Life Cycles in

Chapters 29 and 30 , liverwort Dominant , dependent , thalloid dichotomously branched body, antheridia in chambers on upper side of antheridiophore, archegonia on under side of archegoniophore, Sporophyte has foot, and Plant Dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophyte, leafy plant body, , antheridia in and archegonia on top of separate antheridiophore and archegoniophore, Sporophyte has foot, seta and capsule, first germinate into multicellular branched

Lycopodium, Club Moss Dominant sporophyte Reduced gametophyte Microphylls, apical strobili (spikes) Homosporous, biflagellate

Phylum: Lycophyta , a spike moss: heterosporous, microphylls, biflagellate Reduced independent male and : Lycophyta , horsetail Nodes with sheaths and branches Apical strobilus Spores wrapped with Phylum: Monilophyta http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/.html

Fiddlehead Living fossil Only plant with dichotomous leaf venation Ginkgo nuts used in Chinese festivals Phylum: Ginkgophyta

http://www.theplantencyclopedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo Cycas revoluta Dominant Sporophyte Reduced dependent gametophyte cone and Gymnosperm Phylum: Cycadophyta Male Cycas Female Cycas Tree Pinus long and dwarf

Dwarf Limited growth, bears pinus needles Long shoot Unlimited growth bears apical , no needles T.S. Pinus Needle

Guard cells

Hypodermis Mesophyll

Resin Canal

Phloem Xylem

Thick, sunken stomata, hypodermis, only main vein are xerophytic adaptations of Pinus needle Pinus Dominant Sporophyte Reduced dependent gametophyte Heterosporous, pollen and ovulate cones, , Phylum: Coniferophyta

http://mrstewartburnabysouth.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html Microsporangium Carpel Anther Microsporocytes (2n) Mature on sporophyte plant (2n) (n) Generative cell with Tube cell megasporangium (2n) Tube nucleus Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) (n) Germinating MEIOSIS Pollen grains seed Megasporangium Surviving Sperm (2n) (2n) Integuments (n) Tube (3n) Seed Micropyle nucleus Seed coat (2n) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Style Female in central cell gametophyte (embryo sac) Synergids (n) (2n) Nucleus of developing Egg endosperm nucleus (n) (3n) FERTILIZATION Key

The Life Cycle of an Haploid (n) angiosperm Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Diploid (2n) Monocots versus Eudicots

Embryos Leaf venation Stems Pollen

Monocot Characteristics

Root system Floral organs One Veins usually Vascular usually fibrous Pollen grain usually in cotyledon parallel scattered (no main ) with one multiples opening of three

Eudicot Characteristics

Vascular tissue Floral organs Two Veins usually usually arranged Taproot Pollen grain usually in cotyledons netlike in ring (main root) with three multiples of usually present openings four or five Dicots included all flowering plants with 2 cotyledons.

Basal Angiosperms include 3 early lineages separated early from main angiosperms. 1. trichopoda 2. Water lilies and 3. Star anise

Magnoliids separated next and are more similar to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms. Magnoliids include Magnolias, laurels and black pepper plants.

Eudicots are a clade and include remaining very large number of angiosperms. Living . Bennettitales

Amborella

Water lilies

Most recent common Star anise and ancestor of all living relatives angiosperms Magnoliids

Monocots

Eudicots

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Millions of years ago

(b) Angiosperm phylogeny