Life Cycles in Plants Chapters 29 and 30 Marchantia, liverwort Dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophyte, thalloid dichotomously branched plant body, antheridia in chambers on upper side of antheridiophore, archegonia on under side of archegoniophore, Sporophyte has foot, seta and capsule Moss Plant Dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophyte, leafy plant body, rhizoids, antheridia in and archegonia on top of separate antheridiophore and archegoniophore, Sporophyte has foot, seta and capsule, spores first germinate into multicellular branched Protonema Lycopodium, Club Moss Dominant sporophyte Reduced gametophyte Microphylls, apical strobili (spikes) Homosporous, biflagellate sperms Phylum: Lycophyta Selaginella, a spike moss: heterosporous, microphylls, biflagellate sperm Reduced independent male and female gametophytes Phylum: Lycophyta Equisetum, horsetail Nodes with leaf sheaths and branches Apical strobilus Spores wrapped with elaters Phylum: Monilophyta http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Ferns.html Fiddlehead Ginkgo biloba Living fossil Only plant with dichotomous leaf venation Ginkgo nuts used in Chinese festivals Gymnosperm Phylum: Ginkgophyta http://www.theplantencyclopedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo Cycas revoluta Dominant Sporophyte Reduced dependent gametophyte Pollen cone and leaves Gymnosperm Phylum: Cycadophyta Male Cycas Tree Female Cycas Tree Pinus long and dwarf shoots Dwarf shoot Limited growth, bears pinus needles Long shoot Unlimited growth bears apical bud, no needles T.S. Pinus Needle Epidermis Stoma Guard cells Hypodermis Mesophyll Resin Canal Phloem Xylem Thick, sunken stomata, hypodermis, only main vein are xerophytic adaptations of Pinus needle Pinus Dominant Sporophyte Reduced dependent gametophyte Heterosporous, pollen and ovulate cones, pollination, seed Phylum: Coniferophyta http://mrstewartburnabysouth.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html Microsporangium Carpel Anther Microsporocytes (2n) Mature flower on sporophyte plant Microspore (2n) MEIOSIS (n) Generative cell Ovule with Tube cell megasporangium (2n) Tube nucleus Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary (n) Germinating MEIOSIS Pollen grains seed Stigma Pollen tube Megasporangium Surviving Sperm (2n) megaspore Embryo (2n) Integuments (n) Tube Endosperm (3n) Seed Micropyle nucleus Seed coat (2n) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Style Female in central cell gametophyte (embryo sac) Synergids Egg (n) Zygote (2n) Nucleus of developing Egg endosperm nucleus (n) (3n) FERTILIZATION Key The Life Cycle of an Haploid (n) angiosperm Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Diploid (2n) Monocots versus Eudicots Embryos Leaf venation Stems Roots Pollen Flowers Monocot Characteristics Root system Floral organs One Veins usually Vascular tissue usually fibrous Pollen grain usually in cotyledon parallel scattered (no main root) with one multiples opening of three Eudicot Characteristics Vascular tissue Floral organs Two Veins usually usually arranged Taproot Pollen grain usually in cotyledons netlike in ring (main root) with three multiples of usually present openings four or five Dicots included all flowering plants with 2 cotyledons. Basal Angiosperms include 3 early lineages separated early from main angiosperms. 1. Amborella trichopoda 2. Water lilies and 3. Star anise Magnoliids separated next and are more similar to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms. Magnoliids include Magnolias, laurels and black pepper plants. Eudicots are a clade and include remaining very large number of angiosperms. Living . gymnosperms Bennettitales Amborella Water lilies Most recent common Star anise and ancestor of all living relatives angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Millions of years ago (b) Angiosperm phylogeny .