DOCSLIB.ORG

Construction of the Orb Web in Constant and Changing Abiotic Conditions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Construction of the Orb Web in Constant and Changing Abiotic Conditions This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Phangurha, Josh Title: Construction of the orb web in constant and changing abiotic conditions General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Construction of the orb web in constant and changing abiotic conditions Joshua Singh Phangurha A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in the accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of MSc by Research in the Faculty of Science. School of Biological Sciences Date of submission: 31/08/2018 Word count: 15,060 Abstract Orb weaving spiders are thought to alter their web-building in different abiotic conditions to maximise prey capture success, while being as silk-efficient as possible. However, there is limited evidence to support this, along with a lack of focus on web variation over time under constant conditions. It is important to better understand web-building in constant and changing abitoic environments to determine if spiders perform adaptive manipulations of their webs. Here, both of these concepts are investigated and the hypothesis that web construction under constant abiotic conditions will not change over time, due to a lack of environmental cues for spiders to respond to, is tested. It is also predicted that Zygiella x- notata will reduce the prey capture aspects in high light intensities, when prey would be more active, and silk can be preserved. The webs of both species were monitored in a constant abiotic environment and Z. x-notata web building behaviour was compared in varying environmental light intensities. These experiments explored patterns of variation in the web characteristics of Argiope bruennichi and Zygiella x-notata over time in a constant abiotic environment and identified significant differences in the web building of Z. x-notata in bright and dark conditions. Results show an overall lack of variation in the webs of A. bruennichi over time apart from radii number in webs of adult females and upper mesh spacing in juvenile webs, and no significant variation in the webs of Z. x-notata over time. No significant differences in the web geometry of Z. x-notata webs occurred in the light intensity treatment, except for lower mesh height becoming reduced in darker conditions. These findings suggest that varying abiotic factors, overall, do not influence the adaptive web building decisions of an orb weaver and could only marginally impact specific web aspects. Dedication and acknowledgments I would like to thank Beth Mortimer and Daniel Robert for supervising this project in the Life Sciences building, Paul Chappell and his colleagues at the chemistry department for building the frame set up and the British Ecological Society and Bristol Alumni foundation for funding my travel to Mexico to share this research at the American Arachnological Society’s annual meeting. All photographs used in this thesis were taken by the author. Image 1.1 (2.2MB), 1.2 (8.69MB), 1.4 (467KB), 2.1 (5.89MB), 2.2 (6.35MB), 2.3 (6.58MB), 2.4 (7.26MB), 4.1 (337KB), 4.2 (1.11MB), 4.3 (306KB) and 4.4 (435KB) were all edited in Picasa®. Image 1.3 (9MB) was downloaded from Leica® microscopy software. Author’s declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: ............................................................. DATE:.......................... Table of contents Chapter 1 – Introduction and background ………………………………………………................ 1 1.1 – Background on foraging method variation in the natural world ………………………………… 1 1.2 – Biotic influence on web construction ………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 – Spider condition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.4 – Web building influenced by predators …………………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.5 – Wind ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 1.6 – Light ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.7 – Temperature …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.8 – Humidity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.9 – Intraspecific web variation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 1.10 – Other factors affecting web building ………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.11 – Stabilimenta – a prey attractant? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 1.12 – Web damage prevention function of stabilimenta ……………………………………………………………… 12 1.13 – Stabilimenta for predator avoidance ………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 1.14 – Unexplained stabilimenta variation ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14 1.15 – Aim of study ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 1.16 – Study species’ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Chapter 2 – Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18 2.1 – Argiope bruennichi and Zygiella x-notata collection ……………………………………………………………... 18 2.2 – Maintenance ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 2.3 – Morphometrics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 2.4 – Environmental conditions …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 2.5 – Light intensity experiment (Zygiella x-notata) ………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.6 – Web measurements …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 2.7 – Statistical methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Chapter 3 – Results ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 3.1 – Web building variation under constant abiotic conditions …………………………………………………… 27 3.2 – Juvenile Argiope bruennichi …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 3.3 – Adult Argiope bruennichi …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 3.4 – Stabilimenta building ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40 3.5 – Zygiella x-notata …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40 3.6 – Light intensity experiment ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Chapter 4 – Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 4.1 – Juvenile upper mesh variation and overall mesh consistency …………………………………………….. 50 4.2 – Spatial constraints ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52 4.3 – Web building experience ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54 4.4 – Size limitation hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54 4.5 – Adult Argiope bruennichi radii variation …………………………………………………………………………….. 55 4.6 – Biotic factors more influential on web construction? …………………………………………………………. 56 4.6.1 – Effect of food intake ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56 4.6.2 – Prey type …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57 4.6.3 – Prey size …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58 4.6.4 – Hydration ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58 4.6.5 – Effect of aging ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59 4.6.6 – Pollen consumption ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59 4.6.7 – Effect of reproduction on web construction …………………………………………………………… 59 4.7 – Light intensity experiment (Zygiella x-notata) …………………………………………………………………… 62 4.8 – Hierarchy of variation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64 4.9 – Lack of stabilimenta ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65 4.10 – Preliminary observations of stabilimenta ……………………………………………………………………….. 66 4.11 – Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73 Figures, tables and images: Chapter 1 – Introduction and background Image 1.1 & 1.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 Image 1.3 & 1.4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Chapter 2 - Methodology Figure 2.1 & 2.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Figure 2.3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 Image 2.1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Image 2.2 & 2.3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 Image 2.4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 Chapter 3 - Results Table 3.1 & Figure 3.1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Orb Weavers, Neoscona Crucifera (Lucas 1839) and Neoscona Domiciliorun (Hentz) (Arachnidae: Araneae: Araneidae)1 G
    EENY316 Orb Weavers, Neoscona crucifera (Lucas 1839) and Neoscona domiciliorun (Hentz) (Arachnidae: Araneae: Araneidae)1 G. B. Edwards2 Introduction Neoscona crucifera (Lucas 1839) and N. domiciliorum (Hentz 1847) are common and conspicuous members of the moist woodland communities in much of Florida. These spiders are beneficial, consuming a variety of insects. Although typically nocturnal throughout most of their life spans, adult females can be found sitting head down in the hubs of their webs during daylight hours of the fall season. Bites from these spiders are not known to cause serious effects to humans. Distribution These spiders have a wide geographic range: N. crucifera is found from Lake Okeechobee in southern Florida north to New England, west to Minnesota, and southwest to Arizona and central Mexico, whereas N. domiciliorum occurs southeast of a line drawn from Massachusetts to Indiana southwest to Texas. In the more northern states, males may mature as early as late June and females in July Figure 1. Dorsal view of female Neoscona crucifera (Lucas), an orb (Berman and Levi 1971), but in Florida, adults usually are weaver. not apparent until late August. Credits: G.B. Edwards, FDACS–DPI Systematics These two species have been confused with each other, mostly due to the interpretations by various authors of the descriptions by Walckenaer (1841) of two forms of Epeira 1. This document is EENY316 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 266), one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date March 2004. Reviewed February 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild About Learning
    WILD ABOUT LEARNING An Interdisciplinary Unit Fostering Discovery Learning Written on a 4th grade reading level, Wild Discoveries: Wacky New Animals, is perfect for every kid who loves wacky animals! With engaging full-color photos throughout, the book draws readers right into the animal action! Wild Discoveries features newly discovered species from around the world--such as the Shocking Pink Dragon and the Green Bomber. These wacky species are organized by region with fun facts about each one's amazing abilities and traits. The book concludes with a special section featuring new species discovered by kids! Heather L. Montgomery writes about science and nature for kids. Her subject matter ranges from snake tongues to snail poop. Heather is an award-winning teacher who uses yuck appeal to engage young minds. During a typical school visit, petrified parts and tree guts inspire reluctant writers and encourage scientific thinking. Heather has a B.S. in Biology and a M.S. in Environmental Education. When she is not writing, you can find her painting her face with mud at the McDowell Environmental Center where she is the Education Coordinator. Heather resides on the Tennessee/Alabama border. Learn more about her ten books at www.HeatherLMontgomery.com. Dear Teachers, Photo by Sonya Sones As I wrote Wild Discoveries: Wacky New Animals, I was astounded by how much I learned. As expected, I learned amazing facts about animals and the process of scientifically describing new species, but my knowledge also grew in subjects such as geography, math and language arts. I have developed this unit to share that learning growth with children.
    [Show full text]
  • Poecilia Wingei
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE AKADEMIE VĚD ČR ÚSTAV BIOLOGIE OBRATLOVCŮ, V.V.I. Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Disertační práce Radomil Řežucha ŠKOLITEL: doc. RNDr. MARTIN REICHARD, Ph.D. BRNO 2014 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Školitel: doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Akademie věd ČR Ústav biologie obratlovců, v.v.i. Akademický rok: 2013/2014 Počet stran: 139 Klíčová slova: Pohlavní výběr, alternativní rozmnožovací takti- ky, osobnostní znaky, sociální prostředí, zkuše- nost, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Bibliographic Entry Author: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Dissertation: Personalities, reproductive tactics and sexual selection in fishes Degree Programme: Biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i. Academic Year: 2013/2014 Number of pages: 139 Keywords: Sexual selection, alternative mating tactics, per- sonality traits, social environment, experience, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Abstrakt Vliv osobnostních znaků na alternativní reprodukční taktiky (charakteris- tické typy reprodukčního chování) patří mezi zanedbávané oblasti studia po- hlavního výběru. Současně bývá opomíjen i vliv sociálního prostředí a zkuše- nosti na tyto taktiky, a studium schopnosti jedinců v průběhu námluv mas- kovat své morfologické nedostatky. Jako studovaný systém alternativních rozmnožovacích taktik byl zvolen v přírodě nejběžnější komplex – sneaker × guarder (courter) komplex, popisující teritoriální a neteritoriální role samců.
    [Show full text]
  • Howard Associate Professor of Natural History and Curator Of
    INGI AGNARSSON PH.D. Howard Associate Professor of Natural History and Curator of Invertebrates, Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405-0086 E-mail: [email protected]; Web: http://theridiidae.com/ and http://www.islandbiogeography.org/; Phone: (+1) 802-656-0460 CURRICULUM VITAE SUMMARY PhD: 2004. #Pubs: 138. G-Scholar-H: 42; i10: 103; citations: 6173. New species: 74. Grants: >$2,500,000. PERSONAL Born: Reykjavík, Iceland, 11 January 1971 Citizenship: Icelandic Languages: (speak/read) – Icelandic, English, Spanish; (read) – Danish; (basic) – German PREPARATION University of Akron, Akron, 2007-2008, Postdoctoral researcher. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2005-2007, Postdoctoral researcher. George Washington University, Washington DC, 1998-2004, Ph.D. The University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 1992-1995, B.Sc. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS University of Vermont, Burlington. 2016-present, Associate Professor. University of Vermont, Burlington, 2012-2016, Assistant Professor. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, 2008-2012, Assistant Professor. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 2004-2007, 2010- present. Research Associate. Hubei University, Wuhan, China. Adjunct Professor. 2016-present. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavík, 1995-1998. Researcher (Icelandic invertebrates). Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 1993-1994. Research Assistant (rocky shore ecology). GRANTS Institute of Museum and Library Services (MA-30-19-0642-19), 2019-2021, co-PI ($222,010). Museums for America Award for infrastructure and staff salaries. National Geographic Society (WW-203R-17), 2017-2020, PI ($30,000). Caribbean Caves as biodiversity drivers and natural units for conservation. National Science Foundation (IOS-1656460), 2017-2021: one of four PIs (total award $903,385 thereof $128,259 to UVM).
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Changes in the Web of Epeirotypus Sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) Author(S): William G
    American Arachnological Society Ontogenetic Changes in the Web of Epeirotypus sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) Author(s): William G. Eberhard Source: Journal of Arachnology, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1986), pp. 125-128 Published by: American Arachnological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705562 . Accessed: 07/09/2011 09:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Arachnological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Arachnology. http://www.jstor.org 1986. The Journal of Arachnology 14:125 Suzuki, S. 1976a. Cytotaxonomy in some species of the genus Leiobunum (Opiliones, Arachnida). Proc. Japan Acad., 52:134-136. Suzuki, S. 1976b. The genus Leiobunum C. L. Koch of Japan and adjacent countries (Leiobunidae, Opiliones, Arachnida). J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 1, 26:187-260. Tsurusaki, N. 1982. Chromosomes of the Japanese gagrellid, Paraumbogrella huzitai Suzuki (Gagrellidae, Opiliones, Arachnida). Bull. British Arachnol. Soc, 5:397-398. Tsurusaki, N. 1985. Taxonomic revision of the Leiobunum curvipalpe-group (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangiidae). I. hikocola-, hiasai-, kohyai-, and platypenis- subgroups. J. Fac Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. VI, Zool., 24:1-42. Nobuo Tsurusaki, Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan and Robert G.
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Evolutionary Transitions in Changing Photic Environments
    bs_bs_banner Austral Entomology (2017) 56,23–46 Review Consequences of evolutionary transitions in changing photic environments Simon M Tierney,1* Markus Friedrich,2,3 William F Humphreys,1,4,5 Therésa M Jones,6 Eric J Warrant7 and William T Wcislo8 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. 2Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. 3Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. 4Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia. 5School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. 6Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia. 7Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. 8Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá. Abstract Light represents one of the most reliable environmental cues in the biological world. In this review we focus on the evolutionary consequences to changes in organismal photic environments, with a specific focus on the class Insecta. Particular emphasis is placed on transitional forms that can be used to track the evolution from (1) diurnal to nocturnal (dim-light) or (2) surface to subterranean (aphotic) environments, as well as (3) the ecological encroachment of anthropomorphic light on nocturnal habitats (artificial light at night). We explore the influence of the light environment in an integrated manner, highlighting the connections between phenotypic adaptations (behaviour, morphology, neurology and endocrinology), molecular genetics and their combined influence on organismal fitness.
    [Show full text]
  • Cribellum and Calamistrum Ontogeny in the Spider Family Uloboridae: Linking Functionally Related but Sbparate Silk Spinning Features
    2OOl. The Journal of Arachnology 29:22O-226 CRIBELLUM AND CALAMISTRUM ONTOGENY IN THE SPIDER FAMILY ULOBORIDAE: LINKING FUNCTIONALLY RELATED BUT SBPARATE SILK SPINNING FEATURES Brent D. Opelt: Department of BioLogy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA ABSTRACT. The fourth metatarsusof cribellatespiders bears a setal comb, the calamistrum,that sweeps over the cribellum, drawing fibrils from its spigots and helping to combine these with the capture thread's supporting fibers. In four uloborid species (Hyptiotes cavatus, Miagrammopes animotus, Octonoba sinensis, Uloborus glomosus), calamistrum length and cribellum width have similar developmental trajec- tories, despite being borne on different regions of the body. In contrast, developmental rates of metatarsus IV and its calamistrum differ within species and vary independently among species. Thus, the growth rates of metatarsus IV and the calamistrum are not coupled, freeing calamistrum length to track cribellum width and metatarsus IV length to respond to changes in such features as combing behavior and abdomen dimensions. Keywords: Cribellar thread, Hyptiotes cavatus, Miagrammopes animotus, Octonoba sinensis, Ulobortts glomosus Members of the family Uloboridae produce ond instars (Opell 1979). However, their cri- cribellar prey capture threads formed of a bella and calamistra are not functional until sheath of fine, looped fibrils that surround par- they molt again to become third instars. Sec- acribellar and axial supporting fibers (Eber- ond instar orb-weaving uloborid species pro- hard & Pereira 1993: Opell 1990, 1994, 1995, duce a juvenile web that lacks a sticky spiral 1996, 1999: Peters 1983, 1984, 1986). Cri- and has many closely spaced radii (Lubin bellar fibrils come from the spigots of an oval 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Notes on Amaurobius (Araneae: Amaurobiidae), Including the Description of a New Species
    Zootaxa 4718 (1): 047–056 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5F484F4E-28C2-44E4-B646-58CBF375C4C9 Taxonomic notes on Amaurobius (Araneae: Amaurobiidae), including the description of a new species YURI M. MARUSIK1,2, S. OTTO3 & G. JAPOSHVILI4,5 1Institute for Biological Problems of the North RAS, Portovaya Str. 18, Magadan, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 3GutsMuthsstr. 42, 04177 Leipzig, Germany. 4Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Agmashenebeli Alley 13 km, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia 5Invertebrate Research Center, Tetrtsklebi, Telavi municipality 2200, Georgia 6Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species, Amaurobius caucasicus sp. n., is described based on the holotype male and two male paratypes from Eastern Georgia. A similar species, A. hercegovinensis Kulczyński, 1915, known only from the original description is redescribed. The taxonomic status of Amaurobius species considered as nomina dubia and species described outside the Holarctic are also assessed. Amaurobius koponeni Marusik, Ballarin & Omelko, 2012, syn. n. described from northern India is a junior synonym of A. jugorum L. Koch, 1868 and Amaurobius yanoianus Nakatsudi, 1943, syn. n. described from Micronesia is synonymised with the titanoecid species Pandava laminata (Thorell, 1878) a species known from Eastern Africa to Polynesia. Considerable size variation in A. antipovae Marusik et Kovblyuk, 2004 is briefly discussed. Key words: Aranei, Asia, Caucasus, Georgia, Kakheti, misplaced, new synonym, nomen dubium, redescription Introduction Amaurobius C.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic and Family Transfers, and Nomina Dubia for Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Araneidae) in the Australasian, Oriental and Pacific Regions
    Evolutionary Systematics 3 2019, 1–27 | DOI 10.3897/evolsyst.3.33454 Generic and family transfers, and nomina dubia for orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae) in the Australasian, Oriental and Pacific regions Volker W. Framenau1,2,3 1 Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia 2 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia 6103, Australia 3 Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany http://zoobank.org/C7DB2091-FB54-40E8-BDC2-7C92F218D53F Corresponding author: Volker W. Framenau ([email protected]) Abstract Received 29 January 2019 Accepted 28 March 2019 As part of a current revision of the Australasian and Pacific orb-weaving spider fauna (family Published 16 April 2019 Araneidae Clerck, 1757), a number new combinations are proposed in the genera Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 (3 species), Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 (1 species), Cyclosa Menge, 1866 (5 Academic editor: species), and Neoscona Simon, 1864 (7 species): Acroaspis lancearia (Keyserling, 1887), Danilo Harms comb. n., A. mamillana (Keyserling, 1887), comb. n., A. scutifer (Keyserling, 1886), comb. n., Carepalxis furcifera (Keyserling, 1886), comb. n.; Cyclosa anatipes (Keyserling, 1887), comb. n.; Cyclosa apoblepta (Rainbow, 1916), comb. n.; Cyclosa argentaria (Rainbow, Key Words 1916), comb. n.; Cyclosa lichensis (Rainbow, 1916), comb. n.; Cyclosa poweri (Rainbow, 1916), comb. n.; Neoscona decolor (L. Koch, 1871), comb. n.; Neoscona enucleata (Karsch, Theridiidae 1879), comb. n.; Neoscona flavopunctata (L. Koch, 1871), comb. n.; Neoscona floriata Australia (Hogg, 1914), comb. n.; Neoscona granti (Hogg, 1914), comb. n.; Neoscona inusta (L. W. J. Rainbow Koch, 1871), comb. n.; and Neoscona notanda (Rainbow, 1912), comb.
    [Show full text]
  • \0-9\0 and X ... \0-9\0 Grad Nord ... \0-9\0013 ... \0-9\007 Car Chase ... \0-9\1 X 1 Kampf ... \0-9\1, 2, 3
    ... \0-9\0 and X ... \0-9\0 Grad Nord ... \0-9\0013 ... \0-9\007 Car Chase ... \0-9\1 x 1 Kampf ... \0-9\1, 2, 3 ... \0-9\1,000,000 ... \0-9\10 Pin ... \0-9\10... Knockout! ... \0-9\100 Meter Dash ... \0-9\100 Mile Race ... \0-9\100,000 Pyramid, The ... \0-9\1000 Miglia Volume I - 1927-1933 ... \0-9\1000 Miler ... \0-9\1000 Miler v2.0 ... \0-9\1000 Miles ... \0-9\10000 Meters ... \0-9\10-Pin Bowling ... \0-9\10th Frame_001 ... \0-9\10th Frame_002 ... \0-9\1-3-5-7 ... \0-9\14-15 Puzzle, The ... \0-9\15 Pietnastka ... \0-9\15 Solitaire ... \0-9\15-Puzzle, The ... \0-9\17 und 04 ... \0-9\17 und 4 ... \0-9\17+4_001 ... \0-9\17+4_002 ... \0-9\17+4_003 ... \0-9\17+4_004 ... \0-9\1789 ... \0-9\18 Uhren ... \0-9\180 ... \0-9\19 Part One - Boot Camp ... \0-9\1942_001 ... \0-9\1942_002 ... \0-9\1942_003 ... \0-9\1943 - One Year After ... \0-9\1943 - The Battle of Midway ... \0-9\1944 ... \0-9\1948 ... \0-9\1985 ... \0-9\1985 - The Day After ... \0-9\1991 World Cup Knockout, The ... \0-9\1994 - Ten Years After ... \0-9\1st Division Manager ... \0-9\2 Worms War ... \0-9\20 Tons ... \0-9\20.000 Meilen unter dem Meer ... \0-9\2001 ... \0-9\2010 ... \0-9\21 ... \0-9\2112 - The Battle for Planet Earth ... \0-9\221B Baker Street ... \0-9\23 Matches ..
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]
  • Tom Mitchell of the Soledad
    TOM MITCHELL OF THE SOLEDAD {$obson 9iluer cn u rbrurun blue brtueen h ' T'.,i 1?',-i;fr ,lil,i :TJ ;', i:'"' Henry Hobson was the maternal gtandfather of Colonel Miles Cary who was Tom Mitchell's 6'h great grandfather. He was a prominent citizen of Bristol England. In the earlv 1600s Bristol was one of England's latgest seaports. The tecords of Bristol show that Henry Hobson served as mayor and as an alderman of that city. His will and his funeral certificate ftom the College of Arms provided additional information for this summary'. Henry Hobson died on 27 March 1635. He was a well-to-do innkeeper. I. Henry Hobson mamied Alice davis, daughtet of William Davis of the "Cittie of Bristol" Henry and Alice had three children. i. William Hobsofl,"who hath borne the office of Shreiff of Bristol married Margaret Colston, daughtet of William Colston of the said Cittie, merchant." ii. Alice Hobson, ye eldest daughter of the said Henry Hobson, maried to John Cary, sonne of William Cary, Alderman of the said Cittie. She was willed her father's license to sell wine in Bristol. iii. Anne Hobson, "his youngest daughter, married to Thomas Jackson, Marchant, late one of the Shreiffs of said Cittie". IL V/illiam Hobson was most likely an inn keeper like his fathet His father did not bequeath any special property to I7illiam other than his scarlet gown. He gave a "massuage", dwelling place, to each of his daughtets. It is possible that Henry had given William his share of his inheritance before his death.
    [Show full text]