;stem. Tb~ stat~on was connect,ed to the ~llan~ale St. John's. In 1950 it purchased the operations of Road buildmg via the Company s first optical fibre Western Union in Newfoundland, making it responsi­ link. (Telesat Canada had built a transmit and receive ble for all telegraph business in the Province. In 1951 atellite station at Bay Bulls in 1973, and a satellite CNT took over the telephone operations of the station on the Port au Port Peninsula in 1975 to receive Twillingate Telephone and Electric Company, and in­ ~rencb language television). With the completion of stalled a new dial exchange. During the 1950s it in­ the Company's trans-Labrador microwave system to stalled automatic dial telephone exchanges in many Wabush and Labrador City in 1983, the last troposcat­ major towns and also purchased the telephone system ter system in Labrador was decommissioned. The at Buchans from ASARCO Mines. During this period, troposcatter systems, which used 60- to 120-foot-high CNT also extended its telegraph network, providing antennas to bounce radio signals off the troposphere, service to Musgrave Harbour, Badger's Quay, Wesley­ bad been installed in the early 1950s and were origi­ ville, LaScie, Tilt Cove and Catalina. Allan C. Jerrett nally part of the ballistic missile early warning system became Superintendent of CNT's operations in New­ built by the United States. foundland in 1955. In 1985 Newfoundland Telephone became a wholly­ In 195 7, CNT consolidated its St. John's operations owned subsidiary of NewTel Enterprises Limited, a in a new building on Water Street. In 1959, CNT com­ subsidiary of Bell Canada Enterprises. The next year a pleted the construction of a high capacity microwave $23 million digital microwave system between St. radio system between St. John's and Sydney, Nova John's and Port aux Basques was completed, and in Scotia, which provided high quality telephone circuits 1990 was extended from Corner Brook to Mount St. off the Island and also allowed television signals from Margaret. Newfoundland Telephone acquired Terra mainland Canada to be brought to Newfoundland for Nova Telecommunications in 1988, making it the only the first time. Despite the inroads made by telephone company providing telephone service iri the Province. communications, telegraphy was still important; in 1963 In 1990 Anthony Brait was succeeded as president and CNT handled more than 650,000 messages. But tele­ chief executive officer by Vincent G. Withers qv. phone service was rapidly replacing telegraphy. In 1967 Cellular telephone service was introduced to New­ Joseph Donich, who had previously served CNT in New­ foundland in July 1990, when both Newfoundland foundland, succeeded Allan J errett. At the time, CNT Telephone and Rogers Cantel Communications (Can­ operated 82 exchanges, of which 67 had fewer than 100 tel) set up networks in the St. John's area. Both com­ subscribers. That year CNT completed the construction panies expanded their networks to cover the of a 200-mile microwave system between Comer Brook Trans-Canada Highway to Clarenville, while New­ and St. Anthony, which was connected in 1971 at Mount foundland Telephone also expanded its network to the St. Margaret to L'Anse au Loup and linked with Bell Gander and Corner Brook areas. In 1993 Newfound­ Canada's telephone system in Labrador. A 300-circuit land Telephone transferred its cellular division to microwave system was installed between Comer Brook NewTel Mobility Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of and Stephenville in that year. NewTel Enterprises. Newfoundland Telephone began In 1979 Canadian National Railways established the installation of a $57 million optical fibre cable Terra Nova Telecommunications Inc. (Terra Nova Tel) system between Sydney and St. John's in 1991. The to take over CNT's assets in Newfoundland, with submarine portion of the cable across the Cabot Strait and the underground portion to Corner Brook were completed in 1991. The cable was extended to Claren­ ville in 1992, and to St. John's in 1993. CANADIAN NATIONAL/TERRA NOVA TELE­ COMMUNICATIONS. After Confederation responsi­ bility for the telegraph and telephone operations of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs was transferred to the Canadian government, through Canadian National Railways. The communications arm of Canadian Na­ tional Railways was Canadian National Telecommuni­ cations (CNT), which was given responsibility for the operation of the system. CNT served the 932 tele­ phone subscribers who were scattered throughout the remote areas of the Province. CNT's first superinten­ dent in Newfoundland was H.J. Clarke, who had been an employee of the Department of Posts and Tele­ graphs. After taking over the Department's off-island submarine cable system, in 1950 CNT installed a mod­ ern 12-channel radio system across the Cabot Strait between Red Rocks (near Port aux Basques) and Marconi at Cabot Tower 352 TELEGRAPHER,THE

headquarters established in Gander the next year. Jack William V. Whiteway, who was attempting to make a Gosse, who succeeded Joseph Donich in the late 1960s political comeback as a member of the United Opposi­ as CNT's superintendent in Newfoundland, headed the tion Party. It is not known how long this paper was in new company. In 1981 he was succeeded as general existence. Ian McDonald (BN VI, 1975). ILB manager by Robert Symonds. In the 1980s Terra Nova Tel installed many digital TEMPLE BAY. See CHATEAU BAY. switches throughout the Province, the most significant being a digital exchange in Gander in 1985 that re­ TEMPLEMAN. A fishing community on the north side placed the electromechanical switch that had served of Bonavista Bay, just south of Cape Freels, since 1992 the town for 20 years. In 1987 Terra Nova Tel com­ Templeman has been a part of the expanded town of pleted a five-year improvement program, which pro­ Wesleyville qv. The community (originally known as vided subscribers with 100% Direct Distance Dialling Fox Cove) was settled in the 1870s by families from and 99% single-party service. At the time the company two off-lying groups of islands: Bennett's Island was serving more than 50,000 subscribers in over 400 (Greens and Tuffs) and the Cobbler Islands (Howells communities throughout the Province. In 1988 Terra and Vincents). As was the case with nearby Newtown Nova Tel was purchased by Newfoundland Telephone. qv, the movement was probably related to increased involvement in the Labrador fishery. Templeman first UNITEL. After Confederation, the Newfoundland appears in the Census in 1884, with a population of75 , government set up the Board of Commissioners of growing to 225 people by 1901. As the Labrador fish­ Public Utilities to regulate rate changes and other op­ ery declined and finally collapsed in the 1920s and erations of the provincially incorporated telephone 1930s the community contracted: from 51 families in companies. But in 1989 a decision of the Supreme 1921 to 55 people by 1971. Since that time, however, Court of Canada brought Newfoundland Telephone­ Templeman has rebounded somewhat as a few families and several other Canadian telephone companies - from Wesleyville and area have built homes there. under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Canadian Radio­ John Feltham (1986), E.R. Seary (1977), Census television and Telecommunications Commission (1869-1971). RHC (CRTC). In 1992, after a lengthy public proceeding, the CRTC determined that other telecommunications TEMPLEMAN, JOSEPH (1795?-1847). Civil servant. carriers could compete with Canadian telephone com­ Born Middle Chinnock, Somerset. A clerk in the office panies for the public long distance business. of the secretary to the governor by 1813, Templeman In early 1991 Unitel Communications Inc. (Unitel), was one of Newfoundland's earliest career civil ser­ one of the parties which initiated the action leading to vants. He served as acting surveyor general in 183 2 that decision, entered into an arrangement with Fortis and acting colonial treasurer in 1841, but for the most Properties Corporation to provide communications part provided administrative and clerical support to services in Newfoundland. These companies set up early office-holders. After the Colonial Office ordered Unitel Newfoundland, which constructed a new digital the St. John's staff to monitor the local weather Tem­ microwave system from St. John's to Nova Scotia, pleman compiled an index of meteorological observa­ connecting into Unitel 's national microwave system in tions. The information was published in St. John's Cape Breton. Unitel began to provide long distance newspapers and in the Newfoundland Almanac until telephone service in Newfoundland in July 1993. H. daily observations were discontinued in 1839. At the Clayton ( 1968), Robert Collins (1977), Donard de time of his death, Templeman was chief clerk in the Cogan (NQ, 1992), B. Dibner (1953), H.M. Field Colonial Secretary' s office. Public Ledger (June 15, (1866), Jack Rambling (1992), Lawford and Nichol­ 184 7), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Joseph Tem­ son (1950), Ed Ogle (1979), Paul O'Neill (1975), pleman). ACB D.W. Prowse (1895), F.W. Rowe (1980), Melvin Rowe ( 1972), Avalon Telephone Company Annual Report TEMPLEMAN, PHILIP (1860-1926). Merchant; poli­ ( 1951-1969), Newfoundland Telephone Company An­ tician. Born Bonavista, son of William Templeman. nual Report ( 1970-1993 ), Report ofthe Department of Educated Bonavista. Married Catherine Fitzgerald. At Posts and Telegraphs (1918; 1925; 1928-1930), Terra the age of 13 Templeman began working in his father's Nova Telecommunications Annual Report (1980- shop, which had begun to branch out into fish-buying. 1988). DONALD R. TARRANT After his father died in 1878 Templeman worked for some time in the firm of James Saint qv, and in 1881 TELEGRAPHER, THE. Little is known about The Te­ began trading on his own account. In 1887 he pur­ legrapher except that it was a small monthly paper chased the premises of the Saint firm, a central location founded in 1903 in Port Blandford by William F. Coa­ on Bonavista harbour, and he later also bought Robert ker qv, while he was serving as the secretary and Alexander's former premises in nearby Bayly's Cove. treasurer of the telegraphers' union he had organized. In 1890 Templeman opened his first branch outside Ostensibly a house organ for the union, the paper Bonavista, at Catalina, and purchased two vessels for reflected Coaker' s views on the fishery and other mat­ use in the bank fishery out of that port. He also contin­ ters. Coaker used The Telegrapher to oppose Robert ued to have an interest in the shore fishery, with other Bond's re-election in 1904, favouring the candidacy of branches being opened at Elliston and Newman's TEMPLEMAN, WILLIAM 353

Cove. A diversity of interests enabled the firm to sur­ TEMPLEMAN, WILFRED ( 1908-1990). Biologist. vive the Bank Crash of 1894, and Templeman soon Born Bonavista, son of Sarah (Fisher) and Charles further increased the scale ofhis business to fill a void Templeman. Educated Memorial University College; ]eft by firms which had not been so fortunate. After Dalhousie University; University of Toronto. Married ]895 he shipped salt fish to market in his own vessels, Eileen McGrath. After teaching school for three years which were also used to import goods from England. Templeman went on to a distinguished career in fish­ In later years Templeman was a majorsupplier to the eries biology. From 1930 to 1933 he worked with the Labrador and French Shore fisheries out of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and later with the Bonavista-Catalina area, with Labrador premises at biological research station in St. Andrews, New Bruns­ Indian Tickle, Grady and Frenchman's Island and wick. He returned to Newfoundland in 1936 as head of French Shore stations at La Scie and Williamsport. Memorial College's biology department, continuing By 1913, with the assistance of a brother and his his research on lobster, capelin and dogfish. With Ray­ sons, Templeman was running one of the largest fish­ mond Gushue qv, Templeman was one of two New­ ery and supply businesses in the Country, exporting foundland delegates to sign the convention more than 60,000 quintals of cod annually. In that year establishing the International Commission for the he was appointed to the Legislative Council on the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) in 1949. recommendation of Prime Minister Edward P. Morris, After Confederation, Templeman became director whose People's Party Templeman had supported polit­ of the Fisheries Biological Station in St. John's, a ically, serving until his death on June 2, 1926. Subse­ position he held until 1972 when he was named J.L. quently, the Templeman firm was managed by a son, Paton Professor of Marine Biology and Fisheries at Edgar, but faltered in the Memorial University. In the mid-1960s he chaired a face of the Depression and standing Committee on Research and Statistics for the was phased out in 1936-37. ICNAF and published his Marine Resources of New­ The firm's Bona vista har­ foundland, which became a standard reference text. bour premises were ac­ He was a member of the Fisheries and Oceans Re­ quired by J.T. Swyers qv, search Advisory Council from 1981 to 1985, and from while the Catalina branch 1984 to 1986 was a member of the Royal Commission was operated and later ac­ on Seals and the Sealing Industry. quired by a nephew, S.W. Templeman authored over 200 publications on Mifflin qv. Through Swyers groundfish and other fish, lobsters and other inverte­ the firm's ledgers and other brates of the northwest Atlantic. A member of scien­ papers covering the period tific bodies in Canada, the United Kingdom and the from 1884 to 1928 were United States, Templeman was the recipient of many later acquired by the Pro­ Philip Templeman honours. He was awarded the O.B.E. in 1948, elected vincial Archives, forming one of the most complete a Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada in 1950 and collections of mercantile records of an outport fish awarded an honorary D.Sc. degree by Memorial Uni­ merchant. Charles Lench (1919), DNLB (1990), NQ versity in 1976. In 1982 a fisheries research vessel (Apr. 1913; July 1926), Centre for Newfoundland was given his name. Canadian Who s Who XX"V, Studies (Philip Templeman). RHC DNLB ( 1990), ET (Apr. 6, 1990). ACB

TEMPLEMAN, WALTER (1907-1966). Physician. TEMPLEMAN, WILLIAM (1889-1949). Physician. Born Bonavista. Educated Bonavista; Dalhousie Uni­ Born Bonavista, son of Catherine (Fitzgerald) and versity. Married Dorothy Neal. Following gradua­ Philip Templeman qv. Educated Bonavista; Methodist tion in 1934, Templeman established a medical College; St. Bonaventure's College; McGill Univer­ practice at Wabana. He was also the Department of sity; University of London. Married (1) Alice Lloyd; Health representative on Bell Island for 30 years, (2) Susie Haynes. In his final year of medical studies and chief medical officer at the iron mines from at McGill University when World War I broke out, 1942 until 1965. During World War II he held an Templeman joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force active commission in the Royal Canadian Army and in May 1915 was attached to the Royal Army Medical Corps. Active in community affairs, Tem­ Medical Corps with the rank of lieutenant. He served pleman was a member of the Clift Masonic Lodge in Gallipoli and France with various hospital units as and the Kiwanis Club, serving as Kiwanis lieuten­ medical officer and was promoted to the rank of cap­ ant-governor for Newfoundland in 1956. He be­ tain. Seriously ill, he was invalided back to Canada in came acting mayor of Wabana in July of 1955 and August 1916, where he became attached to the Cana­ was elected to the post the next year, serving until dian Army Medical Corps, serving in Montreal. In just before his death. Templeman successfully ' 1919 he returned to Newfoundland and subsequently campaigned for a hospital for Bell Island. Com­ practised medicine in Old Perlican, St. John's and pleted in 1964 and officially opened the next year, ' Bonavista. From 1928 to 1938 he served at Woody the hospital was named in his honour. He died at Point, and at Catalina until his death on August 28, St. John's on September 3, 1966. DNLB (1990), ET 1949. Dr. Ray Bugden (interview, May 1994); Bert (Sept. 6, 1966). JOHN PARSONS Dunn (personal records, Bonavista), Rev. Fred Hickman 354 TERMS OF UNION

(letter, May 1994), Dr. Noel Murphy (interview, May the provisional government took upon itself to negoti­ 1994), DN (Aug. 31, 1949), Fishermen's Advocate ate final terms of union, and on December 11, 1948 (Sept. 2, 1949; Sept. 16, 1949), Who's Who in andfrom all but one of the Commission's delegates signed ~ Newfoundland 1937 (1937). JOHN PARSONS somewhat expanded version of the original proposals. On February 16 the Canadian Parliament framed a TERMS OF UNION. The general terms of Confedera­ p_etition to the British Parliament, requesting expan­ tion applying to all Provinces of Canada are set forth SIOn of the BNA Act to incorporate the Terms (see in the British North America (BNA) Act 1867-1949 below). A few days later, the Commission approved and its successor, the Constitution Act 1982. Differing them in ri_ght of Ne:vfo':lndland, and the United King­ social and historical circumstances upon entry, how­ dom Parhament, reJectmg last-minute constitutional ever, led to special terms being framed in the case of appeals, confirmed the union through an Act to ap­ individual provinces. Even the original compact be­ prove the Canadian petition (BNA 1949). The terms of tween the four imperial colonies under the BNA Act confederation were, in short, negotiated and enacted contained such special-terms; for example, those aimed not by a duly constituted Newfoundland legislat iv~ at conserving the French language and legal system in assembly, but by agents of the Canadian and British Quebec. It may be said the federation has always been governments. somewhat asymmetrical in specifics. Newfoundland's case was unique in that, having THE TERMS. The vast majority of the Terms, 50 in refrained from union while a colony and having at­ all, are concerned with spelling out how the Canadian tained Dominion status with Canada, Australia and system would apply in Newfoundland's case, and how others in 1931, it would be the only province to have transition would be effected. They define provincial confederated from the position of an independent status and boundaries (1-3); the number of senators country. However, in 1933, in response to severe eco­ and members of Parliament and the question of the nomic distress, the fledgling Dominion was obliged to first election ( 4-6); limited restoration of the New­ petition the United Kingdom for emergency support, foundland constitution (7); transfer of executive and offering to suspend legislative autonomy and accept legislative authority and disposition of residual pow­ an interim government appointed by the Dominion's ers (8-16); the limitation of provincial rights with re­ Office. Though not conceived as reversion to colonial gard to education (17); provisions to maintain the status, as some later construed it, but as a voluntary force of law and legal rights ( 18-21 ); the transfer of and provisional regime only, the arrangement nonethe­ regulatory authority vested in the Fisheries Board to less created a constitutional ambiguity as to the source the federal ministry in five years (22); the disposition and legitimacy of future initiatives aimed at restoring of surpluses, debts, federal subsidies, rights of taxa­ sovereignty. This question of legitimacy would be­ tion and transitional grants (23-29); the federal as­ come a major issue when it was later proposed to sumption of responsibility for certain services, negotiate terms of union with Canada. personnel and properties, specifically, broadcasting, The 1933 Newfoundland Act giving assent to New­ railway and marine, the courts, postal services, avia­ foundland's petition expressly provided that "as soon tion, defense and fisheries promotion (30-36); confir­ as ... the country is again self-supporting, responsible mation of provincial resource rights (37); government, on request from the people ofNewfound­ unemployment benefits and old age, civil service and land, would be restored". The National Convention veterans' pensions (38-42); rights of citizenship (43); qv, elected in 1946, was defined by its terms of refer­ the military establishment ( 44); aid in assessing eco­ ence as representing the people in framing such a nomic potential (45); exemption from federal laws request, to be ratified in a referendum. The very lan­ limiting manufacture and sale of margarine ( 46); tax guage of the Act suggested that the options were to exemptions in the transition year (47); application of prolong interim government, to reinstate full self-gov­ the Statute of Westminster ( 48); protection of existing ernment, or something between the two. When union agreements concerning employment ofNewfoundland with Canada was raised during Convention delibera­ labour ( 49); and confirmation of procedures whereby tions the option was roundly rejected, not so much out the Terms are to take effect (50). Of those covered by of lack of interest, but because it was generally the Terms, perhaps four issues have remained persis­ thought that with its constitution voluntarily sus­ tently controversial: fiscal support, resource rights, pended it was quite beyond anyone's purview to make education and sovereignty. alterations in Newfoundland's sovereign status, how­ TERM 29. The perennial question whether Newfound­ ever dormant the latter might be. The constitution land has an intrinsic capacity to be self-reliant is a would first have to be restored. vexing one that also exercised those negotiating the When, on receipt of a mail-in petition, the United Terms. It was not a question of what might be neces­ Kingdom government unilaterally placed Confedera­ sary to alleviate existing disparities, but how long the tion on the ballot on the grounds that it was bound to new Province might take to build up a fiscal income of recognize any "request from the people", however its own, without extraordinary taxes or borrowing, expressed or mobilized, this act was seen both to ex­ sufficient to allow it to maintain a level of public ceed its authority and to subvert the Convention's services comparable at least to those of the Maritime mandate. On the basis of a bare referendum majority, Provinces. As this question was unanswerable at the TERMS OF UNION 355

Albert Walsh qv signing the Terms time a tentative schedule of special transitional subsi- again fallen victim to an old and abiding scepticism dies was set up (Term 28) with the proviso that a which holds Newfoundland to be incapable in princi- Royal Commission should review progress after eight pie of economic self-reliance. years to determine the form and level of any future financing (Term 29) . Prime Minister John RESOURCE RIGHTS. The Province's lack of jurisdic­ Diefenbaker's subsequent refusal to accept the Mc­ tion over its primary resources has been a continuing Nair Commission recommendation of an indefinite $8 source of aggravation. Section 92A of the BNA Act million a year and his proposal instead to end the assigns full, unequivocal jurisdiction over all sources of special subsidy by 1962 precipitated a furious consti­ natural wealth to provinces, with the exception of fisher­ tutional confrontation with charges of gross federal ies which are federally controlled. Loss of control over infidelity, talk of secession and widespread public of­ its fishery, the principal mainstay of community life for fense directed at the Prime Minister. The matter was four centuries, rendered Newfoundland unique as the settled with the return of a Liberal government in the only province in Canada with no say in the disposition of 1965 federal election, which accepted the recom­ its primary traditional resource, obliged to exploit it in mended settlement. competition with many others under an often indifferent While no longer an issue as such, Term 29 signals a federal authority. From the original futile attempts in 1948 problem still unresolved. Ever-deepening economic to negotiate retention of Newfoundland's fisheries man­ disparity remains an abiding feature of the union, im­ agement regime under the Terms, to the disastrous col­ pervious to all attempts at amelioration. Repeated at­ lapse of fish stocks in the 1990s amidst charges of federal tempts over 40 years to stimulate industrial growth, bungling and irresolution, the arrangement has been a exploit existing resources more effectively, or gain continuing source of federal-provincial disharmony. constitutional access to a more adequate resource The discovery of oil on the Newfoundland Banks in base, have all largely failed. While life goes on, the the 1970s raised fresh possibilities for fiscal renewal, local economy becomes increasingly insubstantial, but the question as to who was primarily to profit from with maintenance of basic services more dependent coastal seabed resources was still a novel one consti­ than ever upon federal infusions, higher taxes and a tutionally, unanticipated in the Terms. Newfoundland · crippling debt. And with the collapse of the cod fish­ argued that since it had brought the Banks into the ery in 1992-93 the guarded optimism of 1949 has union, as it were, and that the Constitution, rightly 356 TERMS OF UNION read, assigns all benefit from resources exclusively to the Canadian Parliament, provided only that such an and in principle to the provinces, the same should initiative can muster adequate popular support. The apply to adjacent offshore resources. The Supreme issue has thus all along rested more on ideology than Court, however, deferred to the Trudeau government's on constitutionality. opposing claim that, since extra-territorial jurisdic­ SOVEREIGNTY. The fourth area of continuing con­ tions are subject to international convention, the fed­ troversy pertains to process rather than to the Terms eral authority must be primary. Accordingly, themselves. A lingering sense of lost or offended au­ Newfoundland was to benefit from the resource only tonomy, a residual nationalistic sentiment which still obliquely at Ottawa's pleasure. feeds on ambiguities concerning the old Dominion's Jurisdiction over Labrador hydro-electric resources sovereign status brought to light during the Confeder­ has been similarly undermined. At the time the Chur­ ation debate makes Newfoundlanders among the most chill Falls project was built, jurisdiction over energy chronically reluctant of all Canadians. The 1933 development remained somewhat obscure, there being agreement accepting interim rule by unelected Com­ no explicit reference in the BNA Act or the Terms. mission granted the latter full authority in matters of When Ottawa sought to restrict Alberta's energy rights everyday government. But it was never contemplated under the National Energy Plan, that Province won a that this authority should extend to the right to alter constitutional clarification (Sec. 92A) specifying an the compact itself or to negotiate terms that involved unlimited provincial right to legislate respecting fundamental changes in a constitution which, though hydro-electric resources and sites. Subsequent New­ suspended, had in no sense been abrogated. foundland legislation reaffirming its Labrador water This question of sovereignty was at the time no less rights was, however, declared void by the Supreme controversial in Britain and Canada than in New­ Court on the grounds that it sought to undermine the foundland. The decision of the Dominions Office to Quebec legal system under which the original power interpret the Newfoundland Act setting up the Com­ contract between Brinco and Hydro Quebec had been mission as a simple reversion to colonial rule, imply­ signed. Its rights to Labrador energy, the offshore and ing its right to dictate unilaterally the terms on which the fishery thus compromised, lack of access to an the arrangement should end, was roundly criticized in adequate resource base remains a source of New­ the U.K. as arrogant and arbitrary. Nor did the Ottawa foundland's continuing economic impotence. government accept the Commission as a wholly legit­ EDUCATION. It is said Confederation would never imate government; it refused to invoke the section of have gained popular support without Term 17, limiting the BNA Act providing for Newfoundland's future the Province's jurisdiction over its denominational entry on the grounds that no legislative authority ex­ school system, a right normally vested in provincial isted in Newfoundland that could legitimately enact legislatures. The tardy development of an enlightened the required matching resolution. It chose instead to polity in Newfoundland meant that a responsibility petition to amend the BNA Act such as to include the fell to the churches in the past to provide basic hu­ Terms, a tactic out of line with Canadian amending mane services such as medical care, education and procedure. In the end, it was a provisional govenior even, in isolated communities, everyday public ad­ and six appointees of the British Dominions Secretary, ministration. The churches accordingly exerted an ex­ acting wholly in camera, who purported to represent traordinary influence in public affairs in the Newfoundland people in negotiating, signing and Newfoundland down to recent times, the principle of approving the final Terms. denominational representation openly recognized in Newfoundlanders who saw return to self-government some public appointments. The development of so­ to be prerequisite to any alteration in Newfoundland's phisticated secular institutions in more recent times sovereign status rightly argued that anything less im­ has pl~ced in question the validity of a constitutional plied that the country had wholly abdicated legislative rider, exceptional in the rest of Canada and most dem­ autonomy in 1934. The British Attorney General had ocratic countries, that requires duly elected govern­ indeed made this latter claim in Parliament at one ments to defer to ecclesiastical authority respecting point but was forced, on the record, to retract it, ar­ policy decisions in a school system become essen­ guing instead that the proposed referendum would in tially a public one in most practical respects, on the any case obviate any questions of legitimacy. But the ground that the churches were the original providers Dominions Office reserved to itself, overriding the of educational services. The debate has accordingly will of the elected local Assembly, the right to dictate intensified as to whether denominational education is the referendum options and interpret its results, which an inefficient anomaly or a sacred trust. Defendants of turned out to be a cliff-hanging majority far short of both positions had long assumed that any attempt at the two-thirds required in most democracies for con­ change would be bound to founder on the immovable stitutional change. rock of Term 17. But in renewed attempts by the Wells Thus even though, over time, most people have administration to assert greater public control of the come to accept Confederation as a historical inevita­ system it became clear to all that the Term, applying as bility, the sense of a former independence improperly it does only to Newfoundland, is open to annulment at and unwillingly given up still persists and no doubt is any time through petition of the Provincial Legislature partly responsible for sustaining the intense pride of -- TERRA NOV A 357

place, culture and character for which Newfound­ down the coast of Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope, landers are still remarkable a half century later. The and southward and eastward to the seas south of Aus­ suspicion that Newfoundland sovereignty was muti­ tralia and New Zealand; thence around Cape Horn on lated in 1949 by treacheries in London, Ottawa and at the homeward journey. It is an astonishing fact that home, refuses, like an unquiet ghost, to die. The less those birds not only find their way back to the Arctic dramatic explanation may perhaps simply be that the for nesting, but that some, at least, return in succes­ country, in electing to defer independence in 1933, sive years to their own nesting sites. The round trip omitted to spell out in advance the procedures to be has been estimated at more than 25,000 miles. followed in the eventual restoration of sovereignty The Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) breeds in New­ which the Act proposed. Through this oversight, and foundland, but is considered uncommon. It is appre­ to the frustration of patriots then and since, New­ ciably larger than other terns, and recognizable by its foundlanders found themselves at the mercy of the size, which is almost that of a herring gull. Its flight is needs and rhetoric of the day, and it fell by default to less acrobatic and more gull-like than that of the a purely interim authority, and to whoever could suc­ smaller terns, and its tail is less deeply forked. Old cessfully influence it to control events, negotiate the records suggest that it used to nest on Sandy Lake. Terms and take the final decision. F.L. JACKSON Subsequently a colony of about 30 pairs was discov­ ered on North Penguin Island, off the Straight Shore. TERNAY, CHARLES-HENRI-LOUIS. See ARSAC In 1992 this colony was found to be abandoned, appar­ DE TERNAY. ently due to the presence of a fox on the island; but 36 nests were found on nearby Ladle Cove Island. There TERNS. Terns are birds of the family Laridae. This have been repeated sightings of this bird in the Deer family also includes gulls, but the terns are generally Lake area and near the Burin Peninsula. Six other smaller, with pointed wings, pointed bills and flight species of terns have been seen in Newfoundland, but which is more acrobatic and swallow-like. In flight, the they all are regarded as vagrant. W.A. Montevecchi bill is not held horizontally, as in gulls, but is pointed (personal records). CHARLIE HORWOOD downward. Terns dive from the air to capture small fish. They are not scavengers, and they are much more TERRA NOVA (inc. 1960; pop. 1991, 38). Formerly a dependent upon fish than many of the gulls are. In terns logging community and the A.N.D. Company's eastern that are seen in Newfoundland, as in most others, the headquarters for pulpwood operations, in 1994 the forked tail is another feature distinguishing them from village of Terra Nova was primarily made up of sea­ gulls. In Newfoundland they are also known by the sonal residences. Most year-round inhabitants were local name "stearin". Three species breed in New­ employed in poultry farming or service industries ca­ foundland. tering to tourists. The community is located where the The common tern (Sterna hirundo) is smaller than the railway line once crossed the Terra Nova River, be­ kittiwake ("tickle-ace") and more streamlined. The tween two large lakes (Terra Nova Lake and Pitts black cap, which covers the eye, is very noticeable; it Pond). Offering rail access deep into the interior of does not extend to the throat as in black-headed gulls. Newfoundland- with the two lakes providing further The feet and legs are red, the back grey, and the under­ routes into the country, and the River providing an parts white or grey-white. The common tern breeds additional means of transporting logs- the first lum­ mostly in colonies, on coastal islands, sometimes on ber mill was established at Terra Nova in 1894, only islands in lakes, from central Labrador south through two years after the first section shack was built on the insular Newfoundland and Atlantic Canada. The migra­ site for railway construction labourers. This venture, tion of this bird is not as extensive as that of the Arctic by the Campbell Lumber Co., would appear to have tern, and in winter it is found from Florida southward. In been short-lived, as when sportsman J.G. Millais vis­ 1993 populations were suffering greatly from predations ited in 190 1 he found logs from an abandoned mill, of the larger gulls, which prey upon nests and young, with the sole inhabitants being a sectionman named although the parent bird will not hesitate to attack a gull Tim and his adopted son, Mike (who performed the which attempts to take its young. duties of station master despite being only 11 years The Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) is similar in old). Shortly thereafter the Horwood *Lumber Co. qv size and general appearance to the common tern. Some reopened the mill. Meanwhile, the station remained noticeable differences are the shorter legs, shorter one of the most popular with sportsmen hunting cari­ neck and bill, and greyer breast. In the mature bird the bou. In about 1915 a "hotel" for railway workers was bill is more deeply red. This is a common Newfound­ established. The first "permanent" settlers of Terra land bird, breeding on islands farther off-shore, with a Nova arrived at about this time: George Rowsell (who range that extends far into the Arctic. This species is was employed by Horwood's and stayed on with the remarkable for its migration, which is greater than that A.N.D. Co. as woods foreman), section foreman Wil­ of any other bird. Those from the Canadian Arctic liam Holloway and woodsman Herbert Head. migrate past the Newfoundland coast, across the At­ In 1920 timber limits in the Terra Nova area were lantic to the coast of Spain, then coastwise to west acquired by the Terra Nova Sulphite Co. to supply a mill Africa, where some branch off to follow the coast of at Angle Brook, near Glovertown. Although this mill South America southward, while others continue was never completed, in 1924 it and the associated 358 TERRA NOVA ADVOCATE AND POLITICAL OBSERVER

timber limits were acquired by the A.N.D. Co., which political, of the Catholic population" as "Roma11 decided not to complete the mill, but to harvest the Catholics have at present no recognized organ of the wood for the Grand Falls mill. Terra Nova first ap­ press, while newspapers abound which (practically pears in the Census in 1935, with a population of 64. speaking) are distinctly Protestant" (May 4, 1876). It By this time the community was bustling: as head­ contained the usual features of papers of the day: local quarters for a network of woods camps extending far and foreign news, police court news, poetry, advertise­ into the interior, as the railhead for hundreds of log­ ments, shipping news, as well as extracts from other gers working seasonally in the woods, and as one of papers. During F.B.T. Carter's coalition administra­ the best-known hunting grounds on the Island. tion the paper remained politically independent. It In 1924 William Holloway took the lead in having supported William V. Whiteway, Carter's successor the community's first school built. This was replaced but in 1885 blamed him for the religiously-motivated by a school/chapel in 1939. By 1950, with the woods Harbour Grace Affray. It opposed the Permissive Bill operation being amalgamated at Terra Nova and the which would have restricted the sale of liquor in 1885 community' s population approaching 200, a new supported the construction of the railway, and cam: school was built, and the former school refurbished as paigned for Ambrose Shea's Liberals when they op­ a church. This unique arrangement had the building posed Thorburn's Protestant Reform Party in 1885. fitted with an altar at each end (for the Church of Five years later it supported Monroe against England and United Church congregations), while, Whiteway, and in 1888 supported the idea of confed­ further to facilitate the sharing between denomina­ eration with Canada. Suzanne Ellison ( 1988), Terra tions, the rest backs were on pivots. Nova Advocate (May 1876-Feb. 1878 passim). ILB The railway remained Terra Nova's sole link to the rest of Newfoundland until 1958, when a road was TERRA NOVA PARK. See PARKS, NATIONAL. constructed to the Trans Canada Highway (a side ben­ efit to the establishing of Terra Nova National Park). TERRA NOVA RIVER. This river has its headwaters in By this time, however, woods operations had passed the Middle Range Hills of the eastern interior of New­ their peak, and in 1962 they were closed. The commu­ foundland. From there it flows in a northeasterly direc­ nity incorporated in 1960, reflecting residents' deter­ tion through Newton Lake, Lake St. John, Mollyguajeck mination that the town would not die, and two Lake, Terra Nova Lake and to the west of Terra Nova substantial poultry farms were established. By the end National Park, before draining into Alexander Bay at Glovertown South. The watershed covers an area of 1880 of the decade most young men had left to find work 2 elsewhere and soon moved their families. In 1969 the km , much of which is heavily forested. local school was closed, and students were bused - The Terra Nova River was used as a route to the more than 40 km -to school in Glovertown. interior by aboriginal people and by the early settlers, In 1994 seasonal residents outnumbered year-round who knew the waterway as Bloody Bay Main Brook. inhabitants, perhaps by as much as ten to one. In Sometime between 1829 and 1834 the family of Rich­ addition to the summer homes in the village itself, ard Stroud qv came to the mouth of the River to pros­ there were also many cabins along the Terra Nova ecute the salmon fishery. As a settled community road, as Pitts Pond and Terra Nova Lake continued to grew, more people fished the River until by 1875 the provide summer and winter access to the country for salmon stock was seriously depleted. Terra Nova pleasure boats and snowmobiles. Meanwhile the area River and Lake St. John were favoured by sport hunt­ was also much frequented in the fall by hunters, re­ ers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. F.C. Selous qv taining its reputation as one of the best places on the hunted caribou along the River as did J.G. Millais qv, Island for moose. J .G. Millais ( 1907), Roy Reid employing guides from Alexander Bay. (MHG 102-B-2-2), Census (1935-1991), Newfound­ In 1892 the River was bridged near where it flows land Directory 1936 (1936), Newfoundland Historical out of the east end of Terra Nova Lake - later the Society {Terra Nova). RHC location of the village of Terra Nova qv. As it was now accessible by railway a small sawmill was begun by TERRA NOVA ADVOCATE AND POLITICAL OB­ the Campbell Lumber Co. to exploit the timber re­ SERVER. The earliest known extant issue of this sources. But this venture was short-lived, as was a paper is dated May 5, 1875, and the last located issue sawmill established by the Horwood Lumber Co. in Dec. 23, 1890. At various periods it was published the early 1900s. After World War I a pulp mill was three times a week, semiweekly and daily (except Sun­ built at Angle Brook, near Glovertown. The Terra day). It was first known as the St. John's Advertiser, Nova Sulphite Mill Co. was acquired by the Anglo­ changed to Terra Nova Advocate and Political Ob­ Newfoundland Development (A.N.D.) Co. in 1924 but server on May 4, 1876, and from May 8, 1880 to never began production (see PULP AND PAPER December 23, 1890 was called the Terra Nova Advo­ MANUFACTURE). Instead, the A.N.D. Co. made use cate. Published by Joseph English, who was also its of the Terra Nova Sulphite timber limits and started proprietor from 1880 to 1890, the paper was edited for extensive cutting of the Terra Nova watershed. The a while by John A. Rochfort qv. River was used to transport timber, and dams were The paper, as its prospectus puts it, was first and constructed on various ponds and tributary streams. foremost "an organ and vindicator, especially in matters Logging along the river continued until 1964. TERRENCEVILLE 359

The salmon run on the Terra Nova River was never as large as it might have been, especially after artifi­ cial barriers such as dams combined with natural ob­ structions. The major obstruction to fish was the Mollyguajeck Falls, below Mollyguajeck Lake and about 56 km from the River mouth. The first fish ladder was built on smaller falls on the River in 1904, and other fishways were built in 1952 and 1954 and improved in 1961. It was not until 1985 that a run­ around was built to by-pass Mollyguajeck Falls, al­ lowing salmon runs to the upper part of the River. Terra Nova River has been a favourite area for sport fishermen as well as hunters and has more recently gained in popularity among recreational canoeists. E.L. Tulk (1964), A Proposed Atlantic Salmon En­ hancement Project (1988). ACB

TERRA NOVA, S.S. Designed for the Greenland whale fishery and built in Dundee in 1884, the Terra Nova was the largest and perhaps the most famous of the "wooden wall" sealing steamers. The 744-ton vessel was three-masted and barque-rigged, measuring 187 feet long and 31 feet wide. It first went to the seal hunt in 1885, outfitted by the builders, Alexander Stephen and Sons. In 1898 it was bought by Bowring Brothers and, commanded by Arthur Jackman qv, sailed for the first time under Newfoundland registry. From 1885 to "The noble Terra Nova/ a model without doubt" 1903 the Terra Nova went to the ice under several other sank off the east coast of Labrador in March 1960. notable sealing captains: including Abram Kean and K.M. Coady (1973), Shannon Ryan (1987), Atlantic Charles Dawe qqv. Fisherman & Shipping Review (April 1964), Centre In 1903 the British admiralty bought the Terra Nova for Newfoundland Studies (S.S. Terra Nova), New­ and sent it in search of the Discovery, which was foundland Historical Society (Terra Nova). ILB icebound in the Antarctic with the first Scott polar expedition. In 1910 it was acquired (for £12,500) by TERRA NOVAN. A monthly magazine published in St. the Scott South Pole Expedition for the second, and John's by the Terra Nova Council of the Knights of ill-fated, expedition (see POLAR EXPLORATION). Columbus from 1958 until 1967. Among others, edi­ After the return of the Expedition, the steamer was tors of the Terra Novan included Arthur E. Jackman repurchased by its former owners. It went to the ice and Pius J. Wakeham qv. Illustrated and in a tabloid again in 1914, and continued as a sealer through the format, the Terra Novan carried news about Council war years. In its long career the Terra Nova brought in activities and other events of concern to Roman Cath­ over 800,000 pelts. In 1918 it was chartered by olics. The magazine also contained information on new DOSCO to bring coal from North Sydney to Bell Is­ members, as well as birth, marriage and death an­ land. Along with other ships, in February 1918 the nouncements. Kathryn Pike ( 1985), Terra Novan (Oct. Terra Nova went to the scene of the Florizel qv disas­ 1963-May 1967). LBM ter. Chartered to Newfoundland Base Contractors to carry supplies to stations in Greenland in 1942, it was TERRENCEVILLE (inc. 1972; pop. 1991, 818). Ter­ damaged by ice and on September 13, 1943 sank near renceville was known as Head of Fortune Bay or For­ the southwestern tip of Greenland. Captain Llewellyn tune Bay Bottom until 1905, when the name was Lush and his crew were rescued by the U.S. Coast­ changed at the suggestion of the parish priest, perhaps guard cutter Atka. The figurehead, removed in 1913, to honour the memory of recently-deceased former rests in the National Museum of Wales. governor Sir J. Terence O'Brien qv. The northeastern There were several other vessels named Terra Nova. extremity of Fortune Bay is a steep-sided arm about 15 One, a 190-ton vessel built in 1863 in Harbour Grace, km long. Near its head it is almost blocked by a long was owned by John Munn and lost at Indian Tickle, sandspit (locally the Meadow) which forms a L~brador on September 8, 1867. Another, a 165-ton barrisway at the mouth of Bottom (Terrenceville) bn_gantine owned by P. Rogerson & Sons was lost near Brook. The community is located along the beach on Cnpple Cove in January of 1882 while en route from the southeast side of the Bay, in the crook of the Harbour Grace to Valencia with a load of salt cod. A Meadow, and on the foothills of the substantial plateau third, a 240-ton vessel, was owned by Earle Freighting behind it. A remarkable feature in an area where usable Services of Carbonear, and was lost in 1964. Another shore space is all but non-existent, it is likely that the sealing vessel, also owned by the Carbonear firm, Meadow was used by French fishermen to dry fish in 360 TERRENCEVILLE the late 1600s and early 1700s, before they were behind the cluster of homes around Harbour Brook. eliminated from the Fortune Bay fishery in 1713 by The community also became a supplier of fresh and the Treaty of Utrecht. In the late 1 700s, when Eng­ salt meat for fishing communities as far away as Har­ lish settlement of the outer Bay was on the rise, it is bour Breton- beef and mutton, and caribou and other likely that there was some winter work being done game from the surrounding plateau. Terrenceville res­ in the Terrenceville area. Very likely it was during idents also had a reputation for building small boats the course of winter work out of Belleoram that with the most renowned local builders, such as th~ James Miles first became familiar with Terrence­ three Hickey brothers in the late 1800s, building some ville. By tradition the first settler of the community, schooners. A lobster fishery developed after a cannery Miles was born in Shaftesbury, Dorset, came to New­ was opened in 1898 at Ryle 's Barrisway, about 3 km foundland in about 1780 and appears to have settled southwest of the community. year-round at Terrenceville about 1800. In 1811 a By the 1890s most of the fishermen among the pop­ Harbour Breton magistrate, while visiting in con­ ulation of 148 were crew on banking vessels out of the junction with a dispute between Irish and English larger Fortune Bay ports. Many of the bankers, on inhabitants over whether the Meadow could be returning after the fall voyage, would purchase their fenced into individual garden plots or should be left winter's supplies in Grand Bank or St. Pierre, a prac­ as a common pasture, noted that the community had tice which kept the community from developing a six families. It is not recorded how the dispute was substantial mercantile establishment, even though it resolved, but in living memory family gardens plots was the largest centre in the immediate area. Both were the rule. The Irish-English division also be­ Church of England and Roman Catholic churches had came blurred over time, as in the early 1820s Miles' been built by 1900, followed shortly by the first daughter Catherine married an Irishman, Timothy schools serving the scattered small communities north McCarthy, while another married a Hickey, whore­ and east of Bay L' Argent. Through intermarriage and portedly came to the community from Placentia Bay conversion the community came to have a Roman (Bottom Brook being the usual route for overland Catholic majority, with only one branch of the Mileses travel between the two bays). Other family names and the Lavhey family remaining Church of England recorded in the community prior to 1870 include adherents by 1921. Coombs, Cox, Lavhey and Mitchell (families earlier In 1909 Terrenceville's prospects for developing as recorded at Belleoram or St. Jacques). a regional centre appeared to improve, when it was The early inhabitants fished predominantly for cod, projected as the Fortune Bay terminus for a 58-mile but the community was quite distant from the most branch railway, connecting with the main line at favoured headland fishing grounds and disadvantaged Goobies. Only the most preliminary work was done by the depth of local waters. While herring became before the scheme was abandoned during World War I, important in the mid-1800s (for sale as bait to foreign but a survey line had been laid over the vast barren bankers), other areas in the Bay were also more noted between the two terminals and over the next 20 years for this fishery. Terrenceville's unique feature was the some road construction did proceed (often as relief Meadow: its sandy soil was used to raise turnips and work, or during election years). In 1939 a road link to cabbage for sale to Belleoram and English Harbour Goobies was completed and Terrenceville became a West, while potatoes were grown in sloping gardens regular stop for coastal steamers.

Terrenceville, from the Meadow TESTARD DE MONTIGNY, JACQUES 361

During World War II the trend of employment away Robert Thorburn formed Thorburn and Tessier in from the community continued, as Terrenceville residents 1888. This business was for a short time the largest fish found work in base construction. In later years the major exporter in Newfoundland, having attracted some of sources of employment were the trawlers out of Grand the customers of P. & L. Tessier as well as those of Bank-Fortune and highway construction. Farming of the Thorburn's former employer, Walter Grieve and Co. Meadow ceased. It was allowed to revert to grassland, Thorburn and Tessier had several hundred employees while most of the sloping gardens became sites of new in 1894 but declared insolvency the next year after homes for an increasing population, as most communities suffering considerable losses in the 1894 *Bank Crash on the north side of the Bay were abandoned or resettled. qv. Tessier was elected to the House of Assembly for St. Since 1969 there has been a road connection to Grand La John's West in 1893-a district that had been represented Pierre, extended to English Harbour East in 1973. In 1993 by his uncle, Lewis Tessier, from 1870 to 1882. Though common family names at Terrenceville (in addition to unseated as a result of opposition petitions, Tessier was those listed above) included Clarke, Hackett, Hynes, again elected in 1897. Keith Matthews (1980), H.Y. Mott Rideout and Vaslett. School children attended St. Joseph's (1894), Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser (Dec. Roman Catholic All-Grade School in the community. 26, 1865; June 12, 1883), Centre for Newfoundland Stud­ Thomas Coombs (MHG 41-D-1-77), Francis Cox (MHG ies (James C. Tessier). ACB 41-D-1-76), Genevieve Hickey (MHG 36-B-1-63), Gilbert Hynes (MHG 36-B-1-64), E.R. Seary (1977), Edward Wix TESSIER,PETERGERMON (1819-1886). Mer­ (1836), Census (1836-1991), Lovell's Newfoundland Direc­ chant. Born Newton Abbott, Devon. Married (1) Jane tory (1871), Archives (A-7-111), Newfoundland Historical Carter; (2) Ann (Carter) Weston; father of James C. Society (Terrenceville). RHC Tessier qv. The Tessier family had been associated with the Newfoundland trade for some time when Peter TESSIER, FREDERICK MAINWARING ( 1 91 5- ) . Tessier and his brother Lewis came to the Island in Grand Bank municipal councillor. Born Ferry land, son 1842. The brothers entered into a brief partnership of George and Blanche (Carter) Tessier. Educated with Devonshire merchant Samuel Langley, but the Bishop Feild College; Memorial University of New­ firm was dissolved in 184 7. That same year the firm of foundland. Married Mary Margaret Buffett. Tessier P. & L. Tessier was formed as a fishery supply busi­ was a government health in­ ness in St. John's. Initially the business was modest, spector until 1943, when he but after 1850 the Tessiers became heavily involved in joined the Grand Bank firm the salt cod trade. By the 1870s P. & L. Tessier had of G. & A. Buffett as an become one of the largest supply and export firms in accountant. He sat on the Newfoundland. In 1871 and 1873 respectively, the Grand Bank town council Tessiers exported 106,000 and 76,980 quintals of fish from 1948 to 1953 and was from St. John's, surpassing all other traders in the then elected mayor. During town. Peter Tessier entered politics in 1864, perhaps the 1950s he served as vice­ influenced by his father-in-law, Robert Carter qv of president of the Newfound­ Ferry1and (both of Tessier's wives were daughters of land Federation of Mun­ Carter). He sat as a member of the Legislative Council icipalities and of the Joint while maintaining his business as a commission mer­ Councils of the Burin Pen­ chant. The firm continued for some years after his insula. He was elected pres­ Fred M. Tessier death, but folded in 1893. Keith Matthews (1980), ident of both groups in the 1960s. A member of the Shannon Ryan (1986), DNLB (1990). ACB Newfoundland Amateur Athletic Association since 1944, Tessier has served on the executive of the Burin TESTARD DE MONTIGNY, JACQUES (1663-1737). Peninsula Amateur Athletic Association and the New­ Military officer. Born Montreal, son of Marie (Poumin) and foundland Amateur Football Association. From 1964 Jacques Testard de la Forest. Married (1) Marguerite to 1970 he was president of the Newfoundland Soccer Damours; (2) Marie-Anne de Ia Porte de Louvigny. Association. A recipient of the Order of Canada in Montigny is best known for his part in the French cam­ 1974, Tessier was inducted into the Newfoundland and paigns in Newfoundland in 1696-97 and 1705. In 1696 he Labrador Sports Hall of Fame in 1980. Continuing as fought beside Pierre *Le Moyne d'Iberville qv and was mayor of Grand Bank until 1981, he was presented given orders to clear the coast of English settlements. In with a Municipal Service award in 1983. Frank W. command of a detachment, Montigny proceeded from Graham (1988), Newfoundland and Labrador Who's settlement to settlement taking prisoners and destroying Who Centennial Edition (1967), DNLB (1990). ACB fishing equipment. By March of 1697 the English retained control only ofBonavista and Carbonear Island. Montigny TESSIER, JAMES CARTER (1842-1900). Merchant; returned to Newfoundland in 1705 as French forces at­ politician. Born London, son of Jane (Carter) and Peter tacked fishing settlements from St. John's to Bonavista. G. Tessier qv. Married (1) Ann Jackman Langmead; (2) The following year he was in France to present the Abenaki Julia Ann Trotman. Tessier came to Newfoundland in leader Nescambiouit, who had fought with him in both 1853 as an assistant in the dry goods business. He was in Newfoundland campaigns. Montigny resumed military the employ ofP. & L. Tessier for some years before he and service in Canada with the rank of captain. DCB II. ACB 362 TEXMO, DOREEN CAROLYN DELL

TEXMO, DOREEN CAROLYN DELL ( 1944- ). Businesswoman; teacher. Born Winnipeg, daughter of Doreen (Darracott) and Walter Texmo. Educated Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington; Simon Fraser University. Married Keith Storey. Texmo came to Newfoundland in 1971 to teach English at Memorial University. In 1976 she and part­ ner Penny Hansen opened Upstairs Downstairs, a com­ bination cafe and store, on Bates Hill. Three years later they opened a similar business, Living Rooms, in the Murray Premises on Water Street. The partner­ ship later dissolved, leaving Texmo as sole propri­ etor. In December 1990 Texmo opened a sister store, Dining Rooms, in Churchill Square. In 1992 she received the Atlantic Canada Women's Entrepreneur Award (Newfoundland Region), and has received a provincial Economic Impact Award. In 1993 she was nominated for the Canadian Woman Entrepreneur of the Year, a program sponsored by the Financial Post and the Bank of Montreal. Texmo has served on the Quidi Vidi Rennies River Foundation board, the board of directors of Newfoundland Hardwoods, the Working at Terra Nova Textiles, /955 Newfoundland Historic Parks board and on the John (subsequently Riverside Mills) was constructed in Mak­ Cabot Anniversary Corporation. Dell Texmo (inter­ insons qv in 1906, and obtained its raw material, when view, Dec. 1993), Atlantic Insight (Mar. 1980), ET possible, from local sheep farmers. In 1904, Gale's (Aug. 30, 1993). JEAN GRAHAM Carding Mill was built at Millville qv, in the Codroy Valley, for the machine-carding of wool, and by 1921 TEXTILE AND CLOTHING MANUFACTURE. Early there were 70 looms operating in the Valley. activity in the clothing/textile industry in Newfound­ The early 1900s appear to have marked the heyday of land was largely restricted to the production of wool, textile manufacturing in Newfoundland, which was se­ with knitted garments being produced on a relatively verely affected by poor economic conditions in the small scale throughout the settled areas of the Island. 1920s. In 1931 one of four clothing manufacturers in St. As early as 1857, however, Codroy produced 50 yards John's was closed, while the remainder were engaged in of unfulled (uncleaned, unthickened) cloth, while the manufacture of men's and boys' clothing on a part­ nearby Cape Ray produced 403 yards. St. John's and time basis (Gurney). While the onset of the Great De­ the larger towns supported a variety of tailoring, dress pression and a worldwide trend towards larger, more making and millinery shops qv, and a firm known as automated factories were contributing factors, a reduc­ the St. John's Oilcloth Manufactory was known to be tion in tariffs in 1929 had made it increasingly difficult established in St. John's by 1865. to compete against imports from the United States and In the late 1800s the clothing industry grew rapidly Great Britain. Only one woolen mill, primarily making as a result of protective tariffs. From 87 people in blankets, was operating in Newfoundland in 1931. 1871, employment increased to 3 88 by 1890 and to The prosperity of the World War II years helped to 622 by 1913, making the industry the most important preserve Newfoundland's textile/clothing industry and trade in St. John's apart from heavy industry. Accom­ by 1945 438 women and 134 men were employed. How­ panying this change was the displacement of smaller ever, the industry was to be severely weakened by Con­ businesses, which had relied largely on custom work federation and the removal of tariffs on Canadian goods. produced with limited equipment, and the establish­ Federal transportation subsidies, designed to reduce ment of factories which sold directly to retailers. Newfoundland's cost of living, also weakened the com­ Included among these larger enterprises was the petitive position of local firms. Local companies also Newfoundland Clothing Company Ltd., which was experienced rising labour costs, while changes in regula­ established in 1895 and employed more than I 00 tory policies resulted in operational problems for local people by 1913. Another company, the Royal Cloth­ business. The result was that much of Newfoundland's ing Company, owned by the Job family, was incor­ secondary manufacturing industry, including several porated in 1898. A third factory, the British Clothing clothing/textile manufacturers, disappeared. Company, owned primarily by St. John's merchants, Among the most ambitious of the *New Industries was incorporated in 1913. Unlike these companies, qv promoted in the early 1950s was a major textile which produced mainly men's and boys' clothing, manufacturing plant, United Cotton Mills Ltd. The the British Woolen Company, incorporated in 1911, textile mill, to be owned by B. Rawe and Company of was a producer of woolen underwear. Its assets were Germany, was to import raw cotton from Turkey, Iran, taken over by Newfoundland Knitting Mills Limited the United States and Haiti. Financing for the plant in 1913. Outside St. John's, Our Own Woolen Mills was to be provided by the owners and by a 10-year THE BLOCK 363

$2 000,000 government loan. The plans for the new Terra Nova Textiles and United Cotton Mills contin­ industry were not long in attracting criticism. The ued to run up losses and were taken over by govern­ Evening Telegram stated "It sounds too good to be ment in 1958. Four years later, the two companies true" . But despite media and political scepticism, were sold to three Newfoundland businessmen for $1 work continued on a 21-acre James Lane site, and by million. Although United Cotton continued to produce mid-1952 the textile mill was nearing completion. uniforms and other products until its closure in the Meanwhile, plans proceeded for another textile plant. 1980s, it never achieved the capacity and employment Opened on July 19, 1954 as Terra Nova Textiles Ltd., originally anticipated. The Eckhardt Mills in Brigus the new plant obtained much of its personnel and were taken over by the government in 1956 and re­ equipment from White Clothing, then in liquidation. named Brigus Knitting Mills. By late 1967 the anti­ Terra Nova Textiles was designed to produce denim quated knitting operation had been shut down, work clothes and coveralls, hospital uniforms, and although the company continued to operate as a cut­ made-to-measure suits. As in the case of United Cot­ and-sew operation based on purchased fabrics. When ton, the money for the enterprise was partially gener­ attempts to find a private buyer failed, the operation ated through a government loan and partially by was shut down permanently, in December 1969. German owners. One of the last of the New Industries In 1994 there was no large-scale textile manufactur­ to be announced was a knitting mill to be built in ing in the Province. Nevertheless, considerable small­ Brigus by an Austrian company. Unlike many of the scale production continued, primarily by craft other companies that had been established, the operators who specialized in such areas as knitting, Eckhardt Mills had considerable experience in work­ weaving, draperies, duffle work and hooked rugs. The ing in the North American environment and was al­ Newfoundland Outport *Nursing and Industrial Asso­ ready selling its products in Canada and the United ciation qv is particularly well known for its marketing States. In addition, the new enterprise was able to of hand-knitted products, produced on a cottage indus­ draw upon a sizable pool of well-trained labour: Riv­ try basis in many Newfoundland communities. Simi­ erside Woolen Mills had been producing similar prod­ larly, the International *Grenfell Association qv has ucts at Makinsons for over 50 years. The mill opened become known for its "Grenfell cloth" and duffle in 1955 and began to manufacture pullovers, cardi­ cloth items. More recently, these enterprises have gans, knitted dresses, suits, and assorted clothing been joined by a number of other producers, such as from dyed wools imported from Europe. These prod­ Woof Design in St. John's and Nortique Fashions in ucts were marketed through the firm's four retail out­ Corner Brook, which concentrate on specialty mar­ lets in St. John's, Montreal, and Toronto under the kets. John L. Joy (1977), Arthur D. Little Ltd. (1957), brand name of Irene Knitwear. Atlantic Advocate (Sept. 1957), Carpe Diem: Tempus By the mid-1950s, almost all of the New Industries Fugit (1977), Census (1857-1945), ET (passim), were experiencing serious difficulties, many being Hutchinson s Directory ( 1864 ), Newfoundland Direc­ kept alive only through the infusion of additional gov­ tory 1936 (1936), Report on Establishing a Textile ernment monies. By 1957 Premier Smallwood had Industry in Newfoundland (1952). BRIAN C. BURSEY called in business consultants to analyze the effi­ ciency of the new industries. Despite weak sales, low THE BLOCK (pop. 1991, 49). The Block is a farming labour productivity, and high overhead costs, several settlement located along the coast between the mouths companies, including United Cottons and Terra Nova of the Grand Codroy and Little Codroy rivers, to the Textiles, were judged to be potentially profitable. Yet, south of Sears ton qv. It would appear to have been first

The Block, Codroy Valley 364 THEDROKE

settled in the late-1800s, by farmers who moved to the Thicket include Byrne, Crane and Galway. In 1992 The Codroy Valley area from Cape Breton. Jean Brosay (or Thicket and Harbour Grace South were amalgamated Brossard, later Anglicized as Bruce) was noted as a into the town of Harbour Grace. By the early 1990s resident of Grand River in 1871 and in all likelihood most people were employed outside the fishery, in was the first settler at The Block. By 1894 there were service and construction industries. E.R. Seary (1977). three families of Brossards farming there, as well as List of Electors (1928; 1962; 1975), Census (1911- families of Gillises, MacLeans and MacDonalds. The 1991). ACB community first appears separately in the Census in 1901, with a population of 61. As The Block is little THEATRE. The first recorded performance of profes­ more than a local name applied to a collection of sional theatre in the western hemisphere occurred at scattered farms, residents have relied for most services St. John's in August 1583, when the musicians, buf­ on the nearby parish centre at Sears ton. Census (190 1- foons and dancers of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's crew 1991), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871), performed on the waterfront. It is interesting that the McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1894 ). RHC performers wore mummering garb and included ''Mor­ ris dancers, Hobby Horses and many like conceits" THE DROKE (pop. 1956, 3). The Droke (or Drook) is (Hakluyt). Mummering, a sort of folk theatre, has been a fishing station situated on the east side of Trepassey practised here since the eighteenth century and proba­ Bay, between Portugal Cove South and Cape Race. The bly much earlier. A type of traditional folk drama, a name of the settlement comes from a common New­ mummers' play, for example, was / often performed foundland term for a steep-sided, usually wooded, val­ (see CHRISTMAS CUSTOMS; FOLKLORE). ley. Trepassey Bay and the coast around The Droke Records of early legitimate theatre in Newfound­ were frequented by European fishermen from the early land are scanty. It is not until 1806 that we hear of the sixteenth century. It was probably also known to Eng­ first play being performed in St. John's: by James and lish fishermen as early as 1675, when the Perriman and Mary Ormsby and company, who had worked in the Pooley families were engaged in the fishery "south of United States and Quebec. They probably performed Cape de Raze" (Cape Race). scenes from various plays in a room at the London The Droke is first noted in the Census returns in Tavern, the leading St. John's hostelry. Paul O'Neili, 1869 when, combined with Cape Race and Long qv who has extensively researched the history of thea­ Beach, it had a population of 46. Six Roman Catholic tre in Newfoundland, concluded that most theatre, families were living at The Droke in 1874, relying on professional and otherwise, was for a long time con­ the shore fishery and keeping a few sheep and cattle. fined to St. John's and some nearby larger centres. Inhabitants in 1904 were the families of Simon Grace, In 1813 Irish-born Chief Justice Caesar Colclough Joseph and Patrick Perry and James, Joseph and Pat­ qv complained that there were no theatres in the town. rick St. Croix. School and church were attended in In March 1816 the first full-length play, Nicholas Portugal Cove South until about 1920, when a school Rowe's The Fair Penitent, was performed by midship­ was built at Long Beach. The population of the com­ men and officers of the Royal Navy. This successful munity reached 48 in 1921, but a poor fishery in the debut was followed by other productions, and the ven­ late 1940s prompted the Grace family to move away. ture, soon known as Theatre St. John's, took over a After 1956 the few remaining residents moved to the local store as a venue in 1817. Later that year the first larger settlement of Portugal Cove South, but some of the three great fires that would destroy the city put continued to maintain fishing premises at The Droke. an end to theatre for a year or so. Census (1869-1956), List of Electors (1955), In 1822 the Masonic Order undertook to construct a McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1904 ). ACB theatre, which became known as the Amateur Theatre. It opened in February 1823 with The Castle Spectre, THE GUT, GRAND CODROY. See SEARSTON. and in following years provided audiences with a se­ ries of farces, melodramas and Shakespearean plays. THE MORATORIUM. See TRANSITIONAL FISH­ Proceeds from the earliest plays were given to charity. ERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS. A famous early actor was Edward Kennedy. There was a taboo against women's appearing on stage in the THE THICKET (pop. 1991, 131). The Thicket is a early years, but in the summer of 1841 Jean Davenport community near Riverhead, Harbour Grace qv, located (a girl of 14) appeared in the role of Richard the Third. between the roads leading from Spaniard's Bay to The Newfoundlander pronounced her "Nothing short Harbour Grace and Upper Island Cove. It was settled of a miracle", and this success was followed by per­ in the late 1800s, for the most part by families engaged formances of other plays. Davenport took the packet in the Labrador fishery out of Harbour Grace. The steamer to Harbour Grace, performing Richard the Thicket appears in the 1911 Census with a population Third to rave reviews. of 30. At that time there was one full-time farmer in Soon after the departure of Davenport, the Amateur the community, while other adult males combined fish­ was renamed the St. John's Theatre, and opened its ing and farming or worked in the Bell Island iron first professional repertory season under the manage­ mines. Most people were of the Roman Catholic faith ment of Irishman Henry Preston, who had arrived with and attended church in Riverhead. Family names of the a "Corps Dramatique" (including five women). Pres- THEATRE 365

An early cast photo from a play in St. John 's ton opened with Stranger, and it was followed by there were circus acts and glass blowers. In fact, in the Pizaro, Black-Eyed Susan and others. Preston brought late 1800s St. John's was visited by about three dozen his company back to the St. John's Theatre in 1842 dramatic, theatrical and stock companies, some re­ and 1843. On 27 February 1843 it performed the first turning up to six times. The original talent of John locally written play- Gentleman Gray or The British Burke qv appeared on the scene in 1881, with his Soldier, by Thomas Watson of the Royal Newfound­ operetta The Battle of Fox Trap. It opened at the Total land Companies. In April 1842 Preston's company had Abstinence Hall on February 2 and was an immediate made history by taking its plays to Harbour Grace and success. Burke followed it up with other musical par­ Carbonear. In 1844 he moved his theatre to Miss odies, such as The Runaway Girl From Fogo, The Kitty's Salon (near the site of the present War Memo­ Topsail Geisha and Cottons Patch, the first truly in­ rial on Water Street). It was to be his last season. The digenous (albeit semi-professional) theatre in New­ last show at the Amateur Theatre took place at Christ­ foundland. mas 1845 with waxworks from Madame Tussaud's in When the Great Fire levelled the better part of the London; the next spring the theatre was destroyed in city in July 1892, it took with it virtually every thea­ the second of the great fires. tre. In some respects this proved a blessing in dis­ Out of the ashes rose what O'Neill has called "the guise. Before long the Total Abstinence Society had golden age of professional theatre in Newfoundland", rebuilt a magnificent T.A. Hall (it eventually became which was not to end until the Great Fire of 1892. the Casino, then the Capital Theatre). The rebuilt Be­ Dozens of travelling companies from Canada, the nevolent Irish Society building on Queen's Road also United States and Great Britain displayed their talents contained a modem theatre-the Nickel Theatre (which in St. John's and some took their shows to other large still existed, though not used as such, a century later). centres. And the Garrison Theatricals were revived. The late Victorian era saw St. John's establishing Venues included the British Hall, the old Court House, another musical tradition. Charles Hutton qv staged the Factory, the Mechanics Hall, Armstrong's Sail four Gilbert and Sullivan operettas in 1894 (at least Loft and the Fisherman's Hall (the latter built in one of which was parodied by Burke). Georgina Stir­ 1861 ). In addition to drama, there were visiting sing­ ling qv did a series of concerts at the Methodist Col­ ing groups and soloists, magicians, and at least one lege Hall during the winter of 1896-97. Soon after the "mechanical representation of the war in America" turn of the century the first motion pictures were (in October 1863). With the comedy How to Rule Your shown in Newfoundland, at the T.A. Hall in St. John's. Wife, performed at the Fisherman's Hall in February By 1907 the "flickers" were permanently in St. 1867, the Wilson and Clark troupe were the first to John's, with some theatres converting to motion pic­ bring not only a complete repertoire of plays but also tures. The rise of cinema would prove to be a detri­ complete props, costumes and scenery. Through the ment to live theatre. Yet, professional theatre late 1860s and early 1870s groups such as the Healy continued to flourish in St. John's in the first decades Company, the George E. Wilson Company, and the of the twentieth century. Australia, billed as a "strong Josie Lane Dramatic Company were performing at the melodrama", was staged by the W.S. Hawkins Co. at usual venues, with such productions as HMS Pinafore, the T.A. Hall in February 1907. In April 1912 the Ticket of Leave Man and The Bankers Daughter. Joseph Selman Stock Company performed Romeo and Local amateur groups also thrived at the time. As well Juliet at the Casino Theatre. Other troupes, such as the 366 THEATRE

A play put offduring World War I, to raise funds to buy ' 'comforts'' for the troops Metropolitan Dramatic Company, the McAuliffe Charlie's Aunt to The Seven-Year Itch. The advent of Stock Company, the Florence Glossop-Harris Com­ television in the mid-1950s spelled their demise, but pany (at the Casino in 1926 and 1929), provided the their annual residency provided a shot in the arm for public with British and American farces. As well, the the city's flourishing amateur theatre groups. During St. John's bourgeois mounted plays and operettas. this post-Confederation period there were several am­ Since the suppression of mummering in the middle of ateur and semi-professional theatre groups in St. the nineteenth century, that practice had effectively John's. Besides the St. John's Players, there were the been halted in St. John's, but continued to be popular Memorial University Little Theatre Group and the north of Conception Bay. In many small communities London Theatre Company (a local version of the Lon­ indigenous theatre survived in periodic concerts, on don-based original which was organized in St. John's St. Patrick's Day, Christmas, etc., ad hoc theatre con­ by several former members of that company). For the tinuing into the 1990s. most part the productions of these companies showed There was a hiatus in professional theatre in New­ the pervasive influence of British and American styles foundland during the 1930s. By the time the Alexan­ in theatre, with the primary emphasis on established, dra Players from Birmingham, England arrived just scripted productions of Shakespeare, Broadway musi­ after the War, the younger generation had never seen cals, English comedy and romantic drama. professionals on stage. The gap had been filled by The Theatre Guild was organized by Sylvia Wigh qv amateurs. One of the best-known groups in St. John's in the early 1950s, and produced some quality plays. amateur theatre was the St. John's Players. Formed in The Theatre Arts Club was organized in 1956- the 1937 by Grace Butt qv, they used a small stage at first St. John's theatre group formed especially to tour Memorial University College to stage their first pro­ plays to outports. In the early 1960s the fully equipped duction, The Admirable Crichton. They later worked venues ofMUN's Little Theatre and the Holy Heart of in radio drama and television. During World War II the Mary Auditorium opened. The latter gave St. John's group played to servicemen from all over the world, its first modern theatre capable of handling visiting some of whom appeared in many local productions. opera and ballet companies. During the late 1960s and The group was also responsible for the creation of the early 1970s Newfoundland experienced what has been Newfoundland Drama Festival Society and, in 1950, called a "cultural renaissance". A generation came of the first regional drama festival - in which groups age which sought to recapture indigenous culture. from St. John's, Harbour Grace and Corner Brook This was inspired by a number of factors, including took part. Comer Brook won with a production of Ten such social programs as resettlement. It was also a Little Indians. In 1952 Newfoundland entered the Do­ sign of the times, which throughout the western world minion Drama Festival. were marked by great social change. One of the most The Alexandra Players, featuring Alex McCowan, significant aspects of the cultural renaissance was the did a winter season in 1947 at Pitts Memorial Hall. development, finally, of several professional theatre Two members of this group, Leslie Yeo and Hilary companies in Newfoundland, including The New­ Vernon, helped to form the London Players in 1951. foundland Travelling Theatre Company, The Mum­ With the coming of this group there was a revival of mers Troupe, Codco and later the Rising Tide Theatre. repertory theatre for six seasons. The group presented These groups veered away from scripted plays and weekly productions of imported hits ranging from championed collective theatre, which was typified by THEATRE 367

'ts challenge to the assumption that theatre was for was usually overtly political. Among their shows were 1 nd about the dominant economic class. The drama Dying Hard (1975), which dealt with industrial dis­ :hey produced mirrored concern for Newfoundland's ease, and They Club Seals, Don't They?, an answer to heritage and distinct culture. Productions strongly re­ the anti-sealing campaigns. Funding was a perennial flected the rural and traditional character of New- problem for the Mummers; they received little support foundland. from the provincial government (the Newfoundland This phenomenon coincided with the opening of the and Labrador Arts Council was not formed until Arts and Culture Centres (St. John's 1967, Corner 1979). Brookes later wrote a fascinating history of the Brook 1968, Gander and Grand Falls 1971 ). New­ troupe, A Public Nuisance. foundland finally had versatile and modern (some said The most famous of the 1970s troupes was Codco, intimidating) theatrical venues. Though the opening of which had a 20-year life (in various incarnations) on the centres coincided with the rise of indigenous pro­ stage and TV. With original members such as Tommy fessional theatre in Newfoundland, the division of Sexton, Greg Malone, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Cultural Affairs for years afterwards insisted on Jones and Bob Joy qqv the troupe first produced Cod mounting, financing, producing and touring an annual on a Stick ( 1973), a send-up of the strange ideas main­ season of British plays, with casts flown in from Eng­ landers had about Newfoundlanders. Later produc­ land. This was a point of contention in artistic circles, tions through the mid-70s included Sickness, Death and the cycle was not broken until Donna Butt and and Beyond the Grave, Das Capital, Would You Like to Rising Tide got a subscription season. Smell my Pocket Crumbs?, and The Tale Ends. Always The seminal professional troupe, The Newfound­ highly polished and popular, Codco plays provided land Travelling Theatre Company, was formed in early some of the finest satire ever staged in Newfoundland. 1972, originally under the directorship of Dudley Cox, It disbanded in 1976, but periodically regrouped, a university professor and amateur actor. The Com­ while individual members often appeared in produc­ pany was particularly oriented towards touring the tions of other companies. A re-formed Codco enjoyed Province, and was also perhaps the first to experiment a five-year run on CBC television in the late 1980s. regularly with different styles in dramatic expression The Plays of CODCO, edited by Helen Peters, was and presentation. The Company had a quite varied published in 1993. repertoire for the time, ranging from plays by Bertolt Two important spinoffs of the Mummers' tenure Brecht and Neil Simon to local ones by Tom Cahill were the acquisition of the *L.S.P.U. Hall qv in down­ and Michael Cook qqv. The influence of the New­ town St. John's as an alternate theatre and the forma­ foundland Travelling Theatre was quite significant: tion of Rising Tide Theatre, when disaffected many individuals associated with it went on to form or Mummers branched out on their own. The Mummers join other theatre companies in the Province after the acquired the L.S.P.U. Hall and opened it in 1976 under original Company disbanded. their company, The Resource Foundation for the Arts. The Mummers Troupe was also founded in 1972, In 1979 the Hall was taken over by a community when Chris Brookes and Lyne Lunde decided to revive group, adopting the name, Resource Centre for the the folk tradition of mummering. For 10 years they put Arts (RCA). With RCA a new golden age of theatre in off an annual Christmas mummers' play. Their reper­ Newfoundland was launched at the Hall, with well­ toire consisted entirely of plays built around the his­ attended shows by numerous companies and directors, tory and culture of Newfoundland, and their agenda both collectively and individually written. RCA in fact

Cast ofplay held in St. John's during World War II. Seated,far left, is American serviceman Hal Holbrook (who went on to a stage, film and television career as an actor) 368 THEM DAYS

became the heart of professional theatre in Newfound­ drama has provided native groups, both students and land. Other companies, including Stage Right, the adults, with a means of coming to grips with social Newfoundland Shakespeare Company, Sheila's Brush issues, such as alcohol abuse, suicide, loss of language and the Elysian Theatre picked up where Codco and and resettlement. Student groups from West St. Modeste the Mummers had left off. to Nain and from Churchill Falls to Cartwright have Rising Tide Theatre was formed by Donna Butt and entered the Labrador Creative Arts Festival. An adult David Ross in 1978. It began in the Mummers' vein, drama group from Nain, Nanksuamiut (People of the with collective political creations, but soon branched out Country), successfully entered a number of provincial into scripted plays such as Michael Cook's The Gayden drama festivals and attended Sound Symposium in St. Chronicles and Sharon Polock's Blood Relations. This John's in 1986. Other groups were formed in both group deserves credit for getting local theatre into the Hopedale and Rigolet. Chris Brookes (1988), Janice Arts and Culture centres and for breaking the sustaining Drodge (1978), Richard Hakluyt (1600), Paul O'Neill funding syndrome. Rising Tide is best known for its (1975; interview, Dec. 1993), Helen Peters ed. (1993), year-end political satirical revue. In 1992, on the occa­ John Ryan (interview, Dec. 1993). JAMES WADE sion of the 25th anniversary of the Arts and Culture centres, they mounted a critically acclaimed perfor­ THEM DAYS. This quarterly magazine has become mance of Harold Horwood's Tomorrow Will Be Sunday, something of a Labrador institution since it was first adapted for stage by Des Walsh qv. published jointly by the Labrador Heritage Society and In 1979 the provincial drama festival was hosted by the Old Timers League in August 1975. In 1973 the Stephenville. One of the adjudicators was Maxim Labrador Heritage Society, in deciding to collect Mazumdar qv, a 28-year-old actor of international rep­ books written about Labrador, found that little had utation. That summer he formed a combination theatre been written by Labradorians themselves. They set out school and festival: The Stephenville Festival of the to produce a book about Labrador's history, through Arts, which was initially a four-week theatre school the stories of Labradorians who had lived it. Doris and a two-week repertoire. The Stephenville Festival Saunders qv was hired to pull the taped interviews grew steadily with Mazumdar setting professional together into a single book: the magazine was created standards and launching intense rehearsals and work­ from this project. shops which became a springboard for many young Them Days, edited by Saunders, has remained dedi­ actors. He also started a company in Comer Brook. cated to documenting the old ways and early days of Meanwhile the 1980s saw amateur theatre in New­ Labrador, to preserving the history of Labrador foundland both down-sizing and finding new vitality. through the stories of the people. A New Horizons In St. John's a number of groups disappeared, includ­ grant that got the magazine started lasted for three ing the Open Group, the Freelance Players and the months. Grants from private organizations such as the Bohemian Players. The Memorial University Dra­ International Grenfell Association and the Jackman matic Society usually produced only its Summer Foundation of Toronto, as well as the provincial Shakespeare series. The St. John's Players were dor­ mant for half the time. In Comer Brook even the long-standing Corner Brook Players disbanded, but in 1988 the University established a theatre department at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College as part of the new School of Fine Arts. By 1988 only four amateur groups remained to enter the provincial drama festi­ val. One new group of the 1980s was the Centre Stage Players, based in Avondale. Starring John Ryan and Anita Veitch, in 1990 they won most of the awards in the festival with their production of Sea Marks. At the National Drama Festival in Regina that year Ryan was given the award for best actor. They continued to win awards in later years, and in 1993 hosted the drama festival at the Assumption Arts Complex in Avondale. In Labrador records of any kind of theatre before the modern era are virtually non-existent, although early Moravian missionaries had put off Christmas musical performances which featured native people perform­ ing in a new idiom and language. Since the 1970s the Carol Players of Labrador City have been active, put­ ting on several productions a year, as well as entering, winning and hosting the provincial drama festival. As well, during the 1980s there has been a small but significant cultural revolution in the native communi­ ties along the Labrador coast. The creation of original STORIES OF THISTLE, DAVID RUDOLF 369 C Itural Affairs division and federal government u ncies such as the Canada Council and the Secretary ofage State's office helpe d to k. eep It· a 1·Ive. . . Dealing with topics rangmg from home medicme to fishing and trapping, from t.he building up of the Goose Bay Air Base to travelling on t~e S.s .. Kyle qv, the magazine has featured Labrador history m photo- raphs and drawings, in English, Innu Eimun and In­ ~kti tut. Although the magazine's first stories were conceived through a series of taped interviews, as the popularity oft~e ma.ga~ine gr~w people beg~n t? write their stories. Smce Its mcephon, the magazme s staff have recorded, transcribed, and published the personal histories of hundreds of people. Composed of stories, excerpts from diaries, letters, documents, photographs, and sketches, it became a portable encyclopedia of Lab­ rador history and culture, and served an important func­ tion in the preservation of speech patterns. The editors of the magazine have also published three booklets to 1993: the memories of Lydia Camp­ bell (Sketches of Labrador Life), Labrador Memories (Margaret Baikie), and a brief account of the North West River Aerial Tramway. Them Days has also pub­ lished successive editions of Alluring Labrador, a visitor's guide to Labrador, written in much the same spirit as Them Days itself. Due to the volume of research material collected for The S.S. Thetis the magazine, Them Days Labrador Archive was or­ Winsor ( 1985), Chafe's Sealing Book ( 1989), Centre ganized in 1986 by Judy McGrath, Doris Saunders and for Newfoundland Studies (S.S. Thetis), Newfound­ Barb Wood: The collection contained diaries, letters, land Historical Society (Thetis). ILB reports, photographs, slides and maps, as well as a reference library. Most of the material was donated by THICK. A magazine published in St. John's from late individuals, businesses and organizations interested in 1982 until early 1984 by Peculiar Productions, Thick helping preserve the rich cultural heritage of Labrador. was conceived as an outlet for unconventional material Them Days has been instrumental in bridging the gap that might not otherwise get printed. Thick contained between far-flung communities in Labrador. Geoff a mixture of articles, poems, reviews, interviews with Meeker (Newfoundland Signal May 13-19, 1990), Mavis local personalities and advertisements. Contributors to Penney (The Labradorian Oct. 18, 1988), Them Days the magazine often used pseudonyms, but familiar (1975-1993 passim), Centre for Newfoundland Studies names such as Des Walsh, Jim Payne and Andy Jones (Doris Saunders, Them Days). ILB qqv also appeared. Thick (Issues # 1-7). LBM

THETIS, S.S. A wooden, three-masted steam whaler, THIRKILL, LANCELOT (/1.1498-1501). Explorer; specially constructed for operation in Arctic ice, the ship owner. Probably a London merchant, in 1497 Thetis was built in 1881 by Alexander Stephen and Thirkill sailed to North America with John Cabot. One Sons of Dundee, Scotland. From 1881 to 1883, sup­ of his ships was pressed into service for a further plied by William Stephens & Co., it made six trips voyage to Newfoundland in 1498. Other evidence sug­ to the ice, bringing in 42,734 pelts. In 1884 it was gests that Cabot sailed as chief patron of the ship, bought by the U.S. government to serve as flagship which was manned and victualled in Bristol. Thirkill for the 1884 expedition to rescue Arctic explorer was advanced £20 by the crown for his ship "going A.W. Greely (see POLAR EXPLORATION). Three towardes the new Ilande". He received further pay­ years later it was outfitted as a gunboat and assigned ments after 1498 which amounted to £113 8s, enough to the Pacific. Later, under the U.S. Revenue Cutter to compensate victualling a moderate-sized vessel. A Service, it made six trips between Siberia and Alaska bond of 1501 referred to Thirkill's ship, suggesting transporting reindeer. Sold in 1916 by the U.S. Coast that it returned from the voyage, but little else is known Guard, the Thetis sailed out of Newfoundland as a of the trip. DCB 1. ACB sealer, and from 1917 to 193 6 brought in a total of 246,814 pelts in 19 trips to the ice. Damaged in THISTLE, DAVID RUDOLF (1891-1969). Business­ heavy ice in March 1936, it returned to port, dis­ man. Born Boot Harbour, Notre Dame Bay, son of charged its pelts, and was beached at Freshwater David and Elizabeth Thistle. Educated Methodist Col­ Bay, near St. John's. Noble and Strobridge (Arctic lege. Married Beatrice Stone. Thistle taught school vol 30 #1, 1977), Shannon Ryan (1987), Naboth briefly, before taking a position as an accountant with 370 THISTLE, W. WAYNE

the newly-established *Fishermen's Union Trading in acid soil from Labrador through eastern Canada and Co. qv in 1910. In 1914 he left the F.U. T.C. to become the U.S.A., has hollow stems and magenta flowers on business manager of the Daily Star qv. He became long stalks. Carduus nutans, or musk thistle, bears manager of the Newfound­ large, nodding, rose purple heads singly or in pairs, and land Trade Review qv in inhabits fields and waste areas from the Island of 1919, eventually acquiring Newfoundland through to the eastern and central that paper and its presses, U.S.A. The spiny purplish bracts of this plant surround and incorporating as Trade the bloom and point backwards. Printers and Publishers in Both plumed and plumeless species share with old 1922. In that year Thistle world thistl~s traditional usage as rennet and as pot also acquired the title of herbs. The dried flowers are used as rennet to curdle King's Printer, and re­ milk, and the flowering stems, peeled of their rind, are mained the King/Queen's said to be delicious when lightly boiled and salted. Printer and publisher of the Fernald and Kinsey {1958), William A. Niering Newfoundland Gazette qv (1979), Frank D. Venning (1984), Ernest Rouleau until his retirement in 1961. ( 1978). KATHLEEN WINTER David R. Thistle Thistle served a term as president of the St. John's Board ofTrade and was also THOMAS,AARON (1763?-1799). Diarist. Born active in the Rotary Club. He was awarded an M.B.E. Wigmore, Hertfordshire; son of Aaron and Mary in 1946. See PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. DNLB Thomas. Thomas volunteered for the Royal Navy at (1990), Newfoundland Who's Who 1952 (1952). RHC Chatham in February of 1793, when he was 30 years of age. Initially listed on the muster roll of H.M.S. THISTLE, W. WAYNE (1947- ). Administrator; law­ Suffolk, in March of I 794 he transferred to the smaller yer. Born Hickman's Harbour, son of Harris and Ivy H.M.S. Boston, where he was listed as an able seaman. (Vardy) Thistle. Educated Memorial University of At that time Britain was at war with France and the Newfoundland; Dalhousie University. Married Gloria Boston was assigned to convoy ships of the Newfound­ Pack. Thistle became assistant registrar at Memorial land trade from England, after which she was to remain University in 1968. Graduating in law from Dalhousie on the Newfoundland station. Both literate and artistic, University, he was admitted to the bar in 1974. The Thomas was no ordinary able seaman of the day and next year he was appointed deputy registrar and legal was apparently given extra duties- perhaps as assis­ counsel of the University. He continued to serve as tant purser or as the captain's servant. legal counsel while assuming the positions of registrar From the beginning of the voyage until the Boston and secretary to the University Senate (1976-81 ). returned to Spithead on February 24, 1795 Thomas Along with the position of legal counsel, he has been wrote a diary, in the form of a long letter to a friend, vice-president (administration and finance) since possibly also from Hertfordshire and still serving on 1982. Thistle was chairman of the board of trustees and the Suffolk. The convoy, which consisted of 75 ships, subsequently mayor of the town of W edgewood Park was not interrupted by the French fleet, but two ves­ (1978-81). He has also served on the boards of several sels were lost in stormy weather. Thomas related day bodies, including the Centre for Cold Ocean Resources to day events with verve and vividness, providing a Engineering (C-CORE), the Public Utilities Board, the rare description of life on an eighteenth century naval Seabright Corporation, the C.A. Pippy Park Commis­ vessel, particularly rare because it came from the sion, Newfoundland and Labrador Computer Services lower deck. "I have related passages and circum­ Ltd., the Board of Trustees of St. James United Church stances as they have arose" he wrote to his friend, "at and the Joseph R. Smallwood Heritage Foundation. all times I have you in mind. Do you know that as I am W.W. Thistle (letter, Jan. 1994). RHC

THISTLES. Several species of plumed thistle ( Cirs­ ium) and plumeless thistle (Carduus) grow in New­ foundland, three plumed species (C. vulgare, C. arvense and C. muticum) appearing in Labrador as well. Plumed thistles are so named because their this­ tledown is covered with feathery hairs as opposed to the single hairs of the Carduus species. Cirsium vul­ gare, or bull thistle, is extremely prickly, bearing large rose to violet blooms and inhabiting waste places from Labrador to Alaska and throughout North America. C. arvensis or Canada thistle was introduced to North America from Europe through Canada; hence its name. It bears fragrant, lavender flowers atop smooth stems and ranges from Labrador throughout the U.S.A. ex­ cept the southeast. Swamp thistle (C. muticum), found A view ofSt. John 's,from the Narrows.from Aaron Thomas's diary THOMAS, HENRY J. 371

writing these sheets I fancy I am telling a Tale? I Labrador Sports Hall of Fame. DNLB ( 1990), ET (Dec. seting on one side, and you on the other. . .. " On 21, 1960), Census (1921). ACB arrival in Newfoundland Thomas wrote: "During the night all hands were employ'd in warping the Ship THOMAS, GERALD ( 1940- ) . Folklorist. Born through the Narrows, and on Saturday 24th May the Porthcawl, Wales; son of John and Peggy (David) Boston was safe moored in St. John's." Between the Thomas. Educated University of Wales; Memorial end of May and the end ofNovember the Boston spent University of Newfoundland. Since 1964 Thomas has considerable time in St. John's, patrolled the Grand taught in the department of French at Memorial Uni­ Banks and visited such settlements as Ferryland, versity. He has a special interest in the folklore of Aquaforte, Caplin Cove and Placentia. From St. French Newfoundlanders, and in 1975 founded the John's Thomas walked to Portugal Cove, Torbay and Centre d'Etudes Franco-Terreneuviennes. As director Quidi Vidi. The ship also went to St. Pierre, which had of the centre he has built up an extensive archive of recently been taken from the French. Thomas regaled oral information. Thomas was also a founder of the his friend with descriptions of the places he visited Folklore Studies Association of Canada, and was its and the people he met, revealing a dry sense of hum­ president in 1978-79. From 1986 to 1991 he was co­ our and acute powers of observation. director of the Institute for Folklore Studies in Britain More than 80 years after the diary was written the and Canada, and served a term as head of the leather-bound manuscript was purchased by a New­ University's folklore department. Thomas compiled foundlander at a second-hand book shop in Manches­ Songs Sung by French Newfoundlanders in 1978. In ter, England. Thomas had added a preface and an 1983 he wrote Les deux traditions: le conte populaire index, and there were several watercolour illustrations chez les Franco-Terreneuviennes, a study of storytell­ throughout. The manuscript passed through the hands ing on the Port au Port Peninsula, and an English of at least two other local collectors before it was translation was published in 1993. A frequent contrib­ bought in 1882 by James Murray qv of St. John's. utor to journals of folklore, he has also written several Murray published two excerpts from the diary in his radio scripts and acted as a consultant on films about Centenary Magazine in 1895. Beginning in 1964 Jean French Newfoundlanders. Gerald Thomas (letter, M. Murray, a granddaughter of James Murray, tran­ 1994), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Gerald scribed, researched and edited the diary. It was pub­ Thomas). ACB lished simultaneously by Longmans of London and Longmans Canada in 1968 under the title The New­ THOMAS, GORDON WADDELL ( 1919- ). Physi­ foundland Journal of Aaron Thomas 1794. cian. Born Ottawa, son of Russell and Florence As Thomas was writing to a friend, the diary reveals (Waddell) Thomas. Educated McGill University. Mar­ few personal details, apart from his having been born ried Thora Patricia Lister. After completing advanced in Wigmore and being in his thirty-second year at the neurological training in Montreal, Thomas went to St. time of writing. A search of the parish records of the Anthony in 1946 as a medical officer with the Interna­ Church of St. James at Wigmore revealed that he was tional *Grenfell Association qv (IGA). In 1950 he the third child of Aaron and Mary Thomas of Bury succeeded Dr. Charles S. Curtis qv as surgeon in House (still a large farm of Wigmore). His father must charge at the hospital. From 1959 he was also execu­ have been a person of some standing, as he served as tive director of the IGA. Under his direction in the churchwarden in 1759 and 1765. Some months after 1960s and 1970s, the IGA expanded from a staff of 50 the 1968 publication of the diary the editor obtained a to a modern health care facility with a staff of 800. copy of Thomas's will, made in 1799 at a naval hospi­ During periods of leave Thomas was a guest lecturer tal in St. Kitts in the West Indies, where he was serv­ at the medical and nursing schools of Dalhousie Uni­ ing as cox wain on HMS Lapwing. The log of the versity and Memorial University of Newfoundland. Lapwing records that he died there, of dysentery, on He has written extensively on the surgical treatment of December 3, 1799. JEAN M. MURRAY pulmonary tuberculosis. Retiring as executive director of the IGA in 1978, he moved to Cape Breton, where THOMAS, ARTHUR HARVEY (1891-1960). Sports he continued to work as a general practitioner and writer. Born Toronto, son of Edward and Charlotte surgeon. In 1987 he published his autobiography, Thomas. Thomas spent his early life in Canada and was From Sled to Satellite: My Years with the Grenfell at one time a reporter with the Toronto Star. He moved Mission. Dr. Thomas was honoured with the Canadian to Newfoundland, where his parents had been born, Medical Association's Starr Award in 1985, having and during World War I trained recruits in marksman­ earlier been appointed to the Order of Canada (1970) ship. He took a job with the Evening Telegram in 1922 and received honorary doctorates from Memorial Uni­ and was a sports journalist and editor with the paper versity, Dalhousie University and Acadia University. for nearly 30 years. Thomas took a keen interest in G.W. Thomas (1987), Canadian Who's Who (1993), amateur sport, organizing baseball and track and field. Who's Who Silver Anniversary Edition (1974). ACB He was also an avid curler and billiard player, an instructor with the St. John's Rifle Club and a long­ THOMAS, HENRY J. (1862-1944). Building contrac­ time member of the Regatta Committee. He was post­ tor. Born St. John's, son ofEdward and Sarah (Harvey) humously inducted into the Newfoundland and Thomas. Married Jemima March. Thomas first worked 372 THOMAS, JAMES HENRY

with his father, who had established a contracting busi­ Grand Falls in the mid-1930s and became active in the ness in 1856. From 1895 until 1932 the firm operated union movement. In the late 1950s he was removed as Thomas Brothers, a partnership between Henry and from the vice-presidency of the Newfoundland Feder. James Thomas. When James withdrew from the busi­ ation of Labour because of his opposition to the pres. ness to become city appraiser it was reorganized as ence of the International Woodworkers of America Henry J. Thomas and Son. Among the buildings (I.W.A.) in Newfoundland. In February 1959 he left erected by Thomas were Cabot Tower and the Board the A.N .D. Company to join the executive of the New. of Trade building, the latter being the first steel struc­ foundland Brotherhood of Woods-Workers ture in St. John's. Building supplies were sold from (N.B.W.W.), a union organized by Premier Joseph R. premises on Barnes Road. Henry Thomas retired in Smallwood to replace the I.W.A., and later that year 1939. The business was still being run by the family in was elected first president of the union. Under pressure 1994 as Thomas Glass and Aluminum, Thomas Auto from the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Glass and Thomas Stained Glass. Business Newfound­ of America, with whom the N.B.W.W. subsequently land Magazine (May-June 1986), ET (Apr. 2, 193 8; affiliated, Thomas resigned his position in June 1961 Mar. 11, 1944). ACB and returned to the A.N.D. Company. For several years a member of the town council at Grand Falls, Thomas THOMAS, JAMES HENRY (1874-1949). Secretary has also been involved in many civic and fraternal of State for the Dominions. Born Newport, organizations. He was named Grand Falls citizen of the Monmouthshire, Wales. Educated Newport. Married year in 1979, and again in 1987. Rolf Hattenhauer Agnes Hill. Born into poverty, Thomas began work as ( 1970), Beverley Stone ( 1988), Edna Thomas (inter­ an engine cleaner on a British railway. He soon made view, Feb. 1994), Grand Falls Advertiser (March 31, a name for himself as a union leader and municipal 1988). LBM politician. He was elected MP for Derby in 1910. In 1917 he toured Canada and the United States. Named THOMAS, WILLIAM (1785-1863). Merchant. Born to the post of Colonial Secretary in 1924, Thomas was Dartmouth, Devon, son of Elizabeth (Way) and Wil­ prominent at the British Empire Exhibition held in liam Bevil Thomas. Married Ann Dixon. Thomas came W embley, England that year. He was then transferred to Newfoundland with his mother and brother in 1801 to the Dominions Office, and was Secretary of State to join his father, an English by-boat keeper. For sev­ for the Dominions in 1932-1933. During his term he eral years he was involved with the St. John's Loyal held talks with Newfoundland Prime Minister Freder­ Volunteers as an officer, reaching the rank of captain. ick Alderdice qv about the Island's financial state. It With his brother, Henry, he established a business in was essential, Thomas argued, that the Alderdice ad­ 1815. William and Henry Thomas & Co. was based in ministration not default on Newfoundland's debt as St. John's and dealt initially in the lumber and provis­ such an act would financially discredit Britain as well ions trade with Nova Scotia. The family bought Nova as the other dominions. In searching for a solution to Scotia-built schooners for sale as sealing vessels, and the problem, he became involved in negotiations which also acted as agents for New Brunswick timber mer­ led to the formation of the Commission of Govern­ chants. In addition, the firm owned the brig Express, ment. Replaced as Secretary of State by Malcolm Mac­ used in trade with the West Indies. In 1816 and 181 7 Donald, Thomas returned to the Colonial Office and William and Henry Thomas joined John Dunscombe later continued as a union leader. Peter Neary (1988), and Robert Pearce in a small mercantile concern in DNB (1959). ACB Cape Broyle, under the name R. Pearce and Co. An­ other short-lived partnership was formed with L.E. THOMAS RIDLEY. A brig built by shipwright Michael Piers of Halifax and the Temple firm of St. John's in Kearney qv in 1852, the Thomas Ridley was used in the 1818. Within a few years, William and Henry Thomas seal fishery and in carrying salt fish to European mar­ & Co. had become one of the larger merchant houses kets for her owner, Carbonear merchant John Rorke qv. in St. John's, expanding into the fish and import trade Named after the principal of a Harbour Grace firm with Britain. They were also among the first New­ where Rorke had apprenticed, at 126 tons the Thomas foundland merchants to become involved in the seal Ridley was one of the largest vessels built for the fishery, sending eight vessels and 199 men to the ice Newfoundland seal hunt prior to the introduction of in 1840 -the largest fleet to leave from St. John's that steam-powered vessels in the 1860s. Under Carbonear year. The brothers were also interested in commercial captains Nicholas Hanrahan and William Taylor, the farming. At Brookfield, his country estate on the out­ vessel had a long life in the fish trade. It was lost in a skirts of the city, William Thomas grew vegetables and storm at Ice Tickles, Labrador on October 13, 1885. raised cattle to supply the St. John's market. H.D. Roberts (1982). RHC William's community and political involvements were numerous. An advocate of political reform, he THOMAS,STERLING (1914- ). Labour leader; chaired several local committees in favour of repre­ Grand Falls municipal councillor. Born Bell Island, sentative government and was elected as an MHA for son of Alva (Budgell) and George Thomas. Married St. John's under the new system in 1832. He resigned Edna Rideout. Thomas began working for the Anglo­ his seat in the House in 1834 and from then until his Newfoundland Development (A.N.D.) Company at retirement sat as member of the Executive Council. As THOMPSON, JABEZ P. 373

sident of the Newfoundland Chamber of Com­ effort was The Best Man, pr:rce in 1844 he was involved in negotiations over which won the Newfound­ ~e French Shore and proposed in his report to Gover- land Arts and Letters Com­ or John Harvey a separation of the French and Eng­ petition and which he ~sh fisheries. He was secretary of the Society for the performed under the direc­ Propagation of the *Gospel qv from 1812 to 1816 and tion of Spence. Nationally, again from 1819 to 1823; involved in the administra­ Thomey's best-known char­ tion of the Newfoundland School Society in 1830; was acter has been politician president of t~e s.ons of St. G_eorge, the "English" Jerry Boyle, in which per­ charitable soctety m 183 3; and m 184 7 was a member sona he appeared on CBC of a committee for the relief of victims of the Irish Radio and the "CODCO" famine. In addition, Thomas was a founding member television series. Thomey of the St. John's Fire Co. and of the Association of Greg Thomey and two of "CODCO's" *Fishermen and Shoremen qv. He retired to head office creators- Mary Walsh and Cathy Jones qqv- were in Liverpool, England in about 1850. The firm of Wil­ later joined by Rick Mercer for a weekly program of liam and Henry Thomas & Co. collapsed shortly after his political satire, "This Hour Has Twenty-two death, at Huyton, England on November 5, 1863. Keith Minutes", which first appeared on the CBC-TV na­ Matthews (1980), Frederic Thompson (1961). ACB tional network in October 1993. Karl Moores (the muse July 26, 1985), J.M. Sullivan (Globe and Mail THOMEY,ARTHUR (1730?-1784). Methodist lay Sept. 23, 1988), Ellen Thomey (interview, Oct. 1993), missionary. Born Ireland. Like his friend John Stretton Kevin Thomey (interview, Oct. 1993), Arts In Forma­ qv, a merchant by trade, Thomey emigrated to New­ tion (Mar. 1984). JEAN GRAHAM foundland in the latter 1760s, settling in Harbour Grace. There he made the acquaintance of Laurence THOMEY,HENRY (1819-1911). Mariner. Born Coughlan qv, who converted him to Methodism. When Bristol's Hope·. Thomey took his first schooner to the Coughlan withdrew in I 773, Thomey joined with Labrador fishery at the age of 19 and soon became a Stretton and Thomas Pottle qv of Carbonear to sustain respected mariner, in the employ of Thomas Ridley qv the Methodist cause in Newfoundland. Opposition to of Harbour Grace. He commanded the Isabel Ridley for the Methodists from both civil and ecclesiastical au­ almost 30 years, and was Ridley and Co.'s agent at thorities was constant and vigorous, often requiring Emily Harbour. When the Ridley firm became insol­ that he and Stretton take "bold action ... to oppose the vent Thomey commanded John Munn and Co.'s Com­ torrent of iniquity'' to which they and their flock were modore and Greenland at the seal fishery during the subjected. In the winter of 1780, Thomey came close 1870s and 1880s. His record year was 1879 when on to losing his life when thugs armed with clubs attacked her first trip the Commodore brought in 19,000 seals; the building in which he was preaching at Old Perlican, and 5200 on her second. Thomey made his last trip to threatening to kill him. A candlestick deflecting a blow the ice in the Greenland in 1889 and was proud to retire aimed at his head and the intervention of members of having never lost a man at the ice fields. L.G. Chafe his congregation enabled him to escape uninjured. ( 1923), Andrew Horwood (BN IV, 1967), H.M. Despite occasional disagreements, Stretton and Mosdell (1923), DNLB (1990). JOHN PARSONS Thomey made a good missionary team. Thomey did not live to see the arrival of a regularly appointed THOMPSON, HAROLD (1890- ?). Scientist. Born missionary. Visiting Portugal on business, he died at Scotland. Thompson was a research scientist with the Oporto in November of 1784, leaving Stretton to carry Fishery Board of Scotland before 1930, when he was on alone until the arrival of John McGeary qv in the engaged by the British Empire Marketing Board and autumn of 1785. See METHODISM. D.W. Johnson the Newfoundland government to survey the fisheries ([1925]), T.W. Smith (1877), William Wilson (1866), and prepare a scheme of research. Acting on his rec­ Naboth Winsor (1982). DAVID G. PITT ommendations, the Newfoundland government estab­ lished a fisheries research laboratory at Bay Bulls, THOMEY, GREGORY JOHN (1961- ). Actor; play­ naming Thompson director of the facility in 1931. wright. Born St. John's, son of Ellen (Moore) and During the period of Commission of Government the Michael Thomey. Educated St. John's. From a family laboratory was run by the Department of Natural Re­ tradition of storytellers, Thomey became involved in sources. In 1936, when the future of the facility was in St. John's theatre in the 1970s, and in the 1980s ap­ doubt, Thompson resigned and took a position as di­ peared in several plays in St. John's, including Terras rector of fisheries research in Australia. Harold de Bacalhau, West Moon, The Mummers Xmas Show Thompson (1931), Census (1921). ACB and Makin ' Time with the Yanks. In 1984 he co-authored ... and this is Bob and Irene THOMPSON, JABEZ P. (1857-1938). Publisher; poli­ with Janis Spence qv. He collaborated with Bryan tician; magistrate. Born Harbour Grace, son of Eliza­ Hennessey on Hanlon House, a play that was later beth (Curtis) and Henry Thompson. Educated Harbour developed into a film which won an award at the 1992 Grace. Married Sarah A. Salter. In the late 1870s Atlantic Film Festival. Thomey's first solo writing Thompson was manager and foreman printer with the 374 THOMPSON, JOHN JOSEPH

Harbour Grace Standard. He moved to Twillingate in been promoted deputy 1880, w}:lere he founded the weekly newspaper chairman of the board, a po­ Twillingate Sun qv. sition he held until1935. In A supporter of William V. Whiteway, Thompson 193 1 Thompson was sent to was elected MHA for Twillingate and Fogo in 1882. Newfoundland as a finan­ He unsuccessfully ran as an independent supporting cial advisor to Prime Minis­ Whiteway in 1885, but as Liberal candidate was ter Richard Squires qv. His elected MHA for Twillingate in 1889 and 1893. In investigation of the Island's 1894 Thompson was named Surveyor-general, and finances was thorough, and served briefly in the cabinet of Daniel J. Greene qv. In an interim report showed 1895, he resigned his seat in order to free a place for clearly that he saw no way Robert Bond qv, who had been named to the executive for Newfoundland to avoid council by Whiteway earlier that year. After receiving Sir Percy Thompson economic disaster. He was an appointment as stipendiary magistrate for Brigus, critical of the administrative system, which he believed Thompson left Twillingate in late 1895 and moved to left the treasury open to irregularities and abuses. Conception Bay. In 1898 he founded the Vindicator Thompson's final report was issued in October, 1932 and Brigus Reporter, and served as proprietor, editor shortly before his return to London. Thompson suggested and publisher for two years. In 1900 he attempted to various economizing measures, but was unable to find resurrect his political career, but ran unsuccessfully as any new sources of revenue beyond increased tariffs and the Liberal candidate for Port-de-Grave. He retired as taxes. He was replaced as financial advisor by William magistrate in 1934, and died at Brigus in January Stavert qv. Thompson was knighted in 1920. S.J.R. Noel 193 8. Suzanne Ellison ( 1988), Who's Who in and from (1971), Who Was Who 1941-50. ACB Newfoundland (1930), ET(Jan. 20, 1938). LBM THOMS,ESAUEDWARD (1927-1979). Labour THOMPSON, JOHN JOSEPH (1889-1970). Labour leader. Born St. Anthony, son of James and Gertrude leader. Born Point Leamington, son of James and Ra­ Thoms. Educated Placentia; LaSalle Extension Uni­ chel Thompson. Married Rebecca Hutchcraft. Thomp­ versity. Married Ursula Coombs. While employed with son was a woods worker from 1899 until 1935, when the Newfoundland Railway in 1949 Thoms became he became a game warden. In August of that year he president of the Argentia local of the Brotherhood of organized a meeting of loggers at Point Leamington, Railway Clerks, a position he held until 1966. An leading to the founding of the Newfoundland advocate of labour involvement in politics, he ran as a *Lumbermen' s Association (N.L.A.) qv. Thompson candidate for the Cooperative Commonwealth Federa­ began working full-time for the N.L.A., and negotiated tion (C.C.F.) in both provincial and federal elections. agreements with the Anglo-Newfoundland Develop­ He was one of the founders ofthe Newfoundland Dem­ ment (A.N.D.) Company and the International Power ocratic Party in 1959 (later the provincial wing of the and Paper Company. New Democratic Party - which incorporated the During the 1950s Thompson came in for some criti­ C.C.F.) and was provincial leader of the party for cism for the way he ran "his" union, while the ques­ several years after Ed Finn qv left the Province in 1963. tion of international affiliation for the loggers' union In 1959, in the period following the bitter Interna­ was raised. At the 1956 N.L.A. convention delegates tional Woodworkers strike, Thoms and his supporters voted on whether to affiliate with the United Brother­ defeated Stephen A. hood of Carpenters and Joiners (U.B.C.J.) or with the Neary's qv slate in an elec­ International Woodworkers' of America (I.W.A.). tion of the executive of the There was a tie, with Thompson using his double bal­ Newfoundland Federation lot as chairman in favour of the U.B.C.J. By February of Labour. The result was of 1957, however, and despite Thompson's public con­ viewed by many as a rebuke demnation of the union, a majority of A.N.D. Com­ of Premier J .R. Smallwood pany loggers had left the N.L.A. to join the I.W.A. for his labour policies. With the collapse of the N.L.A., Thompson worked Thoms remained president with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Join­ of the Federation until ers until his retirement. He died on May 12, 1970. 1967, when he was elected Hester Feener (interview, Apr. 1994), Bill Gillespie general secretary of the ( 1986), Beverley Stone ( 1988), Freeman Thompson railway clerks' union of (interview, Apr. 1994) History of the Newfoundland Newfoundland. Retiring E.E. Thoms Lumbermen's Association (1956). LBM from the labour movement in 1970, Thoms was subse­ quently named to the Commission of Inquiry into THOMPSON, PERCY (1872-1946). Civil servant. Newfoundland Transportation, chaired by Arthur Sul­ Born Whalley, Lancashire; son of Richard Thompson. livan qv. When the Commission's report was issued he Educated Rugby; Oxford University. Married Eugenie submitted a minority report opposing the recommen­ Edwards. Thompson joined the Board of Inland Reve­ dation that the railway across the Island be phased out. nue as an assistant secretary in 1909. By 1919 he had Thoms was awarded an honorary LL.D. by Memorial THORBURN, ROBERT 375

University in 1978. Bill ~illWeshpieC(1986), :VewE'fido~~d- a chain of newspapers and d Labrador Who s o entennza 1 ztwn three radio stations. By [an d a n _68 (1968), DNLB (1990). ACB 1967 the Thomson organi­ 1967 zation owned 148 newspa­ oMS JAMES RAYMOND (1929- ). Journalist. pers in 10 countries T~orn St. Anthony, son of Hele_n (Bridger) and James including the London Time; homs Educated Garmsh; Port aux Basques; Ernes t T · . and Sunday Times. It ac­ rial University of Newfoundland. Marned Eve- quired the St. John's Evening M emo h. Th Jean Lidstone. After a briefteac mg career, oms Telegram in 1969. Thomson 1 yn t 15 years as a newsman with CJON radio and served as chancellor of Me­ :~t:Vision. He also worked for a time with Newfound- morial University of New­ Light and Power, and from 1968 to 1971 was an foundland from 1961 to }an d . . 1 I information officer with the provmc1a government. n 1968. The University Stu- Lord Thomson !971, under an owner-management ~greement, Thoms dent Centre is named in his honour. He was created b arne editor in chief of the Dazly News qv, and Baron Thomson of Fleet in 1963. Newfoundland and ec ained with the paper until its demise in 1984. The Labrador Who 's Who Centennial Edition ( 1968), Centre remt year he returned to CJON (NTV) as a television for Newfoundland Studies (Lord Thomson). ILB nex f 1 h . journalist. Thoms was an editor o v_o umes t ree to SIX of the Book ofNewfoundland; comp1led Newfou~dl~nd THORBJORNSDOTTIR, GUDRIDR. See GUDRIDR Who 's Whos in 1967 and 1975; and was a,cont_nbutmg THORBJORNSDOTTIR. d"tor of a third edition of D.W. Prowse s Hzstory of ~:wfoundland ( 1972). Other publications include THORBURN ROAD. Built as a public works project in Born to Serve: the Story of Nania, Call Me Joey and 1886, Thorburn Road runs between St. John's and St. God is Our Guide. Suzanne Ellison (1988), J.R. Thoms Phillips qv. Originally known as Thorburn Line after (interview, Feb. 1994), Who's Who Silver Anniversary Prime Minister ~obert Thorburn qv, it con~ected Freshwater Road m St. John's with Broad Cove (re­ Edition (1975). LBM named St. Phillips in 1905) and Horse Cove (renamed THOMSON CHARLESR. (1851-1922). Business­ St. Thomas qv). It was the second overland route from man. Born,Perth, Scotland. Educated Halifax. Married the city to St. Phil~ips, after Portugal Cove Road. (1) Kate Lynch; (2) Mary Ell~ot. Thomson became The Thorburn Lme was intended to encourage agri­ familiar with Newfoundland whtle employed as a com­ culture in the area, and a few farms were cleared to mercial traveller and bookkeeper with a Halifax firm form a small community along the line. In 1904 resi­ which was doing a large boot and shoe trade. In 1879 dents of Thorbu_rn Road were primarily farmers, with he accepted a position as a few men workmg as miners on Bell Island. Thorburn manager of the Newfound­ Road first appears separately in the Census in 1911, land Boot and Shoe Manu­ when there ~ere 209 people and a Church of England facturing Co., then one of school. Until World War II and the rise of a demand the largest factories in St. for general labour in the St. John's area, the majority John's (see SHOE AND of Thorburn Road residents were farmers but there BOOT MAKING). "[A] were also some people working in small sa~mills and small man, but capable of in the fishery. By the early 1960s, with the growth of doing big work" (Mott), St. John's, the eastern end of Thorburn Road no longer Thomson remained man­ mar~ed where "Town" ended and the country began. ager of the Company until Particularly after the building of the Avalon Mall and about 1917, while a son also the Baird subdivision, Thorburn Road was increas­ managed the concern in the in~l~ residential. Much of the area along the Road is C.R. Thomson 1920s. In 1894 Thomson wtthm the watershed of Windsor Lake qv (the major was elected first Noble Grand of the charter New­ water supply for ~t. John's) and development has been foundland lodge of the Independent Order of *Odd placed under certam restrictions. Eventually, the eastern Fellows qv. It is presumed that it was he_ who intro­ end of t~e roa~ came within the municipal boundary of duced the Order to a circle of friends, havmg become St. John s, while the western end came under the munic­ familiar with the Odd Fellows while living in Nova ~palities of St. Philli?~ and Hogan's Pond qv (absorbed Scotia. H.Y. Mott (1894), ET (Nov. 14, 1922). RHC m 1992 by the mumctpality of Portugal Cove-St. Phil­ lips). Thorb~rn ~_toad appeared separately in the Census THOMSON, ROY HERBERT (1894-1976). Newspa­ for the last tnne m 1966, with a population of713. H.M. per publisher; chancellor of Memorial University of Mosdell ( 1923), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory Newfoundland. Born Toronto, son of Herbert and for 1904 (1904), Census (1901-1966). ACB Alice (Coombs) Thomson. Educated Toront~. Marri~d Edna Irvine. During the 1930s Thomson bmlt a radw TH~~URN, ROBE_RT ( 1836-1906). Merchant; Prime station in northern Ontario and took over a small Mmtster. Born Jumper Bank, Scotland; son of Alison weekly newspaper. Within the next decade he acquired (Grieve) and Robert Thorburn. Educated Edinburgh. 376 THORBURN, ROBERT

Married Susanna Milroy. Thorburn came to New­ assistance of Shea and Governor G.W. Des Voeux. foundland in 1852 as an apprentice to his uncles Walter attained assent for the bill. Canadian opposition wa~ R. and James J. Grieve qqv in the firm of Baine, dropped following Thorburn's assurance that the leg­ Johnston and Co. Walter Grieve established his own islation was aimed at French rather than Canadian firm in 1855, and in 1862 Thorburn became a full vessels. The immediate effect of the Act was a decline partner and Newfoundland agent for the business. He in the French fishery, while to bolster the Newfound­ remained managing agent until Grieve's death in 1887. land fisheries on the Banks and on the Labrador coast Influenced by his uncle, Thorburn became politi­ shipbuilding bounties were introduced. In the course cally active in the late 1860s, campaigning against the of the Imperial conference Thorburn was knighted. idea of confederation with Canada during the election As another general election approached, in 1889, of 1869. With the victory of Charles F. Bennett's Anti­ Whiteway reentered politics, as leader of a new Lib­ confederate party, Thorburn was appointed to the Leg­ eral party. Attempting to shore up support, the Reform islative Council. He resisted pressures to become party tightened bait regulations and resumed work on active in elective politics in the election of 1878, but the main railway line. But the Thorburn government remained vocal in his criticism of the administration was resoundingly defeated, with the entire cabinet and of William V. Whiteway qv. In 1882 Thorburn was a Thorburn himself going down to defeat. Thorburn re­ supporter of the New Party, of which his cousin Walter mained titular leader of what was increasingly known Baine Grieve qv was co-leader. The New Party op­ as the Tory party until he was replaced as the next posed Whiteway's policy of a trans-insular railway, general election approached, in 1893. He ran, unsuc­ arguing that it was fiscally irresponsible, as well as a cessfully, for the Liberals in that election, but was distraction from needed legislative action to encour­ reconciled to the "Tory" party by 1894, and was ap­ age the fishery and to check expansion of the French pointed to the Legislative Council during the short­ fishery on the Grand Banks. Whiteway easily defeated lived Goodridge government. the New Party in 1882, but after the Harbour Grace After Grieve's death, in 1887, Thorburn formed a Affray of 1883 his support among Roman Catholic partnership with James C. Tessier qv. The firm of Liberals began to disintegrate (see ELECTIONS; Thorburn and Tessier was for a short period one of the HARBOUR GRACE). Thorburn was once more active city's leading fish exporters, but was forced to sus­ behind the scenes, as the New Party proposed a coali­ pend business after the Bank Crash qv of 1894. Chair­ tion with Protestant elements in the Whiteway govern­ man of the Union Bank at the. time of the Crash, ment. Rivalry between factions supporting A.F. Thorburn faced criminal charges and resigned his seat Goodridge and James S. Winter qqv for leadership of on the Legislative Council. The charges were later the "Protestant party" was averted when Thorburn dismissed and he resumed business on a small scale was chosen leader of the Reform party as a compro­ after 1897. In 1900 he was appointed to a fisheries mise. Whiteway retired and Thorburn assumed the board by the governing Liberals. In his declining years premiership in October of 1885. Thorburn was a frequent contributor of verse to the The ensuing election was markedly sectarian, with local press. M.F. Harrington (1991), Frederic Thomp­ the Reform party publicly pledging not to amalgamate son ( 1961 ), DCB XIII. ACB with Roman Catholics. Thorburn stressed financial caution, attention to the fisheries and controls on the sale of bait to foreign vessels. Virtually unopposed in the Protestant seats, the party won a four-seat majority in the House of Assembly, with Thorburn himself being returned in the district of Trinity. Despite cam­ paign rhetoric, the Reform party wished to reach a working agreement with the Catholic Liberals led by Ambrose Shea qv. In 1886 several Liberals crossed the floor to join the government, with William J.S. Donnelly and Maurice Fenelon qqv accepting cabinet appointments. In return for accepting bait control leg­ islation, the Liberals demanded construction of a branch railway to the Catholic district of Placentia. Although Thorburn had been a critic of Whiteway's capital works expenditures, his own administration was marked by extensive public works programs. Apart from the railway, work began on a turnpike connecting St. John's to Broad Cove (St. Phillips), named Thorburn Road qv. These expenditures were covered in part by the Island's first foreign loans. The other major initiative of Thorburn's govern­ ment was the Bait Act qv. Thorburn arrived in London Sir Robert Thorburn during an Imperial conference in 1887 and, with the THORNLEA 377

TJIORDARSSON, THORFINNR. See THORFINNR suggested in Newfoundland, Maine and along the St. KARLSEFNI THORDARSSON. Lawrence (see NORSE DISCOVERY). Discouraged by the hostility of the natives they called skraelings, TJIORESBY, WILLIAM ( 1760?-1807). Missionary. the colonists returned to Greenland. Thorfinnr eventually Born England. Thoresby served the Methodist Church returned to Iceland. Gwyn Jones (1986), DCB I. ACB as an itinerant peacher from 1785 to 1796. In August 1796, at the request of Rev. George Smith qv, the THORNE, ROBERT (? -1518/9). Merchant; explorer. British Conference dispatched Thoresby to Newfound­ Born Bristol? Thorne was a Bristol merchant trading land. Accompanied by Smith, who had spent the past to Spain, Portugal and Iceland from about 1479. He year in England, he sailed from Poole on August 30, was a member of the Bristol admiralty commission and Jan ding at Adam's Cove in early October. Thence mayor of the town in 1515. Thorne's son Robert is Smith headed north to Bonavista, while Thoresby re­ known to have invested in Sebastian Cabot's qv trans­ mained in Conception Bay Atlantic expedition of 1526. The younger Thorne cred­ to assume responsibility for ited his father and another Bristol merchant, Hugh the many outposts of Meth­ Eliot, with discovering the "Newfound Landes", and odism scattered from may have been referring to an independent voyage Brigus to Old Perlican. prior to that of John Cabot qv, possibly around 1494. When Smith withdrew in But Thorne and Eliot may have been involved in the following year, Thores­ Cabot's expedition of 1497. The two men were appar­ by was left to serve a mis­ ently involved in voyages between 1501 and 1505, but sion that reached as far little is known of these events. DCB I. ACB north as Greenspond. Even so, in May ·1797 he ex­ THORNLEA (pop. 1991, 180). A community in south­ tended his travels so far as em Trinity Bay, Thornlea is situated in a cove on the to include St. John's, where western shore of Colliers Bay. Originally known as Rev. William Thoresby there was as yet no Method- Colliers Bay, the community was renamed in 1913 to ist presence. Finding, however, that Rev. John Jones avoid confusion with Colliers in Conception Bay and qv, the Congregationalist minister, was firmly in to recognize the Thorne family as the "first settlers" charge of the small enclave of Dissenters in the town of the community. There is evidence that the cove was and opposed to anyone intruding upon his territory, inhabited by the Beothuk in the early historic period. Thoresby retreated without attempting to do so. Since John Guy qv appears to have been referring to the cove he kept a journal recording his activities, published as in 1612 when he noted, "in thes places we [saw] divers A Narrative ofGod's Love to William Thoresby (1799), solvages housses; but not that they had bin there in [a] we have a fairly complete account of his travels and long tyme" (cited in Gilbert). travails in Newfoundland, as well as a gallery of While Colliers Bay was used for winter woods work illuminating vignettes of life in the Island two centu­ by crews from Trinity as early as 1760, the site was ries ago. But two years of that life were long enough not settled until about 100 years later, when the for him. In July 1798 he returned to England, where, Thorne family are said to have moved there from New as he wrote, "I did all in my power to get ... preachers Harbour. The community appears in the 1869 Census to go to Newfoundland". As a result, Rev. James as being inhabited by three families. The population Bulpit was dispatched to Carbonear in 1799. Thoresby was 20 in 187 4 - 10 Methodists and 10 Catholics. returned to the work of the Methodist Church in They prosecuted the shore fishery and caught salmon, England, where he died in 1807. D.W. Johnson while cattle, sheep and swine were raised for local ([1925]), T.W. Smith (1877; 1890), William use. In addition to Thorne, early family names of Thoresby (1799), William Wilson (1866), Naboth Thornlea include Banting and Main (both families Winsor (1982). DAVID G. PITT likely from Winterton). In 1902 a barite deposit was discovered in Colliers Bay Cove by prospector Mark THORFINNR KARLSEFNI THORDARSSON (jl.1 000- Gibbons. Leased and developed by Robert G. Rendell 1020). Norse colonist. Born Iceland, son of Thord qv, it yielded 5075 tons of ore which was sold for use Horsehead. Married *Gudridr Thorbjomsdottir qv. A by paint manufacturers in Canada and the United wealthy Icelandic merchant, Thorfinnr travelled to States. The mine closed in 1905, partly because the Greenland shortly after 1000 AD . Sometime between most accessible ore was exhausted and partly because 1003 and 1015 he left the western settlement of Green­ the mine's wharf was destroyed during a storm. land with a party of 160 colonists and livestock. Aided Thornlea had 63 residents in 1921, who relied on the by strong winds the party reached Helluland (likely cod and herring fishery. The population grew steadily, Baffin Island) in two days and then coasted along Mark­ peaking at 202 in 1981. The majority of the people land (Labrador). In the Greenlander's Saga, the colonists belonged to the United Church and were served by are said to have wintered at a place called Leifsbudir. In Faith United chapel. A central high school in Eirik the Red's Saga, however, there are two encamp­ Norman's Cove also served Thornlea. In 1994, the ments, Straumfjord and Hop. The exact location of the most common names in the community were Thome, colony has been a matter of some debate, with sites Best and Branton. William Gilbert (Newfoundland 378 THOROUGHFARE

Studies 6, 2; 1990), Wendy Martin (1983), DA (Jan.­ THORVALD EIRIKSSON (/1.1000). Explorer. Son of Feb. 1990), List of Electors ( 1889), Sailing Directions Eirik the Red; brother of *Leifr Eiriksson qv. Accord­ (1986), Census (1869-1991). ACB ing to the Greenlander's Saga, Thorvald embarked on a voyage to the New World sometime after that of his THOROUGHFARE (pop. 1961, 2). A resettled fishing brother but before the colonizing venture of community, Thoroughfare was located at the northeast *Thorfinnr Karlsefni Thordarsson qv. After spending comer of Random Island qv, facing the passage between an uneventful winter at a place he called Leifsbudir Random Island and Ireland's Eye. This tickle acquired the Thorvald spent the spring and summer explor in~ name The Thoroughfare in the eighteenth century, being Markland (probably Labrador). His party came across the usual route between Trinity and the fishing stations and nine natives (skraelings) sleeping under skin boats and winter camps established by Trinity merchants on eastern killed eight of them. Thorvald was struck by an arrow Random Island. It is likely that the names of some of the in the retaliatory attack and killed. The rest of the small coves that made up the village of Thoroughfare, expedition returned to Greenland. Thorvald's brother, including Connelly's Cove and Gabriel's Cove, commem­ Thorsteinn, made a voyage to recover the body but orate these early seasonal residents. failed to reach Markland. Gwyn Jones (1986). ACB The earliest known year-round residents were fami­ lies named Abbott and Piercey, in the early 1830s. THRASHERS. The brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) These people would appear to have left by 1836. In the in Newfoundland is placed in the .. rare vagrant" cat­ late 1840s one Thomas Mills from Dorsetshire settled. egory of birds, which means that Newfoundland is Later known as "English Tom", the nickname helped outside its usual territory, although it has been reported to distinguish his family from that of another pioneer in all seasons. Thrashers belong to the family Mimidae. settler, "Perlican Tom" Mills, who arrived from the The near relatives of the brown thrasher that are found other side of Trinity Bay in the 1850s. Other families in this Province are the grey catbird and the northern to settle in this decade included that of Moses Brown mockingbird, both of which, although rare, have been (who married a Perlican Mills) and a family named known to breed here. Birds of this family are found Langer from nearby Rider's Harbour. There were 18 only in the Western Hemisphere. people in Thoroughfare in 1845, w1th the population Slightly larger than a robin, the brown thrasher can be increasing to 40 by 1869. recognized by its reddish-brown upper plumage, striped While the family name Mills remained the most sides, whitish wing bars, yellow eyes and long tail. It has common at Thoroughfare throughout much of its his­ a rather impressive song of phrases which are repeated tory, W.B.W. Martin (1990) notes several families who in pairs. Thrashers typically spend most of their time on lived there only briefly, many being otherwise associ­ the ground, hunting for insects such as beetles and lar­ ated with other communities on eastern Random Is­ vae. They also consume a certain amount of fruit. The land or Ireland's Eye. Families who moved there from nest is constructed in dense shrubbery, preferably very Ireland's Eye in the early 1900s include Loders, difficult to penetrate. It is made of various wood scraps, Toopes and lvanys. Silas Loder settled in Thorough­ small sticks and twigs, and pieces of bark; and is lined fare in 1914 to teach at the local Methodist school with rootlets. The four or five eggs are very pale with a (built in 1911 to replace an earlier school/chapel) and tinge of blue and small brown spots. The incubation he was also the local layreader until 1942. Loder also period is about two weeks. The brown thrasher breeds in took a leading role in a community effort to build a southern Canada from Alberta to southwestern Quebec; new Methodist church, officially opened in 193 8. and in the U.S.A. from Maine to Colorado, Florida and The peak population recorded at Thoroughfare was Texas. In winter the northern parts of the range are 74, in 1921. Apart from a branch of the Millses, who generally vacated. JOHN HoRWOOD had a schooner engaged in the Labrador fishery, most people were inshore fishermen who also engaged in THREE ARMS (pop. 1956, 2). The three arms are a winter logging for small sawmills in Random Sound. series of long, narrow indrafts in western Notre Dame There were also mercantile premises at Thoroughfare, Bay. In 1993 only Western Arm was populated (the supplying fishermen on eastern Random Island and at village of Harry's Harbour qv), but there was once a Ivanhoe qv, on Ireland's Eye. This general and fishery logging community at Southern Arm qv and a fishing supply business was established by the Monroe Export community (itself known as Three Arms) located on Co. in the early 1900s, but was acquired by the Three Arms Island, in Middle Arm. Winterton firm ofE.J. Greene in the 1930s. The popu­ After 1815 the grounds of western Notre Dame Bay lation of Thoroughfare declined after 1930, to 50 peo­ were being fished by vessels out of Twillingate, who ple in 1945. When a few families left in the early came to frequent the three arms. The most favoured 1950s the community was scarcely viable. The re­ anchorage was at Middle Arm, in the tickle between mainder left in 1958 and 1959, except for Moses and Three Arms Island and the mainland. In 1838 John and Theodosia Brown, whose advancing age forced them William Wells of Back Harbour, Twillingate built a fish­ to move in 1961. W.B.W. Martin (1990; 1991), Jeanne ing room on Three Arms Island for the summer fishery. Mills (MHG 36-A-1-8), Robert Wells (1960), Census Then, in 1841, John Wells moved his household to Three (1845-1961), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory Arms. In short order others followed, including Solomon (1871). RHC Strong (who subsequently married Wells' sister), the THREE MILE ROCK 379

The old Norris family chapel at Three Arms family of William Vincent of Twillingate and James with the French Shore fishery than with coastal trad­ Norris, an Irishman. Three Arms first appears in the ing. Reportedly, the death of Stephen Norris in World Census in 1845, with a population of 29. War I left the Three Arms business without an heir By the next Census, in 1857, the population had apparent - the firm and the Norris family left the reached 58. Wells had built up his premises to a small village after the death of James Norris in 1924. mercantile establishment, which employed a small In 1935 there were only 23 people in Three Arms, the schooner to trade with fishermen in western Notre families of inshore cod and lobster fishermen, and by Dame Bay and built fishing boats under the direction 1945 there were only two families (Moore and Rideout). of Strong. By 1869 the population was 69 (including Most of the homes were moved to Harry's Harbour, the Bartlett, Cooper, Norris, Shearing, Strong, Wells where the last two inhabitants (the Moores) moved in and Young families) and the Wells business had been 1956. In 1993 only the Norris family chapel was left to taken over by the young James Norris qv, who had two mark the site of the village of Three Arms, and it ap­ schooners built and became involved in outfitting proaching collapse. C.F. Poole (interview, Feb. 1992), crews for the migratory fishery to the French Shore. E.R. Seary (1977), Roy Skanes (MHG 102-B-2-17), By 1884 there were I 02 people living at Three Arms, Census (1845-1956),Adelphian (1917; 1925),ET(Dec. 8, both on the island and at Clarke Cove on the adjacent 1924), Archives (A-7-1/K; VS 86; VS 92), Centre for mainland. Most of the men were employed by Norris, Newfoundland Studies (Three Arms). RHC who eventually had three vessels for the coasting trade alone, in addition to several fishing schooners. The THREE MILE ROCK (pop. 1991, 135). Three Mile smaller vessels continued to be built locally, by John Rock is a fishing community on the Great Northern Rideout after Strong's eyesight began to fail, while Peninsula about 2 km southwest of Parson's Pond qv. Norris also operated a small sawmill to supply the It takes its name from a small point which is three needs of his firm. A post office was established on the miles northeast of Lower Head (the northern headland mainland in 1891 and there was soon a telegraph of­ of Shallow Bay). This rock marks one of few places fice connecting with Little Bay (in part for the conve­ along a straight and shoal-encumbered shore where it nience of schooners fishing the French Shore and the is possible to get a boat out of the water, and conse­ Labrador coast, as the practice of anchoring at Three quently became a lobster fishing station of Parson's Arms during the voyage north continued) and a cart Pond. Eventually a few families of Parson's Pond, road, towards Jackson's Cove. (including Simeon Payne and a Thomas Goosney of In the earliest days of Three Arms John Wells is said Bonne Bay, who married a Payne) settled at Three Mile to have conducted a night school for the children, and Rock. In 1911 nine people were recorded as living at later a small school was taken in turn by the Methodist Three Mile Cove and three at Four Mile Cove, while and Roman Catholic school boards (for the Norrises, Three Mile Rock first appears in the Census in 193 5 and later the Rideouts, were Roman Catholics - in (with a population of 24). These people fished for 1901 of a population of 78, 28 were Catholic). James lobsters and worked in the woods in the winters. They Norris had a small chapel built, and in 1907 a Method­ usually went to school and church in Parson's Pond, ist school was constructed. By this time, however, where they obtained other services. The population there were only 54 people living at Three Arms, as the increased somewhat (to 69 in 1966), spreading out Norris family business had become more concerned along the highway after a road was built through the 380 THREE MOUNTAIN HARBOUR

community in the late 1950s. Subsequent highway up­ grading has cut off the road through Three Mile Rock, which has come to be regarded as a "low rent" suburb of Parson's Pond. Family names of Three Mile Rock in 1993 include Blanchard, Goosney and Parsons. Hutchings and Beuhler ( 1984), E.R. Seary (1977), Robert Wells (1960), Census (1911-1991). RHC

THREE MOUNTAIN HARBOUR (pop. 1935, 20). Once the site of a seasonal fishing station, Three Mountain Harbour is located just north of Goose Cape (the northern headland of Hare Bay), about 6 km south­ west of St. Anthony. The bottom of the harbour is only about 500m from the community of Goose Cove East qv and is known locally as Back Cove. The name Three Mountain Harbour is a translation of Trois Montagnes, applied by the French because of a triple summit visi­ Three Rock Cove ble for some distance out to sea. Both Trois Montagnes early 1900s). In 1994 another family name was and Cremailliere (pot-hook), to the north, were fishing Retieffe - descendants of a French fisherman who stations frequented by the French up until the 1850s as settled at Salmon Cove in about 1890. outposts of St. Anthony. Three Mountain Harbour first The early settlers were fishermen who came to the appears in the Census in 1857, with a population of Cove after a French lobster cannery was established to five. These people were the family of Thomas Rose, the southwest at Les Vaches ("the cows") in about 1890. who probably first settled as gardien for the French This area is now known as Greenhead, but appears on premises. By the 1880s the French were no longer maps as Crow Head. There was also briefly a lead-silver frequenting that part of the coast, their place being mine just inland from the community, at Spider Pond. taken by Newfoundland fishermen- as many as 30 After the French influence on the coast ended in 1904 families each summer fishing the grounds between the Port au Port West firm of Abbott and Haliburton took Goose Cape and St. Anthony Harbour. There were never over the cannery and established a branch store in the more than a handful of people (Roses and Gillinghams) community. The store was still in operation in 1994, resident at Three Mountain Harbour in the 1800s, but in although the cannery closed in the 1930s. From the about 1915 the Rice family moved to Back Cove from 1920s seasonal work pulpwood cutting for the Comer Cremailliere. Back Cove had a few residents (mostly Brook paper mill supplemented the lobster and cod fish­ Rices) until the 1950s. Ben Reardon (MHG 43-D-1-19), eries. As with other communities on the Peninsula, the E.R. Seary (1960), Census (1857 -193 5). RHC construction and operation of Harmon Field Air Base at Stephenville was an important source of employment THREE ROCK COVE (pop. 1991, 257). A fishing from the 1940s. Since the closure of the base in 1966 the community on the northwest shore of the Port au Port population of Three Rock Cove has declined (from a Peninsula, Three Rock Cove was originally named peak of 308 in 1966), with the lobster fishery being Trois Cailloux ("three boulders") by migratory virtually the sole local industry. Paul M. Charbonneau French fishermen, who used it as an outpost of their (1994), George Dennis (interview, May 1994), Gilbert fishing station at L'Isle Rouge qv (Red Island). In Higgins (interview, May 1994), Lucien LaCoure (inter­ addition to the Cove proper, with three rocks promi­ view, May 1994), J.J. Mannion (1977), Carpe Diem: nent off its northeastern headland, the community also Tempus Fugit (1976-78), Census (1891-1991), DA (Jul.­ includes the neighbourhoods known as Salmon Cove Aug. 1990). BARRY MOORES (to the east) and Greenhead. Although there are traditions that Three Rock Cove THRELFALL, WILLIAM (1939- ). Parasitologist; was used by Basque and French fishermen as early as ornithologist. Born Preston, England, son of Mary the eighteenth century, it is not noted separately in Ellen (Bowden) and Ed­ most records of the French fishery, which refer to the ward Threlfall. Educated entire coast adjacent to L'Isle Rouge as La University of Wales. Mar­ Grand 'Terre (Mainland qv). Local tradition has it that ried Anita Gallagher. the first settler, Paul Hall from the Grand Codroy Threlfall joined Memorial River, did not arrive until the 1870s. Three Rock Cove University's biology de­ first appears in the Census in 1891, with a population partment in 1965. In 1986 of 26 and a further 12 at Salmon Cove. By 1921 the he began appearing regu­ population had increased to 98. Most of those at Three larly on CBC Radio's Rock Cove were members of the Hall family, while "Cross-Talk", to discuss other early settlers include Thomas Collier (from Newfoundland birds, and Codroy, in about 1892) and families named Besaw, has had two series on Cable Dennis and Rinks (from the southwest coast in the Atlantic: ''Our Marine William Thre/fa/1 THULE TRADITION 381

Environment" and "Nature in Newfoundland". From thrush (Catharus minimus), the hermit thrush (Catharus 1991 to 1993 he was a lecture-tour speaker with the gattatus) and Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Atlantic Provinces Inter-University Committee on the All three are very similar in both size and appearance, Sciences (APICS). In 1993 he was a member of the but they can be distinguished by careful observation, and President's Committee on Animal Bioethics and Care especially by their song. All are noticeably smaller and at Memorial and of the Animal Care Committee of paler than the robin, the breast is pale and spotted and APICS. William Threlfall (letter, Dec. 1993). LBM they are usually seen (or heard) in dense woods or in small clearings. All are migratory. THRIFT. Armeria labradorica is one of two North Amer­ The veery (Catharusfuscescens) is a thrush with more ican species of thrift, a member of the leadwort easily recognized differences. It is more southerly in (Plumbaginaceae) family of plants. A dramatic-looking distribution, preferring deciduous to mixed open wood­ plant with a round cluster of papery flowers coloured a land. In Newfoundland it is uncommon, breeding in the delicate silvery peach, A. labradorica inhabits barrens, west or southwest parts of the Island. The spots on the mountains and coastal bluffs of Labrador and northern breast are paler and less distinct than those of the other and western Newfoundland. Its flowerets flare in papery three species. The nest is on or near the ground. corollas which begin as folded cones like closed parasols. The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) breeds in In Iceland, thrift is eaten, the bases of its long, fleshy northern Labrador and places farther north. It is some­ leaves boiled in milk and then buttered. According to times seen on the Island, but is considered a vagrant. It botanist M.L. Fernald the Icelandic thrift is in all likeli­ looks quite different from other members of the thrush hood the same plant found in "abundance, especially in family; it is mostly black and white. Two exotic thrushes northwestern Newfoundland and on the Labrador''. have also been seen in Newfoundland: the fieldfare Fernald and Kinsey (1958), Ernest Rouleau ( 1978), (Turdus pilaris) and the redwing (Turdus iliacus). They Frank D. Venning (1984). KATHLEEN WINTER are vagrants. The so-called northern waterthrush is not of the thrush family. One of our most common wood THRUSHES. Thrushes are birds of the family warblers qv, it derives its name from its spotted breast Muscicapidae (formerly Turdidae), which includes which gives it some resemblance to thrushes. W.E. God­ solitaries and bluebirds. Newfoundland thrushes may frey ( 1979), Mactavish, Maunder and Montevecchi be conveniently divided into two categories: robins (1989). CHARLIE HORWOOD and other thrushes. The American robin (Turdus migratotius), of which THULE TRADITION. The Thule tradition represents we usually see the Newfoundland subspecies (T.m. the most recent prehistoric migration of people into nigrdeus), is a songbird widely recognized as a harbin­ Labrador, perhaps only 550 years ago. The name Thule ger of spring. It may not be the most abundant of our is taken from the district of Greenland where their songbirds, but it is the one most often seen on lawns artifacts were first recognized by Europeans (in turn and in gardens. The Newfoundland subspecies, which named for Ultima Thule, in ancient geography the occurs also in northern Quebec, is a little darker than mythical northernmost limit of the world). The historic its relatives, the blackish colour of the head and neck descendants of the Thule throughout the arctic region more extensive. Robins seen before the end of March are the Inuit people. The boundary between the two are likely to be overwintering birds. The earliest arriv­ groups is somewhat arbitrary, but the Thule period in als in Newfoundland occur about April first, but small Labrador is considered to have lasted until c.1600. flocks overwinter regularly in southern Newfoundland As a late wave of migrants to cross the Bering Strait and on the Avalon Peninsula. Robins are berry eaters, into North America from Asia, the Thule people devel­ especially in fall and winter, and it is presumed that oped a culture based on sea mammal hunting, which the abundance of partridgeberries and marsh berries spread rapidly eastward across the Arctic. A period of provides the inducement for them to stay. Nests are climactic cooling between 1200 and 1550 AD usually in crotches of trees or on sturdy branches prompted a general southward movement into areas averaging about ten feet from the ground on open now considered to be sub-arctic, such as Labrador. woodland and forest edges of gardens. In Newfound­ Thule people entered Labrador c. 1450 either from land usually three plain blue eggs are laid, and there Ungava or Baffin Island and expanded into areas are usually two broods per season. Nesting occurs as previously occupied by the Dorset *Palaeo-Eskimo far north as Ungava. The bird nests across Canada and qv and by the ancestral Innu. There may have been the U.S.A., and winters as far south as central America. some type of contact with late Dorset groups as in The robin has the interesting habit of carrying broken some cases Dorset dwellings were reoccupied by eggshells some distance from the nest to hide its loca­ the Thule. Legends which survived among the his­ tion. The young do not have the plain red breast of the toric Inuit tell of a strange people called the adults, have shorter tails, and appear less slender. "Tunnit", who may represent the Dorset. (These In common usage "thrush" usually refers to one of legends may also have been influenced by contacts the thrushes other than the robin. Three such species with the Norse in Greenland.) Norse artifacts of are considered common in most of the Province, and the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries have been they breed throughout except north of the treeline in recovered from Thule dwellings on Ellesmere Is­ Labrador. These three species are: gray-cheeked land, reflecting a widespread trade route. 382 THWART ISLAND

Between 1450 and 1600 the Thule spread southward good relations with later European explorers, traders along the Labrador coast. In the early period they and whalers. The Thule were in contact with Basque would have occupied the major island and fjord sys­ whalers in the Strait of Belle Isle c.l550-1650, and tems from the northern tip of Labrador to the central coast Thule groups soon established them­ Kaumajet Mountains. They may have reached Saglek selves as middlemen in the trade of European goods Bay c.1500 and Hopedale between 1550 and 1600. northward. French trade goods dating to the 1600s Thule-period sites have been identified by archaeolo­ have been discovered at Thule/Inuit sites in Hamilton gists at Killinek, Nachvak, Okak, Saglek, Nain, He­ Inlet, while Dutch traders were known to have visited bron, Seven Islands Bay and Home Island. Dwellings northern coastal Labrador in the 1600s and 1700s. were small, oval, semi-subterranean structures framed European goods in the context of Thule/Inuit sites with whalebone or driftwood and covered with layers reflect peaceful trade as well as occasional raids on of baleen and sod. The Thule appear to have lived in European camps. But hostile encounters were known, small groups of related families and to have moved such as an incident reported by J oris Carolis in 1615 their camps seasonally in order to exploit various ani­ when the two groups exchanged arrows and musket mal and other resources. Known as whalers, the Thule shot. By the 1700s, iron and other metals began re­ hunted baleen whales such as the Greenland right placing artifacts made of stone and bone in the whale on the open sea from umiaks and kayaks. Thule/Inuit culture. Whaling activity appears to have Ringed and harp seal were also taken for food, skins declined, probably because of climactic change (dur­ and oil along with various species of seabirds and fish. ing the so-called Little Ice Age) and the incursions of Most hunting activities, especially whaling, were co­ European and American whalers. Earlier house forms operative in nature. Caribou were taken on land with were replaced by large, rectangular, multi-family bow and arrows, weapons often associated with native dwellings and may reflect a renewed emphasis on co­ peoples to the south. The Thule developed an elabo­ operation and the sharing of food resources. rate hunting technology, fashioning weapons and Much of the knowledge of the Thule has come from other utensils from wood, bone, stone (especially archaeological investigations. In the 1920s, Junius slate) and ivory. Unlike other prehistoric peoples in Bird of the American Museum ofNatural History trav­ Labrador they avoided using the distinctive Ramah elled to Hopedale with Captain Robert Bartlett, where chert to make tools. Apart from harpoons, bows and he excavated several sod houses of the late arrows and knives the Thule used such devices as Thule/early Inuit period. Little further research was baleen snares and floats made of inflated animal blad­ done until the 1960s when the Smithsonian Institute ders. Fragments of basketry, wooden dolls and other began conducting surveys of coastal Labrador. Re­ carvings have also been preserved from frozen sites of search was also done by James Tuck qv and others, the Thule period. revealing Saglek Bay to be an important study area. A The Labrador Thule appear to have had some con­ nearly complete chronological sequence of sites was tact with Europeans in the latter part of the sixteenth found in the Bay, giving archaeologists a better under­ century. A European handbill of 1567 announced the standing of Thule culture. See also INUIT. Susan exhibition of an "Eskimo" woman and child at a fair Kaplan (1983), Robert McGhee (1984), Peter in Augsburg, Germany. The accompanying drawing Schledermann (1971), James Tuck (1976). ACB depicted a woman with decorative facial tattoos dressed in clothing like that of the early historic Inuit. THWART ISLAND (pop. 1945, 19). The largest and The handbill described how the two had been taken the most southerly of the major islands in the Bay of from "Terra Nova" after the woman's male compan­ Exploits, Thwart Island is approximately 10 km long ion had been killed. Such abductions did little to foster (from north to south) and 5 km wide. The island is densely wooded and has historically been used in fall and winter for logging and boat-building by residents of nearby communities. There have also been at least three attempts to settle Thwart Island, all of them short-lived. In 1880 fisherman Alfred Purchase was living on the island, but it is not known how long he stayed. It seems likely that Purchase came to Thwart Island from Exploits, while the family later lived at Charles Brook qv on the mainland nearby. Then, in 1909 a lighthouse was established on the northwest end of the island, at Cabbage Harbour Head, as an aid to navigation for pulp and paper ships calling at Botwood. Harry Hutch­ ings of Charles Brook was hired as lightkeeper, while his son and son-in-law also settled in order to prose­ cute the lobster and herring fisheries. These three fam­ Eskimo Island, Hamilton Inlet ilies make up the population of 13 people recorded on Thwart Island in 1921 . Presumably, the fishing families TICKLE COVE 383

left soon afterward, for the lobster fishery was closed built about one mile from Tickle Beach in 1856. For in 1925. many years afterward the station was overseen by While the settlers noted above would all seem to Philip Ryan, who also traded for furs with the Micmac. have lived in the vicinity of Cabbage Harbour, winter Fisherman John Saunders settled at Tickle Beach in the woods work and boat-building were usually carried 1860s: ''there was a good ground for cod just inside the out from Thwart Island Harbour (locally, Frying Pan tickle ... there was a big hole there. John Saunders fig­ Cove) on the southeastern corner. It was there that the ured he owned it" (Frank Thornhill, cited in Fizzard). largest ship ever built on the island was constructed: Tickle Beach does not appear in the Census until 1884 the 3 72 ton Attainment, built in 1917 for the Horwood (all of Long Harbour having been previously enumer­ Lumber Co. The company erected a barn and cook­ ated together). In that year there was a population of 17. house at the site, as well as a bunkhouse for the 30-40 By 1891 (pop. 5) the Saunders family were again the men engaged as loggers and shipwrights. Later a saw­ only inhabitants and they would appear to have re­ mill was erected at Thwart Island Harbour, and it was mained so until lobster fisherman George Courage came there that the people recorded in the 1945 Census there from Garnish. (John R. Courage qv, later Speaker lived (family names Janes, LeDrew and Rowsell). In of the House of Assembly, was born at Tickle Beach in 1993 Thwart Island Harbour continued to be visited on 1915). In 1935 (pop. 11) the community consisted of occasion by people from nearby communities cutting Jane Courage and the family of John H. Saunders. One firewood, while there was a mussel farm just to the visitor noted in 1959 that the two families of Saunderses north, at St. John's Harbour. Calvin D. Evans (1992), still at Tickle Beach were expected to resettle shortly. In Rob Mills (1993), Census (1921; 1945), Sailing Direc­ 1993 Tickle Beach was occasionally visited by crews tions for Newfoundland 1931 ( 1931 ), Archives (A-7- fishing out of Anderson's Cove qv, a resettled commu­ 2/K; VS 92). RHC nity in Long Harbour where several former residents still maintained cabins or fishing premises. Garfield TIBBO'S, BAY DE VIEUX (pop. 1921, 13). An aban­ Fizzard (1988; interview, June 1993), Doug Jackson doned fishing community, Tibbo's was located near (1993), Robert Wells (1960), Census (1869-1956), the western entrance to Bay de Vieux, on the southwest McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory ( 1894), Archives coast east ofRamea. Bay de Vieux (or Old Man's Bay) (A-7-3). RHC was an early winter house for fishing communities in the area, and particularly Fox Island qv. (Publisher TICKLE COVE (pop. 1991, 71). One ofthe more pros­ Clyde Rose qv, who was born at Fox Island, claims to perous fishing communities in Bonavista Bay during have been conceived there). By 1857 there were 18 the 1850s, Tickle Cove declined in importance soon people in two families recorded at Old Man's Bay, but thereafter. The community is located in southern this may well have been the Baggs family, who lived Bonavista Bay and, although the Cove offers little on the eastern side, at Dog Cove qv. Tibbo's first shelter for large vessels, it is quite advantageously appears in the Census in 1891, with a population of 14. situated for a small boat fishery and also had the early These people were apparently the families of John advantage of a substantial "hinterland" for winter Rose and Thomas Warren of Fox Island. Thereafter work in the southern arms of Bonavista Bay. In fact, virtually every recorded resident of Tibbo's was a tradition has it that Tickle Cove is one of the oldest Warren, including inshore fishermen Barzanilla, Ed­ settlements on the Bonavista Peninsula apart from ward and James Warren, who were living there in Bonavista itself, likely as an outpost of Salvage qv. 1921 , the last time that the settlement was recorded. While according to tradition there were once several Clyde Rose (interview, Mar. 1994), Census (1857- gravestones dating from the 1600s, the earliest docu­ 1935), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1894), mented settlement dates from 1806, when the family Archives (A-7-2/J). RHC of Henry Over had a fishing room there. Tickle Cove appeared in the 183 6 Census with a TIBBO'S COVE, BAY OF ISLANDS. See WOOD'S population of 24 7, which had grown to 3 56 people by ISLAND. 1857, but in the latter half of the nineteenth century many people moved to more sheltered sites, such as TIBBO'S HILL. See ST. JACQUES-COOMB'S Princeton, Charleston and Summerville qqv. By 1921 COVE; WRECK COVE, FORTUNE BAY. there were only 194 residents left in the community, and this number dropped to 119 by 1935. Tradition­ TICKLE BEACH (pop. 1956, 19). A resettled fishing ally, the cod fishery was the main source of income in community, Tickle Beach was located about 6 km Tickle Cove, with the salmon and herring fisheries inside Long Harbour, Fortune Bay- on the west side, serving as supplements. Starting in early twentieth where the Harbour narrows to a tickle about 300 metres century residents were also involved in the lobster wide. Also known as Long Harbour Beach, it was home fishery. After 1870 most Tickle Cove fishermen dealt to a handful of fishing families, most of them named with merchant John Quinton at Red Cliff, and shipped Saunders, over about 100 years. The first white man to their catches to his premises there. By 1911 there were live in the area (which was a seasonal Micmac encamp­ three sawmills in Tickle Cove, and some subsistence ment before this time) was a telegraph operator and farming. Roman Catholicism was the predominant re­ line repairman at the Long Harbour repeater station, ligion (although historically there was also a significant 384 TICKLE HARBOUR

Tickle Cove and Tickle Cove Pond Church of England minority). In 1994 the only re­ 1864. A school had been built by 1884, but by this maining indication that Tickle Cove had once been a time there were only four resident families. After the much larger place was a large abandoned section on turn of the century the community consisted of be­ the northeast side of the Cove. tween 40 and 50 people, with the family names Tickle Cove is probably best known to most New­ Linahan, Nolan, Dobbin and Conway. foundlanders as the setting for the popular tune The south end of the Tickle formed a sheltered har­ "Tickle Cove Pond", which mentions residents Wil­ bour for small boats engaged in the inshore fishery for liam White and William Oldford (the latter a family salmon and cod. Some fishermen also went to the bank name which is no longer found in the community). or western boat fisheries out of Colinet and St. Mary's. Other prominent family names include Connors, Tickles was also noted for its winter and spring herring Cross, Kelly, Lane, Legge, Maloney (Mullowney), fishery, as currents kept the south end of the Tickle free Muggridge and Russell. In 1985 the movie Bayo was of ice in most years. The last residents of Tickles were filmed on location there. E.R. Seary ( 1977), H.A. the Dobbin and Nolan families, who were resettled to Wood ( 1951 ), Bonavista Peninsula Tour, Census Harricott in the mid-1960s. In 1994 the 4 km road to the (1836-1991), DA (Mar./Apr. 1984; May/June 1985), "mainland" side of Tickles was still passable on foot. McAlpine s Newfoundland Directory ( 1936), Monitor Tickles could be reached from the road's end on the (Aug. 1981). ILBILBM northwest side of Harricott by walking 200 meters along the beach and then into the woods at the corner of the last TICKLE HARBOUR. See BELLEVUE. garden. M.F. Howley (NQ December, 1909), Hutchinson s Directory ( 1 8 64), List of Electors TICKLES (pop. 1961, 25). A resettled fishing commu­ (1962), Lovells Newfoundland Directory (1871), Cen­ nity, Tickles was located on Pinch gut Island, at the sus (1836-1961). ACB north end of St. Mary's Bay, approximately 7 km south-southeast of Colinet. The name appears in some documents as Pinchgut Tickles, descriptive of the nar­ row channel between the island and the mainland. In the early 1900s a local priest attempted to rename the settlement Assumption Passage, but this name was dropped when in local usage it became ''Consumption Passage". Tickles first appears in the 1836 Census with Harry Cove (Harricott qv) and Harry Cove Point and a com­ bined population of 17. The low-lying island was soon cleared for gardens, while livestock were pastured on the adjacent mainland. There were 25 people at Tick­ les in 1845. In 1857 there were eight fishing and farm­ ing families. The families of Richard Fewer, Thomas Nowlan, Robert Pike, David Power and John, Richard and Thomas Tremblett constituted the community in Tickles, St. Mary's Bay TILLEY, BRUCE 385

TICORALAK ISLAND (pop. 1961, 7). Ticoralak Bight The average tidal range on the Island is 1m or less, but is a broad cove located on the north side of Groswater may be greater in Labrador as in the eastern arctic Bay, Labrador, east of the entrance t~ Double Mer and generally. The middle of the Island's east coast and the approximately 18 km northeast of Rtgolet qv. Several south coast may also experience greater ranges. At the families have lived at Ticoralak Island, while Ticoralak head of Placentia Bay, for example, the average range Head (the southern headland of the Bight) continued to is over 1.5 m. be used as a salmon fishing station in 1993. Tides may be affected by unusual barometric pres­ The earliest settlers to be noted at Ticoralak are two sure or by strong, prolonged winds. Strong onshore brothers from Adams Cove, Conception Bay: William winds tend to raise water levels, especially at the head and Thomas Hollett. The Holletts decided to settle at of long, shallow bays or when coupled with low baro­ Ticoralak Island in about 1878, after having been in­ metric pressure. Slack tides may be affected consider­ volved in the summer fishery in Groswater Bay for ably by wind action. When wind-generated waves run some years. By 1885 they had been joined by the up against a tidal flow in the opposite direction, a tidal Oliver family. (In 1888 the Hollett brothers moved to rip occurs and the breaking waves and turbulence may St. John's, after the death of their wives, although they pose a hazard to mariners. Geological disturbances returned to the island each fishing season for some may cause a tidal wave such as that which hit the years thereafter). Ticoralak first appears in the Census Burin Peninsula in 1929 (see EARTHQUAKES). in 190 l , with a population of 12. In 1904 the Rev. Tides can be accurately predicted only after sufficient Arminius Young noted "quite a large number" at observations have been made to determine local con­ Ticoralak: five families, two of which had settled in ditions. Surveys of tide levels in Newfoundland and the previous year. In addition to Olivers, these in­ Labrador have been conducted as an aid to navigation cluded the families of Jerry Flowers (whose establish­ by various naval and other authorities since the days ment was described in 1918 as "one of the best houses of the migratory fishery. When the Canadian Tidal on that part of the coast") and Abe Broomfield. In Survey was established in 1893 a network of tidal 1921 Ticoralak was recorded as having a population of stations was established on the Atlantic coast. In 1994 19, rising to 31 by 1945. These people made their the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans was living from the salmon and cod fisheries supple­ annually publishing standard tide tables for coastal mented by winter trapping. Most had at least one other areas. D.H. Steele ( 1983), Canadian Tide and Current residence in the area: either a winter place for trapping Tables (1993). ACB (such as Rocky Cove qv) or a summer fishing station (including Ticoralak Head, Big Island and Mullins TIDES COVE. See FOX COVE-MORTIER. Cove). From the late 1940s the people of Ticoralak Island increasingly wintered at Rigolet, and soon TIGRESS. A sealing steamer, the Tigress was built in came to be regarded as resident there, although as late Scotland and acquired by Harvey and Company in as 1965 there were two families, the Tooktoshinas and 1872. On its second trip to the ice of 1873, on April Shuglos, living more or less year-round at Ticoralak 30, it picked up George Tyson and a party of 19 from with a winter place at Rocky Cove. A.P. Dyke (1969), an ice floe near Grady. The rescued party were mem­ Arminius Young (1916), Census (1901-1961), Our bers of an American expedition to the Arctic, who had Footprints Are Everywhere (1977), Them Days (Jan. been stranded on the floes for six and a half months, 1992), Archives (A-7-4/36; VS 95). RHC drifting 1500 miles from Kane Basin on the west coast of Greenland after being separated from their ship, the TIDAL WAVE OF 1929. See EARTHQUAKES. Polaris, during a snowstorm on October 15, 1872. The Tigress arrived at St. John's on May 13 and was soon TIDES. The attraction of the sun and the moon cause refitted to search for the rest of the Polaris crew, who, the periodic rise and fall of the sea and other large in the meantime, had been rescued earlier by a Scottish bodies of water. Tides are seen in these regular oscil­ whaler. On the morning of April 2, 1875, two years lations of water levels and in the speed and direction after the dramatic rescue and in the same vicinity off of some ocean currents. They tend to have greater the Labrador coast, the Tigress's boilers exploded and range (the distance between high and low water levels) the ship caught fire, resulting in the death of 21 Bay when the moon is closer to the earth. Diurnal tides Roberts men. The survivors were picked up by other occur when there is one complete oscillation in a 25 sealing ships in the vicinity. Pierre Berton ( 1988), Levi hour period (one solar day) while semi-diurnal tides Chafe (1923), Reuben Mercer (interview, June 1993), result in two high waters and two low waters in the H.M. Mosdell (1923), Newfoundlander (May 15, same period. The two high and two low waters may be 1873). JOHN PARSONS of similar or mixed heights. A turn or slack tide occurs when the speed or current approaches zero, usually in TILLEY, BRUCE (1941- ). Businessman; St. John's the interval between the ebb and flood. municipal councillor. Born Bell Island, son of Nina Tides in Newfoundland are of the mixed, semi-diur­ (Dawe) and John Tilley. Educated Memorial Univer­ nal type on the southwest coast between Cape Race sity ofNewfoundland; University of Western Ontario. and Cape Ray and are semi-diurnal on the west and Married Ruth Hussey. Prior to his becoming general north coasts, where tides tend to be of equal heights. manager of the St. John's Board of Trade in 1972, 386 TILLEY, GERALD

Tilley was involved with manufacturing and construc­ and some knowledge of foreign languages. While tion industries. He is former national president of the these traits might have been remarkable in Rant's Har­ Chamber of Commerce executive. Tilley was first bour they were nothing short of astounding in the elected to the St. John's city council in 1981. In 1989 he virtually untracked wilderness of inner Trinity Bay. retired from Council, but returned in 1992 in a Ward 3 Tilley's "great learnings" became part of local folk­ by-election. He was defeated in the 1993 election. Bruce lore, while he was visited by several passing clergy Tilley (campaign brochure, 1993; interview, Nov. 1993), and officials, such as the Rev. Henry Petley who noted Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Bruce Tilley). LBM that the "old gentleman . . . appeared to have found pleasure and profit too, in scientific and learned pur- TILLEY, GERALD ( 193 1- ). Businessman. Born suits . . .. He had Homer's Iliad in the Greek Elliston, son of Jane (Porter) and Clarence Tilley. which ... he exchanged with me ... for Parker's Na~ Educated Memorial University College; Dalhousie tional Miscellany" (cited in Tocque ). Huntley Butler University; Memorial University of Newfoundland. (letter, 1979, Smallwood files), Philip Tocque (1877), Married Marion Wheele.r. After 14 years as managing Carol Tuck (MHG 41-D-1-26). RHC director of his family's fish exporting business, in 1966 Tilley wound up the company and returned to TILLEY,REX (1914- ). Airport manager. B orn university. From 1968 until his retirement in 1988 he Elliston, son of Robert and Emily Jane (Sweetland) worked with Bennett Brewing Company and Carling- Tilley. Educated Elliston; Memorial University Col­ 0' Keefe Breweries of Canada Ltd. in a number of lege. Married Jill Monro. Tilley taught high school for senior executive positions. Throughout his career four years before joining the Royal Air Force in 1940. Tilley has been active in community affairs. He served With the rank of flight lieu­ on the Board of Regents of Memorial University, and tenant, he served in the in 1978 became the first alumnus elected as vice-chair­ 125th (Newfoundland) man. He was named Memorial University's Alumnus Squadron until November, of the Year in 1987. Tilley also served as director of 1945. On his return to New­ the Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra and of the foundland he became an air Canadian Cancer Society. Ron Pumphrey (1983), traffic controller at Gander Luminus (Winter 1988), Centre for Newfoundland Airport. He was appointed Studies (Gerald Tilley). LBM operations manager in 1952 TILLEY, GLENN ( 1956- ). Broadcaster. Born St. and airport manager in John's, son of Florence (King) and Edwin Tilley. Ed­ 1956. From 1964 to 1967 he ucated Memorial University of Newfoundland. Tilley was regional superinten­ dent of airports in the Atlan­ first became interested in broadcasting when he Rex Tilley worked as a volunteer announcer with VOWR from tic Provinces, based in 1975 until 1978. In 1978 he joined the CBC to do Moncton, and from 1967 was regional manager and general broadcasting on both radio and television. deputy administrator for air services in Atlantic Can­ Tilley made relief appearances on CBNT news broad­ ada. Tilley retired to Eastport, Bonavista Bay in 1977. casts, and later that year was appointed full-time an­ G.W.L. Nicholson (1969), Rex Tilley (letter, Apr. chor of "Here and Now" . After 1990 he was 1994), Gander Beacon (Aug. 4, 1993), Who 's Who in co-anchor of the program, with Debbie Cooper. Tilley Newfound/and (1961). JOHN PARSONS has hosted CBC television coverage of major provin­ cial political events, such as elections, and also has TILLEY, ROBERT E. (1882-1949). Salvation Army done some broadcasting for CBC Radio. Glenn Tilley officer. Born Kelligrews, son of Samuel and Rebecca (letter, Nov. 1993), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Butler) Tilley. Educated Kelligrews; Salvation Army (Broadcasting). LBM College; Queen's University. Married Susie Pynn. Tilley was converted to the Salvation Army in 1902 TILLEY, JOHN (1789-1871). Pioneer settler of Shoal and became a probationary lieutenant in 1906. He Harbour qv. Born Hant's Harbour. Married Elizabeth served at Monkstown, Grand Bank, Tilt Cove, Bell Bursey. From the 1840s two of Tilley's sons were Island, Gambo and Channel. In 1922 he was appointed engaged in winter woods work in the Smith Sound general secretary of the Salvation Army in Newfound­ area, and in 1848 he and his extended family decided land, and also taught at the Salvation Army College in to move from Rant's Harbour to Shoal Harbour to live St. John's. In 1928 Tilley was appointed divisional there year-round. By 1853 the Tilleys had begun oper­ commander in Halifax, and from 1932 to 1936 was ating a water-driven sawmill, while John Tilley ex­ divisional commander in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1936 panded his early efforts at gardening into a small farm he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel (the first New­ to supply oats and hay for the family's livestock, as foundlander to achieve this rank) and was appointed well as vegetables for the growing community. divisional commander for Newfoundland. John 0. Tilley is probably best known as "the Trinity Bay Cooper (1994), ET (Dec. 4, 1941), War Cry (June 13, scholar", having by some means acquired not only the 1917), Who 's Who in and from Newfoundland 1937 rudiments of an education but also a love for books (1937?). JOHN PARSONS p

TILT COVE 387

organizations, and in that capacity helped to initiate the commission on the ministry of woman officers. In 1993, when her husband was elected international leader of the Army, she continued in senior adminis­ trative duties attendant on her position of' 'first lady'' of the Salvation Army. Tillsley and her husband retired in May, 1994. Maude Tillsley (letters, 1993; 1994), Railton Heritage Centre, Toronto. OTTO G. TucKER

TILT COVE (pop. 1991, 17). Tilt Cove is located on the western side of Notre Dame Bay, approximately 15 km southwest of Cape St. John. It is best known as the ~ite of the first major mine in Newfoundland, having been one of the world's most productive copper mines from 1864 to 1917. It was also operated on a smaller scale from 1957 to 1967. General and Mrs. Tills ley Tilt Cove has very little in the way of a harbour, and TILLSLEY, BRAMWELL (1931- ). Salvation Army the adjacent coastline is quite steep. During boom officer. Born Kitchener, Ontario; son of Harold periods most homes were built inland, around the Tillsley. Educated Kitchener; University of Western shores of Windsor Lake. Windsor Lake was named for Ontario; Wycliffe College; Officers' Training College, George Windsor, a former schoolteacher from the Toronto. Married Maude Pitcher qv. West Country of England who settled at Tilt Cove in Tillsley and his wife were commissioned Salvation about 1814. Tradition has it that all that could be seen Army officers in 1956. Following two appointments by passing boats was Windsor's fishing shack (or tilt) as corps officers they were appointed to the staff of the on the beach and that this is what gave Tilt Cove its Officers' Training College in Toronto. In 1971 Tillsley name. Of the 12 offspring of George Windsor, 11 mar­ was appointed principal of the Training College in St. ried and spread throughout western Notre Dame Bay. John's and three years later became principal of the The 1836 census shows only two fishermen, Windsor Eastern U.S.A. Officers' College. Appointed Com­ and Giles Rideout and their families, resident in the mander for Newfoundland in 1977; he was charged community, for a total population of 16. with restructuring the provincial administration- es­ In 1857 Smith McKay qv was prospecting in the tablishing Eastern, Central and Western divisions. On area and met Isaac Windsor, who showed him outcrop­ leaving Newfoundland Tillsley was appointed com­ pings of copper ore in the steep cliffs surrounding Tilt mander of the Toronto division. A number of senior Cove. McKay subsequently formed the Union Mining appointments followed in quick succession: chief of Company, in partnership with Charles F. Bennett qv, staff for the international Army; principal of William and on July 27, 1864 blasting began at the Union (or Booth Memorial Training College, London; co-ordin­ West) Mine. The first miners were experienced men ator for the International Youth Congress, England; brought from Cornwall, but many Newfoundlanders chief secretary for the U.S.A. Southern Territory; Ter­ were also soon employed. Mining techniques at Tilt ritorial Commander for the Australian Southern Terri­ Cove resembled those of the Cornish mines: after the tory. In April, 1993 he was elected the fourteenth blasted rock had been hauled to the surface, young General (international leader) of the Salvation Army. men and boys "cobbed" it by hammering away the Ill health led to Tills1ey's retirement in May 1994. He rock from the ore-rich portions. Cable cars bore the and Mrs. Tillsley reside in Toronto. Arthur Pitcher and cobbed ore along an iron tramway to a two-storey pier, Bramwell Tillsley (letters, 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994), Sally Ann (Toronto, 1993), War Cry (U.S.A., May 22, 1993). OTTO G. TUCKER

TILLSLEY, MAUDE (1932- ). Salvation Army offi­ cer. Born St. John's, daughter of Jacob and Clara (Ellis) Pitcher. Educated St. John's; Kingston, Ont.; Grace Hospital School of Nursing, Toronto; Ontario College of Nurses; Officers' Training College, To­ ronto. Married Bramwell Tillsley qv. Commissioned a Salvation Army officer in 1956, Tillsley served, with her husband, in two corps appointments before assum­ ing a number of senior administrative positions, in­ cluding a three-year appointment in the Newfoundland Division. Much of her career has been in the Army's diversified ministries for women. In 1991 she was appointed world secretary for the Army's women's A part of Tilt Cove 388 TILTCOVE

Tilt Cove, in its heyday from which ships transported it to smelters in In 1886 it was decided that to remove further high- Swansea, Wales. grade ore would jeopardize the soundness of the By 1869 there were 768 people living at Tilt Cove, Union mine, and the East Mine was opened up. Mean­ 299 of whom were working in the mine. A Church of while, Bennett died in 1883, leaving his business af­ England church had been built, and had a congrega­ fairs in disarray. His trustees leased the property to the tion of261. There were 355 Roman Catholics and 149 Tilt Cove Copper Company Ltd. of London in 1888. Methodists. A Catholic church had been built by 1874. This company set up a smelter at Tilt Cove, but soon Of the population, 51 had been born in England and 44 ran into difficulties, due to the cost of importing coal in Ireland, and there were 6 from other British colo­ from Britain. However, the East Mine ore body was nies. The size of the Union Mine and the amount of found to contain significant amounts of sulphur, gold copper extracted from it in the late 1860s drew much and silver. A principal director, John Taylor, arranged attention, and encouraged a "copper boom" in Notre the subletting of the mine in 1890 to the Cape Copper Dame Bay in the late 1800s (see BETTS COVE; COP­ Co. Ltd., which closed the smelter and again began PER; LITTLE BAY; MINING). Surnames associated exporting ore to Swansea. By 1891 the population of with Tilt Cove in the early mining years included Tilt Cove had boomed once again, to 1004. In 1894 the Adams, Bartlett, Blackmore, Butler, Clarke, Col­ United States waived tariffs on metallic ores, dramat­ bourne, Dicks, Dove, Drover, Eveleigh, Fudge, Giles, ically improving markets for the mine. The Tilt Cove Hearn, Hedd, Johnson, Judge, King, Locke, MacKey, Copper Co. was soon turning a good profit, leading the Martin, Mitchell, Neville, Noble, Oake, Payne, Pol­ company to reopen the West Mine and work the West lard, Prole, Pynn, Rendell, Richards, Roberts, Sacrey, Mine dumps. The population of Tilt Cove leaped Short, Starkes, Stoodley, Tilley, Thomas, Toms, again, to 13 70 in 1901, and there were four churches, Vickers, Walsh, Welshman, White and Yo:ung. While three schools and nearly 250 homes. This represented some were from nearby communities -there were the peak for Tilt Cove, for the West Mine shut down in probably only about 500 people living in western 1902, and by 1907 the East Mine's visible ore reserves Notre Dame Bay when the mine opened - others were nearly gone. came from all over the Island, most especially from Meanwhile, copper prices were dropping, and in the Twillingate area and Conception Bay. Several 1914 the Tilt Cove Copper Company went into liqui­ businessmen and tradesmen came from St. John's. dation, returning the lease to Bennett's trustees. Rob­ A dispute between McKay and Bennett led to the ert G. Rendell qv and long-time Tilt Cove merchant dissolution of their partnership, and Bennett bought James M. Jackman took over the lease and for a short the mine in 1880. By 1882 difficulty was experienced time turned a nice profit in the early years of World in excavating large quantities of the high-grade ore War I, when copper prices more than doubled in two demanded by the Swansea smelters. The 1884 Census years. But after freight rates rose drastically, Rendell reflects a considerable slowdown in the operation: and Jackman returned the mine to the trustees and it there were only 29 families and a population of 155, was closed in 1918. During the period from 1864 to while for the first time in some years there were fish­ 1918, 61,000 tons of metallic copper, 416 tons of ing rooms in use. Some people moved to other mining nickel ore, 50,000 ounces of gold and 50,000 ounces communities, such as Little Bay or (after 1887) of silver were produced by the Tilt Cove mines. Pilley's Island, but it appears that many who had come By 1921 Tilt Cove was once again merely a small as miners returned to the fishery, helping to settle both fishing community, with a population of around 50 Notre Dame Bay and White Bay. people. The Roman Catholic church burned shortly TILTING 389

after the mine closed, but the Church of England ing servants there. The name is presumed to have come church was kept up by the remaining inhabitants. It from the building of shacks or tilts by migratory fish­ too burnt in 195 8, one year after the mine had been ermen. Although the modern spelling of the reopened by the First Maritime Mining Corp. This community's name is true to some of the earliest re­ company employed between 270 and 300 men, but did cords, it was more usually known as Tilton Harbour in not develop a townsite comparable to the earlier one. the nineteenth century, with the current form being The population rose only to about 400 people, as many adopted in 1906 to avoid confusion with Tilton, near of the miners either lived away from the community or Spaniard's Bay. did not bring their families with them. A road was By about 1752 Thomas Burke, a native of completed to La Scie and the Baie Verte Peninsula Dungarvon, Ireland, had settled, and was joined over Highway in 1961. The mine closed again in 1967, due the next few decades by such families as the Keefes, to depleted ore reserves of sufficient grade. The total Lanes and McGraths. As early as 1800 the Burke fam­ amount of copper concentrate shipped during this pe­ ily and Daniel Bryan had built schooners for sealing, riod was 467,000 tons, to Murdockville, Quebec. Most and also became involved in a migratory fishery to the of the families who had settled at Tilt Cove were able French Shore. Tilting became perhaps the most im­ to take advantage of the resettlement program to move portant outpost of Fogo and by 1836 the population elsewhere, while a number of miners found work in had reached 327. Family names of Tilting at that time Labrador. By the 1970s Tilt Cove was a small fishing included most of those which predominate in the com­ community of about 70 people. Since 1988 the com­ munity in 1994 including (in addition to those noted munity has had a small boat-building establishment, above) Broaders, Dwyer, Foley, Greene and Mahoney. but the population has continued to decline. In 1993 Other family names in 1994 include Reardon (histori­ the winter population consisted of 12 people. Of these, cally associated with the resettled community of eight were direct descendants of the first settler, Sandy Cove qv, nearby) and Hurley (which family George Windsor. Margaret Winsor Collins (letter, lived just to the south of Tilting, at Oliver's Cove). 1992), Harvey Foss (1966), Wendy Martin (1983), Tilting residents had a strong tradition of subsistence Emma Richards Morgan (letter, 1992), Murray and farming, with Oliver's Cove and Sandy Cove being Howley (1881), Cecil Short (letter, 1992), Census the favoured areas for gardens. (1836-1991), Archives (Department of Public Health Tilting seems to have become an Irish Catholic en­ and Welfare: Vital Statistics). JILL MARSHALL clave at a very early stage, and by 1835 the community had its first parish priest, with a church being com­ TILTING (inc. 1975; pop. 1991, 379). A fishing com­ pleted by 1838. The only "English" family names munity at the east end of Fogo Island qv, Tilting is one recorded at Tilting thereafter were Forsythe (at Sandy of few Roman Catholic communities on the northeast Cove) and Horton- who probably came to the com­ coast and one of the most "Irish" of Newfoundland munity as agents of (respectively) Fogo and Trinity outports. Possessing a well-sheltered harbour which merchants - and neither family name was present in provides the closest access to prime fishing grounds at the community in 1994. Little Fogo Islands qv and northeast towards the Funks, In the late 1800s, although the size of the harbour it is presumed that Tilting was used by migratory limited the number of schooners which could be used fishermen from France in the early 1700s. (Tradition there, Tilting was heavily involved in the migratory has it that a French fishing establishment was once fisheries to Little Fogo Islands, the Labrador coast and located on the south side of the harbour, at Garrison the French Shore. By 1901 the population had peaked Point.) By the mid-1700s it would appear that both at nearly 500 people (including Oliver's Cove and Fogo merchant Jeremiah Coghlan qv and Trinity mer­ Sandy Cove), with the Fogo merchant houses of Henry chant Benjamin Lester qv were sending crews of fish- Earle and J.W. Hodge (later the Newfoundland Labrador

Tilting Harbour, 1994 Tilting, 1994 390 TILTON

Export Co.) each maintaining a branch store and resi­ teacher Stephen Gosse taught at a new school in North­ dent agent. Thereafter, however, the decline in the ern Cove, Spaniard's Bay. Labrador fishery led to a decline in the population, to Gosse remained a proponent of settlement at Tilton less than 400 by 1935. Important changes during where level land was available to be cleared. How~ World War II came with the establishment of a U.S. ever, there were only a few settlers until the early radar facility at Sandy Cove and the beginnings of 1880s, when the Harbour Grace railway passed fresh-fish processing at nearby Joe Batts Arm. through the area. The railway crossed the barrens from In the 1960s Tilting residents made common cause New Harbour to Tilton, where a railway siding and with other communities on Fogo Island in the face of passenger station were soon built to serve as railhead threat ofresettlement, becoming involved in the Fogo for Spaniard's Bay and Bay Roberts. This prompted a Island Co-op, which built longliners for many island movement of people, primarily from Bishop's Cove, residents and acquired the Joe Batts Arm fish plant. and by 1884 there were 370 people at Tilton. There Since that time the longliner fishery and the plant have were two schools before the turn of the century, and by been the main employers for residents of Tilting. Al­ 1911 a Church of England chapel had been built. though, with the improvement of local roads, the com­ Much of the land at Tilton proved to be unsuitable munity has come to share many facilities with the rest for large-scale agriculture. The Labrador fishery be­ of Fogo Island, its distinctive folkways and pride in an came the major employer, in 1891 more than 100 peo­ Irish heritage have helped it remain unique. In the ple of the population of 3 77 being engaged in that interests of preserving the community's heritage and fishery. The shore fishery was also carried on from promoting future development the Tilting Expatriates' Spaniard's Bay. When an iron ore mine opened on Bell Association was founded at St. John's in 1984. Bill Island in 1895 many men from Tilton commuted to Greene (1980), Census (1836-1991), DA (Aug. 1978; work at the mines. The population of the community vol. 16 #4, 1987), Lovell~ Newfoundland Directory remained at approximately 400 until the 1960s. (1871), Tilting Expatriate (1993), Archives (MG Tilton's location near the highway has, in more recent 323/1/2). RHC times, allowed people to travel to larger centres, such as Spaniard's Bay and Harbour Grace, for services and TILTON (inc. 1979; pop. 1991, 581). Tilton is located employment. Eric Martin Gosse ( 1988), Census on the shore of a pond just inland from Spaniard's Bay (1884-1991). ACB qv. In the early 1800s it was a winter-house area for the people of Spaniard's Bay and Bishop' s Cove qv. TIME ZONES. The Greenwich System of determining Temporary shelters (or tilts) gave rise to the name Tilt time divides the earth into 24 zones, each of which is Town, which was eventually shortened to Tilton. From 15 longitudinal degrees wide and represents one hour Tilton a path crossed the barrens of the interior to New on the clock. Newfoundland Standard Time (NST) Harbour, Trinity Bay, but until a road was constructed operates at 31;2 hours behind Greenwich Mean Time, between Spaniard's Bay and Harbour Grace in the in a zone shared only by the small coastal nation of 1840s Tilton was inaccessible during most of the sum­ Surinam in South America. (St. Pierre and Miquelon mer months. A few families settled there when the road have advanced their time one half hour in order to be was built and a school had been opened by 1875. When closer to European time). Exceptions to the standard funds for the school were withdrawn in that year, 60-minute divisions are relatively rare, and the island of Newfoundland is the only jurisdiction in North America to have a half-hour zone. Labrador, however, does not share this distinction. The Newfoundland Standard Time Act (1935) determined that NST was to be used on the island and in the Straits of Labrador, while Atlantic Standard Time (AST) was to be used in Labrador communities north of Port Hope Simpson. The use of Atlantic Standard Time was later adopted for all of Labrador. An exceptional situation developed with the introduction of Double Daylight Savings Time in 1988, when Labrador from Cartwright north had its own unique time zone operating one hour after AST and 30 minutes before NST. (The provincial gov­ ernment abandoned DDST in February 1989). In 1963 public opposition ended the Smallwood government's plan to eliminate NST and bring the Island in line with the Maritime provinces. Green Paper on Changing Newfoundland and Labrador's Time Practices ( 1987), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Time Zones). LBM

TIMES AND GENERAL COMMERCIAL GAZETTE. Tilton, 1955 The earliest extant issue of the Times and General TITANIC 391

Commercial Gazette is dated August 29, 1832 and the support a Salvation Army citadel. General services last March 23, 1895. Publication was suspended from were usually obtained 5 km away at Horwood qv. June 9-16, 1846, and again from July 9 to August 31, Shortly after Confederation two families left Tim's 1892. Generally published weekly or semiweekly, its Harbour for Horwood, and the remaining few people proprietor, publisher and editor was John Williams were resettled in about 1959. Material from the Salva­ McCoubrey qv. (James Seaton qv, formerly of the tion Army citadel was used to erect a new citadel at Morn ing Courier qv, was editor from January 3 to Rodgers Cove qv. In addition to Edwards and Troke, June 30, 1849). Taking as its motto "In necessary family names recorded at Tim's Harbour at one time or things, UNITY, - In non-essentials, LIBERTY, - In another include Fancey, White and Snow. Roland Nippard all things, CHARITY!" the Times contained foreign (interview, Jan. 1994), Robert Wells (1960), Census and domestic news, shipping news, public notices, (1935-1956), Archives (A-7-4/20; A-7-5/7). RHC reports of legislative proceedings, the "meteorologi­ cal register", letters, poetry, Newfoundland history TINKER HARBOUR (pop. 1921, 3). An abandoned and advertisements. According to Ellison, in the 1830s fishing community, Tinker Harbour was located on the much editorial space was devoted to disagreement south side ofGroswater Bay, approximately 40 km east with the Patriot qv, often on side issues. Basically of Rigolet. In the early 1800s, as English fishing con­ conservative and a supporter of the merchant class, the cerns began a migratory cod fishery on the Labrador Times often expressed its opposition to poor relief and coast, the south side of Groswater Bay was one of the took a neutral stance on confederation in 1869. first areas to be systematically exploited - at such Although with its inception the paper was compara­ sites as Cullingham's Bight, Tinker Harbour, Cuff's tively neutral politically, in 1885 it became more Harbour and Tub Harbour. However, towards the mid­ forthright on political issues, championed William V. dle of the century the ships of the English firms were Whiteway and attacked the Reform Party and the largely superseded by Newfoundland fishing schoon­ Thorburn administration. After 1890 a less political ers, whose operations tended to be centred on the north stance was adopted. Not highly sectarian initially, in side of the Bay, in the area around Indian Harbour qv. November 6, 1888 it claimed to be "the only recog­ Tinker Harbour (which takes its name from the com­ nized organ of the Church of England people." The mon Newfoundland name for a seabird, the razorbill or Times apparently ceased publication in March 1895. northern turr) was probably settled in the mid-1800s Suzanne Ellison ( 1988), Times and Commercial Ga­ by the Williams family, who had come to the Labrador zette (1832-1838 passim). ILB coast in the employ of an English firm. It does not, however, appear in nineteenth century Census records, TIMES AND GENERAL COMMERCIAL GAZETTE. which usually lumped all the places in Groswater Bay This weekly paper began publication on November 22, together. The community first appears in the Census in 1924, under the proprietorship of G.H. Andrews, but ap­ 190 1, with a population of 11. Soon thereafter the pears to have been short-lived as the last located issue was younger Williams men settled at Flatwater Brook and dated December 6, 1924. Suzanne Ellison (1988). ILB West Bay qv, to the east, or at Turner's Bight qv to the west. It appears that Tinker Harbour was abandoned by TIM'S HARBOUR (pop. 1956, 9). An abandoned fish­ about 1925. Census (1901-1921), Archives (A-7-4/36; ing community, Tim's Harbour was located on the west VS 95). RHC side of Gander Bay, near the Bay's mouth on a small cove sheltered by the Seal Islands. It was settled for TISQUANTUM. See SQUANTUM. only 30 years or so, the first settler being Hezekiah Troke, who moved there from Change Islands in about TITANIC. The Titanic, purported to be unsinkable when 1928. The Trokes were joined by a family named Ed­ built (at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast for wards from Change Islands shortly thereafter. The the White Star Line), became victim to an iceberg on Trokes and Edwardses settled during the depths of the its maiden voyage. This passenger liner was 882 feet Great Depression, attempting to wring a living from long and about 94 feet wide. Its registered weight was the land as loggers, farmers and fishermen by settling 46,328 tons, but upon completion it displaced more an area which had previously been used only for winter than 60,000 tons. woods work by residents of Change Islands. When the The Titanic sailed on April 10, 1912, under Captain community first appeared in the Census, in 1935 (pop. Edward C. Smith, on its maiden voyage from South­ 24), heads of two of the four households described ampton to New York. Despite warnings from other themselves as farmers- with a combined income for ships of the presence of icebergs, Smith, assuming the year of $30.80. In that year there was also one that the few icebergs would be detectable from the logger and two young men employed in the Labrador lookout, did not reduce speed. But at 11:40 P.M. on fishery. In later years the majority appear to have April 14, 1912,409 nautical miles off Cape Race, the earned most of their livelihood from logging. The only ship struck a large iceberg, and sank about two hours local catch of any significance was a modest salmon and 40 minutes later. Cape Race received the Titanic's fishery, supplying a cannery owned by Troke. SOS. Its sister ship, Olympic, about 500 miles away, Despite a population which never grew above four heard the SOS and informed other ships. In the mean­ or five families or 30 people, Tim's Harbour did time the stricken ship sank, with the loss of about 392 TIZZARD, AUBREY MALCOLM

1522 people, including the captain, out of the comple­ Ground: Reminiscences ofOutport Life in Notre Dame ment of approximately 2200 on board. The Carpath­ Bay, Newfoundland (1979) that he is best known. This ian picked up approximately 705 survivors. The White book presents an unsentimental and detailed descrip­ Star Line later sent ships from Halifax and Quebec and tion of life in the small fishing settlement of Salt Pans. the Algerine from St. John's to search for bodies, and Aubrey Tizzard ( 1979), Diane Tye (Atlantic Provinces 328 were found. The Newfoundland House of Assem­ Book Review v.l2 #4, Dec. 1985). ILB bly adjourned in shock and sympathy. Prime Minister Morris announced: "We had hardly ceased rejoicing TIZZARD'S HARBOUR (pop. 1991, 116). A fishing in the safe return of our... fishermen from their peril­ c~mmu~ity on New World Island qv, Notre Dame Bay, ous pursuits at the icefields, when the wireless Tlzzard s Harbour was an early outpost of Twillingate flashed ... the appalling Marine disaster which over­ (approximately 6 km to the northeast). Twillingate was the took the Titanic. History has no parallel to such an major harbour out of which English fishing firms operated awful human holocaust." An inquiry into the disaster in Notre Dame Bay from the mid-1700s. The family name was undertaken by the U.S. Senate, and a British Tizzard was one of the earliest recorded there. Board of Trade Inquiry recommended "more water­ The Tizzards would not appear, however, to have tight compartments in ocean-going ships, the provi­ been among those to move to Tizzard 's Harbour when sion of lifeboats for all on board, as well as a better the community was settled in the late 1790s or early lookout." As a result of the disaster, the International 1800s. By 1811 there were seven fishing rooms re­ *Ice Patrol qv was created. corded at Tizzard's Harbour - those of John Bide Several novels, including one from the iceberg's John Forward, Andrew Locke, William Lacey, Phili~ viewpoint, the musical Unsinkable Molly Brown, and Wiseman and Thomas Colbourne. The 1836 Census E. J. Pratt's dramatic/epic poem "The Titanic" have records 19 families and a population of 121, with the been inspired by the tragedy. American entrepreneur family name Bide (Boyd) already the most common. and explorer Jack Grimm funded several unsuccessful Other common family names of the community in expeditions to locate the wreck. But on September I, 1994 were also recorded there in that year: Burt, For­ 1985 an American-French expedition, led by Dr. Rob­ ward, Locke and Small. With a fine harbour offering ert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute access to headland fishing grounds, as well a substan­ and Jean-Louis Michel of the Institut jran9ais de re­ tial hinterland and a ready supply of bait in Friday's cherches pour I 'exploitation des mers, discovered the Bay, Tizzard's Harbour grew rapidly, to 298 people by wreck at a depth of 3810 m. A year later, Ballard 1874. By this time, however, many fishermen were no explored and photographed the wreck and surrounding longer confined to the local fishery, having built debris. Robert D. Ballard (1987), George F. Bass schooners "up the bay" in order to fish the Labrador (1988), Richard Brown (1983), TCE (1988), Centre coast, the Horse Islands and the French Shore. In the for Newfoundland Studies Ship File (Titanic), New­ later 1800s several Tizzard 's Harbour planters decided foundland Historical Society (Titanic). ILB to move: Fairbank, Hillgrade and Summerford qqv are other communities on New World Island established TIZZARD, AUBREY MALCOLM (1919-1984). Cler­ largely by people from Tizzard 's Harbour. gyman; author. Born Salt Pans (now Hillgrade), son of From the beginning most Tizzard 's Harbour fisher­ Caleb and Margaret (Kearley) Tizzard. Educated Salt men were supplied out of Twillingate, but by the early Pans; Mount Allison University; Pine Hill Divinity 1900s there were two local merchants: Robert Boyd Hall, Halifax. Married Rowena Watkins. After finish­ and Robert French. French had come to the commu­ ing school Tizzard worked as a part-time fisherman nity from nearby Moreton's Harbour in about 1894. As and cooper, and in 1946-47 taught at Burnt Cove (now the community declined, Tizzard's Harbour came to Newville). In October 1947 he went to Englee as a lay rely on Moreton's Harbour for most services, with supply minister with the United Church of Canada, later serving at La Scie, Pilley's Island and Campbellton. In 1954 Tizzard entered Mount Allison University. In 1958 he was ordained by the United Church of Canada, and served pastoral charges in New­ foundland and the Maritimes. Tizzard received the Canada Centennial Medal in 1967. In 1976 he moved to Ontario, holding various posts in five presbyteries and several ministerial associations. Tizzard was president of the Cobequid-Yorkshire Historical Society for three years. He was a member of the United Amateur Press of America and the Writers' Guild of Oshawa. He published five books of poetry and prose for friends. Tizzard himself has written short stories and poems, five short church histories, and the story of his lay ministry in Down on the French Shore in the 1940's. But it is for On Sloping Tizzard's Harbour TOBACCO, INDIAN 393

many fishermen being supplied by the firm of Osmond Brothers. Others moved into western Notre Dame Bay ·n the late 1800s to work as miners at Tilt Cove and ~ittle Bay, while from about 1910 the community lost many of its younger men to the lumberwoods of cen­ tral Newfoundland. In 1994 Tizzard's Harbour was a minor centre for the inshore fishery, with many of the remaining people employed away from the community seasonally. Several large homes and a church which MAYO'S . could hold the 100 or so inhabitants many times over were all that remained of its heyday. Harvey Bulgin (1991?), E.R. Seary (1977), Census (1836-1991), DA (Aug. 1980), Lovell s Newfoundland Directory ( 1871 ), rOeACCO Archives (MG 323/1/1-2). RHC j 13 ALWAY SGOOD TOADS. See REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. I ;,:.::*'~ TOADS COVE. See TORS COVE.

TOBACCO COMPANIES. There were a number of dealers in tobacco and snuff in St. John's in the nine­ teenth century. By and large, tobacco was imported to the Island in its already processed form. At Fox's Snuff and Tobacco Shop, on Water Street, Charles F. Fox offered his own hand-rolled cigars for sale c. l879. Within five years St. John' s had two tobacco factories. In 1890 one of them was employing 41 workers, while the other Cash 's Tobacco Store, St. John's employed three. Only the larger concern was in operation Daily News and solicited public donations to send by the following year, processing 44 7,265 lbs. of tobacco tobacco to Newfoundland soldiers overseas. The sol­ with an estimated value of $150,000. One of the casual­ dier whose letters to the Daily News initiated the proj­ ties of the St. John's fire of 1892 is recorded as Alexander ect, F.T. Lind qv, gained the nickname Mayo after one Harvey and Co.'s bakery and tobacco factory in Maggoty of the Company's more popular brands. Cove. The extent of Harvey's tobacco business is un­ On the death of James H. Monroe in 1922, WalterS. known, but it probably operated on a small scale. A Monroe qv, became president of the Newfoundland business directory of 1894 identifies two tobacco manu­ branch and Frederick C. Alderdice qv a director. During facturers: the Newfoundland Tobacco Works and the W.S. Monroe's term as Prime Minister-and under later Victoria Tobacco Works, both on the east end ofWater administrations - the Company benefited from tariff Street. James S. Pitts qv was involved in the Victoria protection. Following Confederation the Imperial To­ Tobacco Works, the factory being attached to his fish bacco Co. faced competition from cheaper Canadian exporting and general import business. Total production sources. Tariff protection was lost and the increased cost of tobacco in the town fell at the turn of the century to of labour and transportation contributed to the factory's approximately 281 ,000 lbs. closure. All tobacco processing for the Company was A branch of the Imperial Tobacco Co. was estab­ then done on the mainland. A sales and shipping office lished by James H. Monroe qv in 1903. Located on the was maintained in St. John's and in 1994 was managed corner of Bond and Flavin streets, the factory was by the Baine, Johnston firm. Fred Adams (1988), Brian later destroyed by fire. In 1910 it had been rebuilt and Bursey (1980), John Joy (1977), P.T. McGrath (1911), reorganized and was being managed by J.O. Lyal Tait (1968), BN II, Hutchinson s Newfoundland Di­ Hawvermale of Kentucky. The Imperial Tobacco rectory for 1864-65 (1864), McAlpine's Newfoundland Company had been formed as a merger between the Directory for 1894-97 (1894), Who's Who in and from Empire Tobacco Co. of Granby, Quebec and the Amer­ Newfoundland (1930). ACB ican Tobacco Co. Incorporated in 1912, its headquar­ ters were in Montreal. The Imperial Tobacco Co. had TOBACCO, INDIAN. Indian tobacco is a local name for the only factory on the Island by 1906, processing the plant Canadian burnet (Sanguisorba canadensis). 324,766 lbs. of tobacco and producing 807,000 ciga­ The Dictionary of Newfoundland English lists Indian rettes in that year. Unprocessed tobacco leaf was im­ Tobacco, but there is no indication of where the local ported from Kentucky and Virginia. The plant name originated. The plant does not have that name employed 136 workers in 1913, many of whom were elsewhere. Botanical writers do not nieniion use of this women. Products of the factory included cut and plug plant as tobacco, but Fernald observes that it should be tobacco and cigarettes- the latter gaining in popular­ checked out as a possible salad ingredient. Abundant in ity in the early decades of the century. During World bogs from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and War I, the Imperial Tobacco Co. co-operated with the south to Georgia, it bears tall spikes of white flowerets 394 TOBIN, BERTILLE

with long, fluffy stamens. It can grow up to 150 em, moratorium in the cod fishery. See also TRANSI­ and the leaves are composed of toothed leaflets. The TIONAL FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS. Latin Sanguisorba refers to the plant's reported ability Canadian Parliamentary Guide ( 1991), Canadian to arrest bleeding. Fernald and Kinsey (1943), William Parliamentary Handbook ( 1993), DNLB ( 1990), Cen­ A. Niering (1979), DNE. KATHLEEN WINTER tre for Newfoundland Studies (Brian Tobin). LBM

TOBIN, BERTILLE (1888-1966). Poet. Born Harbour TOBIN, GLENN (1950- ). Politician. Born Trepassey, Grace, daughter of Michael and Margaret (Scully) son of George and Eileen (Finaly) Tobin. Educated Tobin. Educated Harbour Grace; St. Bride's College, Memorial University ofNewfoundland. Married Linda Littledale. In 1908 Tobin moved to King's Cove, Power. Tobin became active in municipal politics Bonavista Bay, where her uncle was parish priest, and while working with the Department of Social Services taught school there for many years until forced to in Marystown. He was elected to town council in 1976, resign because of ill health. Despite the constant pain and served as deputy mayor. A keen supporter of sports of arthritis, Tobin always managed to write poetry. She and recreation, Tobin was chairman of the Marys town published in the Newfoundland Quarterly, the Family Recreation Commission for six years and of the 1980 Fireside and the Monitor qqv. Tobin was four times Newfoundland and Labrador Summer Games. It was winner of the F.M. O'Leary poetry award from 1945 for this latter work that he was named the Newfound­ to 1952. In 1951 she produced a volume of poetry, land and Labrador Amateur Sports Federation' s Autumn in King's Cove and Other Poems. Her simple, "Sports Executive of the Year" in 1981. First elected romantic poems are a reflection of her gentle person­ MHA for Burin-Placentia West in 1982, Tobin was ality and are mostly about nature and events of the appointed Minister of Social Services in 1988 by Pre­ time, rarely about people. When she died 1200 poems mier A. Brian Peckford; and was Government Services were found among her papers. In 1993 she remains minister during the short-lived administration of virtually unknown. Marjorie Doyle (ET Mar. 10, Thomas Rideout. After the defeat of the Rideout gov­ 1991), Elizabeth Mouland (1973). ILB ernment in 1989 Tobin earned a reputation as one of the most vocal of opposition members. Canadian Par­ TOBIN, BRIAN ( 1954- ). Politician. Born Stephen­ liamentary Guide (1993), Centre for Newfoundland ville, son of Florence (Frye) and Patrick Tobin. Edu­ Studies (Glenn Tobin). LBM cated Memorial University ofNewfoundland. Married Jodean Smith. Tobin worked as a broadcast journalist TOBIN, JAMES WILLIAM (1808-1881). Merchant; with CBC-TV and NTV until 1977, when he became politician. Born Halifax, Nova Scotia; son of James executive assistant to provincial Liberal leader Wil­ and Eleanor (Lanigan) Tobin. Married Emily Cecilia liam Rowe qv. In 1980, while working in the office of Bullen. Tobin came to Newfoundland in 1828. With MP Donald Jamieson qv, Tobin announced his candi­ John B. Bland he established the general trading firm dacy in the upcoming federal election. He was elected of Bland and Tobin in 1831. The partnership was dis­ in the district of Humber-Port au Port-St. Barbe. solved in 1839, at which time Tobin formed James In 1981 he was named parliamentary secretary to Tobin and Co. with James B. Hutton. Hutton appar­ the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. After the Liberal ently acted as managing agent, as Tobin was absent government's defeat in 1984 Tobin served as critic of from the Island much of the time. The firm was heavily many ministerial portfolios, including Forestry, Trans­ involved in the seal fishery for a brief period, but port and Unemployment, and gained notoriety as a disastrous fires in 1846 and 184 7 led to financial dif­ member of a "Rat Pack" of vocal Liberal back- ficulties. The firm' s last outport establishment, at Sel­ benchers. In 1988 Tobin dom-Come-By, was sold in 1849. chaired the national Liberal A prominent Irish Catholic, Tobin served as presi­ caucus, and in 1992 served dent of the Benevolent Irish Society from 1842 to on the national campaign 1844. He was appointed to the Executive Council in committee and national 1841 and was a member of the amalgamated legisla­ platform committee of the ture after 1842. In addition he received appointments party. He has also worked as stipendiary magistrate and collector of customs in on a variety of parliamen­ St. George's Bay in the early 1850s -representing tary committees, including the first official presence of the Newfoundland gov­ Transport, Fisheries and ernment on the French Shore. A candidate for the Forestry, Labour, Employ­ district of Placentia and St. Mary's in 1855, Tobin ment and Immigration, withdrew following his appointment to the Legislative Brian Tobin Constitutional and Re­ Council. He was financial secretary in the administra­ gional Development. He tion of Philip Little qv but defected to the Conserva­ was named Minister of Fisheries and Oceans in No­ tive party in 1857 to protest Little's acceptance of the vember 1993, after having been re-elected as MP for Anglo-French Fisheries Convention. The following Humber-St. Barbe-Baie Verte, and was immediately year Tobin was suspended from his public posts by faced with the controversial task of restructuring the Governor Bannerman for remarks attributed to him in aid package to fisheries workers affected by the a London newspaper criticizing the Newfoundland TOMCOD 395

government and Bishop Mullock. He retired to Ire­ on the south coast. He wrote letters to the Public Ledger land, returning briefly to Newfoundland in 1873 . Ger­ concerning scientific matters, and also wrote on politics, trude Gunn (1966), DCB XI. ACB Newfoundland society and the economy. In 1849 Tocque emigrated to Boston. There he pub­ TOBIN, JOHN M. ( 1880-1956). Athlete. Born St. lished A peep at Uncle Sam sfarm, workshop, fisheries John ' s, son of James Tobin. Educated St. Bon­ &c, intended as a handbook to introduce Newfound­ aventure' s College; St. Francis Xavier University; landers to the area. He became involved in several Loyola College, Montreal. In 1904 Tobin began a long liberal causes of the day, including pacifism, the abo­ career in hockey as player and official. He played with lition of slavery and the rights of women. Tocque the Victorias and after 1915, with the Terra Novas. attended theological college in Connecticut and in Tobin was secretary of the Newfoundland Hockey 1852 was ordained to the deaconate. After a few years League for 50 years. He also took part in the annual St. he moved his family to John' s regatta as an oarsman, coxswain and coach. In Nova Scotia where he was the 1940s he began broadcasting, his radio program, elevated to the priesthood. "Over the Blueline with Tobin", helping to popularize He preached throughout hockey in Newfoundland. He also had a career in Nova Scotia, New Bruns­ politics, sitting as the MHA for St. John's East Extern wick, Quebec and Ontario, from 1928 to 1932 and as a St. John's municipal often working for the Soci­ councillor from 1937 to 1941. Tobin was posthu­ ety for the Propagation of mously inducted into the Newfoundland and Labrador the Gospel. In the mean­ Sports Hall of Fame in 1977. DNLB (1990), ET (Oct. time Tocque wrote articles 6, 1956), McAlpine 's Newfoundland Directory for for a number of journals 1908-09 (1908). ACB and prepared what was probably his best-known TOBIN, MICHAEL (1835-1908). Merchant; politi­ work, Newfoundland: as it cian. Born Wexford, Ireland. Tobin probably emi­ was and as it is in 1877. A combination history, gazet­ grated to Newfoundland at the urging of James Tobin teer and almanac, it contained criticisms of the gov­ qv (presumed to be a relative) and eventually became ernment and of the merchant class, which he established in the fishery supply business at St. John's scathingly referred to as the "fishocracy". and St. Mary's. He sat one term as MHA for Placentia Tocque settled in Toronto on a small pension in the and St. Mary's, being elected as a supporter of W.V. late 1870s. He made a final visit to the Island in 1890, Whiteway in 1882. Tobin's business ran into difficul­ and in 1891 had a series of lengthy letters published in ties at about this time, as his attempts to expand his the Evening Telegram. They took the form of reminis­ trade coincided with a poor fishery. He was later in­ cences or were promotional in nature, extolling the volved in business with a nephew, J.J. Tobin, whose natural resources of Newfoundland. In 1895 some of fishery supply firm at St. John's was dissolved in 1893. these letters were reprinted in Kaleidoscope Echoes, Keith Matthews (1980), H.M. Mosdell (1974), ET his final work. Tocque has been called Newfound­ (Jan. 4, 1908). ACB land's first man of letters. Patrick O'Flaherty ( 1979), TOCQUE, PHILIP (1814-1899). Author; clergyman. DCB XII. ACB Born Carbonear, son of Philip and Ann (Howell) Tocque. Educated private schools; Trinity College, Hartford. Married Eliza Touzou Chauncey. While a clerk with the Carbonear firm of Slade, Elson & Co., Tocque became acquainted with fellow employees Philip Gosse and William C. St. John qv. Together with company agent John Elson, they formed a literary circle and Tocque had several of his articles published in local newspapers. Tocque had left the Church of England at age 16 to join the Carbonear Methodist \ Society and in 1840 wrote the Methodist Missionary Atlantic tomcod Society in London asking to be considered a candidate TOMCOD. In Newfoundland usage tomcod is a term for the ministry. When the Society declined, he made for a small, immature cod. There are, however, two a living teaching school in Port de Grave, Bird Island distinct kinds of tomcod. The Atlantic tomcod Cove (Elliston) and at Broad Cove (St. Phillips). While (microgadus tomcod) is a species of small codfish keeping a pedlar's shop at Elliston he wrote his first found from Hamilton Inlet southward to Newfound­ book, Wandering thoughts, or solitary hours, a collec­ land. Never very far from shore, it is a permanent tion of essays which showed him to be a keen amateur freshwater resident of Deer Lake and the Humber historian, naturalist and patriot. Appointed a clerk of River system. The Arctic tomcod (boreogadus saida) the peace in Harbour Breton in 1845, Tocque contin­ has been recorded in northern Labrador. Scott and ued to write, producing three almanacs during his time Scott (1988), DNE (1990). ACB 396 TOMPKINS

Tompkins TOMPKINS (pop. 1991, 1 07). A farming community there.lt is probable that at least the Hurley family were located on the northwest bank of the Little Codroy living in what is now the north end of the community River, Tompkins is said to have been settled in 1882 of Too Good Arm (directly opposite Green Cove) by by one William Tompkins from Margaree, Cape mid-century. As the migratory fishery out of Herring Breton. In most early records the area is recorded Neck took off in the mid-1800s-to the Horse Islands, (along with St. Andrew's qv, downriver) as Little White Bay, the French Shore and Labrador- a few River, but the name Tompkins's was in local use from more families settled along the Arm. The name Too the early 1890s, when the railway was built through the Good Arm was first employed in church records in the area and a siding established. The name was officially 1870s, with some of the first names recorded being the adopted by the siding post office in 1912. families of George Hurley, John Gillett and Samuel In addition to farming, the Tompkins family estab­ Russell. lished a sawmill on the Grand Codroy, at South The Hurley family were originally Roman Catholics Branch qv and also began a tourist operation known as and it appears that they made up most of the Roman Afton House Hotel. Other families established small Catholic minority recorded at Herring Neck in the early vegetable or livestock farms or worked as guides for Census. Of 10 electors recorded in the community in the salmon anglers. Other family names of Tompkins 1889, seven were Hurleys (the others being Gillett, Rus­ have included Aucoin (O'Quinn), Benoit, Chaisson, sell and Moses Burton). Over time some branches of the Doucette, Mcisaac, McQuarrie and Wall. The commu­ Hurley family became Methodists, through conversion nity does not appear separately from St. Andrew's in or intermarriage, while the Russells and Gilletts at­ the Census until 1935, when the population was 134. tended the Green Cove Church of England church. In Once a highway was built through the area iri the later years the Salvation Army made some converts in 1950s the Little River became too accessible to suit the community, eventually building a citadel to serve a the tastes of the American anglers who had provided congregation spread all over Herring Neck. much of the area's custom, and the community re­ The fishery out of Too Good Arm was by and large verted to being a small farming community, with some conducted away from the community, in schooners for people employed in cutting pulpwood or in Port aux which the Arm and the Herring Neck area generally Basques. Margaret Bennett ( 1989), Gilbert Higgins provided admirable shelter. Too Good Arm appears to (interview, May 1994), Donald Tompkins (interviews, have been particularly associated with the French Shore May/June 1994), Carpe Diem: Tempus Fugit (1977), fishery until the 1880s, when more crews began making Census (1901-1991). BARRY MOORES the summer voyage to the Labrador coast. After 1894 the major supplier of the Labrador fishery in the area was TOO GOOD ARM (pop. 1991, 162). A fishing commu­ the firm of George Carter at Sunnyside, Herring Neck. nity on New World Island qv, Notre Dame Bay, Too As the Labrador fishery declined in the 1920s many of Good Arm has sometimes been regarded as a part of the men of Too Good Arm found employment "up the Herring Neck qv and cannot be readily distinguished Bay" as loggers, while a limestone quarry at nearby from other communities in the area in early records. Cobb's Arm qv also employed a few. Green Cove qv, at the northern entrance to the Arm, In 1994 Hurley and Russell were still the most com­ would appear to have been settled in the early 1800s, mon family names. There were a few families in­ and by 1840 the family name Hurley was recorded volved in the inshore and longliner fishery, with many TOPSAIL 397

of the remainder working outside the community. attempted to find work in one of the three photography Over time the community has "retreated" from the studies operating in St. John's. Unsuccessful in this headland which was the original area of settlement attempt, he decided to set up his own business, opening and become spread out along the northwest side of the the Parisian Studio on Water Street. By 1908 Tooton Ann. E.R. Seary (1977), Census (1901-1991), List of was in a position to open a second store, the American Electors (1889), McAlpine s Newfoundland Directory Studio, and to begin a film developing service. In 1911 (1894), Archives (VS 85). RHC he became the Newfoundland agent for Eastman Kodak cameras and photographic equipment and, TOOPE, JESSIE (1930- ). Girl Guide commissioner. under the name "Tooton 's, the Kodak Store", built a Born Seal Cove, White Bay; daughter of Lionel and network of sales and service dealers across the Island. Effie (Kelly) Hodder. Toope began her work with the After Confederation the company changed its name to Girl Guide movement at Mount Pearl in 1959. Since Tooton's Ltd. In 1958 a son, Raymond, became presi­ 1962 she has held several positions as district and dent of the firm, but Anthony Tooton remained active area commissioner for the Girl Guides, and has also in the business, as chairman of the board, until his contributed a regular Guiding column to the Evening death in August of 1971. See PHOTOGRAPHY. A. Telegram. She has also held several executive posi­ Geoff Tooton (letter, Feb. 1994), Atlantic Advocate tions in the Mount Pearl Lioness Club since 1967, (Mar. 1979), BN IV(l967), DNLB (1990). LBM and has served as Eastern Newfoundland district president of that organization. Her other community TOOTON, ANTHONY GEOFFREY ( 1951- ). Busi­ involvements include service as a director of the nessman. Born St. John's, son of Catherine (Wyatt) and Newfoundland and Labrador Arthritis Society. A. Raymond Tooton. Edu­ Toope has been awarded honorary membership in cated Bishop Feild College; both the Lioness Club and the Girl Guides of Canada. Ridley College; Queen's In 1984 she was named Mount Pearl citizen of the University. Married J o­ year. Dianne Toope (interview, Mar. 1994), Jessie Anne McGrath. Tooton be­ Toope (letter, Mar. 1994). JAMES MOORE came president of Tooton's Ltd. in 1979. Active in com­ TOOTON,ANTHONY (1887-1971). Photographer; munity affairs, in 1986 he businessman. Born Damascus, Syria; son of Selma was elected president of the (Abdilnour) and Moses Ephrem Tooton. Educated St. John's Board of Trade Paris. Married Minnie Alice Roberts. In 1904, while and ofthe St. John's Rotary en route to New York to study medicine, Tooton suf­ Club. He was appointed to fered so much from seasickness that he disembarked in the board of governors of GeoffTooton St. John's. Having studied photography in Paris, he his alma mater, Ridley Col- lege, in 1989. In 1992-1993 he was the Canadian chair­ man of Photo Marketing Association International. Geoff Tooton (letter, Feb. 1994). LBM

TOPSAIL. Topsail was probably named for nearby Topsail Head, which is visible from the opposite site of the Bay. The Head is identified on eighteenth-cen­ tury maps of Conception Bay, but there is no record of settlement before about 1820 (although Topsail Beach was used as a summer fishing station in 1815). The first settlers were from Portugal Cove: Philip Chur­ chill, Joseph Miller and the Allen brothers. They were soon joined by families from Harbour Grace such as the O'Briens, Geehans and Nevilles. Other traditional family names of Topsail include Barnes, Carter, Chay­ tor, Fowler, Hibbs, Mercer, Metcalfe, Smith and Snow. By 183 7 a Methodist meeting house was built, and in 1841 the first school was started under teacher Thomas Darby. By 1845 the population was 118. Being some distance removed from headland fishing grounds, many residents earned their living from farming or worked as carpenters to supplement the fishery. Most dealt with merchants in St. John's, especially after Topsail Road was built in 1857. With the St. John's market for fresh produce 25 km away, the population grew and farms were cleared along back roads. In 1860 Anthony Tooton Topsail was made a parish of the Church of England, 398 TOPSAIL POND

Topsail and St. John the Evangelist church (replaced in 1977) by people cutting wood. The community first appears was built. The population reached 229 by 1869, and in in the Census of 1966, with a population of 19. Subse­ 1871 a new Methodist church, "the church by the side quently a number of summer homes were built by of the road", was completed. In the 1880s the first people from St. John's. Schools and churches were schoolhouse was built, and a post office opened. available in Topsail proper. By 197 6 there were 166 Early in its history Topsail was recognized for its people living in Topsail Pond, many of whom were beauty and its fine "bathing" beach. After 1857 the retired or commuted to work in St. John's. Residents St. John's elite would visit the area on horseback and of Topsail Pond and nearby Three Island Pond organ­ once the railway was built excursions to Topsail be­ ized in the early 1980s to resist the proposed annexa­ came a major feature of the service, with the first tion of their communities to the town of Conception regular passenger trains in June of 1882. The Butler Bay South. In 1992 the community and several other Hotel (also known as the "Popinn") opened in 1895. neighbourhoods in the area were included within the Later, the Seaview and Woodstock hotels were estab­ expanded boundaries of the town of Paradise. Sailing lished. For the wealthy of St. John's, Topsail became a Directions Newfoundland ( 1986), Census (1966-1991 ), popular place for country homes, while permanent Newfoundland Historical Society (Topsail). ACB residents would often rent their spare rooms to sum­ mer tourists. Some fishing continued, especially for TOPSAIL HILLS. See GAFF TOPSAIL. salmon and lobster, which was sold fresh to the hotels or door-to-door. After 1893 there was also employ­ TORBAY (inc. 1972; pop. 1991, 4707). Located ap­ ment in the Bell Island mines. proximately 10 km north of St. John's, the town of In 1922, St. Thomas of Villa Nova Roman Catholic Torbay has historically been a farming and fishing church opened. The population reached 400, where it community. The community is spread atop the steep stayed until after World War II. Thereafter there was banks overlooking Torbay Bight (the Harbour), in the much new home construction in Topsail, as improved western extremity of the broad cove known as Tor Bay. roads made the area more accessible to commuters and The Bay was named at an early date by West Country many farmers sold their land as building lots. Topsail English fishermen, for its resemblance to Tor Bay in had a population of 888 in 1971, the year that the Devon. Described by the 1689 English Pilot as "a community was included as a part of the municipality large wild road" with poor holding ground, the Har­ of Conception Bay South qv, and has since continued bour has only two possible landing places: the Beach to increase in population. Marilyn Duffet (1979), (at its head) and Tapper's Cove, on the north side. Larry Grandy (1976), Hochwald and Smith (1988), While it is presumed that Torbay was one of the Elaine Hyde (1973). LBM earliest sites frequented by migratory fishermen- for despite its lack of a sheltered harbour it was known TOPSAIL POND (pop. 1991, 159). Topsail Pond is a from an early date as a good place for the fishery- it residential community which takes its names from a was presumably still quite remote in 1620, when the pond located between Topsail and Paradise qqv in Devonshire pirate John Nutt qv made his base there. Conception Bay. Though Topsail was settled in the The earliest evidence of fishing rooms is from 1677, early 1800s - by families from Portugal Cove - when there were two establishments and a total year­ Topsail Pond does not appear in early Census returns. round population of six people. By 1697, when the There is mention of a regatta being held on the Pond fishing station was destroyed by the French, this num­ as early as 1884 and the· area was likely also frequented ber had increased to 18 people in three establishments. TORBAY 399

Servicemen relaxing near the Beach By this time the Bay was also being frequented each 1800s: the Cantwells, Coadys and Mannings. The summer by about 150 migratory fishermen. (However, south side, where there is no tenable landing place for some of these were using the other coves in Tor Bay, boats, was the last area to be settled: by the Kelly, Middle Cove and Outer Cove, in 1994 parts of the Hickey, Mahon and Quigley families. As the earliest municipality of Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove settlers dominated those areas with the best access to qv). There were still only three rooms as late as 1711, the sea, and many of those who emigrated to Torbay owned by Abraham Barrett and Richard Sutton. from Ireland came from a farming background, in the The earliest permanent settlers likely came to Tor­ early 1800s the valleys were cleared to grow root bay from England as fishing servants in the migratory crops. Meanwhile, the heights above the Harbour were fishery. Solomon Gosse Sr. was born in Torbay in the used as pasture for livestock, while the banks around 1740s and it is said that members of this early family Torbay Bight were lined with tiers of fish flakes. were among the Torbay residents who guided British By 1815 there were 556 people, 375 of them Roman troops under Col. William Amherst qv along woods Catholics, and Torbay had already acquired something paths to St. John's in 1762, after which Signal Hill was of its "Irish" character. Indeed, by 1994, through con­ captured from occupying French forces. Other early version and intermarriage most of the "English" fam­ settlers from England included the Bradbury, Codner, ilies of Torbay also had large Catholic branches. The Eustace, Field, Martin, Thorne and Tapper families - first Roman Catholic chapel was erected in 1834, in 1994 these family names were still common around under the direction of Father Edward Troy qv- later the Lower Road (near the Beach) and on the north appointed the first parish priest, in 1848. There was a side, above Tapper's Cove. In 1794 there were 207 school by 1839, taught by William Coady, and the first people, 108 of them Protestants. Church of England church was consecrated in 1843. While Torbay had a Protestant/English majority in By 185 7 the population was nearly 1200 ( 118 of whom 1794, early Irish settlers included the Doyle and had been born in Ireland). In the 1860s the first stone Whitty families (from the 1760s), who were later church for Holy Trinity parish was consecrated and St. joined by such families as the Carrolls, Cullens, Michael's convent was opened. Dunphys, Mahoneys, Molloys, McGraths, Ryans and Unlike many other outports of its size, Torbay never Whites. Other prominent families of the north side of developed a class of prosperous vessel-owners or mer­ Torbay in 1994 arrived in the later 1 700s and early chants, as the harbour did not lend itself to schooners 400 TORNGATMOUNTAmS

farms on the outskirts of the community, giving some­ thing of the flavour of a farming community, but much of what had been farmland prior to the 1940s had been given over to housing subdivisions. W.R. Brophy (1969), Brenda Finney (1983), C.G. Head (1976), Joe Mahon (interview, June 1994), Jean M. Murray ed. (1968), Peter Neary ( 1988), Charles Pedley (1863), Cyril Power (interview, June 1994), E.R. Seary (1977), Census (1836-1991), "Census 1794-95" (1962), DCB X (Edward Troy), DNE, List of Electors ( 1962), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (18 71 ), Per Ardua (1944?), Newfoundland Historical Society (Torbay). RHC

TORNGAT MOUNTAINS. The Torngats are a moun­ tain range of the northern part of the Labrador penin­ Torbay, c. /950 sula, their southern limit being Saglek Bay qv, 240 km (in the 1869 Census there was only one boat in the north ofNain. Their name, deriving from the Inuktituk community of over 15 quintals capacity) and most torngak or spirit, has been variously translated as residents were able to deal directly with suppliers at "Home of the Caribou God", "Home of the Sea St. John's. The community did, however, have a tradi­ God", "Home of the Good and Bad Spirits" and tion of involvement in the seal hunt. Torbaymen ''Devil Mountains''. The Torn gats are the highest land crewed many of the sealing vessels sailing out of St. in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, and contain John's, a tradition commemorated in the community the southernmost glaciers on the eastern seaboard. The summer festival, Swilers' Days. The expression "Sol­ Selamiut (''sky dwellers'' or northern lights) range of omon Gosse's birthday" (used to describe days of the the Torngats, at over 1650 m, contains the Province's week when a boiled dinner with duff is served) was highest peak, Mount Caubvick qv. To the north of the likely spread throughout Newfoundland through seal­ Selamuit range is Torngarsoak Mountain, the second ing crews. highest peak in Labrador. South of the Selamiut, be­ Torbay Road, which provides a connection to the tween Bear's Gut and Ramah Bay, are the Sorvilaks, a capital, was first laid out in the 1820s, although as late somewhat smaller range. as the 1860s it was still described as a "miserable Prehistoric peoples of the Maritime Archaic tradi­ apology for a road" (Pedley). The condition of this tion are known to have frequented Saglek Bay and a road was of paramount concern to the farmers of Tor­ chert quarry at Ramah Bay, while the Palaeo-Eskimo bay, who marketed the bulk of their vegetables, hay and Inuit peoples were also familiar with coastal areas and livestock in the city. (The derisive comments of of the Torngat Mountains. In historic times, however, city residents concerning the farmers' cart horses gave attempts to establish settlements at Ramah and rise to the Newfoundland expression "Torbay Nag" to Nachvak qv were abandoned in 1908. While Inuit from describe small, shaggy horses.) A great many Torbay Hebron qv continued to frequent the coastal fiords, families also moved to the capital or emigrated to the there have been no settled communities along the United States; after reaching approximately 1400 peo­ Torngats since that time, and seasonal use has also ple by the 1860s, the population remained at this level decreased since Hebron was resettled in 1959. for the next 100 years. A number of explorers and mountaineers have visited A major change in the way of life at Torbay did not the Torngats in the twentieth century. A.P. Coleman was occur until World War II. In the summer of 1941 the Royal Canadian Air Force began building an air base just south of Torbay, which soon induced many people to leave farming and the fishery for jobs as construc­ tion labourers, carpenters and truck drivers. Later, supplying and servicing of R.C.A.F. Station Torbay became the major means of employment for the com­ munity. There were many who also worked in convert­ ing the Station (after 1964, St. John's Airport) to civilian use after the War. Many others continued in their trades elsewhere and Torbay became increas­ ingly a dormitory town. However, much of the growth ofthe community since the 1960s (and the community tripled in population between 1966 and 1991) has come as a result of residents taking advantage of im­ proved roads to continue living in Torbay while work­ ing in the city. In 1994 there were still several large The Torngats TORS COVE 401

guided to the mountains in 1915 by Cornelius, an Inuk tered by Fox Island, the Cove affords good shelter for who made moderately difficult climbs equipped only small boats. Tourists are attracted to the Tors Cove with sealskin boots. Coleman climbed Cirque Moun­ area by nearby Great Island, a bird sanctuary which tain in 1916. Although there were other expeditions, it boasts the world's largest colony of Atlantic puffins. was not until 1973 that a team of American mountain­ The community is one of the most photographed on the eers successfully scaled Mount Caubvick, after having Island. kayaked from Nain to Saglek. Seven members of the Prior to 1910 the settlement usually appeared in Alpine Club of Canada climbed the same mountain in documents as Toad Cove or Toad's Cove- perhaps 1978, having been guided there by Nain fishermen. derived from the old English word tode, meaning The Torngats are tree-less, deeply indented by fiords, fox. Tors Cove was inhabited by 22 people as early and in many areas rise dramatically from sea level, as 1675: planter John Rolson and 21 servants. An­ making some peaks appear even higher than they are. drew Brown and William Waymouth had joined Rol­ Though seemingly barren, the Torngats are home to son by 1676 and the three men employed 3 3 large numbers of caribou, wolf, fox, hare, lemming, servants. Humphrey Smith, formerly a planter of black bear and the occasional polar bear. Discussions Witless Bay, was at Toad's Cove in 1681 and by the aimed at incorporating the Torngat Mountains into a turn of the century the population was 124. Most of national park have been inconclusive, pending a set­ these people would appear to have been migratory tlement of Inuit land claims. Atlantic Advocate (Apr. fishermen, as there were only two dwellings in the 1980), Canadian Geographer (Summer 1991 ), Our cove in 1715. At the time of the 1836 Census there Footprints are Everywhere ( 1977), Report of the 1978 were 42 people. Only nine years later the population Torngat Mountain Expedition ( 1978?). ACB had reached 284, all Roman Catholics. Immigration accounted for part of this growth; 24 of the 298 TORQUAY, TRINITY BAY. See SIBLEY'S COVE. inhabitants in 1857 had been born in Ireland and two in England. A school was opened in 1844 and a TORS COVE (pop. 1991, 370). Tors Cove is a fishing church by 1869. In 1871 planters in the community community on the *Southern Shore qv of the Avalon were L. Fortune, Edward Keefe, Thomas Luby and Peninsula, approximately 40 km south of St. John's. Matthew Whelan. One S. Driscoll was trading in the Lying at the mouth of a deep valley and further shel- community at that time. Three merchants had established

The Cribbies and Fox Island, Tors Cove 402 TOSLOW

themselves at Tors Cove by 1884, when the population 1911 Census with 14 residents, while there were 34 peaked at 389. Salt fish was sold in bulk to St. John's people at Toslow proper. They were served by merchants or shipped directly to markets in the West churches and schools in nearby settlements such as St. Indies. From about 1890, pickled fish was sold to Annes and St. Kyrans. Several families moved away schooners from Nova Scotia. from the cove in the 1940s to work at the Argentia The population fell to 266 in 1945, but during reset­ naval base, and by 1955 only the Hickey, Leonard tlement six families moved to Tors Cove from La Ryan, Walsh and Young families remained. All had Manche, Merasheen and Great Paradise. A plant oper­ been resettled by 1961. M.F. Howley (NQ, Autumn ated by Tors Cove Fisheries provided employment 1911),,Census (1836-1956), List of Electors (1 955), until it burned down in 1982. It was rebuilt and in Lovell s Newfoundland Directory ( 1871 ). ACB 1991 employed 100 people processing groundfish, herring and capelin. In 1986, a company called TOTAL ABSTINENCE AND BENEFIT SOCIETY. SeaLink Ltd. was founded in Tors Cove, offering an As a temperance movement swept across Europe dur­ advanced ship-to-shore communications network. In ing the 1830s Father Theobald Mathew, a leading tem­ 1994, with the inshore fisheries all but gone, many of perance advocate in Ireland, came to believe not just Tors Cove's residents commuted to St. John's to work. in temperance but abstinence, and so founded the John Berry (1675), C. Grant Head (1963), M.F. Total Abstinence Society. Father Kyran Walsh qv, who Howley (NQ, Christmas 1908), D.W. Prowse (1895), had worked closely with Mathew, came to Newfound­ E.R. Seary (1971, 1977), Lovell's Newfoundland Di­ land in 1841 at the invitation of Bishop M.A. Fleming rectory (1871), Census (1836-1991), Newfoundland in order to promote total abstinence here. Walsh vis­ Historical Society (Tors Cove). ACB ited Carbonear, Harbour Grace, Brigus and Harbour Main, and by 1844 had induced over 10,000 people to TOSLOW (pop. 1956, 13). A resettled fishing commu­ "sign the pledge". nity near the entrance to Presque Harbour in western When the problems of alcohol came to be viewed in Placentia Bay, Toslow appears variously in early doc­ the wider context of unemployment and illness, the uments as Toslow John, Tosto, Tostello, Tossello and Total Abstinence and Benefit Society was founded. even Foslow. Howley believed Toslow John to be a The first branch was founded by blacksmith William corruption of tasse de /'argent (silver cup), because McGrath, on May 16, 1858. Similar branches soon "the little harbour is cup-like, and the quartz in the sprang up in communities around the Avalon, such as rocky cliffs give it a silver-like appearance". Toslow Torbay, Harbour Grace, Carbonear, Harbour Main and is listed in the 1836 Census, and, with Little Bona, had Brigus. The first official parade of the Society was a combined population of 21 Roman Catholics. In held January 6, 1859 (the anniversary of Father 1845, 26 people at Toslow made a living from the shore Mathew's birthday). It was the first procession to pass fishery for cod and herring as well as from limited along a newly-constructed street in the east end of St. agriculture. Fishermen dealt with firms either in Isle John's, subsequently named Temperance Street. The Va1en or Merasheen. The families of fishermen Patrick parades were held annually up until 1910. The Lake, Thomas Ryan and Daniel Ryan were living in the Society's flag was coloured red, white and green, and settlement in 1871. Three lobster factories were in bore a fish in the centre, with the motto "Be Sober and operation by 1901. Toslow, Back Cove appears in the Watch" and the Society's initials in the corners. The

The St. John's T.A.&B. Society TOURISM 403

Society was open to all religions, and provided a wide attract the attention of sightseers and sportsmen, who ange of activities for its members in activities vary­ in turn produced their own promotional literature on ~ng from religious to literary and ~~sical. ~he Total the area. The small tourism industry which existed Abstinence Band played at many CIVIC functiOns, and before Confederation catered almost exclusively to the Literary Club, which began a lending library in the these big game hunters and sports fishermen. In more Total Abstinence Hall, was the forerunner of a Total recent years tourists have come to appreciate the Abstinence Dramatic Society. The Hall, on Duckworth region's wildlife sanctuaries, historic sites, parks and Street, was used in 1993 by CBC Radio as a sound scenic attractions. studio and offices. The Society's cricket and boating In an effort to make Newfoundland better known to clubs were also well-known in St. John's. The boating the outside world, a series of guides and handbooks club, started in 1883, had built a racing shell (the were published by various authors in the nineteenth Terra Nova) and a boathouse by the summer of 1888. and early twentieth centuries. Philip Tocque's qv New­ In the regatta of that year three members ofthe Torbay foundland as it was and as it is in 1877 (1878) was Society lost their lives in an accident on the Lake. A aimed at British and American audiences. It contained Juvenile Total Abstinence Society was formed in brief sketches of the Island's history, economy and 1866, and proved to be very popular. Another offshoot main settlements. Moses Harvey's qv Newfoundland of the Society was the St. John's Temperance Reform as it is in 1894: a handbook and tourist's guide (1894) Club and Ladies Union. was written in much the same vein with more practical Until Confederation the Total Abstinence and Benefit advice for the traveller, such as a list of accommoda­ Society was one of the most active of St. John's social tions. Sportsmen such as Hesketh Prichard and F.C. clubs. Interest waned, however, so that by the early Selous qqv wrote descriptions of their big game hunt­ 1980s only a small group of members still held meet­ ing trips. Perhaps the best of these hunting narratives ings, in the clubrooms at St. Bon's school. By 1993 the was J.G. Millais' qv finely illustrated Newfoundland Society was apparently inactive. BN II (1937), Centen­ and its Untrodden Ways ( 1907) which described cari­ nial of Temperance Organization in Newfoundland bou hunting in the interior. Around the turn of the ( 1941 ), Total Abstinence and Benefit Society Silver Jubi­ century D.W. Prowse qv also published a guidebook lee Edition (1908). ELIZABETH GRAHAM aimed at sportsmen. Tourists in the early period found little in the way of TOUCH-ME-NOTS. The touch-me-not family (Bal­ services other than outfitting, though hotels and inns saminaceae) is a group ofjuicy-stemmed herbs having could be found in some of the larger communities. St. thin, simple leaves and irregularly-shaped, pendulous John's had numerous hotels which accommodated flowers. The family's popular name comes from a business travellers and usually housed clubs and din­ curious characteristic of its seed pods, which explode ing rooms as well. Among the better known establish­ when touched, curling into rings and shedding the ments were the Commercial Hotel, Cochrane House, seeds. Two species of the North American genus (Im­ the Atlantic Hotel and the Central Hotel (later the patiens) are native to the Island. Spotted touch-me-not Crosbie Hotel qv). Harbour Grace had one hotel, the (Impatiens capensis) bears hooded, orange flowers International, as early as the 1860s, but had no accom­ sprinkled with carmine and hanging from a slender modations for tourists some 40 years later. Visitors to filament. Orange pigment pervades the stem and fo­ the outports were often put up in private homes. liage as well, and the whole plant has been used as a Improved transportation services after the 1880s natural dye. Pale touch-me-not (I. pal/ida) bears blos­ began to attract more visitors. A railway system soms a paler yellow and possesses lighter foliage. Both opened up large areas of central and western New­ herbs grow in the wet ground of lake shores and forest foundland to sightseers and big game hunters. The streams. Juice from stems and foliage of touch-me­ area around Howley, for example, became known for nots has often been used as a folk remedy for nettle its large numbers of caribou. There were a number of rash. Fernald and Kinsey (1958), Foster and Duke steamship lines in operation, such as Bowring (1990), Catherine Parr Traill (1906), Ernest Rouleau Brothers' Red Cross Line which operated between St. (1978), Frank D. Venning (1984). KATHLEEN WINTER John's, Halifax and New York. The Reid Newfound­ land Company advertised "health giving sea trips" TOULINGUET. See TWILLINGATE. and combination rail and sea tours. Three times a week the Reid vessel Bruce made the trip from North TOULIGUET, MARIE. See STIRLING, GEORGINA. Sydney to Port aux Basques, the western terminus of the railway. The improved transportation facilitated TOURISM. In the latter part of the nineteenth century *Old Home Week qv in 1904. This event, intended to recreational travel across the Atlantic and within North promote tourism, attracted large numbers of expatriate America became more common. More leisure time, Newfoundlanders and was considered a great success curiosity and a sense of adventure fuelled a growing by organizers. Most of the activities took place in St. public appetite for both travel and travel literature. John's and surrounding areas, such as Topsail- then Naturalists and health workers produced a series of regarded as a summer resort village. works on Newfoundland and Labrador in the nine­ Outfitting remained the focus of the fledgling tour­ teenth and early twentieth centuries which began to ist industry as the number of visitors from the 404 TOURISM northeastern United States grew. The Nichols family with American as well as with some Canadian visitors. became well known as guides in the Deer Lake region Brett Saunders was a well-known local guide who after the railway was built. Some Micmac also found established a successful outfitting business on the seasonal employment as guides. In 1917 the New­ Gander in 194 7. He offered sport fishing and moose foundland Quarterly estimated that 300 tourists had and caribou hunting for many years. Other outfitters visited the west coast of the Island alone, employing throughout the Island enjoyed similar success. 250 guides. Lodges such as the Spruce Brook qv Log With the expansion of roads and the general avail­ Cabin began to replace the rough shelters used by ability of automobiles, touring and travel became a earlier outfitters as the business became more profes­ means of family recreation. From 1949, millions of sional in nature. In the 1930s, Gleneagles was a popu­ dollars were spent to improve roads and to expand lar lodge near Gander Lake, and the government hotels, motels and other tourist businesses. O.L. Vardy maintained a guest camp on the Lower Gander River. qv was named director of the Tourist Development Hotel accommodations on the Avalon Peninsula had division of the Department of Economic Develop­ expanded to include the Beach Grove Hotel at ment, which in turn came under "the personal supervi­ Spaniard's Bay and the Dildo Tourist Lodge, while St. sion of Premier J.R. Smallwood. In 1950 the John's had several larger establishments. There were legislature passed the Tourist Establishments Act, two hotels in Deer Lake, while Corner Brook had the which set standards of health and safety and required Glynmill Inn (built to accommodate officials and operators to be licensed by the Department. Govern­ guests ofBowaters' pulp mill in 1924) and the Hum­ ment funding facilitated the construction of hotels and ber House. Tourism was actively promoted by the motels in larger communities across the Island. To Newfoundland Tourist and Publicity Commission, encourage these and other tourist businesses, a Tourist formed in 1925. H.M. Mosdell qv served as the Development Loan Board was set up in 1953 and ran commission's liaison with government, while the re­ until 1965. Regional tourist boards were formed by maining members were representatives of groups such local entrepreneurs across the Island. as the Newfoundland Railway, the Furness Withy Parks were another initiative of the first provincial Company and the Newfoundland Hotel Facilities Cor­ government. A Provincial Parks Act was passed in poration. The commission was later incorporated as a 1952 and two years later the first park, named in hon­ department of government as the Newfoundland our of Sir Richard Squires, was opened near Deer *Tourist Development Board qv. It maintained an in­ Lake. The first national park in Newfoundland, Terra formation bureau in Boston, which was later moved to Nova, was opened in 1957. At the same time, the New York. Newfoundland Museum was reopened after 23 years, During World War II, Newfoundland was declared a and discussion began on making Signal Hill a national strategic area and was as such off limits for most historic park. In 1958 a federal-provincial conference tourist travel. After the War, increased prosperity and was held aimed at creating informal camping and pic­ changing social habits led to a general expansion in nic sites along the roadways. By the early 1990s there the tourist industry. Newfoundland and Labrador in were seven National Parks on the Island, including the 1940s were still considered to be "well off the five historic parks. Two of the parks- Gros Morne beaten track" and attracted people interested in a wild­ and L'Anse aux Meadows - have been declared erness experience. The Gander River area was popular UNESCO world heritage sites. There were dozens of "'.,

Fishing camp on Serpentine Lake, early 1900s TOURISM 405

fishermen preferred the rivers of Labrador. A total of 87 outfitters ran 160 camps on the Island, concen­ trated in the southwest, while there were 26 licensed operators with 47 camps in Labrador. A number of modern tourists are residents, while former residents returning to visit also account for large numbers. Due to the Province's geographic location, most tourists are from other parts of Canada or the northeastern United States. Many spend much of their time in the St. John's area, where Signal Hill and Quidi Vidi vil­ lage are frequently visited sites. Some of the more popular destinations on the west coast are Gros Morne and the Bonne Bay area, noted for spectacular scenery. The historic sites of L'Anse aux Meadows and Red Bay also attract large numbers of people, despite their relative isolation. There were several commercial The old Newfoundland Hotel campgrounds across the Province and various private provincial parks, encon1passing picnic and camping tour boat operators. Adventure and ecological tours sites as well as ecological reserves. have proven to be among the most·popular activities in Transportation systems were upgraded almost im­ recent years. Bird sanctuaries at Cape St. Mary's and mediately following C onfederation. Canadian Na­ Witless Bay attract many tourists, as do whale watch­ tional Railways took o ver the Gulf ferry service in ing tours at Witless Bay and in Trinity Bay. For the 1949. Additional ferrie s were eventually placed on the more adventurous, private planes take travellers as far Gulf crossing, and af ter 1967 a North Sydney to north as the Torngat Mountains for hiking, canoeing Argentia run accommo dated further traffic. Coastal and camping. boats provided an opp ortunity for tourists to visit With the demise of the northern cod fishery, tourism some of the more isolat ed communities. Construction has frequently been identified as a hope for the of the Trans-Canada Highway began in the early Province's economic future. The involvement of both 1960s. With its comple tion in 1965, the Smallwood government and private enterprise has already made it administration actively promoted a *Come Home Year an important industry in Newfoundland and Labrador. qv in 1966. Like its p r edecessor in 1904, the event See FERRIES; HOTELS AND MOTELS; PARKS, attracted large numbers of Newfoundlanders who had NATIONAL; PARKS, PROVINCIAL; SPORTFISH­ moved away. Air servic es expanded following World ING. Moses Harvey ( 1894; 1900), R.I. McAllister War II, with internatio:nal airports at Gander and St. ( 1964 ?), Patrick 0 'Flaherty (1979; 1992), Gary John's. There were als o airports at Goose Bay, Ste­ Saunders (1986), J.R. Smallwood (1931), BN III phenville and Deer Lak e, and many smaller landing ( 1967), NQ (passim), Newfoundland Sportsman (Win­ strips near other com.IIlunities. Private charter and ter 1994), Tourism Times (Nov. 1993), Centre for float plane services wer e also available. Newfoundland Studies (Tourism), Smallwood Files In the 1970s, cost-sh aring agreements between the (Tourism). ACB governments of Canada and Newfoundland financed further development of the industry. Tourist informa­ tion chalets, the first o f which was placed at Corner Brook in 1960, were constructed along the highway. While government con t:: inued to be represented by the tourism branch of the D epartment of Economic Devel­ opment, private interests banded together to form the Tourism Industry Asso ciation of Newfoundland and Labrador (renamed l£ospitality Newfoundland and Labrador). Since 1983 , the Association has held an annual convention and trade show for industry repre­ sentatives. In 1984 it w as estimated that only fishing and construction emplo yed more people in the Prov­ ince, directly and indir ectly, than tourism. A number of vocational schools o ffered training in the related fields of restaurant and hotel management and food service. Though tourism had greatly diversified after Con­ federation, many peop e still came to the Province to hunt and fish. The Nevvfoundland and Labrador Out­ fitters Association was formed in the early 1970s. Big game hunting tended t o be done on the Island, while Birding at Cape St. Mary's 406 TOURIST DEVELOPMENT BOARD, NEWFOUNDLAND

TOURIST DEVELOPMENT BOARD, NEWFOUND­ Isabel (Power) Trahey. Educated Conception Harbour· LAND. An organization called the Newfoundland St. Bonaventure's College; Memorial University of Tourist and Publicity Association was formed in 1925. Newfoundland; Dalhousie University. Married Isabel Initially supported by public subscription, the Associ­ Woodford. In 1945 Trahey began a career as a school ation was incorporated two years later and funded by teacher. From 1949 he was principal of the school in a tax on outgoing rail and steamer tickets. This travel Holyrood, then from 1951 was principal at Colliers. In tax was abolished in 1935 when the association was 1955 he was appointed a magistrate, trained in St. reconstituted as the Tourist Development Board and John's and transferred to Grand Falls to assist the placed under the control of the Department of Natural magistrate there and to continue his training. In 1957 Resources. Thereafter it was financed by an annual he was appointed district magistrate for St. government grant. The Board was involved in promot­ George's. Magistrate at Bell Island from 1964, in ing the tourist industry. It maintained a branch office 1967 he was posted to Holyrood. After legal studies in Boston, run by R.H. Tait qv, later moving it to New at Dalhousie from 1970 to 1973 he was appointed York. The Board hoped to attract hunters and sports Provincial Court judge at St. John's. On his retirement fishermen in partfcular, and in 1940 hired Lee Wulff in 1992 he was the administrative senior judge at the qv to conduct a series of survey and film-making ex­ St. John's Provincial Court. J.P. Trahey (interview, peditions. After 1949 the duties of the Board were Apr. 1994). JAMES MOORE assumed by the tourist development branch of the De­ partment of Economic Development. BN III (1967), TRAILING ARBUTUS. See ARBUTUS, TRAILING. DN (Dec. 31, 1935). ACB TRAILING JUNIPER. See JUNIPERS. TOWN CRIER. This paper began publication in Febru­ ary 1973 and ceased publication in 1975. It was pub­ TRAMMER (pop. 1921, 4). A tiny abandoned fishing lished monthly by Pumphrey Public Relations, and community, Trammer was located on a small cove on later by the Town Crier Ltd. Editors included Ron the north side of Fortune Bay, between Conn and Pumphrey qv, John Snow, Peter Harrington and Gerry Femme qqv, about 7 km northwest of Bay L'Argent. Moore. The Town Crier was a small news magazine The isolated cove (which appears on some modern which published gossip and sensational articles focus­ maps as Tranmer Cove) was probably settled in the ing on the bizarre, the occult and petty crime. It in­ 1870s by one James Evans and first appears in the cluded a column for women, entertainment and Census in 1884, with a population of 6. Other than restaurant guides, a lonely hearts club, humour and Evanses, the only known inhabitant of Trammer was advertisements. Suzanne Ellison ( 1988), Town Crier one William Paul, recorded there in the 1890s. By 190 I Trammer had a population of 15, engaged in the cod, (1973-1975,passim). ILB herring and lobster fisheries. In 1911, however, only TOWNSEND, CHARLES WENDELL (1859- ?). Nat­ four residents were recorded and by 1921 the Census­ uralist; author. Born Ipswich, Massachusetts. A physi­ taker did not note any fishing activity at all. It would cian at Massachusetts General Hospital, Townsend appear that, with James Evans' death shortly there­ was also a keen amateur ornithologist. He was in St. after, the cove was abandoned. The family name was Anthony in 1905, probably working with the Interna­ subsequently common at Femme. E.R. Seary (1977), tional *Grenfell Association qv, when he collected the Census (1884-1921), McAlpine's Directory (1894), first Newfoundland specimen of peregrine falcon. In­ Archives (A-7-1/I). RHC spired by the writings of George Cartwright and John TRANS-CANADA HIGHWAY. See HIGHWAYS James Audubon qqv, Townsend visited coastal Labra­ AND ROADS. dor and the lower north shore of Quebec in 1906. With Glover Allen he wrote Birds of Labrador (1907), con­ TRANSITIONAL FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT P RO­ sidered the first comprehensive work on the subject. GRAMS. Canada's east coast groundfish industry has Townsend made several more trips to the lower north been in decline since 1982, when landings peaked at shore and was a frequent contributor to the natural 820,000 tonnes. A slow decline turned into a collapse history magazine Auk. Other publications included beginning in 1988, with groundfish landings in eastern Along the Labrador Coast (1907), A Labrador Spring Canada falling by 61%, to 287,000 tonnes, between ( 191 0), Captain Cartwright and his Labrador Journal 1988 and 1993. Although five provinces have been (1911) and In Audubon's Labrador (1918). affected by this collapse, the impact in Newfoundland Montevecchi and Tuck (1987), C.W. Townsend (1907; and Labrador has been much more severe, reflecting 191 0). ACB both the relatively greater dependence of the Province TRADE REVIEW. See Newfoundland TRADE REVIEW. upon groundfish resources and the fact that the stocks most affected are located in waters adjacent to New­ TRADE SCHOOLS. See VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS foundland and Labrador. The collapse since 1988 of AND COMMUNITY COLLEGES. Canada's east coast groundfish fishery has taken away the livelihood of approximately 35,000 people . TRAHEY, JOHN PATRICK (1927- ). Educator; mag­ Roughly 70% of the jobs lost have been in Newfound­ istrate: Born Conception Harbour, son of Edward and land and Labrador, with the remainder being in Nova TRANSITIONAL FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS 407

Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Another major element of AFAP was the allocation Quebec. of $150 million to assist in the rebuilding of fish Although the causes of the Atlantic groundfish col- stocks, by addressing the scientific and management lapse were not fully understood in 1994; several e~­ problems of Canada's east coast fisheries. Initiatives planations have been postulated. A maJor factor ts included $50 million to expand scientific research on undoubtedly overfishing of straddling and trans­ northern cod, southwestern Newfoundland cod, Sco­ boundary stocks by foreign vessels just outside tian Shelf groundfish and Gulf snow crab. Resource Canada' s 200-mile exclusive economic zone. These conservation initiatives related to mesh size, gear type activities, which have not been effectively regulated, and minimum fish size received funding of $25 mil­ have resulted in harvests far in excess of the levels lion. Measures to improve the scientific knowledge of recommended by fisheries scientists. A burgeoning seals and their interaction with groundfish ($2 mil­ seal population, and its consumption of both ground­ lion), programs to enhance fisheries data and informa­ fish and food chain species, is another possible expla­ tion ($15 .5 million) and measures to improve nation. In addition, climatic factors, including water surveillance and enforcement ($57.5 million) were temperatures, which were well below long-term norms also included. A further $130 million was budgeted for in the early 1990s, may have affected the survival of "adjusting to current realities". The bulk of the fund­ eggs and groundfish larvae, or may have simply ing under this heading ($120 million) was allocated to caused fish to freeze. While the demise of groundfish a special Plant Worker Adjustment Program (PWAP), stocks is probably a result of several factors, it is which was intended to provide an early retirement and known that the size of the fish at a given age has severance package for plant workers and trawlermen decreased significantly in recent years. In addition, it who had lost their jobs as a result of the closure of is clear that this collapse first manifested itself along offshore plants in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. An the Labrador coast, moving southward since that time additional $5 million was allocated to the profession­ to affect stocks adjacent to the Island of Newfound­ alization of fishermen through training and certifica­ land and the Maritime Provinces. The groundfish cri­ tion. Funding for a variety of other measures, intended sis has resulted in moratoria for several stocks, and to bring about a better match of harvesting and pro­ large quota cuts for others. The federal government cessing capacity with resource availability, received a has responded by introducing a variety of adjustment similar amount. The balance of AFAP funding ($146 and income support programs. million) was to be provided for economic diversifica­ tion. Of this amount, $50 million would be provided ATLANTIC FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM for diversification within the industry, particularly (AFAP). On May 7, 1990, the federal government an­ with respect to aquaculture development and the har­ nounced a five-year $584 million program in response vesting and marketing of under-utilized species. A to the problems created by the deterioration of Atlan­ five-year $90 million Fisheries Alternatives Program tic groundfish stocks. Not all of this funding repre­ was also announced to encourage the creation of new sented new commitments, since some elements of the income and employment opportunities outside the program had been previously announced while others fisheries, while $6 million was earmarked for a mar­ represented a reallocation of existing program fund­ keting campaign for fish products. ing. Nevertheless, the program did represent a sub­ stantial allocation of new federal money. Previously THE NORTHERN COD ADJUSTMENT AND RE­ announced initiatives under AFAP included $28 mil­ COVERY PROGRAM (N-CARP). The northern cod lion for improved air surveillance (announced on Oc­ stock has historically been the largest and most im­ tober 26, 1989) and $130 million in short-term portant of the fishing resources in the northwest Atlan­ response measures (announced on December 11, tic. As such, it formed the basis of the inshore fishery 1989) to assist individuals and communities affected along the northeast coast and in Labrador, and has by the reduction in offshore fleet quotas. Included in been an important contributor to the Newfoundland these short-term measures was $100 million for deep-sea trawler fleet. Although quotas for northern worker adjustment ($52.3 million in additional Unem­ cod had been significantly reduced in each year from ployment Insurance, $7 million in early retirement 1989 to 1991, leading to the closure of offshore-based benefits, and $40.7 million in additional funding for plants in both Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, scien­ normal Employment and Immigration Canada pro­ tific assessments on the health of the resource contin­ grams such as community futures and industrial ad­ ued to worsen. As a result, a two year moratorium on justment), as well as $30 million to establish the commercial harvesting of northern cod was intro­ community development funds to enable communities duced in July of 1992. affected by the closure of offshore plants to seek new To assist fishermen and plant workers affected by opportunities for economic diversification. Of the the closure of the northern cod fishery, the federal $30 million, St. John's received $2 million, Gaultois government introduced the Northern Cod Adjustment $5 million, Grand Bank $6 million and Trepassey $7 and Recovery Program (N-CARP). A key element of million. The balance of $10 million was divided theN-CARP program was an income support program between Canso, North Sydney and Lockeport in of approximately $500 million. Payments to qualify­ Nova Scotia. ing individuals under this program ranged from a 408 TRANSITIONAL FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS

minimum of $225/week to a maximum of $406/week, THE ATLANTIC GROUNDFISH ADJUSTMENT with amounts in excess of $225/week being calculated PROGRAM (AGAP). The groundfish crisis deepened on the basis of unemployment insurance entitlements throughout Atlantic Canada in 1992, leading to an over the previous three years. To retain benefits in announcement by the federal Minister of Fisheries and · excess of the minimum for the duration of the pro­ Oceans that cuts averaging 60% would be imposed on gram, recipients were required to participate in train­ major Atlantic groundfish quotas in 1993. As a result, ing to enhance their employability in occupations both AGAP was introduced in April, 1993 to help those inside and outside the fishery. The major emphasis of individuals who were directly and significantly af­ N-CARP training programs was directed towards liter­ fected. The main areas receiving benefits included the acy and numeracy training, adult basic education and south and west coast of Newfoundland (i.e., all fishing professionalization. In total, $183 million was ear­ areas in the Province except those already covered by marked to fund training programs under N -CARP. N-CARP), Cape Breton and parts of eastern Nova Sco­ Another important component of theN-CARP pro­ tia, northern New Brunswick and Gaspe. The AGAP gram was an early retirement program for older fisher­ program was expected to provide benefits to more men, plant workers and trawlermen. The Northern Cod than 7600 fishermen and plant workers in the Atlantic Early Retirement Program (NCERP), provided bene­ Provinces, at an estimated total cost of $191 million, fits to approximately 1800 individuals of more than 55 with benefits beginning in April 1993. While some years of age. The cost of this program to the federal elements were intended to assist both individuals and government was estimated to be $70 million, with communities affected by the crisis, others were de­ benefits continuing until the individual reached 65 signed to encourage the development of a sustainable years of age. Another significant element of N -CARP fishery. was a vessel support program, with funding of $15 Among the measures to assist individuals was the million to assist fishermen in offsetting such fixed commitment of $18 million for a job development costs as vessel maintenance and insurance during the program to assist fisherman and plant workers who, period of the moratorium. because of quota cuts, were unable to qualify for un­ In total, approximately 26,000 fishermen and employment insurance benefits. The emphasis of these plant workers in Newfoundland received benefits job development projects would be on building a sus­ under N-CARP, at a cost to the federal government tainable fishery, with projects in such areas as ghost­ of approximately $800 million. The Province, for its net retrieval, habitat restoration, and testing of part, also introduced a number of assistance pro­ alternate gear types. An additional amount of $92 mil­ grams, including forgiveness of interest payments lion was provided, over three years, for education and on direct and guaranteed loans provided through the training. While assistance was available to help those Newfoundland Fisheries Loan Board,. and the wishing to train for occupations outside the fishery, waiver of certain Marine Service Centre fees. The most of those participating were engaged in basic Province also participated, on a 70/30 basis, in the skills upgrading and literacy programs, or in courses costs of the early retirement program for fishermen related to the professionalization of the fishery. In and plant workers. addition, a further $19 million was made available for

Total Allowable Catch (metric tonnes)

Stock 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

2J3KLCod 266,000 235,000 199,262 190,000 Moratorium Moratorium Moratorium (Northern Cod)

3N0Cod 40,000 25,000 18,600 13,600 13,600 10,200 Moratorium (Southern Grand Banks)

3Ps Cod 41,000 35,400 35,400 35,400 35,400 Moratorium Moratorium (Southern Ntld.)

4RS3Pn Cod (Gult) 73,900 76,540 58,000 35,000 35,000 18,000 Moratorium

2 + 3KRcdfish 35,000 35,000 35,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 1,000

3LNO American 40,000 30,300 24,900 25,800 25,800 10,500 Moratorium Plaice

3LNO Yellowtail 15,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 Moratorium

2 + 3KL Greenland 100,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 25,000 Halibut

Source: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada TRANSITIONAL FISHERIES ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS 409

a Transitional Fisheries Adjustment Allowance allowing at least a partial reopening of the commercial (TFAA) for those wishing to enrol in a full-time, one­ fishery in the summer of I 994. As the biomass of year training program sponsored by Employment and major Atlantic groundfish resources continued to de­ Immigration Canada. Other program elements to as­ cline throughout 1993 however, it became clear not sist individuals included a Vessel Support Program to only that the northern cod moratorium would need to help vessel owners defray the ongoing costs associ­ be continued beyond May 1994, but also that addi­ ated with vessel ownership, and a Plant Workers Ad­ tional moratoria and quota cuts would be required to justment Program (PWAP). In Newfoundland, this protect these resources. The continuing deterioration latter program was intended to provide early retire­ of Atlantic groundfish resources led to the announce­ ment benefits to trawlermen and plant workers of 50- ment, on April 19, 1994, of The Atlantic Groundfish 64 years of age, with a long term attachment to the Strategy (TAGS) by the federal government. This industry, who had been permanently displaced as a five-year, $1.9 billion initiative provided a variety of result of plant closures. Benefits under PWAP equate programs of adjustment and income support for an to 70 per cent of the unemployment insurance benefits estimated 30,000 displaced fishermen and plant work­ to which the individual was entitled at the time of ers. As such, The Atlantic Groundfish Strategy re­ layoff. PWAP benefits are indexed annually and con­ placed the income support elements of AGAP and tinue until age 65, or until the individual dies or re­ N-CARP, which ended on May 15, 1994. In addition, turns to the industry. The costs of this program TAGS contains a variety of adjustment measures to element are shared with Newfoundland on a 70/30 bring about capacity reduction in the industry. basis for those workers over age 55. Benefits under TAGS are available to displaced Two programs under AGAP were specifically de­ fishermen and plant workers with a substantial histor­ signed to assist communities affected by reduced ical dependence on the fishing industry. Under TAGS, groundfish quotas. A Community Development Pro­ the minimum rate of income support is $200 per week gram was implemented, with a budget of $16 million and the maximum is $3 82 per week, a 6% reduction over three years, to stimulate entrepreneurship and from the levels paid under N-CARP and AGAP. In encourage job creation in the areas most affected, total, approximately 30,000 individuals are expected through the provision of business advice and loans. to qualify for TAGS benefits, 75% of them in New­ Similarly, the Fisheries Alternatives Program, which foundland. While most individuals receiving support had been initially announced in 1990 as a part of the under N-CARP and AGAP will also qualify for sup­ Atlantic Fisheries Adjustment Program, was provided port under TAGS, those who do not meet the criteria with an additional $25 million. will continue to receive income support until Decem­ With respect to initiatives to assist specifically with ber 31, 1994. Funding for these transitional income the creation of a sustainable fishery._AGAP provided adjustment payments has been set at $33 million. funding of $3.1 million to establish a Fisheries Sector A key element of The Atlantic Groundfish Strategy Human Resource Council. In addition, federal minis­ is help to individuals to access new career training and ters, in announcing the Atlantic Groundfish Adjust­ job opportunities outside the fishery. Thus, a career ment Program, noted that a Task Force on Incomes and counselling process has been put in place. Other high­ Adjustment in the Atlantic Fishery had been estab­ lights of the labour adjustment component include lished to develop a comprehensive strategy to bring support for innovative "Green" projects. Under this about adjustment in the fishery. program element, funding of $551 million will be pro­ In August, 1993, the federal government, in response vided over five years to cover the costs of wages and to recommendations made by the Fisheries Resource associated project overheads for those over 25 years Conservation Council (FRCC), announced an immediate of age who are engaged in activities such as silvicul­ moratorium on the harvesting of several key Atlantic ture and environmental enhancement projects. Since groundfish stocks, including the 3PS cod stock off these projects are expected to be seasonal in nature, a southern Newfoundland. Meanwhile, the quota for Gulf further $412 million is being provided to enable those cod (area 4RS3PN) was reduced from 31,000 tonnes to over 25 to undertake educational upgrading and train­ 18,000 tonnes. In recognition of these new reductions, ing while not employed. Thus, displaced workers in the AGAP program was modified and expanded, with this age group will benefit from a combination of additional funding made available for income assis­ work and education/training. An additional $10 mil­ tance, training, vessel support, and early retirement. As lion has been specifically allocated to support literacy a result of these changes, the total budget for the AGAP programs for older workers. A Youth Corps stream for program was increased from $191 million to $390 mil­ those under 25 will receive funding of $210 million, lion. In excess of 20,000 fishermen and plant workers with enrolment in education and training programs were expected to qualify for benefits under the expanded made a condition of eligibility for benefits. program. As in the case of other response programs, The At­ lantic Groundfish Strategy includes an older worker THE ATLANTIC GROUNDFISH STRATEGY adjustment program for the early retirement of plant (TAGS). N-CARP had been intended as a two-year workers, with associated funding of $67 million. Mea­ initiative of support for those displaced from the in­ sures to enhance community development through the dustry while cod stocks rebuilt, thereby, it was hoped, sponsorship of local job creation initiatives have been 410 TRANSYLVANIA, H.M.S.

allocated $50 million. Other elements of the program were accustomed to wintering at sites farther in St. include subsidies for self employment ($40 million) Lewis Bay, including Mary's Harbour qv. In later and relocation assistance to enable displaced workers years, however, many Trap Cove residents stayed in to avail of employment opportunities which may be the community year-round, family names including present either elsewhere in the Province or in another Seaward, Smith, Snook and Stevens. The population part of Canada ($74 million). increased to 87 by 1884. But it was recorded at only 58 The Atlantic Groundfish Strategy also budgeted seven years later, and continued to decline gradually $300 million to achieve a 50% reduction in harvesting thereafter. By 1890 resident families at Trap Cove and capacity, through the early retirement of fishermen nearby Matthews Cove had built a Church of England and the buyback of licenses. Discussions with respect school/chapel at Trap Cove, which was visited on oc­ to the establishment of a Canada/Newfoundland Fish­ casion by clergy from Battle Harbour. ing Industry Renewal Board, which would have broad After the International Grenfell Association hospi­ powers to address issues related to the downsizing of tal and boarding school at Battle Harbour were burned harvesting and processing capacity in order to achieve in 1930, the facilities were rebuilt at Mary's Harbour, a better balance with resource availability, were un­ where over the next few years most families of Trap derway in the summer of 1994. In addition, since Cove began to spend at least part of the winter, even­ Newfoundland's already severe unemployment prob­ tually establishing homes there, while continuing to lem will be exacerbated by the permanent displace­ fish at Trap Cove. The community was officially reset­ ment of fishermen and plant workers from the tled to Mary's Harbour in the 1950s. Although at first industry, consideration is being given to the devel­ most people continued to return to Trap Cove each opment of a broad program of economic develop­ summer, by 1990 there were no fishermen using the ment and renewal. Such an approach had been Cove and only three crews at Matthews Cove. A.P. initially suggested by the federal government's Task Dyke (1969), Lawrence Jackson ed. (1982), E.R. Force on Incomes and Adjustment in the Atlantic Seary (1977), Census (1874-1945), Them Days (Jan. Fishery (chaired by Richard Cashin qv) which had 1991), Archives (A-7-5/13; MG 8/10/9; VS 113). RHC suggested a "Marshall Plan" approach to the eco­ nomic problems which had been created in New­ TRAPPING. See FURS AND FURRING. foundland and Labrador as a result of the collapse of the east coast groundfish industry. Annual Statisti­ TRASK, J. WAYNE (1948- ). Businessman. Born St. cal Review & Strategic Policy Planning (Depart­ John's, son of William and Sarah (Penney) Trask. ment of Fisheries and Oceans, passim), Charting a Educated St. John's. Married Gloria Doody. From Course (1993), ET (passim). BRIAN C. BURSEY 1966 to 1972 Trask was an accountant with Peat, Marwick and Thome. He then moved to Corner Brook TRANSYLVANIA, H.M.S. An armed merchant cruiser, to become corporate controller ofLundrigan's Ltd. and this ship was torpedoed on August 10, 1940 en route associated companies. In 1992 Trask became principal to Iceland from Belfast. Of 81 survivors out of a com­ of the Atlantic Group Ltd., plement of about 290, 17 were Newfoundlanders. which purchased all of Three Newfoundlanders were among the dead: Levi Lundrigan' s manufacturing Lambert, Austin Francis and Lemuel Skanes. The tor­ divisions. The following pedo tore a large hole in the port side, causing the year he became president bulkheads to collapse under the pressure, but one SOS and general manager of the signal was transmitted. The destroyer Achates rescued group. A member of the the survivors. Newfoundland Historical Society Knights of Columbus since (H.M.S. Transylvania). ILB 1972, Trask has served as state deputy (provincial TRAP COVE (pop. 1945, 34). A resettled fishing com­ president), and from 1984 munity, Trap Cove was located on Great Caribou Is­ to 1986 was president of the land, Labrador, just west of Battle Harbour qv. The Canadian Association of the Wayne Trask cove was likely settled in the early 1800s, as Battle Knights of Columbus. He Harbour developed as one of the major mercantile has also been involved with the Air Cadets, Junior centres for the Labrador fishery, but does not appear Achievement, the Rotary Club and other community in the Census separately from the larger centre until groups. Wayne Trask (letter, Mar. 1994), Who's Who 1874. At that time there was a population of 75 re­ Silver Anniversary Edition (I 974). ACB corded, consisting of 15 fishing families. Early settlers included the families of John and TRAVERS, MARY (j1.1832). Innkeeper. Travers ran Sarah Smith, Hezekiah and Maryanne Petty, and Ed­ an establishment called the King's Place on the east ward and Mary Soward (Seaward), all recorded there end of Duckworth Street in St. John's. It was a favour­ in 1850, when the Church of England mission was ite gathering place for men's clubs and fraternal orga­ established at Battle Harbour. These three families nizations, among them the Sons of Erin and the were also recorded as fishing at Trap Cove in 1863 Dialectic Society. In 1832 Travers rented a suite of when, by this time joined by a family of Cumbys, they rooms to Newfoundland's first elected legislative TRA YTOWN, BONA VISTA BAY 411

sembly and also provided furniture and other supplies. engage in some speculation as to its origin when he ~hen the legislators neglected to pay the bill, she seized visited the area in 1840: "there are no permanent the Speaker's chair, mace, cocked hat, desk and papers inhabitants in this place, and though several families nd threatened to auction them off. Governor Cochrane generally winter there, there is nothing like a town, and :as forced to intervene, and a payment of just over£ l 08 I did not learn why it was called Troy .... The depth was negotiated. M.F. Harrington (Atlantic Advocate, of water at the entrance of Troytown is only sufficient May 1957), Paul O'Neill (1976). ACB for a small skiff, and much of the water inside is very shoal." It is likely that the name comes from Troy­ town, near Dorchester, a village that had a famous maze or labyrinth cut into its turf. Troytown eventually became a West Country expression, referring to a maze, or "a scene of disorder or confusion". Troy­ town is also the earliest recorded version of Traytown, Trinity Bay and Triton, Notre Dame Bay qqv- all of which have some features in common. Although the area had been used for winter work for many years by people from Flat Islands, the inlet's unsuitability for the fishery meant that Traytown was not settled until the 1880s, when a water-powered sawmill was established by a Mr. McCalm or Mont­ calm in what is now the west end of the community. Within two years the mill was sold to a Charles Kean, who subsequently employed two other pioneer resi­ dents (Robert Keel of Bonavista and Gus Gullickson) Robert Michelin at Traverspine, 1948 as millworkers. The community first appears in the TRAVERSPINE (pop. 1966, 2). An abandoned commu­ Census, as "Mill or Troy Town", in 1884 with a pop­ nity, Traverspine was located south of Happy Valley, ulation of nine. Two other mills were begun in the where the Traverspine River flows into the Churchill 1890s, by the Ledrew and Collier families, as well as River. The site was settled by trapper Joseph Michelin mills at Cull's Harbour and Rosedale qqv at the mouth in the 1870s and was home to three generations of the of the Arm. Other early settlers included the Arnold, family. Some of the Michelins found work in the early Denty, Ralph, Roach and Whelan families, making up 1900s as guides and loggers for the Grand River Pulp a population that had increased to 81 by 190 1 and 12 7 and Paper Co., while Joseph Michelin established a by 1911. The first school was established in 1899 and small trading post, trading in furs and basic supplies Church of England and Methodist churches in 1916 with residents of nearby Mud Lake qv and other Grand and 1917 respectively. In the early 1920s there was River trappers. Traverspine first appears in the Census further growth, related to the building of the Terra in 1911, with a population of 16. By 1935 the popula­ Nova sulphite mill at Glovertown South, with a popu­ tion was down to nine, the family of Robert Michelin lation approaching 200 being employed as loggers and (his nonagenarian father, Joseph, having retired to labourers. There were also a few family farms (the Saltwater Pond, near the Michelin ancestral home at Whyatts and Genges), while the Patten family made Sebaskachu qv). In 1945 Traverspine had 20 residents, up the majority of the few Traytown residents engaged some of the children of Robert having settled while in the Labrador fishery. Although the closing of the employed across the river at the Goose Bay air base. A Terra Nova mill in 1924 was something of a blow to few members of the Michelin family continued to live Traytown, residents continued to find employment as at Traverspine while employed at the base, but left loggers for the A.N.D. Company. Sawmilling de­ shortly after the premature death of trapper and pros­ creased in importance, with the last of the old mills pector Lewis Michelin in 1964. Census (1901-1966), closing in 193 7. Traytown experienced another period Them Days (vol. 4 #2, 1978), Archives (A-7-4/36; of growth in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as some A-7-5/13; MG 8/15/1). RHC families resettled there from the islands of Bonavista Bay. However, resettlement's impact was even greater TRAYTOWN, BONAVISTA BAY (inc. 1971; pop. on Glovertown, which became the major regional ser­ 1991, 374). The community of Traytown is located at vice centre and in some respects began to "spill over" the "elbow" of the Northeast Arm of Alexander Bay into Traytown. The establishing of Terra Nova Na­ (an inlet of central Bonavista Bay), approximately 4 tional Park in 1957 also had an effect on Traytown, km east ofGlovertown qv. For many years a lumbering with the first tourist cabin being opened soon thereaf­ community, in 1994 Traytown's major industry was ter. In 1994 the Traytown area attracted tourists to tourism. It also served as something of a dormitory several cabin/motel resort operations, and also had a community for Glovertown. The name Troy-town was great many seasonal residents. Other local industries originally applied to all of Northeast Arm, a shallow included a sawmill and a sand and gravel quarry. inlet which extends 12 km to the east of the present School children were bused to Glovertown, where community. This name led geologist J.B. Jukes qv to most other services were obtained. I.K.D. Andrews 412 TRAYTOWN, TRINITY BAY

(letter, Oct. 1993), Fred Borden (MHG 102-B-2-9), TREATY OF AMIENS. See NAPOLEONIC WARS. Philip Hiscock (interview, Sept. 1993), J.B. Jukes (1842), E.R. Seary (1977), Census (1884-1891), TREATY OF GHENT. This treaty was concluded be­ McAlpine s Newfoundland Directory ( 1894 ). RHC tween Britain and the United States in 1814 and ended the War of 1812. It omitted all reference to the New­ TRAYTOWN, TRINITY BAY (pop. 1961, 42). Tray­ foundland fishery since the views of American and town is a well-sheltered harbour that nearly bisects the British negotiators proved to be irreconcilable. Amer­ island oflreland's Eye qv, about 33 km east ofClaren­ ican negotiator John Adams insisted on retaining fish­ ville. Like Traytown, Bonavista Bay, the harbour ap­ ing privileges affirmed in the 1783 *Treaty of pears in early records as Troy Town. The two harbours Versailles qv, arguing that such privileges were perpet­ have a similar appearance and their names may have a ual. Britain insisted that these privileges had been similar origin. forfeited by war. The non-resolution of the fisheries Despite admirable shelter, Traytown was probably question led to fears of another war and hastened ne­ considered too distant from fishing grounds for early gotiation of the *Anglo American Convention of 1818 settlement, but the harbour was doubtless frequented qv. Harold Innis (1940), R.A. Mackay (1946). ACB by fishermen from Ireland's Eye and was used as a safe haven to "freeze in" schooners over the winter. It TREATY OF PARIS. There were two important trea­ is first noted as being settled, by one family, in 1869. ties signed in Paris which had repercussions for the The community does not appear in the Census again Newfoundland fishery. The first, signed in 1763, until 190 1, when there were nine people at Troytown ended the Seven Years' War. In 18 14-1815, another and seven at Sheave-Astern Cove. The earliest known peace concluded in Paris brought the Napoleonic Wars family names of Traytown are Cooper and Hodder. to a close. The British negotiations leading to the treaty Along with other family names recorded there in later of 1763 were intended, in part, to limit the French years (such as Miller and Toope) these were common fishery in the north Atlantic. However, French negoti­ family names elsewhere on Ireland's Eye. ators argued that, " ...the Newfoundland fishery is The population increased gradually, to 65 by 1951, absolutely necessary for the support of the Kingdom in with residents supplementing their living from the in­ general and more particularly for the maritime prov­ shore fishery with winter woods work in later years. The inces of western France; where thousands of families community was entirely Church of England, served by a would be reduced to beggary in case that fishery be church and school (built in 1921) on the road towards taken from them" (cited in Innis). This argument was nearby Ivanhoe qv. As with other communities on the accepted and in the end the agreement affirmed privi­ island Traytown remained a "pocket of isolation" in the leges given in the *Treaty of Utrecht qv for the French area, as roads and other services were extended to com­ to fish between Bonavista and Cape Race. The islands munities to the north and west. By the late 1950s there of St. Pierre and Miquelon were granted to the French were few young people left in the community, and most for the convenience of the fishery only, a provision nearby communities were in the process of resettling much criticized by Jersey and West Country fisher­ (perhaps most notably Thoroughfare qv, where many of men. The French were allowed to catch and dry fish on the fishermen had traditionally sold their catches). Tray­ the French Shore but were compelled to leave New­ town was resettled in the early 1960s, with many resi­ foundland by September 10 of each year. Governor dents moving to the Clarenville/Shoal Harbour area. In Thomas Graves qv gave English captains permission 1993 it was often visited by pleasure boats in the sum­ to burn French huts along the shore when used for mer months. Rob Mills (1993), Robert Wells (1960), purposes other than fishing and drying. Boats left be­ Census ( 1869-1961 ), Newfoundland Directory ( 193 6), hind by the French, at least those not made in New­ Archives (A-7-2/M). RHC foundland, were also destroyed in accordance with the British interpretation of the treaty. Such actions re­ sulted in an official complaint by the French ambassa­ dor, and Graves' successor, Hugh Palliser qv, was specifically instructed not to disturb the French fish­ ery. Other provisions of the 1763 Treaty of Paris re­ stricted French activity in Cape Breton and the Gulf of St. Lawrence and placed Labrador under the jurisdic­ tion of the Island' s governor. In article XVIII, Spain relinquished all claims to the Newfoundland fishery. Regulation of the treaty required more accurate charts and maps, leading to the appointment of cartographer James Cook qv to survey the Island. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, a new Treaty of Paris confined France to territories held in 1792, before the outbreak of hostilities. French fisher­ men were again allowed to prosecute the fishery on Traytown, TB. the French Shore, the Grand Banks, in the Gulf of St. -- TREMLETT, THOMAS 413

Lawrence and around St. Pierre and Mi~uelon. The TREATY OF VERSAILLES. This treaty, concluded in conclusion of the peace also ended a penod ?f pros­ 1783 between Britain, France and the United States, had perity in New~oundland as French, Norwegtan a~d repercussions for the Newfoundland fishery. The islands American salt ftsh re-entered world markets. In Spam, of St. Pierre and Miquelon were returned to France, and for example, tariffs on British/Newfoundland salt fish French fishing privileges were affirmed from Cape St. were immediately raised to levels charged non-British John to the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula and south fish. Imports of salt fish from the Island consequently to Cape Ray. By a controversial declaration affixed to the dropped. In 1815, an agreement was signed reaf­ treaty, Britain agreed to prevent its subjects from inter­ firming the 1814 Treaty of Paris. See FRANCE; rupting the French fishery and to remove fixed settle­ FRENCH SHORE; NAPOLEONIC WARS. Harold ments from the shore. The treaty was signed despite Innis (1940), D.W. Prowse (1895), Shannon Ryan opposition from the merchants of Poole, who had peti­ (1983; 1986), Frederic Thompson (1961), DCB V tioned for the exclusion of France from the fishery. (Thomas Graves). ACB Article three of the treaty gave American fishermen the right to fish on the Grand Banks, other banks of New­ TREATY OF RYSWICK. The War of the League of foundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They were Augsberg ended in 1697 with the signing of the Treaty not to dry or cure catches on the Island, but were given of Ryswick. The League, which consisted of England such privileges in unsettled areas of Labrador, the Mag­ and various continental countries, had declared war on dalene Islands and Nova Scotia. The Treaty of Versailles France in 1688/89. In Newfoundland, as a result of the was in effect until the beginning of the War of 1812. war, there had been skirmishes at Placentia and French Gertrude Gunn ( 1966), Harold Innis ( 1940), Frederic raids on several English fishing stations. In 1696 most Thompson ( 1961 ). ACB of the English settlements were destroyed. The Treaty failed to resolve any of the major issues which had led TREATY OF WASHINGTON. The Treaty of Wash­ to the war. France remained in possession of its terri­ ington was signed in 1871 by representatives of the tories in North America, including the fortified settle­ United States and Britain. Newfoundland became a ment of Placentia. The peace of Ryswick was broken party to the Treaty through an act of the legislature in by Queen Anne's War qv (the War of the Spanish 1873. The agreement renewed many of the privileges Succession) in 1701. Harold Innis (1940), D.W. granted American fishermen by the Reciprocity Treaty Prowse ( 1895). ACB of 1854. It also gave Newfoundland merchants in­ creased access to American markets for fish, espe­ TREATY OF UTRECHT. This treaty was concluded cially herring. After 1874, large numbers of American between Great Britian and France in 1713 at the end of vessels began to appear in inshore waters, seining for Queen Anne's War qv. In return for political and terri­ herring to be used as bait. There was some confusion torial concessions in northeastern North America, as to whether this practice was allowed by the Treaty, France was granted fishing privileges along what but matters did not come to a head until 1877. When would become known as the French Shore, but New­ Americans in Long Harbour, Fortune Bay attempted to foundland and its adjacent islands were to come under take herring on a Sunday against local custom, fisher­ the complete control of Britain. Arrangements were men from the area forcibly prevented them from doing made to transfer the French capital of Placentia to so. Though the dispute was later resolved, the fisheries Britain, French subjects being given the option ofleav­ section of the Treaty was abrogated by the United ing this and other settlements or staying and becoming States in 1885. As a result, duties were again imposed British subjects. Many fishermen and settlers in fact on Newfoundland fish entering the American market. did move to Cape Breton from Placentia, the south American vessels no longer enjoyed free access to coast and St. Pierre. Newfoundland and Canadian waters, and had to pay Though France had abandoned all claims to sover­ licensing fees. The abrogation of the Treaty had the eignty on the Island, French fishermen were given effect of reducing the New England presence on the access to the coastal area from Cape Bonavista to the Grand Banks and the !;outhern part of the Island. See tip of the Great Northern Peninsula and south to Point RECIPROCITY TREATY. Harold Innis (1940), Wil­ Riche. Fortifications were forbidden in this area, as liam G. Reeves (1971). ACB were buildings beyond those seasonal huts and stages necessary to process fish. Almost as soon as the treaty TREATY SHORE. See FRENCH SHORE. was signed there were boundary disputes. The very loca­ tion of Point Riche was disputed, appearing on some TREMLETT, THOMAS (1770-1830). Chief Justice. French maps in the vicinity of Cape Ray. The Treaty Born Dartmouth, Devon, son of Hannah (Stapledon) specified that British fish could be imported into France and Thomas Tremlett. The Tremletts entered the New­ if packed in barrels and upon payment of a duty, but, foundland trade after 1767, and had premises in St. with most fish shipped in bulk, the restrictions were John's and Little Bay, Fortune Bay. When the firm was roundly criticized by merchants. Opposition to this pro­ declared insolvent in 1789 Thomas Tremlett moved to Vision was so strong that it led to Parliament's overturn­ St. John's and became a commission merchant. In 1801 ing the Treaty. See FRENCH SHORE. R.G. Lounsbury he was appointed registrar of the Vice-Admiralty court (1934), Frederic Thompson (1961). ACB and deputy naval officer, becoming chief surrogate in 414 TRENTHAM, EVERARD NOEL RYE

October of that year. When in 1803 Chief Justice Jon­ mained a seasonal site for migratory fishermen from athan Ogden qv was incapacitated by a stroke, Tremlett both England and France. succeeded him. With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht between Tremlett was unpopular with the merchants of St. England and France in 1713, the foundation was laid John's, as many of his legal interpretations seemed to for English control over Newfoundland and its fisher­ be unfavourable to the mercantile elite and he was ies. Shortly thereafter, Trepassey became a major cen­ openly hostile to creditors in cases of insolvency and tre of the English migratory bye-boat and bank debt. Local merchants petitioned for his removal on fisheries associated with south Devon ports. By the grounds of incompetence, venality and partiality. 1730s Folletts and Jacksons, representing merchant Tremlett replied: "To the first charge ... I answer that firms from Topsham (the port of Exeter), were estab­ it is a lie, to the second charge, I say, that it is a lished at Trepassey. Joined by Pennells in the 1750s- damned lie, and to the third charge it is a damned 60s, Trepassey thrived until the demise of the bank infernal lie ... "(cited in DCB VI). No legal grounds fishery in the 1790s. By the end of the Napoleonic for dismissing him were found, but his continued un­ Wars the remaining connections between Trepassey popularity led authorities to post him to Prince Ed­ and the West Country, and Topsham in particular, were ward Island (with the equally unpopular Chief Justice severed. of Prince Edward Island, Caesar Colclough qv, replac­ Following the American and French revolutions na­ ing him). D.W. Prowse (1895), DCB VI. ACB tions on both sides of the North Atlantic were at war. As a result, the price of salt cod escalated and for­ TRENTHAM, EVERARD NOEL RYE (1888-1963). merly migratory fishermen began to settle perma­ Civil servant. Born North Petherwyn, Cornwall; son of nently in Newfoundland, including Trepassey, and W.H. Trentham. Educated St. Peter's College, West­ operated as independent inshore fishermen. Due to minster; Oxford University. Married Mary Dobbin. harsh conditions in Ireland, former fishing servants Trentham was employed from southern Ireland emigrated to outports along the with the British War De­ southern Avalon. By the 1 770s they had increasingly partment during World War replaced departing West Countrymen at Trepassey. I, in the ministries of food Hence by 1800, except for a small minority of English and munitions. He then took Protestants, Trepassey had become a predominantly a position with the Treasury Irish Catholic settlement. Within a few decades inter­ as a financial advisor. In marriage and religious conversion resulted in a fairly 1932 he was appointed con­ homogeneous community. In 1843 Father Jeremiah troller of the Newfoundland O'Neill was stationed at Trepassey and a parish estab­ treasury, and when the lished which included the settlements between Cape Commission of Govern­ Race and St. Shotts. ment was instituted in 1934 Newfoundland's first official census, in 1836, re­ E.N.R. Trentham he was appointed Commis­ corded Trepassey's population at 247. By 1857 it had sioner of Finance. When his grown to 541. Since migration to the Island had service in Newfoundland ended in 193 7 he was ap­ largely subsided by the 1830s, it is not surprising that pointed to the British embassy in Washington. He and only 4% of residents had not been born in Newfound­ his St. John's-born wife retired to Bermuda, where he land. By the 1840s Trepassey had become a stable died. S.J.R. Noel (1971), ET (May 10, 1963). ACB community with a family-based social structure. An interesting profile of the settlement is provided by TREPASSEY (inc. 1967; pop. 1991, 1198). The town Captain Brown ofH.M.S. Danae, who visited in 1871. ofTrepassey is located on the shores ofTrepassey Bay, The population of 520 (100 households) was princi­ on the southeastern A val on Peninsula, and includes pally involved in the cod fishery conducted in 25 such neighbourhoods and communities as the Lower schooners (6-7 men each) and 21 whale boats (2-3 Coast, Dock, Trepassey (Centre), the Upper Coast men). A store was operated by a Mr. Larder from (Grassy Bank), Northeast, Shoal Point, Daniel's Point Halifax, who also bought salvage rights to ship­ and Northwest. wrecks. There were 40 pupils in the school. Trepassey was a seasonal fishing station for ves­ Trepassey's population continued to grow in the late sels from the Iberian Peninsula and France begin­ nineteenth century. By 1884 it had risen to 668, and to ning early in the sixteenth century. By the early 792 by 190 I. Although construction of the Southern seventeenth century West Country English ships had Shore branch railway from St. John's to Trepassey joined them. According to Prowse the harbour may provided some employment, the local economy did have also been the site of a plantation promoted by not develop and the branch line closed during the Sir William Vaughan qv between 1617 and 1636. By Great Depression. After reaching a peak of 857 in the 1670s planters from north Devon employed large 1921 Trepassey's population declined during the numbers of servants to fish for them at Trepassey. 1920s and 193 Os. Some residents migrated to the Eventually, the north Devon ports of Barnstaple and United States to seek employment. Even construction Bideford developed strong ties with the cod fishery work at Argentia and other U.S. bases during World there. But "the Harbour" (Trepassey proper) re- War II did not stem the tide of migration. Between TREPASSEY 415

35 and 1945 Trepassey's population declined from mitters, the Nurse Abernathy Medical Clinic, and the 19 7 to 550, and by 1950 had reached a low of 532. Rev. F.J. Mullowney Memorial Stadium. 73 Trepassey's economy did not improve until a mech­ The revitalized economy based on the fish plant and ized fresh fish processing plant was opened in 1954. dragger fleet was reflected in a steady increase in ~fter a major fire in 1963 the plant was replaced with population in the 1960s: from 577 in 1961 to 1443 by more modern insta!lation. Hundreds of area resi­ 1971 (after amalgamation with Daniel's Point). Dur­ ~ents, including womef\.. could now work seasonally. ing the 1970s natural increase in population offset the In 1966 a small fleet of draggers was added to facili­ departure of some of the families that had been reset­ tate year-round operation. As the need for a cheap, tled from White Bay. But by the 1980s an economic dependable work force outstripped the area's capacity, recession combined with the results of drastic fish families from as close as The Droke and Long Beach quota cuts led to population decline, accelerated by qqv and from as far away as White Bay were relocated the announcement in 1990 of the shut-down of all under the resettlement program. Trepassey was desig­ Fishery Products International operations in the Har­ nated a "major fishery growth centre", and scores of bour in 1991. In order partially to offset the effects of families were resettled in low cost housing near the layoffs in the area, the federal government created the town's centre. Motivated by the example of Trepassey Community Development Fund. Thus far, neighbouring communities and the difficult transi­ besides development agencies, several small businesses tional problems arising from the influx of migrants, and manufacturing companies have begun operating. some residents banded together to promote the estab­ Further to diversify the struggling economy resi­ lishment of municipal government. A local improve­ dents hope that tourism will supplement their in­ ment district was established in 1967, followed by an comes. Historically, Trepassey's rivers (especially elected town council in 1969. As an incorporated mu­ Northwest), ponds and barrens have attracted fisher­ nicipality, Trepassey was now eligible for greater as­ men each summer, hunters each fall and berry pickers sistance from government in providing improvements in season. Trout, salmon, partridge and, more recently, in physical infrastructure. moose and caribou have attracted thousands of sports Although major changes followed incorporation, people annually. In 1994 it was hoped that tourists some significant developments in the immediate interested in the natural environment would visit the post-confederation era (1950s-60s) should be noted. nearby barrens (with their unusually accessible wood­ They include electrification, a nursing station, a land caribou herd), the 600,000,000 year old Pre­ telephone exchange, Holy Redeemer R.C. Church, cambrian fossils exposed at Mistaken Point qv near the Presentation Convent of St. Augustine, Stella Cape Race (designated a UNESCO world heritage Maris Regional High School, and housing for the site), the adjacent shoreline and cliffs with their sea­ staff at the Cape Race Loran-e navigational station. bird colonies, and offshore whales and icebergs. The new church, convent and school were con­ Those interested in early transatlantic aviation can structed thanks in large measure to volunteer effort visit the museum in Trepassey to learn of its promi­ under the leadership of Father Francis J. Mullowney. nent role in several early flights. Finally, given After 1970 one major improvement followed another: Trepassey's proximity to Cape Race and St. Shotts, paving the Southern Shore Highway from Cape the "Graveyard of the Atlantic", its unique relation­ Broyle to Trepassey, erection of the new Holy Re­ ship to shipwrecks could be explored with the aid of deemer Elementary School, piped running water and local guides, by visits to the lighthouses and fog sewers, a fire station and hydrants, television trans- alarms, and by hiking the cliffs and shoreline to view

Looking towards Trepassey from the idle fish plant. /994 416 TREVANION, NICHOLAS

the sites and remains of various wrecks. Galgay et a/ coast. Frequented by Newfoundland crews from the ( 1983), Keith Matthews (1968), Thomas F. Nemec mid-nineteenth century, supplied by firms trading at (1972; 1973), Census (1836-1991). THOMAS F. NEMEC Dead Islands and Square Islands qv to the south, by the early 1900s Triangle was increasingly becoming a sta­ TREVANION,NICHOLAS (1670?-1737). Com- tion of Labrador "liveyers", notably the Turnbull and mander of the Newfoundland station. An officer in the Campbell families, who wintered at sites further in the Royal Navy, Trevanion was knighted in 1710 in recog­ Bay. By the 1960s, with resettlement and the establish­ nition of his success in capturing French prizes. In ment of a year-round community at Charlottetown qv, 1712 he was in command of the York, detailed to the Triangle had become a summer station for about 50 Newfoundland convoy. Arriving in September, he people of Charlottetown and a few stationers from the began holding twice-weekly court sessions and settled Island. There were six crews fishing out of the station a number of property disputes. He attempted to stem in 1990. A.P. Dyke ( 1969), Obituary on the Labrador the flow of fishery servants from the Island by banning Coast Fishery (1992), Archives (A-7-4/36). RHC New England vessels from port. His relations with the French at Placentia were, however, cordial. During his TRIANGULAR TRADE. From the early days of the stay, Trevanion recorded a great deal of statistical migratory fishery, a triangular trade existed between information on the population and the fishery. He re­ Newfoundland, England and Europe. In 1584, for ex­ quested a return posting to Newfoundland, where he ample, the White Hinde, a London ship belonging to was popular with the inhabitants, but his request was Peter Hill, sailed to Newfoundland and then traded its refused. Trevanion was not employed at sea again and cargo of fish in Cadiz before returning to home port. was appointed resident commissioner for the navy at At least one fishing ship returning from the Island is Plymouth. DCB II. ACB known to have traded in the Levant in 1600. In the early 1600s Newfoundland fish landed at Dartmouth TREWORGIE, JOHN (j1.1618-1660). Governor. Born and other West Country ports was being sent to Nor­ England, son of James and Catharine (Shapleigh) mandy, Brittany and later to the Mediterranean. Euro­ Treworgie. Married a Miss Spencer. From about 1635 pean goods were taken back to England and, as to 1650 Treworgie was an agent for a relative, Alexan­ settlement increased, to Newfoundland. der Shapleigh, at the latter's trading establishment in At the end of the seventeenth century the nature of Kittery, Maine. In this position he may have had some the exchange was altered when New England mer­ dealings with merchants in Newfoundland. Perhaps for chants became involved in the trade. Bringing rum and this reason, Treworgie was one of six commissioners molasses from the West Indies, the New Englanders appointed in 1651 to travel to the Island to arrest David traded for Newfoundland fish or bills of exchange Kirke qv for various misdeeds. The commissioners which could be used to purchase European and Eng­ were also charged with regulating the fishery and col­ lish goods. In this way, Newfoundland became an lecting a tax on fish and oil taken by foreigners. entrepot in north Atlantic commerce. In the 1800s Treworgie appears to have remained in Newfoundland Newfoundland began more and more to trade directly as he was a resident when named to the position of with the West Indies as well as with Spain, Portugal governor in 1653. He was given authority over fisher­ and Italy. Large amounts of salt fish continued to be men and planters, asked to devise fortifications and to traded from Newfoundland to England where much of receive further complaints against Kirke. During his it was transhipped to Europe. As the salt fish trade tenure, trade, the fisheries and settlement were in­ began to decline in the early and mid 1900s, so did the creased. West Country merchants complained that triangular trade in the north Atlantic. See EXPORTS; Treworgie was encouraging settlement by transporting IMPORTS. Gillian Cell (1969), Grant Head (1976), passengers and protecting planters. In 1654 he and two Shannon Ryan (1986). ACB other commissioners were arrested by James Kirke for their seizure of David Kirke's estates. Though found TRIBUNE. See Daily Tribune. guilty, Treworgie petitioned Oliver Cromwell for a new trial, which was presumably decided in his favour TRIBUNE, THE. This mimeographed paper was the of­ as he continued in his post. In 1659 or 1660 Treworgie ficial publication of the Newfoundland Clerks and Af­ returned to England for supplies and to collect six filiated Workers' Union (affiliated with the years' salary which he was owed. He appears not to Longshoremen's Protective Union of St. John's). It have returned to Newfoundland. Keith Matthews was probably first published in 1961 (its second issue (1968), D.W. Prowse (1895), DCB I. ACB dated December 7, 1961). Regarding the Daily News and Evening Telegram as ''completely controlled by TRIANGLE. A Labrador fishing station, Triangle is the merchant-kings of Water Street", it supported or­ located on the north side of St. Michael's Bay, just ganized labour. It is not known whether the paper inside Cape Bluff. It takes its name from the shape of lasted beyond three issues. The Tribune (vol. 1 #2, its small harbour. Well-sheltered by an island at its Dec. 7, 1961; vol. 1 #3, Dec. 24, 1961). ILB mouth and ''virtually landlocked in the mountains well in behind Cape Bluff" (Dyke), the approach to Trian­ TRICKETT, GEORGE EDWARD (1908-1993). Mag­ gle is one of the most remarkable on the Labrador istrate; chief electoral officer. Born Spout Cove, son TRINITY 417

of Henry and Sarah (Wareham) Trickett. Educated teenth centuries. Because oftJ;lese ties (and the remark­ Memorial University College. Married Vida George. able preservation of much of its historic character Trickett began his career as a school teacher in 1925. during the century of decline which followed) Trinity In 1939 he was appointed to the magistracy, serving is perhaps the most notable "heritage community" in over the years at La Scie, Bell Island, Glovertown, the Province. Clarenville, Harbour Grace and St. John's. In 1963 he Trinity Harbour was resorted to by migratory fish­ was appointed chief electoral officer for Newfound­ ing ships during the 1500s, and by 1615 (when Rich­ land, a position he held until 1973. He retired to Clar­ ard Whitbourne qv held the first Admiralty Court in enville and died there on July 2, 1993. Lome Trickett North America there) was a regular port of call for (interview, June 1994), Packet (Aug. 3, 1993), New­ West Country fishermen. However, in the seventeenth foundland and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edi­ century most of the fishing/trading firms of Poole qv tion ( 1968). JOHN PARSONS had their major Newfoundland premises on the oppo­ site side of Trinity Bay, at Old Perlican qv. The cap­ TRIDENT, THE. First published in 1969 as a newsletter ture of Old Perlican and other harbours on the south of the Newfoundland Historic Trust, the Trident has side of the Bay by Pierre *Le Moyne d'Iberville in since concentrated on efforts to preserve Newfound­ 1697 led the Poole merchants to relocate to Trinity. land's historic sites, buildings, landmarks and records. More easily defensible and with a safe and commodi­ Originally a quarterly publication, it became an annual ous harbour, Trinity soon became not only a good port magazine in 1990 with a separate monthly newsletter. for fishing ships, but also a supply centre for fisher­ The Trident has reflected the activities of individuals and men at a number of outposts throughout Trinity Bay. groups concerned with the preservation of Newfound­ By 1700 Joseph and Samuel White had located their land and Labrador heritage, and has focused attention on major Newfoundland premises there (moving from. some of the less obvious structures of historic signifi­ Old Perlican) as did William and Jacob Taverner (from cance in St. John's. Trident (1969-1992,passim). ILB Bay de Verde). In that year there were an estimated 277 men fishing out of Trinity Harbour. As was the TRILIOBITES. See PALENTOLOGY. case in most early records of Trinity, this number doubtless includes not only Trinity "proper" but also TRINITARIAN, THE. Officially registered on Decem­ Northwest Arm (Trinity East qv), Southwest Arm ber 15, 1926, this paper was printed and published by (Goose Cove qv), Maggotty Cove (on the south side of F. J. Brady. There are no known extant copies of this the Harbour) and Fort Point qv. publication. Suzanne Ellison ( 1988). ILB By 1 715 the Harbour had a .year-round population of 115 people and soon acquired many of the trappings of TRINITY (inc. 1969; pop. 1991, 326). Trinity is lo­ a permanent settlement, with two local justices of the cated on a small peninsula, surrounded by the North­ peace being appointed in 1728 (Jacob Taverner and west and Southwest arms of Trinity Harbour- ''the Francis Squibb) and a Church of England missionary best and largest Harbour in all the land" (English in 1730 (Robert Kilpatrick qv). A battery was erected Pilot, 1689). The advantages of this harbour made at Fort Point in 1744 to protect an increasing trade in Trinity a major focus of the West of England-New­ fish and supplies, for as the Rev. Henry Jones qv foundland fishery in the eighteenth and early nine- reported in 17 4 7 Trinity was the "Centre of Trade, not

Trinity, c. 1900 418 TRINITY only for this Bay but all ye Northern Harbours until 1947. In 1886 Robert Bremner (a son of Grieve's whose Effects are, for ye most part, brought Hither" former manager) took over the Trinity business. After (cited in Handcock: 1981). In 1753 there were 419 Bremner went bankrupt the Bonavista firm of Ryan winter inhabitants at Trinity Harbour, their numbers Brothers purchased the premises in 1902, as a base for augmented during the fishing season by more than their operations in the Labrador fishery. Edmund Ryan 13 00 fishing servants, most from the Dorset hinter­ qv ran the firm until his retirement in 1936. Ryan land of Poole or from southern Ireland. In that year Brothers finally closed their doors in 194 7, marking the largest firms at Trinity were those of Joseph the end of almost 250 years of continuous operation of White qv and Devonshire, Reeves and Webb- each the premises. with more than 200 servants. Of the smaller plant­ The founding of the Trinity Historical Society in ers, the most important was Benjamin Lester qv, 1961 was in part a response to the decay of the who had acquired from his father-in-law Taverners' Lester-Garland premises, as well as the imminent "room" in a cove on the northeast side of the penin­ danger to a number of other historic structures in the sula. From the 1760s Lester was the major employer community. Eventually, the Province took an inter­ at Trinity and supplied fishermen in virtually every est in the preservation of individual structures, as community in Trinity Bay, as well as those north to the tourist potential of Trinity's unique combination Bonavista Bay and Fogo Island. At his death in 1802 of historic significance and a spectacular natural (after which the firm was carried on by a son-in-law setting became clear. In 1982 Hiscock House was and his descendants- George, George Jr. and John opened as a period-restored museum, followed the B. Garland qqv) Lester was not only the largest next year by a restored shop on the Lester-Garland property-owner in Newfoundland, but also the prin­ premises. Since that time increased attention has cipal merchant of Poole. From 1775 Lester's main been paid to a number of other historic buildings rival at Trinity was the firm of Jeffrey and Street, and attractions in the community, including the with Thomas Street qv (previously a ship's captain Methodist schoolhouse, the Society of United Fish­ and agent for the White family) managing the New­ ermen Hall and St. Paul's Anglican church (rebuilt foundland end of the trade. in 1892). In 1993 the Poole-based Trinity Trust and By 1800 there were 826 people living in Trinity its sister Trust in Newfoundland proposed to rebuild Harbour, with perhaps 400 at Trinity "proper", many the Lester-Garland merchant's home as a museum of them tradesmen employed by the great merchant and learning resource centre, in time for the Cabot houses. In addition to trading firms, Trinity also had anniversary celebrations in 1997. many of the other services for the district. From 1783 In 1994 common family names of Trinity included to 1819 both medical and spiritual attention were pro­ Bailey, Bartlett, Fifield, Goldsworthy, Hayter, Hisc­ vided by John Clinch qv. In his later years Clinch was ock, Kelly, Morris and White- most of which have assisted by Dr. George Skelton (who was a leading been present since the 1700s. Trinity was also home figure in the establishing of a Methodist church in the to the Vokey family, one of a number who were community in 1816), while he was succeeded as resettled to the community in the 1960s from some Church of England clergyman by a son-in-law, the of Trinity's former outposts. The two Vokey ship­ Rev. William Bullock qv. Bullock is perhaps best yards at Trinity were the community's largest em­ known as the composer of the hymn "We Love the ployers, along with various tourist services. B.C. Place, 0 God", written for the consecration of St. Butt ( 1978), William Gilbert (NQ, Summer/Fall Paul's Church at Trinity in 1827. 1992), W.G. Handcock (1981a; 1981b; 1989), Alan The 1836 Census shows 1253 people living in Trin­ Perry (NQ, Apr. 1994), Census (1836-1991), Histor­ ity Harbour- approximately twice the total popula­ ical Atlas of Canada (1987). RHC tion of 1991. However, the West Country firms which had been responsible for much of the prosperity of the community were by this time beginning to withdraw from the Newfoundland trade. The Lester-Garland premises were leased by the firm of Robinson and Brooking in the 1840s; while much of the Jeffrey & Street property was acquired by Robert Slade (later operating under the name of Slade & Kelson and m_an­ aged from 1810 to 1850 by William Kelson qv). In 1869 the population of Trinity proper peaked at more than 800 people. This was also the year that Walter Grieve qv & Co. purchased the old Slade & Kelson premises there. Grieve did not operate the Slade prem­ ises as an integrated fishery supply company; he used it instead to land pelts and process seal oil, and the old room gradually decayed. Grieve also leased the Les­ ter-Garland premises, where fish stores and a retail shop were still maintained on a diminishing scale up Trinity TRINITY BAY 419

PortRexton TRINITY BAY. A major bay of Newfoundland's north­ By 167 5 there was a small resident population at east coast, Trinity Bay extends approximately 100 km Trinity as well as at English Harbour qv, and scattered south-southwest of The Grates (the northernmost tip fishing stations had been established on the islands of the Avalon Peninsula) and is for most of its length and headlands of the north side of the Bay, between some 20-25 km wide. Although the tip of the Heart's Ease (see LITTLE HEART'S EASE) and Trin­ Bonavista Peninsula, north of the Horse Chops, faces ity. This area contains the only major islands in the the open Atlantic Ocean and can scarcely be re­ Bay, the largest being Random Island and Ireland's garded as lying within the Bay, Cape Bonavista qv Eye qqv. On the south side of the Bay, Old Perlican has long been regarded as the northern limit of Trin­ remained the major focus of the migratory fishery ity district. The origin of the name Trinity Bay is not (having a summer population approaching 200 men), known. Although a suggestion that either the Bay or with satellite fishing stations at New Perlican qv, Silly Trinity Harbour was named by Portuguese explorer Cove (Winterton qv) and Rant's Harbour. In 1697 Old Gaspar Corte-Real qv on Trinity Sunday in 15 01 has Perlican, Heart's Content qv and other fishing stations been widely repeated, there is scant evidence to sup­ on the south side of the Bay were captured during a port it. Indeed, in several sixteenth century Portu­ raid by the French under Pierre *LeMoyne d'Iberville guese-derived maps the Bay appears as baye de St. qv. This led the Poole merchants who had developed Cyria (or some variation on this). Historical geogra­ the fishery at Old Perlican and its outposts to relocate pher Gordon Handcock has concluded that the name their main trading premises across the Bay to Trinity, was most likely of English origin. which harbour was more easily defensible. The major fishing grounds of Trinity Bay are lo­ Throughout the eighteenth century Trinity Harbour cated off Cape Bonavista and the coast of the south developed as the entrepot for all of Trinity Bay. Indeed side of the Bay, between Rant's Harbour qv and The the northern fishery (in Bonavista Bay, north to Fogo Grates. The headlands of the Bay were frequented by Island and also along the Labrador coast) was in large migratory fishermen from Portugal in the early 1500s, part developed in the eighteenth century by Poole mer­ but the earliest explorer's account is that of Jacques chants, such as Benjamin Lester qv, trading out of Cartier qv, who spent 10 days at Catalina qv in 1534. Trinity. Trinity in the 1700s might well be said to have By 1580 it would appear that Catalina and Trinity qv rivalled St. John's as a centre for trade, with its mer­ were both well known to migratory fishermen from chant houses also involved in the bank fishery and the England, France and Spain. In the early 1600s Old growing seal hunt. Trinity Harbour increasingly devel­ Perlican qv emerged as a major centre for the English oped a settled population (about 120 residents in fishery, while the advantages of Trinity Harbour ("the 1715; 600 by 1772). In the 1770s there were also about best and largest Harbour in all the land", according to 500 residents at Old Perlican and a further 500 scat­ the 1689 English Pilot) also made Trinity an early tered in the harbours of the south side of the Bay. focus. In 1612 John Guy qv went into the inner reaches Lester and other Trinity merchants sent winter crews of Trinity Bay and the accounts of these exploratory into the inner Bay- to New Harbour qv, Chapel Arm, voyages out of the Cuper's Cove (Cupids) colony Bull Arm, Smith Sound and Random Sound - cutting make it clear that at this date the inner Bay was rarely timber, shipbuilding and trapping furs. However, among frequented by Europeans and was in fact the site of a the communities of the inner Bay, only New Harbour number of important seasonal encampments of the would appear to have been a year-round settlement prior Beothuk- presumed to be the southern limit of their to 1800. The dominance of Trinity peaked in the 1780s, usual hunting grounds. when the Bay's trade was dominated by the 420 TRINITY BAY

Poole-Trinity firms of Benjamin Lester and Jeffrey & By this time the Lester-Garland firm had consider­ Street (with branches at Catalina and Heart's Con­ ably reduced its activities, first at its outposts and tent). Lester had major outposts at Old Perlican, then, in the 1840s, at Trinity itself. The 1840s and Winterton and New Harbour- an empire operated by 1850s also saw the expansion of settlement into the the related Garland family after Benjamin Lester's inner bay, particularly at Smith and Random sounds. death in 1802. Primarily this migration was one of people from the Most of the present-day inhabitants of Trinity Bay older settlements of the south side, who had developed are descended from fishing servants or tradesmen the custom of retreating into the well-wooded sounds brought out to Trinity, Catalina and Old Perlican or for winter work. A major component of this winter their outposts from the hinterland of Poole, Dorset. work was the building of schooners for the Labrador There were also many Irish fishing servants employed fishery. Trinity merchants had been among the earliest by the West Country firms, but relatively few settled to become involved in the Labrador fishery, and by the in the Bay. Only Bellevue, Heart's Desire and Melrose 1830s the south side ports were involved in the qqv developed into predominantly Irish/Catholic set­ stationer qv fishery on the Labrador side of the Strait tlements, although there were also significant Catholic of Belle Isle, many supplied by Job Brothers. As the minorities at Trinity and Catalina. While the north Straits area was settled (in part by Trinity Bay fami­ side of the Bay remained a Church of England area, lies) the expanding schooner fishery on the coast to the south side became an early bastion of Methodism the north encouraged settlement of the sounds around from 1774 when John Hoskins qv began preaching at Random Island and the inner Bay - areas quite re­ Old Perlican. moved from the best inshore fishing grounds. By 1857 In the 1830s, when representative government the population of Trinity Bay had reached 10,000 peo­ was introduced, Trinity's status as the administra­ ple, with most of the increase being accounted for by tive "capital" of the Bay was reinforced, although these new areas of settlement, where the Labrador by this time its commercial dominance had already fishery was supplemented by shipbuilding and begun to slip. The Census of 1836 shows a total sawrnilling qqv. From the 1860s there were also population of 6803 in Trinity Bay, with the largest *brick making qv and slate qv quarrying industries in concentrations at Trinity Harbour (pop. 1253), Old Smith Sound. Perlican (672) and Catalina (523). John B. Garland In 1866 a transatlantic telegraph cable was landed at qv was elected the first member for Trinity and was Heart's Content (after an earlier cable, landed at Sun­ chosen the first Speaker of the House of Assembly. nyside qv had failed) which, with the decline of Trin­ Throughout the nineteenth century Trinity Bay dis­ ity, soon became the largest community in the Bay. trict remained a reliable base of support for the Con­ Catalina also grew to more than 1000 people, in part servative/merchant party. After Garland returned to based on its emergence as an important port in the England the Tory "ticket" in Trinity Bay was Grand Banks fishery in the late 1800s. Meanwhile, the headed by Thomas B. Job qv (as the firm of Job seal fishery out of Trinity Bay contracted, as this in­ Brothers increasingly dominated trade on the south dustry carne to be dominated by the steamer fleets out side of the Bay, from their base at Hant's Harbour), of St. John's. When the railway was built across New­ then by Job's agents such as Stephen Randell and foundland in the 1890s it passed just inland from the James Watson qqv. "bottom" of Trinity Bay, only touching the coast at

C/arenville TRINITY, BONA VISTA BAY 421

Commission of Government encouraged the establish­ ment of a shipyard and asphalt/creosote plant there and also located some regional services in the commu­ nity. By 1945 the population of Clarenville was ap­ proaching 1000 people (from 31 0 in 19 3 5). In 194 7 the Cabot Highway was completed, providing a road connection between Clarenville and the Bonavista Peninsula, as well as to the "bottom" of Trinity Bay and beyond to St. John's. Clarenville was well situated to benefit from the road-building boom of the 1950s and early 1960s, while the increasing reliance on high­ way travel increased the town's involvement in retail­ ing, wholesale distribution and regional services. The major impact of resettlement qv on Trinity Bay in the 1950s and 1960s was the abandonment of Ireland's Eye and the east end of Random Island, as well as Bull Arm.fal/1993 Popes Harbour, British Harbour and Kerley's Harbour Shoal Harbour qv. However, the Bonavista and qqv on the adjacent mainland. Many of these people Heart's Content branch lines (constructed between moved into the Clarenville/Shoal Harbour area. Inner 1911 and 1915) provided rail way links to many more Trinity Bay also benefited from the building of an oil Trinity Bay communities. Railway construction also refinery at Come by Chance on the Isthmus of Avalon provided an important means of employment at a time in the later 1960s, while since 1990 the construction of when the inshore and Labrador fisheries in the area a oil drilling platform at Mosquito Cove, Bull Arm has were experiencing difficult times. further increased the stature of Clarenville-Shoal Har­ In the 1909 general election the promise of branch bour (with a population of about 5000 people in 1994). railway construction was just enough to induce Trinity In 1994 the second major population centre in Trin­ Bay to support the People's Party ofEdward P. Morris ity Bay was Catalina (having, with nearby Little Cata­ - a crucial gain for the People's Party in that, after lina, Port Union and Melrose, a population in excess many years of supporting the Conservatives, by the of 3000 people). At Catalina the major employer has early 1900s Trinity Bay had come to support the Lib­ continued to be the fishery. However, with the area's eral party of Robert Bond. However, in the next gen­ fish plant and trawler fleet largely relying on northern eral election, in 1913, Trinity Bay was solidly behind cod, the future appeared far from rosy. Smaller fish the *Fishermen's Protective Union (FPU) qv. The plants at Old Perlican, Rant's Harbour and New Har­ Union movement numbered many Bay people among bour (relying to a much lesser extent on cod) were the its key supporters, including Catalina schoolmaster major employers on the south side of the Bay. B.C. W.W. Halfyard, John Guppy of Port Rexton, John Butt ( 1978), William Gilbert (NQ, Summer/Fall Loder of Snook's Harbour and Archibald Targett qqv 1992), W.G. Handcock (198la; 1981b; 1989), Alan of Rant's Harbour. In 1916 the Union established its Perry (NQ, Apr. 1994), Census (1836-1991), Histori­ headquarters at Port Union qv, near Catalina, which cal Atlas of Canada (1987). RHC soon became the major trading centre for most of Trinity Bay. TRINITY, BONAVISTA BAY (inc. 1970; pop. 1991, Yet, a continuing decline in the Trinity Bay fisheries 474). Trinity is a logging community on the north side -as the Labrador fishery faded in the early twentieth of Bonavista Bay, located about half way between century and the inshore fishery was unable to take up Gambo and Wesleyville. In the early 1800s it was a site the slack and even declined - put an end to further for winter logging by fishermen from the islands of growth in the population of the Bay. From about Bonavista Bay, particularly the Fair Islands qv, 10 km 23,500 in 1921 the population had increased only to to the east at the mouth of Trinity Bay. 28,500 people 70 years later. In terms of the Bay's In 1894 Fair Islands merchant James Brown built a proportion of the population of Newfoundland this water-powered sawmill at the bottom of Trinity Bay, actually represents a significant decline, to less than on Southwest Pond Brook. His son, Sitnah, managed 5% of the total population ofNewfoundland from his­ the mill and built a home nearby. As the sawmilling toric levels of 8-10%. In the twentieth century, then, operation grew, other members of the Brown family many of those born in Trinity Bay outports have settled, as did a few others from Fair Islands (includ­ moved elsewhere: some to the paper mill communities ing Absalom Brown, Israel Gibbons and Peter Pond). of Grand Falls and Corner Brook or to St. John's, with Trinity first appears in the Census in 1901, with a more leaving Newfoundland altogether for the United population of 15. Quite distant from fishing grounds, States and mainland Canada. the early settlers supplemented sawmilling with some In the twentieth century the other major change in shipbuilding and a modest involvement in the Labra­ settlement patterns in Trinity Bay has been the emer­ dor fishery, while continuing to be closely tied with gence of Clarenville qv as the Bay's service centre. Fair Islands, from whence came a much larger winter This development began in the late 1930s, when the population. 422 TRINITY EAST

In 1905 a second sawmill, this one steam-powered, greater extent settled by merchants, clerks, officials was begun at the other end of Trinity, on Northwest and the families of tradesmen. However, there were Pond. Subsequently, other Fair Island families settled also coopers and shipwrights at Trinity East from an (family names Hunt and Rogers), while Moses Cutler early date, this site providing better access to land of Fair Islands settled in the northeast corner of Trin­ resources. ity Harbour, thereafter known as Cutler's Side. It was Trinity East also has the advantage of the closest also in 1905 that the first school was held at Trinity, access to inshore fishing off the mouth of Trinity Har­ initially in the back room of a home. By 1909 a bour (the Lighthouse, Skerwink and Naked Man Church of England school/chapel had been built and grounds). The 1689 English Pilot appears to show by I 9 I I there were 6 I residents, increasing to 246 by three fishing rooms at Pease Cove, with Trinity being 1935. By this time there was also a new Church, St. uninhabited. One of the earliest Poole merchants to Alban's. The foreman during construction of the new locate his premises at Trinity Harbour (Samuel White, church was W.B. Brown, a community leader and in 1699) would appear to have located just southeast teacher from 1931 to 1957. In 1936 the Browns' saw­ of Pease Cove, at Sam White's Cove. As Trinity Har­ mill was taken over by the Monroe Export Co., to bour increasingly became a focus of trade in the cover losses experienced in the family's Labrador 1 700s, merchants located on the other side of the Har­ fishery. The enterprise was sold to Chesley Davis, bour, but Trinity East was an important enough fishing who operated the mill until the outbreak of a forest centre to warrant a branch establishment and resident fire in 1943, which also burnt several homes in the agent of Benjamin Lester's qv Trinity firm by 1801. community. By this time, however, the major source Although most early records do not distinguish be­ of employment was cutting pulpwood for Bowater's, tween the various settled sites in Trinity Harbour - which began large-scale logging at nearby Indian Bay and many fishing servants may well have settled in in 193 7. In 1945 there were 429 people in Trinity, and Trinity East after some years of employment at Trinity this number had further increased to 631 by 1951 . In proper or nearby fishing stations - by 1753 there the later 1950s there was further growth, as pulpwood were 24 families living at Trinity East, including the cutting provided steady employment. By 195 8 there Fowlows and Joneses. Other early family names of was a road connecting Trinity with the Trans-Canada Trinity East which were still to be found in the com­ Highway at Gamba, which provided incentive for the munity in 1994 include Cooper, Evelley, Fifield, Ho­ last few families to resettle from Fair Islands, many of garth and Peckham. Up until 1855, when a church was them coming to Trinity. Meanwhile, Cutler's Side was built at Halfway Hill, between Trinity East and Ship also resettled to a site along the highroad. Cove (Port Rexton qv), most residents attended church While the summer of 1961 was generally one of and school at Trinity. When a new church was built in catastrophic forest fires (see FIRES), the fire which the centre of Port Rexton in 1911, residents of Trinity began at Indian Bay on July 27 was the most destruc­ East constructed their own church, St. Andrew's tive, consuming most of the usable timber in the area (burnt in 1979, but subsequently rebuilt). to the north of Trinity. Bowater's remained for the In addition to the community's involvement in the next five years, cutting the scorched timber, but pulled inshore fishery, planters of Trinity East were also in­ out in 1966. Thereafter, many families had to leave volved in the Labrador fishery, establishing their Trinity to find employment, and the population premises at Pease Cove and along the eastern shore of dropped from over 700 to under 400. Those who re­ Northwest Arm. By 1891 there were 555 people at mained were largely employed elsewhere, although by Trinity East (up from 380 in 1869) and the community the 1980s sawmilling had begun to rebound and some sent 15 vessels to the Labrador fishery. This compares people had returned to the fishery, using longliners to with 550 people at Trinity (after many years of decline harvest the grounds of outer Bona vista Bay or fishing as a trading centre), which sent only one schooner to on the Labrador coast. Carl S. Ackerman (MHG I 02- B-2-10), John Feltham (1986), Nancy S. Pender (MGH 36-B-1-66), Census (1901-1991). RHC

TRINITY EAST (pop. 1991, 190). The fishing commu­ nity of Trinity East is located within Trinity Harbour, directly across from Trinity qv (or Trinity West). Trin­ ity East also appears in some records as Trinity North Side,. Northwest Arm or Pease Cove, the designation Trinity East having been adopted by 1911. While mi­ gratory fishing ships and West Country merchants fa­ voured the Southwest Arm of Trinity Harbour, and West Country merchants located their premises at Trinity proper, Pease Cove was in all likelihood the first part of Trinity Harbour to be settled. During the heyday of Trinity, Pease Cove was home to the major­ ity of fishing families, while the west side was to a Trinity East TRITON 423

the Labrador. With the decline and (by 1930) the col­ deserted by 1935, coinciding with a general population lapse of the Labrador fishery, the population of Trin­ decrease in inner Placentia Bay, and Trinny Cove fam­ ity East has declined fairly steadily. In the 1960s, ilies may have joined the growing community of Fair however, a few families resettled to Trinity East Haven. H.C. Brown ( 1985), E.R. Seary ( 1971 ), Edward (family names Toope and Watton). In 1994 most Wix (1836), Census (1836-1921). ACB residents of Trinity East worked in the fishery or in construction and service trades. The community was TRITON (inc. 1980; pop. 1991, 1273). The town of Tri­ also seemingly well situated to capitalize on the ton encompasses the east end of Triton Island, in western development of Trinity proper as a heritage/tourist Notre Dame Bay, and includes Triton West (also known site, its beautiful views of Trinity Harbour being cou­ as Great Triton), Jim's Cove and Card's Harbour. The pled with the charm of a typical outport. In the early name Triton appears in early records as Troytown, Tray­ 1990s the Evelley house in Trinity East was desig­ town, Treaton and Tory Town- and probably owes it nated a provincial historic site and scheduled for res­ origin to English West Country usage of' 'Troytown'' to toration. Garry Fifield ( 1977), W. Gordon Handcock refer to a maze (see TRAYTOWN B.B.): either a refer­ (1981), E.R. Seary (1977), Census (1845-1991), ET ence to the complexity of Great Triton Harbour or to the (March 27, 1979), Historical Atlas of Canada ( 1987), difficulty of navigating through off-lying islands to List of Electors (1988), Lovell's Newfoundland Direc­ enter Little Triton Harbour. tory (I 8 7 1), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory It appears that Little Triton Harbour (or Triton East) (1894; 1904). LBMIRHC was the earliest area of settlement, in the 1830s or 1840s, but it is likely that both Little Triton Harbour TRINITY ENTERPRISE. This weekly paper, pub­ and Big Triton Island (which shelters the harbour) lished in Trinity by F.J. Brady, probably started in were earlier used as seasonal fishing stations by crews 1909 (March 29, 1909 being the earliest extant issue in from the Twillingate area. Triton first appears in the a public collection in 1993). Early issues contained Census in 1845, with a population of 17. This number domestic and foreign news, as well as "items of probably includes the families of Robert Winsor (from interest", letters, serial fiction and advertisements. Tilt Cove qv) and William Vincent (from Twillingate, The editorials of 1909 strongly opposed Edward P. via Three Arms qv). Other early family names of Tri­ Morris and supported the Liberal party. Although the ton include Jenkins, Newman, Purchase, Roberts and paper did not publish from 1924 to 1934, Brady is Williams. There were also a few families who lived known to have given official notice of his intent to start southeast of the harbour, where off-lying islands form another community newspaper, the Trinitarian qv, in sheltered tickles close to the major fishing grounds in December 1926. It is not known whether the Trinitar­ the area: the Simms family at Nimrod qv and the ian was ever issued, as no copies were extant in 1993. Henstridges at Great Denier Island. Both families The Trinity Enterprise resumed in 1934 and ceased eventually moved into Triton. publication in 194 7. Suzanne Ellison ( 1988). ILB In 1857 there were 54 people at Triton, increasing gradually to 102 by 1884. Tradition has it that some of TRINITY RECORD. See WEEKLY RECORD. the early settlers had winter houses and gardens at Great Triton Harbour and that by the 1880s Great TRINNY COVE (pop. 1921, 23). An abandoned fish­ Triton was settled year-round. Meanwhile, the south ing community in eastern Placentia Bay, Trinny Cove side of Triton Island had also been settled, at Jim's was located between Long Harbour and Fair Haven Cove and Card's Harbour. Tradition has it that these qqv. It does not appear to have been settled at an early coves were settled by families who had been fishing date, but was probably frequented by migratory fisher­ the grounds around the headlands of Badger Bay and men. In 1680 the cove was noted on Visscher's map as Seal Bay. The Roberts family moved to Jim's Cove Trinity Cove, but in 1772 Michael Lane recorded it as from Lock's Harbour, Badger Bay; while the original Tinny Cove. In later documents the area was known as settlers at Card's Harbour were Fifields and Robertses Tilly Cove, Turney Cove or Frenny's Cove. Like Fair from Seal Bay and Simmses from Badger Bay. Haven, Trinny Cove appears to have been settled in the The population of 179 recorded for Triton in 1891 early 1800s. Edward Wix qv held services there in probably includes, then, all of Triton Island. The first 1835 for Christopher Dix and his family of 12, de­ Census to record each settlement separately was in 1911, scribed by the missionary as ''an attentive when there were 82 at Little Triton, 108 at Great Triton, congregation''. A total of 56 people were living at 17 at Jim's Cove and 33 at Card's Harbour. All came to Trinny Cove, Fair Haven and Pinch Cove qv in 1836. rely on Great Triton for most services. The first Method­ With Brine's Island, Trinny Cove had 32 Roman Cath­ ist school/chapel was built on Church Hill (between olic residents in 1845. The Cove then seems to have Great and Little Triton) in about 1887, and the first been abandoned for some years as it does not appear Salvation Army citadel was built in 1896. By 1901 the in the Census again until 1884. In that year, six people, majority were Salvationists, and Triton has continued to all belonging to the Church of England, occupied two be known as a bastion of the Salvation Army. dwellings and were involved in fishing and farming. In the earliest days of settlement ties remained By 1901 the entire population was Methodist. Family strong with Twillingate, where most catches of cod names in 1921 were Thorne and Crann. The Cove was were traded. In the 1890s the first local shops were 424 TROAKE, PETER

a road was built to it. In that year the former rural district was re-incorporated as the town of Triton. Grandsons of Samuel Roberts, Jason and Javis, oper­ ated the short-lived Triton Airlines from the commu­ nity in 1993. Christine Best (MHG 36-A-1-19), E.R. Seary (1977), Dennis M. Vincent (MHG 36-B-l-67), Earl Young (MHG 43-B-1-73), Census (1845-1991), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory ( 1871 ), Newfound­ land Historical Society (Triton). RHC

TROAKE, PETER (1908- ). Mariner. Born Durrel, Twillingate, son of Lewis and Theresa (Maidment) Troake. Educated Twillingate. Married Hilda Prim­ mer. Troake began fishing with his father at the age of six, and at 16 went to the Labrador as a full-share Little Triton Harbour fisherman. In 1940 he joined the Newfoundland For­ being kept by the Winsor and Simms families at Little estry Unit, serving in Scotland until 1942. He later Triton, as agents of merchants at Little Bay Islands. commanded the Kyle and other vessels in the New­ Later, Samuel G. Roberts established a business at foundland and Labrador Seal fishery, but is best known Great Triton which supplied many fishermen in the for his 20 years ( 1950-70) as master of the Christmas area and became involved in supplying schooners for Seal, a floating x-ray unit of the Newfoundland Tuber­ the Labrador fishery (the business was later run by a culosis Association. From 1971 to 1979 he served as son, Dorman Roberts qv). Hedley Roberts and later master of the Grenfell Association's Strathcona. Stanley Roberts had smaller businesses at Jim's Cove. Troake reminisced about his adventurous career in his With a strong inshore fishery, a growing involvement 1989 memoir, No One is a Stranger. He was the first in the Labrador fishery and (especially at Card's Har­ president of the Canadian Rescue Auxiliary (New­ bour) a tradition of winter logging for both the lumber foundland), was appointed to the Order of Canada in and pu1p and paper industries, the population of Triton 1987 and received an honorary doctorate from Memo­ grew considerably: to 470 people by 1935 and to 625 rial University ofNewfoundland in 1992. Peter Troake by 1951. Triton East and Triton West incorporated as a (1989), ET (July 8, 1987; Apr. 6, 1988; May 4, 1992), municipality in 1955, while Jim's Cove-Card's Har­ MUN Gazette (Apr. 30, June 4, 1992); Centre for New­ bour was incorporated in 1958. In 1961 the two mu­ foundland Studies (Peter Troake). ILB nicipalities amalgamated as a rural district. After the building of a causeway in 1968, linking TROUBADOR, THE. Called "the community paper the island to Pilley's Island and the mainland, the from the college'', and ''the provincial paper for community continued its steady growth, especially youth", this paper was edited and published periodi­ at Card's Harbour and on the narrow neck of land cally during the academic year by first-year journalism between Jim's Cove and Great Triton Harbour students of Stephenville's Bay St. George Community (where many services came to be concentrated). College (later W estviking College). It began in 1983 Meanwhile, the increasing reliance on the road and soon became an integral part of the community spelled the end for Little Triton, which had been journalism program at the College. It contained school declining in population. As it was not on the road it and community news, provincial news, letters, adver­ was soon abandoned. But in 1980 Dorman Roberts tising, entertainment news and recipes; and also had and H.B. Nickerson and Sons opened a new fish correspondents from high schools in Newfoundland plant, Triton Seafoods, at Little Triton Harbour, and and Labrador. Troubador (1984-1990, passim), Wave (Spring 1993). ILB

TROUT. Trout is a term commonly used to denote cer­ tain fishes of the family Salmonidae. In insular New­ foundland there are three species commonly called trout: brook trout (Salvelinus fontina/is), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri). Lake trout are found in Labrador, where arctic char have also histor­ ically been referred to as trout. All trout have the familiar salmon-shaped body common to all salmonids, which gives them greater speed and agility. They are prized as game fish. As they do not tolerate very much pollution, their very presence indicates healthy water conditions. Gener­ Card's Harbour ally they are anadromous; a portion of populations TROUT 425 will spend some of their lives at sea, when given the opportunity of access, but must return to fresh water to spawn. When moving into salt water, trout lose their distinctive fresh-water colours, and, like salmon, be­ come silvery fish with dark backs. Trout are predatory, and feed on a wide variety of small invertebrates such as aquatic insects, especially insect larvae, amphi­ pods, mollusks and aquatic worms. Any terrestrial creatures of the right size which end up in the water by misadventure, including ants, woodlice (carpenters) Brown trout and earth worms, are also eagerly taken. Larger trout the range of this species will continue to expand. will prey on more substantial fare when available: Some sea-run specimens exceeding 20 pounds are smaller fishes (their own species included), even caught almost every year. Brown trout come in various shrews, mice and other mammals of suitable size. shades of golden brown, darker on top, with the belly They also feed to a lesser extent on plankton. Eggs are often nearly white. The back and sides show many laid in a shallow nest, or redd, scooped out of the black spots and some red or rusty spots with yellow gravel either in a stream bed or a lake bottom near a halos. Whereas the eggs of other Newfoundland sal­ spring, where a good flow of fresh water is assured. monids are orange or pink, the eggs of brown trout are Brook trout and brown trout spawn in the fall, rain­ amber. The brown trout is native to Europe and much bows in the spring. of Asia and has been introduced to such places as By far the most widely distributed and abundant Argentina, South Africa and New Zealand. species of trout in the Province is the brook trout. It is The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was in­ found in virtually all waters from the largest lake to troduced from California in 1887, 1890 and 1891. the smallest brook. In Newfoundland it is known as Most were planted in lakes on the northeastern Ava­ mud trout or native trout, while elsewhere the usual lon, near St. John's, where the main concentration still name is brook trout. Other names include speckled exists. There were at least two introductions off the trout, sea trout, coaster, truite de mer, truite Avalon, at Little Bay Islands, Notre Dame Bay in 1906 mouchetee and square tail. During the breeding season and 1908, and it is possible that fry may have been the colours intensify, and the males are then easily introduced into the Corner Brook area. Rainbows in distinguishable from the females. The back is dark fresh water have dark blue or black backs, greyish to green, brown or blackish, and the belly, pale yellow to yellow-green sides and a white belly. The sides, dorsal white in females, may vary to dark orange in males. and caudal fins show many prominent black spots, and The dark back and sides are covered by light, wavy there is a wide pink stripe along each side. Rainbows markings (vermiculations), which are a characteristic that go to sea undergo the usual colour transformation of the species. The lower fins have a leading white to silver, and are then called steelheads. No large pop­ edge, followed by a black line, and then by orange or ulations of steelheads have appeared in Newfound­ tan colour. Eight or ten parr marks may be distin­ land. The rainbow trout is native to the Pacific slope, guished on the sides, along with yellow, orange or red from Baja California to Alaska and the Kamchatka spots with blue halos. The mud trout is native not only peninsula of Siberia. The lake trout (Salvelinus nam­ to Newfoundland, but also to much of eastern North aycush) is native to Labrador and much of Canada, but America. is not found in insular Newfoundland. It inhabits cold, Brown trout are not native to Newfoundland, or deep lakes, sometimes being taken from depths of even to North America. They were first introduced several hundred feet. Lake trout have been known to into Newfoundland in 1884 by John Martin of the reach 45 kg, making them the largest trout - at least St. John's Game Fish Protection Society, who de­ in North America- but a range of 4.5 kg to 9 kg is posited some of the Lochleven variety into Long more common. They are the least colourful trout, with Pond and some other locations near St. John's. In pale yellow spots on a dark ground. 1892 brown trout from Germany were introduced A fish known as the arctic char (Salve/inus a/pinus) into Whiteway's and Robin's ponds near Torbay, and is a close relative of both the brook trout and the lake Hodgewater Pond near Brigus; and in 1905 or 1906, trout and indeed may be considered a trout. Circumpo­ brown trout eggs were placed in Clement's and lar in distribution, it is abundant in Labrador, and is Lee's ponds in the vicinity of St. John's. At the time also in insular Newfoundland. Colouring is somewhat of introduction there were, no doubt, discernible similar to the brook trout, but it lacks vermiculations, differences between the varieties of brown trout in­ and the sides are marked with pale yellow spots with­ troduced from disparate locations, notably out halos. The males develop orange to red bellies at Lochleven and Germany, but it is generally con­ spawning time. Traditionally, members of the genus ceded that these species have interbred, and that the Salvelinus have been called char, and were distin­ ancestry of any particular specimen is now uncer­ guished from "true trout" by their light markings, or tain. Ever since its introduction the brown trout has spots, against a dark background. Those thought of as done very well indeed and has built up good popula­ "true trout", such as brown trout and rainbow trout, tions, especially on the Avalon. It is anticipated that have black spots. JOHN HORWOOD 426 TROUT RIVER

Trout River TROUT RIVER (inc. 1966; pop. 1991, 763). A fishing had a resident merchant, general dealer James Butt. community, Trout River is located southwest of Bonne Other family names of Trout River include Butler and Bay, and in 1994 was the only inhabited place on the Payne (formerly families of tiny Chimney Cove qv, to coast between Bonne Bay and the Bay oflslands. Trout the south). The population continued to increase, to River Bay provides some shelter and there is anchor­ 404 by 1921 and to 506 by 193 5. Fishing families age for small boats in the River mouth, while to the established gardens on the bank above the beach or east of the River a broad beach provides a place to haul along the River and developed a pattern of moving up boats and to dry fish. away from Trout River early in the fishing season to The first settler of Trout River was George Crocker, catch lobster from stations in various outlying coves, who probably began fishing for herring and cod there and returning in July for the cod fishery. The River before his marriage, in 1829, to Katherine Blanchard and Trout River Pond provided winter access to the of Meadows in the Bay of Islands. The Crockers were interior for logging. visited by Bishop Edward Feild in 1849, who wrote Although Trout River residents often dealt with that "Crocker has a good deal of land under cultiva­ merchants at Woody Point, the community was quite tion .... His garden is well cultivated, and apparently isolated even by Newfoundland standards and devel­ he is in very comfortable circumstances, but grumbles oped a reputation of being very much "a world unto like an Englishman, and declares he has a hard matter itself", with characteristic accents, customs and even to keep his family." Trout River first appears in the facial features. Although there was a rough track over­ Census in 1857, with a population of 13. Until about land to Woody Point (through Wallace's Gulch and the 1880 the Crockers were the only inhabitants, but barren Tablelands qv) it was primitive enough that one thereafter a number of families from the southwest candidate for St. Barbe district in 1900 arrived in coast began to settle in the Bonne Bay area. Southwest Woody Point and declared that he deserved to be re­ coast people who settled at Trout River included fam­ turned on the strength of having "just walked from ilies named Barnes, Hann, Parsons and White. As a Trout River". A road was built to Woody Point in the commercial lobster fishery began, others moved to late 1950s, but it remained a very rough ride until roads Trout River from Bonne Bay, including Brakes, in the area were upgraded after the establishment of McLeans, Sheppards and Snooks. By 1891 there were Gros Morne National Park in 1973. Since that time 163 people (up from 26 in 1874), and the community several Trout River residents have found employment in TROUTY 427

service industries catering to tourists. As the commu­ TROY, EDWARD (1797?-1872). Priest. Born Ireland?. nity has grown there has be_en development of a new Troy was ordained in 1831 and soon thereafter accom­ residential area on Trout Rtver Pond. W.W. Blackall panied Bishop Michael A. Fleming qv to Newfound­ (NQ, Spring 1912), Edward Feild (1849), Hutchings land. As assistant to Bishop Fleming he took an active and Buehler ( 1984), E.R. Seary ( 1977), Census (1857- interest in the construction of churches in outports near 1991), McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory (1894), St. John's. He is credited with being the guiding force Archives (A-7 -2/P/21 ), Newfoundland Historical So­ behind the construction of the first Roman Catholic ciety (Trout River). RHC churches at Portugal Cove and Torbay qv in 1833 and 1834 respectively. Bishop Fleming was also keenly TROUTY (1991, 102). A fishing community on the north interested in asserting the political rights oflrish Cath­ side of Trinity Bay, Trouty is located approximately 10 olics after the granting of Representative Government km southwest of Trinity qv, in the northwest comer of in 1832 and in this, too, Father Troy was often his Spaniards Cove. The community's most outstanding fea­ chosen vessel. ture is Trouty Brook, which bisects the community and Troy wrote a series of letters to the Patriot qv in provides a small but well-sheltered inner harbour. 1832 which suggested that Governor Thomas Cochr­ Although Trouty was used as a fishing outpost of ane was, among other things, a bigot- admitting his Trinity as early as 1675 (when one John LeCross was authorship after the Governor launched a libel suit fishing there) it was not settled until about 1810, by the against Patriot editor Robert John Parsons qv. family of Richard Brown. Other settlers came from older Cochrane's suit against Troy was dropped in 1834 communities in the Trinity area (family names Barnes, when the Governor left Newfoundland. Cochrane is Dewling, Johnson, Lavender, Maybe and Morris), and by said to have blamed his mud-spattered send-off from 1836 there was a population of 97, increasing to 144 by St. John's on an inflammatory sermon by Troy. In 1845. Primarily a Church of England community, by the 1835 it was also suggested that Troy's rhetoric was middle of the nineteenth century a school and church had partly to blame for the notorious "cropping" of Public been built. Although in the late nineteenth century there Ledger editor Henry Winton's ears. (He had earlier was some involvement in the capelin, herring, lobster and forbidden his congregation to subscribe to the Ledger, salmon fisheries - and Trouty men sometimes went to threatening to deny the rites of the church and the the seal hunt or the Labrador fishery out of Trinity -the custom of loyal Catholics to those who failed to com­ community was almost exclusively dependent on the in­ ply.) In July of 1836 Fleming departed St. John's for shore cod fishery. In more recent times tourism has pro­ Europe, leaving the diocese in the hands of his vicar­ vided some employment, while Trouty Seafoods general for 18 months. Troy continued his political (established in 1985) has specialized in the processing of activities, joining a Constitutional Society petitioning such species as crab, capelin, salmon, lump and squid. for the removal of Chief Justice Henry Boulton qv and Predominant family names of Trouty in 1994 include actively campaigning for Liberal/radical candidates Barnes, Johnson and Morris, as well as Miller and King such as Parsons, William Carson and John Kent qv in (family names of nearby Old Bonaventure and New Bon­ both the 1836 and 1837 elections. Meanwhile, the aventure). Barry Butt (1978), Clarence Dewling (1981), British Foreign Office pressured Fleming to rein in the Maura Hanrahan (1990), Census (1836-1991), DA (June troublesome priest and, probably in 1839, Troy was 1979), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871). LBM sent to the remote parish of Merasheen - Fleming's

Trouty 428 TRUCK SYSTEM

even when they had sufficient cash available. If they owed money to a supplier, it was argued, that supplier was sure to buy their fish. The indiscriminate use of credit was widely criticised, particularly by the co­ operative and union movements, as a mechanism by which many families were kept in a state of poverty. Legislation passed by successive administrations and the increasing use of cash eventually put an end to the credit system in the fishery. Peter Neary (1988), DNE (truck system), Report of the Commission of Enquiry (1937). ACB

TRUDEAU, PIERRE ELLIOTT (1919- ). Prime Min­ ister of Canada. Born Montreal. Son of Charles-Emile and Grace (Elliott) Trudeau. Educated Jean de Brebeuf College; Universite de Montreal; Harvard University; cole des Sciences Politiques, Paris; London School of Economics. Married Margaret Sinclair. An economist and lawyer, in the 1950s Trudeau practised labour and civil liberties law in Quebec and was a founder of the review Cite Libre. In 1965 he was elected Liberal MP for the federal district of Mount Royal. He became parliamentary secretary to Prime Minister Lester Pear­ son and was later Minister of Justice and Attorney General. In 1968 he was elected leader of the Liberal party (with the support of such Newfoundlanders as The ruins of "Father Troy's Church" at Torbay, c. 1940 J.R. Smallwood and John C. Crosbie). The party swept literal compliance to a request that Troy be removed most of the country in the next general election, but from the Island of Newfoundland. elected only one member in Newfoundland (Donald In 1848 Troy was appointed parish priest at Torbay, Jamieson qv). Prime Minister from 1968 to 1979, Tru­ where he remained for the rest of his life. Physically deau was noted for his strong views on federalism, the imposing (a gaunt 6'3"), he continued to earn the Canadian constitution and the rights of minority lan­ reputation of a church builder. At Torbay he oversaw guage groups. His policy of official bilingualism was the construction of a school, convent and (in his de­ partly responsible for a cultural revival within New­ clining years) a presbytery. In 1859 Father Troy had foundland's small francophone community (see PORT laid the cornerstone for a stone Church of the Holy AU PORT PENINSULA). Trinity at Torbay, consecrated in 1863. Upon his death Trudeau retired as Prime Minister in 1979, but in Troy's remains were entombed in a vault in the church. 1980 returned to form another administration. New­ When a new Holy Trinity was completed in 1922 his foundland was one of the provinces to oppose the remains were transferred there (only to be unexpectedly Prime Minister' s constitutional reform package of unearthed once more in 1992 when that church was 1981 and 1982. But Trudeau acted unilaterally to razed). He is also memorialized in the Father Troy Trail change the constitution. Premier A. Brian Peckford qv - a hiking trail which follows the old road around also disagreed with Trudeau over the ownership of Torbay Bight toward Flatrock. H.M. Mosdell (1923), offshore resources. The latter disagreement was even­ DCB X, DNLB (1990), NQ (Apr. 1922). RHC tually referred to the Supreme Court of Canada, which decided in favour of the federal government. In 1984 TRUCK SYSTEM. The truck or credit system was an Trudeau again stepped down as Prime Minister. But arrangement by which merchants supplied fishermen during the debates over the *Meech Lake qv accord he with provisions and gear on credit. The season's catch spoke out against the agreement. His opposition to the would then be applied against the debt. The balance, if accord was shared by Clyde Wells qv. Trudeau has any, would be paid to the fishermen in the form of written extensively on Canadian politics, most notably credit notes. Often, the catch would not cover the cost in Federalism and the French Canadians (1968). His of advanced supplies, the individual falling further autobiographical writings were published in 1993 into debt to obtain the winter's issue of provisions. In under the title Memoirs. Richard Gwyn (1980), Claire this way the system was self-perpetuating, keeping Hoy (1992), Don Jamieson (1991), Canadian Who's many fishermen at a subsistence level. The truck sys­ Who (1993). ACB tem, established in the early days of settlement on the Island, was still widespread as late as the 1930s TRUMP ISLAND (pop. 1945, 29). The Trump Islands though it varied in practice from region to region. In are located in the middle of Friday Bay, a body of water 193 7 a commission of inquiry into the fisheries between the two ' ' wings'' ofN ew World Island. At the noted that many fishermen continued to use credit north end of North Trump Island there was once a TUB HARBOUR 429

small fishing village, abandoned shortly after Confed­ Pollux qv ran aground in a storm near St. Lawrence. eration. It would appear that Trump Island was first The Wilkes was refloated, but the other two ships were settled in about 1862, after a vein of copper of remark­ total wrecks. able purity was spied on the beach by fishermen taking The 1200-ton Truxtun and the Wilkes were escorting bait in the area. The mine was worked until about 1869, the Pollux to Argentia. Having lost contact with the but while the vein was pure it was soon worked out. other ships, the Truxtun was sailing alone with defec­ In 1869 Trump Island appears in the Census for the first tive navigational aids. Commander Hickox was confi­ time, with a population of 17: three miners and their fami­ dent that the Truxton was still in position on the lies and one fishing family (that of William and Louisa Pollux's port bow, but strict radio silence had to be Smith). Originally from Tizzard's Harbour, only 2 km maintained and an attempt to contact the Pollux or away, the Smiths may either have remained at Trump Is­ Wilkes by signal searchlight was unsuccessful. Around land or continued to use fishing premises there even though 5 AM the Truxtun, more than 30 miles off course, hit the community does not appear in the Census again until the Chambers Cove rocks. Gale-force winds impeded 1884 (pop. 40). In the late 1870s several families of rescue attempts. Even many of those crew who had Tizzard's Harbour settled at Trump Island: Boyds, Smiths reached shore were again swept into the water. Just and Wheelers. There they made a living from the shore before noon the Truxtun broke in two, the stern sink­ fishery for cod, supplemented by catches of herring (and, ing immediately. The front part of the ship stayed on in later years, lobster); or by shipping to the French Shore the reef with 100 men desperately clinging to it, but or Labrador fisheries as crew for vessels out of Tizzard's they slipped or were washed into the oily, freezing Harbour. The population of Trump Island peaked at 67 in water. Men from Lawn and St. Lawrence risked their 1901, but had fallen to 30 by 1921 and remained at this lives to drag sailors ashore. Of the Truxtun 's 146 men, level until the community was abandoned. Wendy Martin only 46 survived. Captain Hickox was among those (1983), Census (1869-1945), Lovell's Newfoundland Di­ who lost their lives. Cassie Brown ( 1985), George rectory ( 1 8 71), McAlpine s Newfoundland Directory Whiteley ( 1982). ILB (1894), Archives (A-7-2/K.; VS 88; VS 89), Newfoundland Historical Society (Trump Island). RHC TUB HARBOUR (pop. 1935, 8). A resettled fishing community on the Labrador coast, in 1993 Tub Har­ TRUXTUN. On February 18, 1942, two American de­ bour continued as a summer station of Charlottetown stroyers, Wilkes and Truxtun, and. the supply ship qv. A well-sheltered small boat harbour on the south-

Tub Harbour 430 TUBERCULOSIS

western end of Stony Island, about 30 km northeast of generally). The APC, a voluntary organization of the Charlottetown, Tub Harbour was probably established public and the medical profession, was part of an in­ as a fishing station in the 1870s when fishermen from ternational anti-tuberculosis movement that had re­ the Harbour Grace area began to frequent Martin Bay cently emerged: national associations for the - after the Harbour Grace firm of Munn and Co. prevention of tuberculosis had been formed in Britain established mercantile premises at Snug Harbour qv. in 1898, in Canada in 1900 and in the United States in By 1884 a family was living there year-round, but the 1904 as part of a much broader public health move­ population never reached double figures. As many as ment. John Harvey qv was president of the APC and, 80-90 stationers from the Harbour Grace area fre­ along with MacGregor, its leading light. W.G. Gosling quented the harbour each summer until the 1940s. and Dr. Herbert Rendell qqv were vice-presidents. The Most were supplied out of Snug Harbour, although Tub Association planned to attack the problem of tubercu­ Harbour fishermen could also be found at Venison losis in a variety of ways, but primarily by educating Islands qv, on the east side of Stony Island, where there the public in preventative measures, in basic sanitary was a school/chapel and premises of the Carbonear precautions and a "hygienic" way of life. In a matter merchant John Rorke and Sons. In the early 1960s the of months the Association had a membership of 141 in population of Tub Harbour (which by this time largely St. John's and 791 in the outports, including 25 doc­ consisted of the Wentzell family) began wintering at tors, 66 clergymen and 113 teachers. By June 1909 the newly-established community of Charlottetown. In membership had peaked at 1387, and $3555 had been the summer of 1965 it was recorded that the harbour raised by public subscription (further funds would was being frequented by 12 people from Charlottetown come from government). and three stationers from Pilley's Island. In 1990 Tub There were a number of reasons why the APC and Harbour continued to be the summer station of the the anti-tuberculosis movement in general emerged Wentzell family of Charlottetown, with three crews when they did, but among them was a concern for fishing out of the station. A.P. Dyke (1969), Alluring national efficiency. As MacGregor reminded his lis­ Labrador (1980), Census ( 1884-1935), List ofElectors teners at the second annual public meeting of the APC (1955; 1971; 1975). RHC in June 1909, the tragedy of the disease was not only one that affected Newfoundlanders as individuals, as TUBERCULOSIS. Tuberculosis is an acute or chronic families and as a community, but one that was "disas­ communicable disease caused by the Mycobacterium trous to the economic progress of the country as a tuberculosis or M. bovis, the former far more common. whole." Although the value of human life could not be It is typically spread by infectious organisms that are measured in dollars and cents, it had to be remem­ coughed or sneezed into the atmosphere by "open" or bered that a country "must be healthy in order to infectious cases. In England, for reasons that are still become wealthy" and that the economic loss resulting not clear, the tuberculosis death rate began steadily to from the lingering sickness and premature death of decline in the 1850s. Other industrialized nations of otherwise productive citizens in the prime of life had the West began to experience similar declines a little to be "immense" (Report of the Second Annual Public later, the United States, for example, in the 1870s. Meeting APC 1909). The economic loss to Newfound­ Shortly after the turn of the century some experts land would later be calculated at $500,000 annually at thought that if nineteenth century trends continued a time when government revenues were not more than tuberculosis would eventually disappear. $3.5 million a year. After recalling the encouraging But in the first decade of the twentieth century tu­ results of the struggle against smallpox and leprosy, berculosis, and especially pulmonary tuberculosis - the governor concluded that this enormous drain on also known as phthisis, consumption or the white the Country's vitality with its gigantic human cost was plague - remained unrivalled among illnesses in no longer acceptable when methods were available Newfoundland. Consumption alone was claiming through which tuberculosis could be fought. some 800-900 lives a year, representing 20% of all Over the next three years, 1909-11, the APC worked Newfoundland deaths. Tuberculosis of the bones, closely with the Commission on Health which had joints, lymph nodes, skin, abdominal cavity, meninges been established by the administration of E.P. Morris and central nervous system were other forms present. qv in 1909. Focusing on the importance of fresh air, Though statistically less important, these were the sunshine, cleanliness and nutritious food in both pre­ forms to which children were susceptible. While tu­ venting and treating tuberculosis, the Association con­ berculosis might strike all ages and socio-economic vened some 500 school teachers in St. John's at groups, it struck heaviest at adults in the prime of life enormous cost, instituted a course of lectures for and was recognized as primarily a disease of the poor, teachers-in-training in both sanitation and "hygienic" inspiring fear, shame and dread. living, held public meetings across the country and Chaired by Governor Sir William MacGregor qv in printed and circulated nearly 50,000 pamphlets con­ St. John's in 1908, the founding meeting of the Asso­ taining appropriate advice. It employed a doctor, a ciation for the Prevention of Consumption (APC) former school teacher and several nurses both to give marked the start of a campaign that aimed to reduce public lectures and to visit the homes of the tubercular the tuberculosis mortality rate and bring the disease spreading the gospel of fresh air, open windows and under control (and addressed public health concerns "no spitting". They distributed paper handkerchiefs -- TUBERCULOSIS 431

The ''San '', St. John 's and sputum cups. Outport doctors conducted school enue. There tuberculous patients were diagnosed, health inspections, money was allocated for the sani­ monitored and advised as to the best means of treating tary improvement of school buildings throughout the the disease and preventing its spread. Simultaneously, country, simple, illustrated texts on healthy living Campbell and a small team of tuberculosis nurses and were distributed to schools, and medals and cash nurses-in-training launched an energetic program of prizes were awarded teachers actively involved in domestic tuition in the homes of the tubercular, focus­ anti-tuberculosis and hygienic work. An anti-spirting ing on basic health and hygiene. They made nearly law was defeated in the House of Assembly, which 20,000 visits to 177 households in 1913. In the sum­ believed that education rather than compulsion -was mer of 1915 Rendell, Campbell and nurse N. Godden the appropriate measure. launched the Service's outport campaign, a combined Aside from these educational efforts which VV"ere educational and case-finding tour that Rendell and preventative in nature, treatment facilities were dis­ two tuberculosis nurses operated intermittently on cussed. Sanatoria for the treatment of early ca.ses, M.V. White Knight for the next 15 or more years. hospitals for the isolation of advanced cases and The Reid sanatoria proposal had in the meantime dispensaries for community diagnosis and guidance, lapsed following the outbreak of World War I, but in to which visiting nurses were attached, were the 1916 the Morris administration proceeded with the three institutional cornerstones of the anti-tuber cu­ construction of a 42-bed sanatorium in St. John's for losis movement. The Signal Hill Hospital was up­ the benefit of most parts of the Island. Funded pub­ graded for the reception of advanced cases in licly, it opened on Topsail Road in March 1917 with a 1910-11. The following year, after trials had deter­ staff of 20, all trained on the job. In order to accommo­ mined that sanatorium-style treatment based on the date a large number of tuberculous ex-servicemen, the open-air method- a regimen of fresh air, good diet St. John's Sanatorium had by 1921 been enlarged to and a judicious balance of rest and exercise - -was 111 beds. As medical superintendent of the Tuberculo­ feasible even in such an inclement climate, the Reid sis Public Service, Rendell's responsibilities now in­ brothers (W.O., H.D. and R.G. Reid junior) in con­ cluded the Tuberculosis Dispensary and Sanatorium in junction with the Reid Newfoundland Company qqv St. John's, together with the outport campaign. Other offered to build, furnish and equip a large san ato­ treatment facilities were closed (see HEALTH; HOS­ rium in St. John's and 16 smaller ones in the <>ut­ PITALS; JENSEN CAMP). The Sanatorium's ostensi­ ports, which the government could then operate. The ble purpose was the treatment of early pulmonary offer led to "An Act Respecting the Treatment and cases, in which case the treatment period ranged from P~evention of Tuberculosis" in 1912, which .J:> rO­ six months to one year. Contrary to the wishes of VIded the administrative framework within which Rendell, however, a significant number of advanced the state-run Tuberculosis Public Service would cases were also admitted. henceforth exist. That year the Service's medical The anti-tuberculosis movement, which in New­ superintendent, Herbert Rendell, and its nursing su­ foundland had been launched in such a positive spirit ~erintendent, Ella Campbell, spent several mo:nths in 1908, lost much of its momentum during the 1920s, •n Edinburgh training at the Royal Victoria Hospital for several reasons. Firstly, in creating the Tuberculo­ for Consumption under the direction of Dr Ro "bert sis Public Service as an agency of the state and in l>hilip, who had pioneered both dispensaries and failing to encourage the parallel existence of the vol­ sanatoria in Britain. They returned to St. John~ s to untary APC beyond 1912, the government had ensured found the Tuberculosis Dispensary on Hamilton Av- that the movement's fairly broad base of middle and 432 TUBERCULOSIS upper class support would quickly dissipate. Secondly, By the 1930s, sanatorium treatment having been because during the 1920s the government had massive placed on the defensive owing to its poor results, sur­ unemployment and major financial and economic gical intervention was enthusiastically adopted as an problems to contend with the Service was always adjunct to the open-air method. Surgical procedures strapped for staff and cash. The dispensary, for exam­ (injected air procedures such as artificial pneumotho­ ple, suffered from a "lack of sympathy" on the part of rax along with phrenic crush and thoracoplasty) were the public and medical profession, most patients want­ based on the principle that by collapsing the lung and ing medicines, not advice (Royal Commission on thereby giving it a rest the diseased portion would Health and Public Charities 1930). It was moreover have a better chance of healing. A further procedure without adequate field services, active methods of lung resection, had become the operative procedure of case-finding or regulatory powers. Compulsory notifi­ choice by the early 1950s. cation by doctors was not enforced, and the outport In 1934 the Commission of Government came to campaign was desultory at best. And thirdly, there was office and Rendell, aged 76, was retired from the Tu­ and still is no hard evidence that sanatorium treat­ berculosis Public Service to be replaced by doctors ment, though it may have benefited certain individu­ Raymond E. Bennett qv and E.S. Peters. They closed als, contributed in any substantial way to a reduction the Tuberculosis Dispensary, opened an outpatients in tuberculosis mortality rates. department at the Sanatorium and commenced in­ The main problem was that when patients returned jected air procedures. In 1935, in conjunction with the to their homes they returned to the same conditions Sanatorium, Dr. Garrett M. Brownrigg qv began a pro­ under which the disease had been contracted and re­ gram of thoracic surgery at the General Hospital, be­ lapses would occur. Because tuberculosis was such a ginning with thoracoplasty and phrenic crush. In most sensitive index of socio-economic and living condi­ cases patients were willing to submit to surgical tech­ tions, it can be argued that public funds would have niques because, biased in favour of an interventionist been better spent on food benefits, housing subsidies approach, they were convinced that active treatment and income security for tuberculous households, was taking place. The Sanatorium was enlarged to 260 thereby addressing the underlying social, economic beds, but there were lengthy waiting lists. At the and environmental problems that favoured the disease. Twillingate and St. Anthony hospitals energetic pro­ Beyond St. John's, only the Notre Dame Bay Memo­ grams of thoracic surgery were also embarked upon. rial Hospital at Twillingate and the hospitals of the More importantly - for there is no evidence that International *Grenfell Association qv at' St. Anthony surgical procedures proved any more effective than and in Labrador admitted tuberculous patients and sanatorium treatment in the long run - in 1934 the made special provision for them based on the open-air district and public health nursing service was estab­ method. Nevertheless, the tuberculosis mortality rate lished, the nurses of which actively participated in did drop: from an average of 348 per 100,000 over the tuberculosis control in both the city and the outports. five-year-period from 1905 to 1909 (pulmonary tuber­ They monitored tuberculous patients in their homes, culosis only) to an average of 230 per 100,000 from provided information on home care and prevention 1926 to 1930, taking all forms into account. In 1909 and examined contacts. They were also authorized to the tuberculosis mortality rate - for all forms - in provide needy tuberculous households with extra England and Wales was 152. food.

Patients at the San TUBERCULOSIS 433

long duration accompanied by reduced living stan­ dards, very often to poverty levels - and thus the need for active intervention to raise standards of liv­ ing, speed recovery, avoid relapses and prevent infec­ tion from spreading. Theoretically, in addition to relief, a special sickness allowance was available to poor families whose breadwinners had been forced to give up work because of tuberculosis or other illness. It was equivalent to about $8 a month, payable in kind, and in St. John's provided a pint of milk a day and a dozen eggs a week; but few families were receiving it. Relief and sickness allowances generally, far from enabling tuberculous households to maintain a reason­ able standard of living, forced those households to live in "the most abject poverty". Beyond this, the investigators were fearful that since tuberculosis was Patients reading messages during a Christmas radio broadcast such a sensitive social and economic index, the ap­ Mass miniature radiography had been developed proaching end of the War would bring an end to the in the decade before World War II and was first used relative prosperity that Newfoundlanders had recently in England in 1940. But in Newfoundland, where enjoyed ("little more than a reduction of the poverty tuberculosis was a problem of such enormous mag­ to a more tolerable level") and a corresponding in­ nitude, the first chest X-ray survey took place in crease in tuberculosis morbidity (Garland and Hart, 1937. Conducted in 23 different communities, it 1945). Things moved swiftly after this. suggested an incidence of active disease in the vi­ The voluntary Newfoundland Tuberculosis Asso­ cinity of 7%: "It is true that we anticipated the ciation, a lineal descendent of the APC, had been discovery of a rather high incidence of TB", a dis­ formed by members of the St. John's Rotary Club in mayed H.M. Mosdell qv, secretary for Public Health 1944. Placed under the direction of Walter H. Davis and Welfare, wrote his commissioner, the Hon. John qv, a new impetus was thus given to tuberculosis Puddester qv, "but [we] had no adequate concept of preventative and rehabilitation work. Among the the extent to which our people are afflicted" (Ar­ Association's major contributions were the M. V. chives, GN 38/S6). Two subsequent surveys sug­ Christmas Seal (see MEDICAL VESSELS), similar gested an even higher incidence. These stunning land-based units and a sweeping public education results led in 1938 to the founding by doctors James program. With the acquisition of the Canadian Navy M. McGrath qv and E.S. Peters of the Avalon Health hospital at Topsail Road after the war, the size of the Unit in Harbour Grace, responsible for tuberculosis St. John's Sanatorium was roughly doubled to control on the Avalon Peninsula beyond St. John's. around 500 beds. Then came Confederation, bring­ Serving a catchment area of about 60,000, the Unit ing a welcome flow of cash into individual homes commenced mass X-ray surveying with portable and into the Province as well as federal health equipment. On the basis of the approximately . grants-in-aid designed to facilitate anti-tuberculosis 40,000 persons examined by 1943, Peters suggested work. In 1950 the 270-bed West Coast Sanatorium a working estimate of 4% morbidity in the popula­ opened in Corner Brook, and in 1953 a 55-bed sana­ tion as a whole. This estimate was so staggering in torium wing at St. Anthony, thereby bringing the its implications that in the summer of 1945, when number of sanatoria beds to a high of855. In 1950- tuberculosis of all forms was still accounting for 51, after experimental trials on student nurses in St. 12.5% of all registered deaths; when the tuberculo­ sis mortality rate was still two to three times that of England (and Canada), roughly equal to the English rate in 1910; and when the incidence of active pul­ monary disease was three to four times higher than in England, two leading British experts were asked to conduct ·an independent survey of the tuberculosis problem. T.O. Garland and P. D' Arcy Hart attributed these very high rates to a combination of factors- poverty, poor nutrition, poor housing, a low level of education and high rate of illiteracy, fatigue (especially among women), a scarcity of doctors and nurses, a lack of sanatoria beds for very infective cases and a poor social background on which household infection was superimposed. They also emphasized the special char­ acteristics of the disease they were dealing with - Administering a chest X-ray 434 TUCK, GEORGE LESLIE MILLS

John's, the Province's BCG vaccination program was and Tuck (1987), DNLB (1990), ET (July 7, 1990), launched on a broad scale, directing its services to MUN Gazette (May 18, 1979). LBM children in the pre-school and school-age group, new­ born babies in tubercular households and hospital staff. TUCK, JAMES A. (1940- ). Archaeologist. Born Ton­ But with the development of effective anti-tubercu­ awanda, New York; son of Stuart F. and Laura (Dono­ losis drugs - streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid - van) Tuck. Educated Syracuse University. Married beginning in the mid-1940s, the final victory be­ Lynn Robins. In 1967 Tuck was appointed to Memorial longed to chemotherapy. At the outset, short-term University's department of anthropology. He helped chemotherapy was used merely as an adjunct to san­ establish the study of archaeology at the University, atorium treatment and surgical procedures, but by became head of the Archaeology Unit and from 1971 the 1960s long-term domiciliary drug therapy had to 197 4 was head of the department of anthropology. carried the day. Thus by 1972 all sanatoria beds in To 1972 he also held the position of Provincial the Province had been closed and one of Newfound­ Archaeo lo gist. land's greatest killers had been virtually routed at Tuck excavated a large Maritime Archaic cemetery last. Linda Bryder ( 1988), J.K. Crellin comp. at Port au Choix in 1968. And his work in Labrador ( 1990), Garland and Hart (1946), Edgar House has uncovered the earliest known Palaeo-Indian sites (1981), McGrath and Peters (BN IV, 1967), F.B. Smith in the Province, as well as a large Basque whaling (1988), JHA (1911; 1912; 1916; 1917), NQ (1912), station at Red Bay. In 1984 Tuck was appointed a Royal Commission on Public Health and Charities research professor at the University, and was elected (I 930), Archives (GN 2/5/5,18, 119,228A-K; GN to the Royal Society of Canada. His publications in­ 38/S6/7; RA 644/T7A8/1909). PATRICIA O'BRIEN clude Ancient People of Port aux Choix (1976), New­ foundland and Labrador Prehistory (1976) and (with TUCK, GEORGE LESLIE MILLS (1911-1979). Or­ Robert Grenier) Red Bay, Labrador: World Whaling nithologist; civil servant. Born Shoal Harbour, son of Capital AD 1550-1600 ( 1989). In the early 1990s Tuck Susan (Mills) and Caleb Tuck. Educated Memorial completed excavations at Red Bay, joined an interna­ University College; Harvard University; Oxford Uni­ tional team working at a historic site in Frobisher Bay versity; University of Cambridge; University of Co­ and resumed study of the seventeenth century Ferry­ penhagen. Married Mary George. An internationally land colony of George Calvert qv. He is the author of recognized authority on birds of the North Atlantic, "Archaeology" in volume one of the Encyclopedia of Tuck first became interested in the study of Natural Newfoundland and Labrador and of "Maritime Ar­ History while at Harvard University. In 1949 he was chaic Tradition" in volume three. James A. Tuck (let­ appointed Newfoundland's first wildlife officer, and in ter, 1994), DNLB (1990), Centre for Newfoundland 1966 became research scientist with the Department of Studies (James A. Tuck). ACB Indian Affairs and Northern Development. From the time of his retirement from the civil service in 1976 TUCKER, JAMES ROY WILSON ( 1 9 0 8- 1 9 8 7) . until his death, he was J.L. Paton Research Professor Businessman; politician. Born Burnt Point, son of at Memorial University. Thomas and Alfreda (Murray) Tucker. Educated Burnt Tuck was a pioneer in the marine ornithology of Point; Methodist College; Memorial University Col­ Newfoundland. He was instrumental in having the lege. Married Mary Florence Newhook. Tucker moved Funk Islands designated a wildlife sanctuary in 1964, with his family to St. John's and as founding member of the Newfoundland *Natu­ at an early age and began ral History Society qv in his working life as a crown 1950 he initiated the annual lands surveyor. In the 1940s Christmas Bird Count. His he was a purchasing agent publications include two with the Commission of winners of the Wildlife Government. He estab­ Society's Book of the Year lished an iron and electrical award: The Murres (1961) contracting business in St. and The Snipes (1972). At John's in 1946. Later he be­ the time of his death, he came president of James A. was working on a definitive Tucker Ltd. of St. John's, study of birds in New­ and of Thomas Tucker and foundland. William Sons Ltd. of Burnt Point. J. R. Tucker Montevecchi qv continued Active in the Masons, the Shriners and the Orange Les Tuck Tuck's project, and pub- Lodge, Tucker was also a member of the United lished the work in 198 7. Tuck received honorary de­ Church School Board in St. John's for 22 years; and grees from Memorial University (1965) and Acadia for 26 years was president of VOWR radio. University (1977), and in 1990 the Canadian Wildlife Tucker became involved in politics during the refer­ Service named the Province's first migratory bird pa­ enda of 1948, as a supporter of the Economic Union trol boat in his honour. See ORNITHOLOGY. William party. In 1953 he was elected to the St. John's city Montevecchi. (interview, Nov. 1993), Montevecchi council, where he served a total of nine years. He also TUCKER, RICHARD ALEXANDER 435

served a term as president of the provincial Federation president of the *Wessex Society of Newfoundland of Mayors and Municipalities. In March, 1958 he was qv, an association promoting awareness of Newfound­ elected Member of Parliament for Trinity-Conception, land's ties to the West Country of England. Recipient but was defeated by Frank D. Moores in 1968, in the of several honours, Tucker was awarded the Canada reorganized district of Bona vista-Trinity-Concep­ 125 Medal. In 1994 he was inducted into the Baccalieu tion. Tucker was president of the Newfoundland Chamber of Commerce Hall of Fame; presented with Liberal caucus for most of his time as an MP, and for the Heritage Award of the Newfoundland Historical six years was vice-president of the Atlantic Liberal Society and awarded the Silver Cross of St. George by caucus. After 1968 Tucker returned to his various This England publishers, Cheltenham, England, for business interests, including the exporting of blue­ his "contribution to the preservation and appreciation berries and fish products. He died in St. John's on of the English way of life, and its qualities and September 22, 1987. Ron Pumphrey (1982), Geof­ values". O.G. Tucker (letter, Jan. 1994), DNLB frey H. Tucker (interview, Mar. 1994), Canadian (1990), Newfoundland Who s Who Silver Anniversary Parliamentary Guide (1968), DNLB ( 1990), ET Edition (1975). RHC (Sept. 23, 1987). JOHN PARSONS TUCKER, RAYMOND DOUGLAS (1931- ). Clergy­ TUCKER, OTTO GEORGE (1923- ). Educator; au­ man. Born Cape Onion, son of Lance and Rose (An­ thor. Born Winterton, son of John and Clara (Pitcher) drews) Tucker. Educated Cape Onion; Mount Allison Tucker. Educated Winterton; Salvation Army College, University; Pine Hill Divinity Hall. Married Adelaide St. John's; Salvation Army Training College for Offi­ Bursey. After teaching for three years, Tucker was cers, St. John's; Memorial University of Newfound­ accepted as a candidate for the United Church ministry land; University of Alberta; University of Toronto. in 1950, serving his probationship at Burgeo and Married Ruby Perry. Beginning in 1942, Tucker served Epworth. Completing his university studies in 1960, he as a Salvation Army officer/teacher and school princi­ was that year ordained at St. John's by the Newfound­ pal in several Newfoundland communities -terminat­ land Conference of the United Church. Following or­ ing his officership in 1959 with the rank of senior dination he held pastorates at Wesleyville, Blackhead, captain. He then spent four years in the Mackenzie Curling, Cochrane Street Delta area of the Northwest Territories as a principal and St.James (St. John's). and area administrator. After teaching at the Univer­ In 1989 he was transferred sity of Toronto Tucker was appointed to the faculty of into the London, Ontario education at Acadia University, where he taught from Conference of the United 1967 to 1971. Church and posted to the St. Tucker was appointed to the faculty of education at Paul's circuit in Sarnia. Be­ Memorial University in 1971 and taught there until his fore leaving the Newfound­ retirement in 1988. A popular lecturer and after-dinner land Conference he served speaker, and known for his humorous commentaries as chairman of the St. on Newfoundland life, he published several humorous John's Presbytery, presi­ articles and two books: From the Heart of a Bayman dent of the Conference (1984) and A Collection of Stories (1987). In 1986 he ( 1972-73), and was a com­ portrayed Grandpa Walcott in the CBC television se­ missioner to the Church's Rev. R. D. Tucker ries "Yarns from Pigeon Inlet". Tucker was also fea­ General Council. In 1987-88 he was Lieutenant-Gov- tured (with Aly O'Brien qv) in the national CBC ernor of Kiwanis International, District 21. R.D. program Land of Fish on Newfoundland's origins in Tucker (letter, July 1993), Minutes of the Newfound­ Dorset and Ireland. In 1984 he became the founding land Conference ( 1972-73 ). DAVID G. PITT

TUCKER, RICHARD ALEXANDER ( 1 7 8 4- 1 8 6 8). Chief Justice. Born Bermuda, son of Henry and Fran­ ces (Bruere) Tucker. Educated Jesus College, Cam­ bridge; Inner Temple. Married Mary Todd Bruere. Tucker joined the imperial service after 1818 and for a time was deputy paymaster general for British forces in North America. In October, 1822 he became Chief Jus­ tice of Newfoundland. Tucker was the only judge on the Island until 1825 when two assistant judges were ap­ pointed to the new Supreme Court. He became president of the Executive Council in addition to his other duties, and served as the Colony's chief administrator from October 1827 to August 1828 and again during the winter of 1831-32, when the governor was absent. Tucker was a bitter opponent of representative gov­ Otto Tucker ernment and came into direct conflict with the House 436 . TUCKER, WALTER BAXTER

of Assembly soon after its inauguration. He denied the Octagon Investments; general manager, New North Assembly the power to raise revenues through a tax Consultants; president, MacLaren Plansearch and imposed on wine and spirits, arguing that such a bill president, Fenco Shawinigan Engineering (1991) Ltd. conflicted with a British act (6 Geo. IV, c. 114). Tucker's community activities include involvement in Tucker was overruled by the Colonial Office. He of­ the Board of Trade, the Masonic Order, the United fered to go on leave and let the bill pass in his absence, Church of Canada, the Salvation Army Grace Hospital but let it be known that he would rule against any test Foundation and the Waterford Valley Rotary Club. He case. The offer was not acceptable to Governor Cochr­ is a member of the Association of Professional Engi­ ane and in 183 3 Tucker submitted his resignation as neers ofNova Scotia and of the Professional Engineers Chief Justice. He never returned to Newfoundland, Association of Newfoundland. Walter J. Tucker (let­ spending most of the remainder of his life in Upper ter, 1992), BAE Group records. OTTO G. TUCKER Canada, where he held a number of government ap­ pointments. Gertrude Gunn ( 1966), DCB IX. ACB TUDOR, H. HUGH (1871-1965). Soldier. Born Eng­ land, son of Harry Tudor. Married Eva Edwards. Tudor TUCKER, WALTER BAXTER (191 0- ). Soldier; was twice decorated for service in the Boer War. Dur­ mayor of Grand Falls. Born St. John's, son of Eliza­ ing World War I he helped to plan the battle ofCambrai Jane (Gosse) and George H. Tucker. Educated Bishop and commanded the final battles in which the Royal Feild College; Memorial University College. Married Newfoundland Regiment took part, reaching the rank Margaret Marshall. In 1930 Tucker began working of major-general by the end of the War. As chief of with the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company police in Ireland in 1920, Tudor and his police force at Grand Falls. He served in the Royal Artillery in (known as the Black and Tans) were charged with World War II, and in 1944 was awarded the M.B.E. In putting down an insurrection. Two years later he was the 1950s he organized the first militia unit in Grand Inspector General of Police and Prisons in Palestine. Falls, and later commanded the Royal Newfoundland Tudor chose to retire in Newfoundland in 1925 and Regiment. lived here for the rest of his life. For a time he took Tucker was chairman of the Board of Trustees for part in the fishery business in association with George the Town of Grand Falls prior to its incorporation in M. Barr. He was knighted in 1923. G.W.L. Nicholson 1961. Following incorporation he was elected mayor (1964), Who's Who 1964. ACB and served until 1973. His numerous other community activities include terms as a member of the National TUFF, GEORGE (1881-1937). Sealer. Born Bennett's Capital Commission and of the Board of Regents of Island, son of William Tuff. Tuff was involved in the Memorial University of Newfoundland. Tucker has inshore and Labrador fisheries out of Templeman, also served on the advisory boards of the services where his family moved when he was a boy. His first college, the Newfoundland Cancer Treatment andRe­ trip to the ice was in 1897. The following year he sailed search Foundation, the Grand Falls C.N.I.B., the Sal­ on the S.S. Greenland qv, under Captain George Bar­ vation Army, the Rotary Club and the Royal Canadian bour. On March 21, Tuff and many other sealers were Legion. In 1983 he was appointed Member of the forced to spend a night on the ice when a sudden storm Order of Canada. Ron Pumphrey (1984), Newfound­ prevented the Greenland from picking them up, and 48 land and Labrador Who s Who Centennial Edition lives were lost. In 1914 Tuff was second hand on the (1968), M. U.N. Gazette (Oct. 5, 1973), ET (Dec. 22, 1983). LBM

TUCKER, WALTER J. (1946- ). Businessman. Born Rant's Harbour, son of Roy and Alice (Tuck) Tucker. Educated Winterton; Memorial University of New­ foun.dland. Married Eliza- beth Green. An engineer, Tucker began his career in 1963 as a surveyor with the provincial Department of Highways, and later held various positions with Proj­ ect Planning and Engineer­ ing Ltd. Chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the BAE Group, he has held several other se­ nior positions in business Walter J. Tucker and industry, including: re­ gional vice-president, Atlantic Canada, of SNC-Lav­ alin, a Canadian engineering company; president, George Tuff TUNA 437

s.S. Newfoundland qv under Captain Westbury Kean works in English, including Reading Now and Then qv. On March 31 he and his men became separated (1974), a survey of literacy. In 1976 Tuinman was from their ship. They made for the Stephana, but Cap­ appointed professor of education at Simon Fraser Uni­ tain Abram Kean qv ordered them back on the ice. Tuff versity, later becoming director of graduate programs. and the others spent two nights marooned on the ice From 1984 to 1991 he was dean of education. He came before either captain realized they were missing. to Memorial University at the end of that period. Join­ Again, he was one of the few survivors. At a later ing the University as it entered a phase of consolida­ enquiry, Tuff accepted some of the responsibility for tion and some shrinkage, he soon became known as an the disaster, as he had not insisted that his men be advocate of higher entrance standards, and was in­ allowed to stay aboard the Stephana. But most of the volved in the integration of the Marine Institute with blame he placed on Abram Kean, an assessment with Memorial University. (see COLLEGE OF FISHER­ which many of his shipmates agreed. Tuff died at IES). Jaap Tuinman (interview, Aug. 1993), TCE (Lit­ Templeman on August 21, 193 7. DNLB ( 1990), eracy). MALCOLM MACLEOD Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871). ACB TULK, GEORGE DAVEY (1910-1988). Physician. TUGLAVINA (1738?-1798). Inuk shaman. Born Labra­ Born Burin, son of the Rev. Andrew and Effie Tulk. dor. Married Mikak qv. Tuglavina is mentioned fre­ Educated Bishop Feild College; Memorial University quently in the journals of early Moravian missionaries College; Dalhousie University; University Hospital, in Labrador. In 1770 he and Mikak acted as pilots for London. Married Dr. Helen C. Spurr. Tulk and his wife Christian Drachart qv and others who chose Nain for a began medical practice at Bishop's Falls in December mission site. He was a regular visitor to the mission 1940. The medical health officer for central New­ and five years later guided three· Moravians to the foundland, he was anaesthetist at the Botwood cottage future site of Hopedale. Tuglavina' s contacts with the hospital and chairman of medical staff at the Central missionaries allowed him to act as a middleman, trad­ Newfoundland Hospital at Grand Falls. Deeply in­ ing European goods to Inuit who lived to the north. In volved in the life of the community, he served on the his two-masted sloop, he traded baleen and other goods local school board and in executive positions with the with Europeans in the south. Kinsmen Club and Lions Club. In January 1962 he was He resisted the efforts of the missionaries to convert chosen the first mayor of Bishop's Falls, serving until him to Christianity, though he did consent to be bap­ 1969. In 1970 he was appointed medical officer with tized as William when seriously ill in 1783. In 1782 he the Canadian National Railways at Moncton. Carl and Mikak separated after he took several additional Budgell (interview, May 1994), ET (May 3, 1988), wives as a mark of prestige. Tuglavina then persuaded Grand Falls Advertiser (May 5, 1988), Newfoundland several baptized Inuit to leave the mission at Nain and and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition ( 1968). to join him in trading with the English at Chateau Bay JOHN PARSONS for muskets and powder. By 1790 Tuglavina had lost most of his followers and his trading sloop had be­ TULK, REGINALD BEATON ( 1944- ). Politician. come unseaworthy. With his only remaining wife he Born Ladle Cove, son of Sadie (West) and Japhet Tulk. moved to Nain. He was accepted into the Moravian Educated Memorial University of Newfoundland. congregation in 1793. In 1993 Tuglavina was common Married Barbara Tulk. A former teacher and school as a surname among the Labradormiut. DCB IV. ACB principal, Beaton Tulk became involved in politics as president of the Fogo district Liberal Association. In TUINMAN, JAAP J. (1941 -) . Educator. Born 1979 he was elected MHA for Fogo, and was re-elected Genemuiden, Netherlands; son of Fennigje (VanDijk) in 1982 and 1985. He lost his seat in the general and Albertus Tuinman. Educated Zowolle, Nether­ election of 1989. A former president of the provincial lands; University of Amsterdam; University of Geor­ Liberal party and opposition spokesman on fisheries gia. Married 1) Synje DeWitte; 2) Barbara Naef; 3) and forestry, in 1990 Tulk was named assistant deputy Francine Frisson. After teaching in several institutions minister in the Department of Social Services. Amid in four countries Tuinman was appointed vice-presi­ controversy over what the opposition depicted as a dent (Academic) of Memo­ patronage appointment, Tulk resigned in November rial University in 1991. 1991. He was re-elected as MHA for Fogo in 1993. Tuinman taught in Suri­ Claire Hoy ( 1992), Canadian Parliamentary Guide nam, South America for (1988), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Beaton five years, and then for a Tulk). LBM year at a private school in Georgia. After completing TUNA. The bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus) is the largest doctoral studies at the Uni­ of the mackerel-like fishes. Sometimes called the horse versity of Georgia in 1970 mackerel, it is also known as the common tunny and he joined the faculty of the the giant or short-finned tuna. The tuna has a stream­ University of Indiana. Hith­ lined body with a conical head and lunate tail. Its erto publishing in Dutch, he blue-black colour fades to silver grey on the underside. now published several Jaap Tuinman Tuna spawn in southern waters and then move north- 438 TUNDRA BILBERRY

( 1968), Mineral Occurrence Tables Newfoundland (1976). BRIAN C. BURSEY

TURBOT. The term turbot usually refers to the Green­ 'I land halibut (reinhardtius hipploglossoides). Like other flatfish, the turbot initially swims in a normal manner, but then begins to lie and swim on one side. Skeletal and muscular changes cause the left eye to migrate to the edge of the forehead on the right side, the fish becoming blind on the underside. Lying on the blind side and covered with a thin layer of sand or mud, it is able to blend in with the ocean floor and escape detection by predators. Unlike most flatfish, however, the turbot spends much of its time off bottom. It resembles the Atlantic halibut but is generally smaller and darker in colour. Reaching a maximum of 25 kg and 120 em, the turbot is dark brown or black on the eyed side while the blind side is white in juveniles, grey or dark grey in adults. Females live longer and grow larger than males: all turbot over 90 em in length Tuna caught in Conception Bay are female . A deepwater species, these fish are ward to feed. Large tuna, over 135 kg and up to 200 usually found below 450 m and large turbot at kg, are found on the continental shelf around New­ depths to 1600 m . Turbot are found in northern foundland at depths between 25 and 185 m. Tuna have waters south to Labrador and around the Island. been sighted as far north as Hamilton Inlet. They feed Some are known to travel great distances; turbot in schools on small fish and squid, and are preyed upon tagged experimentally in White Bay were recov­ by sharks, killer whales and pilot whales. In the 1950s ered from Labrador, Baffin Island and western and 1960s a sport fishery for tuna began in Conception Greenland. Spawning takes place in Davis Strait in and Notre Dame bays and boomed briefly, before winter or early spring. Feeding on crustaceans (es­ stocks began to be affected by overfishing. pecially shrimp), squid, capelin, small cod and The commercial tuna fishery is controlled by the even young turbot, they are in turn preyed upon by International Commission for the Conservation of At­ Greenland shark, the white whale, narwhal and the lantic Tunas. Traps, longlines and purse seines have hooded seal. been used in this fishery. In 1988 five vessels were Turbot have been taken by Newfoundland fisher­ permitted to take bluefin commercially and landed men since the mid-nineteenth century. Traditionally, 40.8 tonnes near the Virgin Rocks. In 1993, the quota longlines were used, but by the 1960s the fish were of bluefin was set at 30 tonnes. A valuable food fish, being taken in gill nets. They are also caught by most tuna . in North America is canned, while prime otter trawls, often as a by-catch in the redfish fish­ bluefin is eaten fresh and, especially in Japan, some­ ery. Since the establishment of a 200 mile limit, the times raw. F.M. Corbett (1989), Scott and Scott catch of turbot by Canadian vessels has increased. (1988), Gordon Williamson (1962), Canadian Atlantic Stocks in Newfoundland and Labrador have been Quota Report (Sept. 22, 1993). ACB under quota management since 1974. Foreign ves­ sels, mainly from Russia, Poland, Germany and TUNDRA BILBERRY. See BILBERRIES. Japan, take lesser amounts of turbot. A relatively fat fish with a rich flavour, turbot was traditionally TUNGSTEN. Tungsten is a heavy steel-grey metallic salted. More recently it has been sold as fresh or element. A high melting temperature makes it useful frozen fillets. In American markets the fish is la­ in a variety of applications, including the aerospace belled as Greenland turbot to avoid confusion with industry and as filaments in incandescent bulbs. Im­ Pacific halibut. The left eyed windowpane fish portant ore minerals of tungsten include scheelite, (scopthalmus aquosus) is also called turbot. It is CaW04, and wolframite, (Fe,Mn,W04). Tungsten smaller than the Greenland halibut, maturing at 23 to minerals have been identified in several locations on 24 em, and is found on the Grand Banks and the south the Island, including the Grey River area, Gander coast north to Port au Port Bay. It is considered a trash Bay, the Bay d'Espoir area, and near Nickey's Nose fish because its small size and flattened shape make (Notre Dame Bay). The most significant of the de­ filleting difficult. See FLATFISH. Scott and Scott posits identified to date are those in the vicinity of (1988). ACB Grey River. Work on these deposits has taken place on an intermittent basis since the mid-1950's. Up to TURKEYS. See POULTRY FARMING. 1994 reserves identified have not been sufficient to justify . commercial produc!ion. Mason and Berry TURNA VIK ISLANDS 439

away from the community to find work, and by 1951 there were only 22 people left. In the early 1960s a few families moved to Turks Cove from New Perlican or Winterton. The Coates family began a sawmill and opened a small restaurant in their home, while others continued to work in the fishery. In 19_77 a govern­ ment wharf and stage were built. Family names of Turks Cove in 1994 included Coates, Colburne, Con­ way, Mahon, Ryan and Samms. E.R. Seary (1977), Census ( 1836-1991 ), DA (Apr. 1977), Hutchinson s Newfoundland Directory ( 1864 ), List of Electors (1835). ACB

TURK'S GUT. See MARYSVALE.

TURK'S WATER. See MAKINSONS. Turks Cove TURKS COVE (pop. 1991, 60). Turks Cove is a small TURNAVIK ISLANDS. The Turnavik Islands are lo­ fishing community, located in an open bight on the cated off the mouth of Kaipokok Bay qv, Labrador, southeast side of Trinity Bay, just to the north ofNew about 30 km northwest of Makkovik. The Turnaviks Perlican qv. Local tradition has it that the cove was became an important centre for the cod fishery from named for the Barbary pirates (or Turks) who fre­ the 1870s, when Abram Bartlett qv of Brigus estab­ quented the coast in the seventeenth century. Perma­ lished premises around a small but sheltered harbour nent European settlement at Turks Cove appears to on the southwest side of West Turnavik, the largest of have begun in about 1800, when John Antle and Man­ the group. In the 1880s the Harbour Grace firm of John uel Carberry were recorded as living there. By 1835 Munn & Co. established a substantial station on East the families of John and Joseph Antle, James Carberry, Turnavik, with both Munn 's and Bartlett's supplying Philip Hearty, Thomas Peppy and Isaac Samson were 10-15 fishing crews from the Island each season. After resident. The following year, in the first Census of the the Munn firm collapsed in 1894 East Turnavik was settlement, there were 69 people recorded. acquired by William Hennessey, who had previously The shore fishery supported the small community, been Munn's agent at the station. Hennessey would along with subsistence gardening. A school had been appear to have maintained a smaller establishment than built by 1845, but Turks Cove appears never to have Munn's up until about 1912. had its own chapel. (In contrast with its neighbours, Bartlett's station on West Turnavik was kept up by the majority of the people of Turks Cove were Roman William J. Bartlett qv (son of Abram and father of Catholics.) The population peaked at 112 in 185 7. The Robert A. Bartlett qv), with a Mr. Evans wintering Labrador fishery employed some people from the there for many years in order to hunt and trap while community from the 1860s until it collapsed in the overseeing the premises. It appears that the station 1920s. Thereafter most of the younger people moved was closed after the death of William Bartlett, in 1931.

Bartlett's station, West Turnavik 440 TURNER, JOHN

Thereafter, as the Island-based Labrador fishery de­ TURNER'S BIGHT (pop. 1945, 8). Turner's Bight is a clined and all but disappeared, the Turnaviks were broad cove on the south side of Groswater Bay, be­ used as a summer fishing station by a few families of tween Turner's Head in the west and Nat's Discovery nearby Island Harbour qv. The harbour at Bartlett's Point in the east, approximately 20 km east of Rigolet. former station has remained a well-known one for It was settled in the mid to late 1800s, in the western people fishing out of Makkovik in later years. R.A. part of the 7-km wide Bight, where Turner's (Fish) Bartlett ( 1934 ), P. W. Browne ( 1909), William Island provides some shelter. An English salmon­ Macgregor (1909), Sailing Directions Labrador and buyer named Penny book had premises on the island by Hudson Bay (1974). RHC 1873, while on the adjacent mainland were summer fishing premises occupied by the Sheppard and Wil­ TURNER, JOHN ( 1889-1948). Soldier; civil servant. liams families. Turner's Bight first appears in the Cen­ Born St. John's, son of George E. and Catherine sus in 1911 (pop. 6), and 21 people were recorded in (Morrison) Turner. Educated Methodist College. 1935. The community does not appear in the Census Married Blanche Ireland. Jack Turner was employed after 1945, as its few families had other seasonal resi­ as a railway surveyor by the Reid Newfoundland Co. dences in the area and many wintered at Rigolet by before 1911. He then moved to British Columbia, 1950. (They may have been enumerated at Rigolet or where he joined the Canadian Army at the outbreak missed altogether). Still, several Williamses and a of World War I. He served in Europe and was family of Sheppards were living there to the early awarded the Military Cross for his actions at Vimy 1960s, when they were resettled to Rigolet. In 1991 Ridge. Turner was twice wounded and returned to there were three cabins at Turner's Bight, owned by Newfoundland to recover from the effects of' 'trench residents of Rigolet and used chiefly for the salmon fever" and poison gas. In St. John's he trained engi­ fishery. A.P. Dyke (1969), List of Electors (1948; neers for overseas duty. At the conclusion of the War 1955), Our Footprints Are Everywhere (1977), Them he joined the Canadian contingent attached to the Days (Jan. 1992), Archives (A-7-4/36). RHC White Army and served in Siberia during the Russian Civil War. TURNIP COVE (pop. 1966, 14). A resettled fishing In the inter-war period, Turner was employed by the community, Turnip Cove is located in northwestern Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co. and then by Fortune Bay, just to the north of Poole's Cove qv. The the Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Co. He returned to community may have received its unusual name in St. John's with the establishment of Commission Gov­ derision, as a few families took up residence in the ernment and joined the staff of the Department of early 1860s in an area that had been previously culti­ Natural Resources as director of the forestry division. vated as gardens by residents of Poole's Cove and Bay When World War II began Turner was seconded to the de Nord. The community first appears in the Census in British government as officer in charge of the New­ 1869, with a population of 29. The population of Tur­ foundland Forestry Unit, a position he held for the nip Cove was to remain at about 25 to 35 people, with duration of the War, retiring with the rank of Lieuten­ most being members of three families: the Smiths, ant-Colonel. Turner was the author of Buddy s Blighty Hacquoils and Perhams. The Smiths probably came to and other verses from the trenches (n.d.) and of the Turnip Cove from nearby Bay du Nord qv, while fam­ article, "The Forests of Newfoundland" in volume ily tradition among the Perhams is that they came from one of The Book of Newfoundland. G.W.L. Nicholson Placentia Bay. The Hacquoils trace their origin to a ( 1969), ET (Sept. 2 8, 1948), Centre for Newfoundland deserter of Jersey origin named Clement Hacquoil, Studies (Jack Turner). ACB who lived out his life in Turnip Cove as Jim Clement. After Clement's death the family was sought out by TURNER, WILLIAM (1743-1804). Moravian mis­ relatives in Jersey and subsequently changed the fam­ sionary. Born Halifax, England. Married Sybilla ily name back to its original. With the exception of the Maria Willin. Born into a Church of England family, Smith family (who were Roman Catholics), the people Turner joined the Moravian Brethren in 1762. He of Turnip Cove joined the Congregationalist mission was one of three Englishmen in a party of 14 sent to at Poole's Cove after 1876, walking over the rolling establish a mission at Nain in 1771. By 1778 Turner hills to attend church and school. As with Poole's had learned enough Inuktituk to preach a sermon in Cove, most of the people of Turnip Cove made their that language. He accompanied Inuit hunters on two living as crew for banking vessels, both locally-based trips into the interior of Labrador in 1 778 and docu­ and out of Belleoram and St. Jacques to the south. In mented details of the hunt before the introduction of the late 1960s the few families of Turnip Cove were firearms. Turner left Nain for Hopedale in 1782, resettled to Poole's Cove. In 1970 when a road was where he was a senior missionary. He was later built into Poole's Cove it passed just above Turnip transferred to Okak. His retirement to England in Cove. By 1993 homes had been built out along the road 1793 may have been related to his disagreements so that the larger community had almost surrounded it. with Christian Rose qv, a German helper at the mis­ The sloping gardens of Turnip Cove remained a fine sion. Turner's 1778 journal was published by J. spot for picnics, easily accessible from the road. H.J.A. Garth Taylor in the periodical Ethnohistory. Ethno­ MacDermott ( 193 8), E.R. Seary ( 1977), Census (1869- history (Spring 1969), DCB V. ACB 1966), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871), TWILLINGATE 441

McAlpine's Newfoundland Directory ( 1894), Statis­ English, local tradition identifying the first settlers as tics: Federal-Provincial Resettlement Program four English fishermen: Lawrence Smith at Young's (1975?), Archives {A-7-3). RHC Point on the Northside, the Young family at Southside, the Moores family at Back Harbour and one Bath at TURPIN DOWNEY, EDNA (1946- ). Educator. Born Jenkins Cove. (Although Jenkins Cove is within Trepassey, daughter of Josephine (Devereaux) and Al­ Twillingate Harbour, prior to 1992 it was part of the phonsus Turpin. Married Patrick J. Downey. Educated municipality of Durrell). From about 1728 the English Memorial University ofNewfoundland; University of presence increased, as the French migratory fishery Maine at Oromocto; McGill University; University of shifted north of Cape St. John. Stockholm; University of Helsinki. After graduating By 1738 Twillingate was a "regular resort" of West from university, Edna Turpin taught in elementary and Country fishermen. In that year Governor Philip junior high schools. In 1974 she was engaged as a Vanbrugh qv visited the harbour and found two large consultant by the A val on Consolidated School Board, ships, the families of 16 planters ( 12 of whom stayed and in 1984 became director of special services. In during the winter and with their servants made up a 1986 Turpin Downey was appointed assistant deputy year-round population of 143) and 130 *bye-boat minister of education, with responsibility for curricu­ keepers qv. Only one year later the winter population lum development in the Province's schools. She was was estimated at 386. This rapid growth of the winter­ named President of Cabot College of Applied Arts, ing population came about as a result of a growing Technology, and Continuing Education in 1993. In that land-based seal hunt, for which Twillingate is ideally year she was President of the Canadian Education suited- in 1742 it was estimated that Twillingate and Association. Turpin Downey has served on the boards Fogo together produced £2550 worth of seal oil. of the Canadian Mental Health Association, the It was probably in about 1750 that John Slade qv of YM/YWCA (and its advisory committee for youth) Poole qv became involved in the fishery at Twilling­ and St. Patrick's Mercy Home. In 1989 she was hon­ ate. During the Seven Years' War (1756-63) Slade was orary chairperson of the Red Cross March fundraising among those who took advantage of the French preoc­ campaign. She was also a member of the Federal-Pro­ cupation elsewhere to begin pressing north into White vincial Committee on Child Abuse and the Sportsplex Bay and to the Labrador coast. Unlike other English Advisory Committee of the City of St. John's. Edna firms, Slade's company persisted in the northern fish­ Turpin Downey (interview, Dec. 1993), ET (Apr. 11, ery after the War and in 1773 established major prem­ 1986; Feb. 25, 1989; July 29, 1993), Luminus (Winter ises at Battle Harbour qv. By the time John Slade 1990). JEAN GRAHAM retired to Poole in 1777, leaving his Newfoundland operations in the hands of his nephews, John Slade & TURRS. See AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS. Co. was well established as the major commercial presence at Twillingate. In 1782 Slade's great rival at TWILLINGATE (inc. 1962; pop. 1991, 1397). The Fogo and on the Labrador, Jeremiah Coghlan qv, went town of Twillingate is located around a large harbour bankrupt, and many of its premises were acquired by formed by North and South Twillingate islands. Ad­ Slade's nephews. The "northern Slades" (for there vantageously situated to pursue the inshore and were six firms with connections to the family operat­ nearshore fisheries, Twillingate was historically the ing in Newfoundland in the early 1800s) were also major mercantile and service centre for western Notre Dame Bay qv as well as an important centre for the r ~ !!illl""'"~~ ~ ] northern migratory fisheries on the French Shore and the Labrador coast. It was often referred to as ''the capital of the north", while the historic district of I Qt.g.a~l Twillingate took in the entire coast west to Cape St. ~~<:;) s John. Until 1992 the town of Twillingate included ~-J ,c~>S- ~~c~ essentially those areas which might be considered ~ 'i~ ~~ ~~­ Twillingate "proper" - Southside, Robin's Cove, WILD COVE Northside, Wild Cove and Back Harbour. In that year the municipality ofTwillingate was amalgamated with nearby Durrell qv and with Bayview (see MANUEL'S ~ ~ COVE-GILLARD'S COVE) to form an expanded I I town of Twillingate, with a population of approxi­ mately 3000 people and taking in most of the Twillin­ OORRE~I gate Islands. t Although little is known about the early fishery at Twillingate, the harbour would appear to have been frequented by French crews in the 1600s and early SHOAL TICKLE I 1700s. {The name Twillingate was originally I I Toulinguet, after a group of islets off the French port ~ ~ ~!!illl""'"...ollllll!:ii--·~~~ of Brest.) The harbour was also frequented by the Twillingate Harbour and the Arm 442 TWILLINGATE

Northside, c. 1900 remarkable for their pioneering involvement in ship­ ing his home at Back Harbour. Andrew Pearce, a long­ building and the salmon fishery in western Notre time manager of the Colbourne firm in England who Dame Bay. When the French Shore boundary was re­ had moved to Twillingate after that firm went bank­ drawn in 1783 to exclude the area south of Cape St. rupt in 1834, was appointed collector of customs for John, Twillingate was poised to become the major the area. Along with John Slade qv the younger (New­ commercial base for exploiting these resources and foundland manager for the Fogo-Twillingate Slades eventually settling the western Bay. Winter resources and MHA for Twillingate after 1842), Dr. Stirling, such as timber, seals and salmon helped further to Pearce and Peyton took the lead in civic improvements establish a year-round population, most of whom and in making Twillingate one of the more "English" came from the West Country hinterland of the port of outports on the northeast coast. In 1839 Pearce laid the Poole - the base in England not only for the Slade cornerstone for a new St. Peter's Church, between firm but for smaller traders such as William Colbourne Northside and Back Harbour. In use from 1842 and of Sturminster Newton. consecrated in 1845, the new church was equipped In 1798 the population of Twillingate and Durrell with lighting fixtures from St. James's church in (locally, The Arm) was estimated at 400 people. The Poole, given by John Slade. In 1844 Shoal Tickle, next year the community had its first resident clergy, which separates the north and south islands, was John Hillyard. Hillyard, who was recommended for bridged and a channel dredged to allow the passage of the post by Rev. John Jones qv of St. John's, was small boats from The Bight to The Harbour. In 1845 probably a Congregationalist (although in 1816 the the population of Twillingate was 1766. This number newly-appointed Church of England clergyman noted doubled within the next 25 years. that some of his congregation initially professed to be Although the mid-1800s saw Twillingate thrive and Baptists). When Hillyard left in 1803 a new minister, grow, this period also saw the gradual withdrawal of Rutler Morris, was appointed, but probably stayed the Slades from the Twillingate trade. John Slade died only for a single season. The first regular Church of and in the 1850s Robert Slade began to curtail John England clergyman, John Leigh qv, was appointed in Slade & Co.'s supplying of fishermen, and in the 1816, making Twillingate his base for a parish which 1860s the three Twillingate firms which had origi­ also included Fogo and Notre Dame Bay. Leigh left in nated in the Slade family (John Slade & Co., Cox & 1819, leaving behind a church to serve a community Slade and William Cox & Co.) had all been sold to which now numbered approximately 800 inhabitants. Newfoundland interests. By the 1870s the major mer­ After 1822 the community had a resident physician­ chants on the Northside were William Waterman qv Dr. R. Tremblett, who died in 1842 and was succeeded (trading from the old Cox premises at Path End, which by Dr. William Stirling qv. In 1829 the Newfoundland subsequently became Hodge Brothers - near the *School Society qv established the first permanent modern public wharf), Joseph B. Tobin (later acquired school (although both Hillyard and Leigh would ap­ by W.J. Scott and then, in 1888, by the grocery and pear to have taught "day school"). drygoods firm of the Linfield family) and Arthur Man­ In 1832, with the establishment of representative uel qv (previously the Northside branch of Cox & government, Twillingate's status as "capital of the Slade). The two "big rooms" on the Southside were north" was reinforced. John Peyton Jr. qv was ap­ also sold out of the Slade family. John Slade & Co. pointed magistrate for the district ofTwillingate, mak- (near the present-day fish plant) was acquired by two TWILLING ATE 443

Twillingate Harbour from the Southside former clerks, Owen & Earle, and in 1871 Edwin sailing ships and in the supply of the Labrador fishery, Duder acquired the former Cox & Slade premises. In the Duder firm began to experience difficulties. The the late 1800s Duder's was not only the dominant firm collapse of the firm in 1894 was the most dramatic at Twillingate, but was one of the largest shipowners bankruptcy of the Bank Crash qv. in the world- in 1888 the Twillingate Mutual Insur­ Duder's Room was acquired by William Ashbourne ance Company provided coverage to 193 vessels, 134 in 1895. The Ashbourne firm (under the direction of of which were owned by the Duder firm. In 1884 the T.G.W. Ashboume qv after 1922) eventually reestab­ population of Twillingate (including Durrell and lished dominance in the local fishery and expanded by Bayview) peaked at 3694. From Twillingate district purchasing the old John Slade/Owen & Earle prem­ more than 1500 men were engaged in the Labrador ises, which became known as Ashbourne's Upper fishery qv, most of whom were supplied by Twilling­ Room. Through the mid-twentieth century the major ate firms. Twillingate also had its own weekly newspa­ fishery businesses at Twillingate were Ashbourne's on per, established by Jabez Thompson qv in 1880 as the the Southside, Gillett's at Jenkins Cove and Durrell, Twillingate Sun and Northern Advertiser. and Manuel's on the Northside. Two other Northside Another point of interest in the 1884 Census is that firms became increasingly involved in the retail trade: almost 2500 Twillingate residents were adherents of Hodge Brothers (which finally closed its doors in the the Methodist church. The first Methodist church was 1960s) and Linfield's (which continued in the grocery built on the Southside. shortly after the arrival of Rev. and drygoods business into the 1980s). William Marshall qv in 1842. By 1874 almost half the But the 1894 Bank Crash and crisis in the Labrador population had converted, the Southside and The Arm fishery had had an enduring effect on Twillingate 's becoming Methodist strongholds. Then, in 1879, Rev. status as "capital of the north". Many of the Labrador T.W. Atkinson qv led a great revival, which saw 400 skippers moved further in the Bay over the next few converts in a matter of weeks. Soon a second Method­ years (the settling of Summerford qv on New World ist church was built, on the Northside. But the North­ Island, in large part by families from Durrell, is an side elite and most of Back Harbour remained in the example of this). Then, in 1900, Lewisporte qv be­ Church of England fold. came the railhead for Notre Dame Bay and soon began In 1862 the "Green Bay Spring" brought vast num­ to rival Twillingate as a distribution and supply centre bers of seals into Notre Dame Bay, residents of for the area. After the opening of the Grand Falls Twillingate taking an estimated 30,000 pelts in a paper mill Lewis porte's position was bolstered, in part matter of days. A new bell was cast for St. Peter's because of the numbers of men from the Twillingate Church, inscribed "in memory of the Great Haul". area who flocked there in the fall to board the train for Ironically, the next year saw the introduction of the lumber camps of central Newfoundland. The pop­ steam-powered vessels for sealing, which soon ulation of Twillingate began to decline, to about 3000 spelled the end of Twillingate as a great sealing people by 1924. centre - as this industry came to be dominated by However, 30 years after the Bank Crash, Twillingate St. John's firms and by mariners from the north side received a further boost as a regional centre with the of Bonavista Bay. The introduction of steamers into opening of the Notre Dame Bay Memorial Hospital. the Labrador fishery in the next few years also had a Encouraged by the International Grenfell Association, disruptive effect. Having invested heavily both in a local committee had been involved in fund raising 444 TWILLINGATE ISLANDS

and planning for this facility since 1918, as a memo­ rial to those who had died in World War I. From its opening in 1924 the hospital provided a vital service for the entire coast from Cape Freels to Cape St. John. It came under the direction of Dr. J.M. Olds qv after 1934. Dr. Olds oversaw rebuilding of the hospital after a fire in 1943 and remained chief surgeon until 1976, when a new hospital was opened. After Confederation Twillingate continued as a minor regional supply centre, although its status as an administrative centre was hurt by its lack of an over­ land connection to the rest ofNewfoundland. The fish­ ery was revamped to supply a fresh-frozen fish plant SOUTH (completed in 1960) and work in the processing of TW/LLINGA TE catches from the immediate area helped the commu­ ISLAND nity grow once more to about 3500 people. Although the Labrador fishery collapsed during the 1930s and 1940s, the 1960s saw a growing longliner fishery, with the nearshore vessels becoming involved in fisheries for species other than cod, but also in the cod fishery at more distant grounds (including a return to the Labrador coast). By the mid-1980s, however, the fish­ ery was again experiencing difficulties and there were plant closings and changes in ownership. The closure of the northern cod fishery in the early 1990s saw the community once more facing decline. One bright spot in the recent history of Twillingate has been a local effort to increase tourism in the com­ Harbour. Lying between the North and South islands, munity. Since 1973 and the completion of a causeway Twillingate Harbour is large enough for most vessels across Main Tickle there has been an overland connec­ (1.5 km wide by 4 km long) and is open toward the tion, and each year, as roads have been upgraded and north. It is well sheltered from most winds, but a the town's attractions have become better known, the north-northeast gale comes fair in the mouth of the tourist trade has increased. Among Twill in gate's at­ harbour. Several days of such gales have on rare occa­ tractions one might include St. Peter's Church and the sions, such as in 1782 and 1907, raised a heavy sea Twillingate Museum nearby, an annual Fish, Fun and inside and caused much damage to shipping and to Folk Festival (combining elements of a folk festival fishing premises. Because any northeast wind causes with a traditional garden party and held each July) and heavy seas off the North island, fishing boats often the Long Point lighthouse, with its unsurpassed view resort to Main Tickle (bridged in 1973), which sepa­ of Notre Dame Bay. Twillingate also claims, with rates the South island from New World Island qv. The some justification, to be the "iceberg capital" of New­ narrow passage which separates the North and South foundland, huge bergs often being grounded nearby in islands, Shoal Tickle, dries at low tide, but a canal has early summer. Michael A. Bromley (1988), C.R. been cut to allow small boats from the western side of Chaulk (1969), N.C. Crewe (NQ, Fall 1963), Suzanne the South island passage to the Harbour. Ellison ( 1988), Allan Hawkins ( 1972), John C. The Twillingate Islands provide close access to Loveridge (1970), W. Edgar Mercer (1932), H.M. ·headland fishing grounds, and are known for their Mosdell (1923), A.A. Parsons (NQ, Dec. 1905), A.L. abundance ofboth sea birds and seals. Consequently it Peyton (1983; 1987), Shannon Ryan (1986), E.R. is likely that the islands were much frequented by Seary (1977), V.W. Sim (1958?), Census (1836-1991), aboriginal peoples in prehistoric times - in 1966 a DA (Aug. 1980), DCB IV (John Slade), DCB V significant burial site of people of the *Maritime Ar­ (Thomas Slade), Eastern Newfoundland Settlement chaic Tradition qv was unearthed at Back Harbour. Survey 1953 Twillingate (1953?), McAlpine's New­ Coincidentally, Back Harbour was also home to the foundland Directory (1894), Archives (MG 323), Beothuk Demasduit qv (Mary March) after her cap­ Edith Manuel papers (courtesy Ernest Manuel), Small­ ture, and after 1836 magistrate John Peyton Jr. qv also wood files (Twillingate). RHC lived at Back Harbour. (Earlier, the last known Beothuk, Shawnawdithit qv had been a part of TWILLINGATE ISLANDS. The Twillingate Islands Peyton's household at Exploits, Burnt Islands.) are a group of islands in eastern Notre Dame Bay, While local tradition is replete with stories of acri­ composed of North Twillingate Island, South monious relations between the first English settlers Twillingate Island and several smaller islands. The and the Beothuk, Twillingate was one of the earliest largest of the 'lesser' Twillingate Islands is Burnt sites on the northeast coast settled by Europeans and Island, which helps to shelter the mouth ofTwillingate consequently relatively little archaeological evidence TW/LLINGATE SUN 445

pertaining to recent Indian occupation has been un­ earthed. The islands were frequented by the French from the 1600s and possibly earlier. It was the French who named the Harbour, which was originally known as Toulinguet. The first English settlers are said to have arrived in the early 1700s; while by the end of the century Twill in gate was the largest settle­ ment north of Cape Freels and had already acquired the name of " capital of the north". In large part this designation came about as a result of the harbour's becoming a base for a resident fishery supplied by the Poole firm of John Slade qv. The Slade firm also used Twillingate as a base for exploiting the fisher­ ies and timber resources of western Notre Dame Bay. In the mid-1800s Twillingate merchants sup­ plied fishermen who settled in the Green Bay area. Long Point lighthouse Most of the familiar family names of western Notre 67) and Purcell's Harbour qv (77). On the south end of Dame Bay - such as Clarke, Hawkins, Jenkins, the island, facing Main Tickle, there were once three Moores, Pelley, Rideout, Roberts, Simms, Watkins, small settlements: Smooth Cove ( 12), Black Duck Wells and Young- have their Newfoundland roots Cove (17) and Kettle Cove (57) qqv - only Kettle at Twiltin-gate Islands. The settling of western Notre Cove was still peopled in 1994. The western side of Dame Bay was considerably sped up after 1864 and the South island, known as Bayview (pop. 1991, 570), the opening of the Tilt Cove qv copper mine. During is composed of Manuel's Cove (pop. 1911, 103 ), the Notre Dame Bay "copper boom" of the late Gillard's Cove (72) and Bluff Head Cove (143). 1800s Twillingate continued to develop as an im­ In 1992 the municipalities of Twillingate, Durrell portant administrative centre for the western Bay. and Bayview were amalgamated under the name With the increase in shipping, a light house was Twillingate, which municipality took in virtually all of built on the tip of the North island, at Long Point, in the Twillingate Islands, with the exception of the north 1876. The only attempt to establish a mine on the end of the North Island (Crow Head) and the southeast Twillingate Islands was a short-lived copper mine at corner of the South Island (Kettle Cove, Purcell's Har­ Sleepy Cove (on the North island, near Long Point) bour and Little Harbour). E.R. Seary (1977), Census which lasted from about 1918 to 1920. In 1994 the (1836-1991), DA (Aug. 1980), Sailing Directions site of the Sleepy Cove mine was a municipal park Newfoundland (1986). RHC for the community of Crow Head qv (pop. 1911, 222; 1991' 280). TWILLINGATE SUN. A long-lived weekly paper, the By the 18 80s the population of the Twillingate Twillingate Sun and Northern Weekly Advertiser (after Islands had reached 3500 and, although it declined 1928 the Twillingate Sun) was first published on June to about 3000 people early in the twentieth century, 24, 1880, suspended publication from January 16 to this was still approximately the population in 1991. February 15, 1947, and ceased publication January 31, In most nineteenth century records the various vil­ 1953. Jabez P. Thompson qv was its first editor and lages on the island are not recorded separately. proprietor. In 1895 Thompson was succeeded by However, the 1911 Census does provide separate George Roberts qv, who after his 1910 appointment as listings. In that year the component parts of the stipendiary magistrate sold the paper to William B. municipality ofTwillingate qv (pop. 1991, 1397) are Temple. After 11 years the paper once again changed listed as follows: Back Harbour (pop. 1911, 272), hands, and in 1921 Stewart Roberts, son of its second Wild Cove (115), Paradise (64), Northside (386), editor, took over and continued for 26 years. After Robin's Cove (38), Ragged Point (93) and Southside Roberts' death the future of the paper was uncertain (482). To the east of Twillingate Harbour is Durrell (its sale was announced in its own columns). It was qv (pop. 1991, 1002), composed of Jenkins Cove subsequently purchased by Ernest G. Clarke, the last (pop. 1911, 186), Farmer's Arm (pop. 294- now editor and proprietor. known as Gillesport), Durrell's Arm (408) and Deploring the low standard of education in the out­ Hart's Cove (89). Near the eastern entrance to ports, the prospectus connected it with "limited liter­ Durrell's Arm is the abandoned neighbourhood ary acquirement." The Newfoundland fishermen, it known as French Beach (pop. 1911, 24 ), while in suggested, possessed "dormant intellect," which "if 1911 there were also 65 residents at Burnt Island only developed, would make them superior in every Tickle and Sandy Cove (between Twillingate and respect to those of other lands." The Twillingate Sun . Durrell, now abandoned). would redress this imbalance and be "the means of The eastern side of the South island is largely steep­ diffusing rays of intellectual brightness." Promoting to and has not been settled with exception of Codjack "religion, liberty and law," the Sun promised to focus on Cove (now abandoned), Little Harbour qv (pop. 1911, "the various industries of the colony," to "strenuously 446 TWIN FALLS

oppose any measures that may prove detrimental to mining communities of Labrador City and Wabush. By the interests of our people" and "to conserve their 1966 more than 100 people were living there, most of welfare in every possible way." It aimed to acquaint them construction workers or Twin Falls Power Com­ its readers with all events of local or foreign interest, pany personnel. Since the completion of the Churchill and to be instructive as a family paper. The subject of Falls project in 1974 Twin Falls has been mothballed, education would receive considerable notice; reli­ the facility being overseen by workers from the com­ gious issues would be addressed, but not articles of a munity of Churchill Falls qv, approximately 30 km to sectarian tendency "or that would be likely to preju­ the east. dice the minds of our readers." It contained local and The Twin Falls Power Company was formed in foreign news, articles and news from foreign newspa­ 1961, and by 1967 had completed a 225 MW hydro pers and journals, letters to the editor, reports of legis­ station. However, with the beginning of the Churchill lative proceedings and House of Assembly news, Falls project in 1966, it was decided that the Os­ public notices, shipping reports and passenger lists, sokmanuan Reservoir would eventually be diverted to humour, poetry, serial fiction and advertisements. the Churchill Falls installation. When this was accom­ While the Sun claimed political neutrality both plished in 1974 the Twin Falls station was mothballed. Thompson and George Roberts were supporters of See ELECTRICITY. Brian C. Bursey (1991), Philip William V. Whiteway, and sat as Liberal MHAs for Smith (1975), Census (1966-1971). RHC much of their editorship. Having given "unsparingly of its columns for every worthwhile cause, lifted its TWINFLOWER. Twinflower (Linnaea borealis L.) is small voice in protest against evil," the Sun ceased a fragrant, perennial creeper occupying cool woods publication in 1953 because of financial difficulty. and bogs of North America from Newfoundland and Suzanne Ellison (1988), Twillingate Sun (1880-1953 Labrador to Alaska, south to Maryland, Indiana and passim), WS (Feb. 20, 1953). ILB Colorado. It carries a pair of delicate, nodding pink bells on fine stalks, above paired rounded evergreen TWIN FALLS (pop. 1971, 82). A townsite established leaves. Although very small the plant has great beauty near Twin Falls on the Unknown River (a tributary of and fragrance. A member of the honeysuckle family the Churchill River), Twin Falls was begun in 1961, to (Caprifoliaceae), twinflower requires partial sunlight supply hydro-electric power to the western Labrador and peaty, moist soil. In other parts of its range the

Twin Falls TYTHES COVE 447

plant is eaten by white­ Guide( 1988), DNLB ( 1990), Centre for Newfound­ tailed deer. Folk-medicinal land Studies (Hugh Twomey). LBM applications include use of the plant tea by Algonquin TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. Small to robin-sized Indians as a tonic for preg­ perching birds of the Western Hemisphere, tyrant fly­ nancy and menstrual diffi­ catchers belong to the family Tyrannidae, which in­ culties and children's fevers. cludes kingbirds and pewees, of which there are 22 Its Latin name comes from species in Canada. Only one species is common in Carolus Linnaeus ( 1 7 0 7- Newfoundland, but three other species are known to 1778), the father of modern breed in the Province. They are not remarkable for botany, who admired the their songs and, although some species have yellow or flower so much that he had lemon breasts, they are less brightly coloured than the Twinflower his portrait painted with it. finches and wood-warblers. Foster and Duke (1990), Diane Griffin (1984), Niering The yellow-bellied flycatcher (Empidonax and Olmstead ( 1992), Peterson and McKenny ( 1968), flaviventris) is a bird of the boreal forest, and is com­ Frank D. Venning (1984). KATHLEEN WINTER mon in Newfoundland, breeding throughout the TWO-EYED BERRY. This trailing, Province except in northern evergreen shrub is found in shady, Labrador. It has a very clear mossy woods of southwestern New­ eye ring, and its yellowish foundland. The stems of the two­ breast and belly are more eyed berry (mitchella repens) are distinctly yellow than those smooth and slender, and its leaves of other small flycatchers. are shiny, hairless and heart shaped. It is not seen nearly as often Small, tubular pink or white flowers as it is heard, for it fre­ appear in June in pairs at the ends of quents low thickets in the the branches. The red berries, with shadow of tall conifers, two distinct 'eyes', are edible. A. along edges of streams and Yellow-bellied flycatcher Glen Ryan ( 1978). ACB Two-eyed berry fens. The yellow-bellied flycatcher is present from late May to mid-September, TWOMEY, HUGH MATTHEW (1920-1989). Physi­ and is credited with taking large quantities of mosqui­ cian; politician. Born Cork, Ireland; son of Christina tos and blackflies. (Golden) and John Michael Twomey. Educated Other birds of this family known to breed in New­ Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin. Married Mary foundland include the olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus Carmel Stuewe. Twomey came to Newfoundland in borealis), the alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and 1947 as medical officer on the Lady Anderson qv. the eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). Rare or va­ After working at Harbour Breton Cottage Hospital, grant in the Province are the eastern wood-pewee (Con­ in 1949 he was appointed medical superintendent of topus virens), the least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), the Botwood hospital, and served there until his great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), western retirement from medicine in 1984. He was president kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis), eastern phoebe (Sayornis of the Newfoundland Medical Association and the phoebe) and Say's phoebe (Sayornis saya). Mactavish, Central Newfoundland Medical Society, and was for Maunder and Montevecchi (1989). CHARLIE HORWOOD a time assistant professor of Clinical Medicine at Memorial University. TYTHESCOVE (pop. 1935, 21). An abandoned Twomey entered provincial politics in 1975 sawmilling community, Tythes Cove was located on when Frank Moores qv recruited him to run for the the north side of Smith Sound, Trinity Bay, just east of district of Exploits. He was narrowly defeated in Waterville qv and approximately 17 km east ofClaren­ this election, but the results were subsequently ville. The tiny cove probably was settled in about 1880 voided and he was elected in a 1976 by-election. and may have been used earlier for winter logging. Its He was re-elected for the district in 1979, 1982 small beach offered a place to land a boat, and a brook and 1985. His first cabinet appointment came in provided access to timber in the steep valley behind the October 1984, when A. Brian Peckford qv named cove. The community first appears in the Census in him Minister of Health. Twomey retained this 1884 when, along with nearby Sprague's Cove,' 'Tipes portfolio until 1988, and was then appointed Min­ Cove" had a population of 15. In later years the com­ ister of Public Works and Services in the govern­ munity appeared in records as Tythes or Tithes Cove, ment of Thomas G. Rideout. Twomey retired from although "Tipes" reflects the local pronun~iation. politics before the general election of 1989. He The Duffitt family, from the Bay de Verde area, died in August of that year. The chronic care facil­ established water-power sawmills in several remote ity built to replace the Botwood Hospital was coves in Smith and Random sounds, and would appear named in his honour. Canadian Parliamentary to have been the first settlers of Tythes Cove. The Millers probably lived at Sprague's Cove and had left 448 TYTHES COVE

by 1901, when only the Duffitts lived at Tythes Cove (pop. 7). In later years other names recorded include Luther and Short, families who supplemented logging with a modest shore fishery and occasional work as shipyard labourers at nearby Monroe. With little room to build homes and shore space very limited, Tythes Cove never supported more than two or three families. (In some years it seems likely that one family also lived at Sprague's Cove, where the shoreline was even more precipitous). Tythes Cove does not appear in the Census after 193 5, although in 1945 the Luthers may have been among the 36 people recorded at Waterville. It would appear that the former winterhouse of Tythes Cove, about 1 km inland, was used as a seasonal log­ ging camp for some years after the community was abandoned. E.R. Seary (1977), Harry Stone (inter­ Boil-up at Sprague's Cove view, June 1993), Census (1884-1935), Archives (A- 7-3/21; MG 276/5). RHC