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Cribellum and Calamistrum Ontogeny in the Spider Family Uloboridae: Linking Functionally Related but Sbparate Silk Spinning Features

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2OOl. The Journal of Arachnology 29:22O-226 CRIBELLUM AND CALAMISTRUM ONTOGENY IN THE SPIDER FAMILY ULOBORIDAE: LINKING FUNCTIONALLY RELATED BUT SBPARATE SILK SPINNING FEATURES Brent D. Opelt: Department of BioLogy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA ABSTRACT. The fourth metatarsusof cribellatespiders bears a setal comb, the calamistrum,that sweeps over the cribellum, drawing fibrils from its spigots and helping to combine these with the capture thread's supporting fibers. In four uloborid species (Hyptiotes cavatus, Miagrammopes animotus, Octonoba sinensis, Uloborus glomosus), calamistrum length and cribellum width have similar developmental trajec- tories, despite being borne on different regions of the body. In contrast, developmental rates of metatarsus IV and its calamistrum differ within species and vary independently among species. Thus, the growth rates of metatarsus IV and the calamistrum are not coupled, freeing calamistrum length to track cribellum width and metatarsus IV length to respond to changes in such features as combing behavior and abdomen dimensions. Keywords: Cribellar thread, Hyptiotes cavatus, Miagrammopes animotus, Octonoba sinensis, Ulobortts glomosus Members of the family Uloboridae produce ond instars (Opell 1979). However, their cri- cribellar prey capture threads formed of a bella and calamistra are not functional until sheath of fine, looped fibrils that surround par- they molt again to become third instars. Sec- acribellar and axial supporting fibers (Eber- ond instar orb-weaving uloborid species pro- hard & Pereira 1993: Opell 1990, 1994, 1995, duce a juvenile web that lacks a sticky spiral 1996, 1999: Peters 1983, 1984, 1986). Cri- and has many closely spaced radii (Lubin bellar fibrils come from the spigots of an oval 1986). Members of the triangle-web genus spinning field termed the cribellum (Fig. l; Hyptiotes Walckenaer 1837 and the simple- Kovoor & Peters 1988; Opell 1994, 1999), lo- web genus Miagrammopes O. Pickard-Cam- cated on the ventral surface of the spider's ab- bridge 1869 do not construct capture webs un- domen, just anterior to its spinnerets. These til they become third instars. After emerging fibrils are drawn from cribellar spigots by the from the egg sac, second instar Hyptiotes rest calamistrum, a setal comb that is formed of a on vegetation (OpeII 1982a, b), whereas Mia- single row of long, slender, curved setae that grammopes cling to the outer surface of their extends along the proximal l/zJ/z of both cylindrical egg sac, which is still held by the fourth metatarsi (Fig. 2; Kullmann & Stern female (Lubin, et al. 1978; Opell 2001). When 1981; Opell 1979; Peters 1983, 1984). When spiders mature as sixth instars (Berland 1914;. drawing fibrils from the cribellum, uloborids Opell 1982a, 1987), females retain a function- brace the tarsus of the combing leg on the al cribellum and calamistrum, but males do metatarsus of the opposite fourth leg (Eber- not (Opell 1989, 1995). hard 1988; Opell 1979: Peters 1984). Left and Complementary structures like the cribel- right legs are used alternately in short, vig- lum and calamistrum must develop in consort orous bouts of combing (Eberhard 1988) and if they are to function throughout a spider's the resulting sheet of fibrils is compressed life. As the cribellum is borne on the abdomen around supporting fibers by adductions of the and the calamistrum on the fourth legs, this posterior lateral spinnerets (Peters 1984). requires a convergence in the developmental In members of the family Uloboridae, spi- rates of structures on different body regions. derlings hatch from eggs, molt once within the If the growth rates of the calamistrum and egg sac, and emerge from the egg sac as sec- metatarsus IV are linked, then both must de- 220 OPELL-CRIBELLUM,t AND CALAMISTRUM ONTOGENY T i J Figures 1,2.---Ihe cribellum (Fig. 1, scale bar : 150 pm), and calamistrum (Fig.2, scale bar : 250 pm) of an adult female Miagrammopes animotus. velop at a rate that equals or exceeds that of Tech campus in Montgomery County, Virgin- cribellum width. If these structures develop at ia during the spring and summer of 1989. Oc- different rates, then only calamistrum length tonoba sinensis is an introduced Asian spe- must increase at a rate that equals or exceeds cies. I collected 79 individuals (17 of which that of cribellum width. I hypothesize that the were adults) in greenhouses on the Virginia latter occurs, as this would not compromise Tech campus during the spring and summer of other fourth leg functions or require compen- 1989. I collected 136 H. cavatus (31 of which satory changes in the lengths of other fourth were adult) from Giles and Montgomery leg articles. Counties, Virginia during the spring and sum- I tested this hypothesis by comparing the mer of 1990. I collected 190 M. animotus (77 developmental rates of structures within the of which were female) from the Center for orb-weaving species Uloborus glomosus Energy and Environment Research's El Verde (Walckenaer 1841) and Octonoba sinensis (Si- Research Station, Luquillo National Forest, mon 1880) and the reduced-web species Hyp- Puerto Rico during the summer of 1990. Only tiotes cavatus (Hentz l84l) and Miagram- one species of each genus was present at each mopes animotus Chickering 1968. The orb is locality, so there were no problems in deter- the plesiomorphic web form in the Uloboridae mining the species of juvenile specimens. All and the triangle-web and simple-web are de- instars of M. animotus were present at the rived forms (Coddington 1990; Opell 1979). same time. Successive instars of the other spe- METHODS cies were collected as they appeared during I collected lO2 U. glomosus (39 of which the spring and summer. These species were were adult) from shrubbery on the Virginia identified using the revisions of Chickering 222 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY 1400 Y=0.94X-289 R2=0.97P=0.0001 metatarsus 1200 Y=0.491X-162 R2=0.95P=0.0001 Y =O.444X-144 E 1000 R2=0.94P=0.0001 a e +t calamistrum p 800 = B oL c e 600 cribellum +t o) tr o l lr J 400 200 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 CarapaceLength Im Figure 3.-Regressions of metatarsus lV length, calamistrum length, and cribellum width against car- apace length in Uloborus glomosus. Sample size : 102. (1968), Muma & Gertsch (1964), and Opell RESULTS (1919). Voucher specimens are deposited in Figures 3-6 plot cribellum, calamistrum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology. and metatarsus IV lengths against carapace Specimens were preserved in 8O7o ethanol. length in the four species studied. Each of I measured the carapace length of each spider these regressions is significant (F : 584- under a dissecting microscope. Each speci- 2951, P : 0.0001). As reflected by R' values, men's cribellum and fourth leg were then re- the variance moved and mounted in water soluble medium of these features is greater in H. cavatus and M. animotus under a cover slip on a microscope slide. Us- than it is in U. glo- ing a compound microscope, I measured cri- mosLts and O. sinensis. This may be the result bellum width, fourth metatarsus length, and of measurement precision, as H. cavatus and calamistrum length. All features were mea- M. animotus are smaller than U. glontosus and sured to at least the nearest 20 pm. I measured O. sinensis. However, the smaller values of calamistrum length as the distance separating the axes of H. cavatus and M. animotus (Figs. the proximal- and distal-most setal bases. This 5, 6) tend to exaggerate the scatter of these approach eliminates problems associated with species' points. Homogeneity tests show that, missing setae and it does not make any as- for each species, the slope of calamistrum sumptions about the deflection of calamistrum length exceeds that of cribellum width (F : setae during cribellar fibril combing. Statisti- 8.77-80.58. P : 0.0034-0.0001) and the cal tests were performed with SAS (SAS In- slope of metatarsus IV length exceeds that of stitute Inc., Cary, North Carolina). P values of calamistrum length (F : 17.45-482.3O, P : <0.05 were considered significant. 0.0001). In M. animotus the intercepts of cri- bellum width and calamistrum length differ (r OPELL-CRIBELLUM AND CALAMISTRUM ONTOGENY 223 A A: Y=0.978X-273 2000 R2=0.95 P=0.0001 metatarsus 1800 Y=0.464X-109 R2=0.95 P=0.0001 1600 Y=0.354X-75 R2=0.89 P=0.0001 E 1400 a e calamistrum f 1200 T' = 1000 L ^/r o A F 800 cribellum +rcn c o J 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 CarapaceLength lm Figure 4.-Regressions of metatarsus IV length, calamistrum length, and cribellum width against car- apace length in Octonoba sinensis. Sample size : 79. : 2.558, P : 0.015), but in the other three mosus and O. sinensis do not differ (F : 2.6O, species they do not (r : O.993-1.698, P : P : 0.109). The slope of U. glomosus (the 0.100-0.285). Thus, in each species, calam- smaller of these values) is less than that of H. istrum length and cribellum width are initially cavatus (F : 11.94, P : 0.0007) and greater very similar, but calamistrum length increases than that of M. animotus (F : 11.69, P : more rapidly than cribellum width. 0.0007). The metatarsus IV of H. cavatus has Tests of the homogeneity of the regression a slope that is 0.229 less than that of U. glo- slopes of metatarsus IV show the slopes of U. mosus, but its calamistrum has a slope that is glomosus and O. sinensis do not differ (F : 0.066 greater.
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    1999. The Journal of Arachnology 27:53-63 aTOWARDS A PHYLOGENY OF ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE) Charles E. Griswold1, Jonathan A. Coddington2, Norman I. Platnick3 and Raymond R. Forster4: 'Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 USA; 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA; 3Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA; 4McMasters Road, R.D. 1, Saddle Hill, Dunedin, New Zealand ABSTRACT. We propose a phylogeny for all entelegyne families with cribellate members based on a matrix of 137 characters scored for 43 exemplar taxa and analyzed under parsimony. The cladogram confirms the monophyly of Neocribellatae, Araneoclada, Entelegynae, and Orbiculariae. Lycosoidea, Amaurobiidae and some included subfamilies, Dictynoidea, and Amaurobioidea (sensu Forster & Wilton 1973) are polyphyletic. Phyxelidinae Lehtinen is raised to family level (Phyxelididae, NEW RANK). The family Zorocratidae Dahl 1913 is revalidated. A group including all entelegynes other than Eresoidea is weakly supported as the sister group of Orbiculariae. The true spiders or Araneomorphae (ara- Raven (1985) and Goloboff (1993a) for My- neae verae of Simon 1892) comprise more galomorphae (15 families); Coddington (1986, than 30,000 described species. The classifi- 1990a, b) for Orbiculariae (13 families) and cation of this group has undergone a revolu- Entelegynae; Platnick et al. (1991) on haplo- tion in the last 30 years, sparked by Lehtinen's gynes (17 families) and Araneomorphae; Gris- (1967) comprehensive reassessment of ara- wold et al. (1994, 1998) for Araneoidea (12 neomorph relationships and steered by Hen- families), and Griswold (1993) for Lycosoidea nig's phylogenetic systematics (Hennig 1966; and related families (11 families).
  • A New Deinopoid Spider from Cretaceous Lebanese Amber

    A New Deinopoid Spider from Cretaceous Lebanese Amber

    A new deinopoid spider from Cretaceous Lebanese amber DAVID PENNEY Penney, D. 2003. A new deinopoid spider from Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (4): 569–574. Palaeomicromenneus lebanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Araneae: Deinopidae) is described from Upper Neocomian–basal Lower Aptian (ca. 125–135 Ma) Cretaceous amber from the Hammana/Mdeyrij outcrop, Lebanon. This is the oldest known, and possibly the first true fossil, deinopid. The lack of ocular modifications in the new fossil genus does not ex− clude it from having exhibited the same net−casting prey capture behaviour as extant deinopids. Alternatively, this prey−capture behaviour may be highly derived and whether it had evolved by the Early Cretaceous cannot be determined for sure; early deinopids (as diagnosed by pedipalp morphology rather than behaviour) may have been orb−web weavers as is their sister taxon the Uloboridae. Key words: Araneae, Deinopidae, Cretaceous, Lebanon, spiders. David Penney [[email protected]], Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Introduction ture, which consists of holding a small, rectangular miniature orb−web in their long anterior legs and swinging this at their Lebanese amber deposits date from the Early Cretaceous (up− prey, and the latter because of their enlarged posterior median per Neocomian–basal Lower Aptian, c. 125–135 Ma) and eyes (Fig. 1) which facilitate this predatory behaviour in low contain the oldest known arthropod inclusions of any fossil light conditions. Uloboridae, commonly called feather−legged resin. The amber was produced by the coniferous tree Agathis spiders, construct complete orb webs (subfamily Uloborinae) levantensis (Araucariaceae) in a tropical–subtropical forest or reduced orb webs ranging from a triangular section (sub− (Lambert et al.