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Military Equipment Byzantine Manuscript of Scylitzes Gladius, V (1966), pp. 1-194 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer ISSN 0435-029X ADA BRUHN HOFFMEYER MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN THE BYZANTINE MANUSCRIPT OF SCYLITZES IN BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL IN MADRID INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE ARMAS ANTIGUAS CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS PATRONATO MENENDEZ Y PELAYO GRANADA, 1966 Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, V (1966), pp. 1-194 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer ISSN 0435-029X ABBREVIATIONS A. A. ............... Acta Archaeologica (Copenhagen). A.B.A.W. ...... Abhandlungen der Bayerischen A~ademieder Wissenschaften, phi1.-hist. K1. Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Gottingen. American Journal of Archaeology. Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phi1.-hist. K1. Handbiicher der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Ivan Mullers Handbucher). J. A. ................. Journal Asiatique. Paris. J.H.S. ............ Journal of Hellenic Studies. J.R.S............. Journal of Roman Studies. M.P.G............. J.-P. Migne a. o. Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca. N.G.W.G....... Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phi1.-hist. K1. Worter und Sachen. Zeitschrift. Zeitschrift fiir historische Waffen- und Kostumkunde. Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, V (1966), pp. 1-194 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer ISSN 0435-029X PREFACE THE present work can trace its origln some years back in time to a coincidence in the Residencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas in Madrid. During my stay here I met the learned specialist zn Greek palzography Dr. D. Jose Maria Ferndndez Pomar, collaborator at the Bzblioteca Nacional. At that tzme he was about to catalogue Greek manuscripts of this library and among them the marvellous illu- minated Byzantzne manuscrzpt of Scylitzes with its abundance of warlike representations. During our conversations about manuscript zllumina- tzons and their value for armeology we discussed their mutual importance in regard to chronology etc. I am highly indebted to Dr. Ferndndez Pomar who drew my attention to this true jewel of the Spanish Bibliote- ca Naczonal. From these pages I wzsh to bring him my sincere thanks. In GLADIUS vol. 111, 1964, Dr. Ferndndez Pomar published an article: El ctScylitzes)> de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid. It had been the intention to publish the two articles in vol. III. However investiga- tions about military equipment of the manuscript appeared to be rather complicated. Tzme went on and my work took a long time owing to the many disciplines which had to be taken into consideration in regard to arms and armour. The two articles were separated. Nevertheless they make a connected whole. A work as the present requires investigations in many libraries and museums It is a great pleasure here to express my gratitude for the generoszty and kindness I have met during my work in Spanish libraries and museums. Above all I wish to bring my szncere thanks to the Bi- blioteca Nacional in Madrid, particularly to the director and vice-director of the Sala de Manuscritos: Dr. D. Ramdn Paz and Rvdo. P. Dr. D. Jost Ldpez Toro, respectively, for all kindness and helpfulness to me and my work. A most cordial thank do I wish to bring to the former director of the Sala de Manuscritos now dzrector of Instituto de Valencia de Don Juan, Rvdo. P. Dr. D. Pedro Longds y Bartibds, whose museum and library - so zndispensable to my work - always opened their doors with great kindness. A special thank I wish to express to the Byzantine Institute of the Jesuit Fathers in Madrid, particularly to its director and librarian for their kind permission to use their most interesting library, which at that time had not been opened to the public and where I found much material of importance for my work. ADA BRUHN HOFFMEYER Granada, N~vember1966. Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, V (1966), pp. 1-194 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer ISSN 0435-029X INTRODUCTION SCYLITZES, the annalist, kuropalates and drungarios of the Vigla at the imperial court in Constantinople, wrote his important work in the second half of the 1l th century. As to his person and private life noth- ing is known. According to some investigators (e. g. G. Sarton: Intro- duction to the History of Science, vol. I, p. 776) he probably died about or after 1081 after having carried on his historical synopsis - in many ways a continuation of the chronicle by Theophanes - until the end of the emperor Michael V1 Stratioticus (1056-1057). It is the period from the accession of Michael I Rhangabts (811-813) in the year 811, till the year 1057, which has been described in the long and important manu- script in the Biblioteca Nacional of Madrid, and illustrated with 574 illu- minations in colours and gold, The history of this precious manuscript and its author as well as the palaeographical investigations, contents and chronology from the point of view of a specialist in palaeography 'was excellently treated by Dr. D. Jost Maria Fernindez Pomar from this library in GLADIUS,vol. 111, pp. 15-45. This part should not be dealt with here, only referred to, where matters coincident. After finishing the manuscript of the present investigation the author became acquainted with the magnificent publication: Skyllitzes Matritensis, tom0 I, <(Re- producciones y Miniaturaw, Barcelona-Madrid, 1965, 420 pages in folio, by professor Dr. D. Sebastiin Cirac Estopaiibn, director of the Byzantine Institute (C. S. I. C.), in Barcelona. In this enormous work all the illuminations from the manuscript have been reproduced, various of them in colours. The book by Dr. Cirac gives an impression of this precious Byzantine manuscript, here fundamentally treated for the first time. The history treated by Scylitzes and his painters belongs to the so- called second Golden Age of the Byzantine empire, a splendid era, the political and cultural culmination under the reign of the Amorian (or Phrygian) and Macedonian dynasties, until the beginning of the Dukas and Comnenes dynasty, when the Byzantine military organization, the army and the navy together with the art of war were at their highest. The period covers almost 250 years. It is an eventful era. As to politics, economics and trade it signifies the second and immense expan- sion of the empire, particularly to the East. As to the cultural life it signifies a flourishing and prosperous time after the bitter and violent Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, V (1966), pp. 1-194 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer ISSN 0435-029X struggle between the Iconoclasts and the Iconodules with its destruction of images, mosaics, frescoes, manuscripts etc., a struggle which with some interruptions lasted until 843 and ended with the victory of the Iconodules and the definitive manifestation of the Orthodox Church and the restoration of the cult. Art and science were florishing, archi- tecture sumptuously adorned with mosaics and frescoes with historical elements. Precious religious books were made for the emperors and the nobility, cheaper and more popular editions for the monasteries and the monks; ivory-carvings, enamel-work, bronze-reliefs, silk-textiles and the like prospered. History, science and numerous other branches of cultural life had a prosperous time. Internally this period may seem violent with assassinations of emperors, rebellions, plots and intrigues, controversies between emperors and patriarchs, between pretenders and empresses, generals and dukes. In spite of all this, and even on account of all this, it was a powerful, glorious and brillant era, richly refined and elegant with all the most radiant colours of the spectre, with a secular imperial art patronized by the court and with a religious art of distin- guished achievement. In this period the weapons of defense as well as of attack played an important part in the life of the empire. Army and navy were the implements by means of which the empire enlarged and kept up its power and wealth. The emperor Constantine V11 Porphyrogenitus had called the army the head of the state, but the navy played - at least during these centuries - almost the same part, particularly thanks to its modern and effective artillery, the strong stone-throwers and, above all, the Greek fire projected by special apparatus, siphons. Com- manders of army and navy were of high quality, organization and disci- pline excellent. Though all kinds of weapons - for defense as well as for attack and siege - were of such an importance to the empire and its keeping up the power, just for these very epochs knowledge about them is rather scarce. Byzantine arms and armour never have been object to special investigations. On the contrary, they seem to have been rather neg- lected and only occasionally treated in literature. This may be owing to several circumstances. ArchaeoloeicalU obiects are rather few in num- ber and are rarely found. Swords, spears, helmets, armours and mail shirts are even more rare objects to be found than war implements in the contemporary countries of the Occident. Matters are more compli- cated in the ancient East Roman em~irethan in the Western world. though there are just as many, or probably more, literary
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