J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 74-92, 2020 http://www.innspub.net

RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Diversity, distribution and uses of threatened ethno-medicinal plants of

Hirom Dolendro Singh*1, D S Ningombam2, Limasenla1

1Department of Botany, University, Lumami, 2Department of Botany, Jadonang Memorial College, Noney, Manipur, India

Article published on September 30, 2020

Key words: Threatened, Diversity, Ethno-medicinal, Ethno-botanical, Conservation status, Habitat destruction

Abstract Survey and documentation of threatened ethno-medicinal plants used by the different communities residing in Manipur was carried out for their diversity, distribution, threats and conservation status in Manipur. A total of 52 taxa belonging to 33 families were collected represents by Herbs 18 species, Tree 14 species, Climber and Shrubs 7 species each, Orchid by 4 species and Creeper by 2 species. Information on ethno-medicinal and ethno- botanical uses was collected from the informants at various studied sites and also by personal observations. Leaf represents the most used plant part with 9 species and 17 different modes of preparation in which the maximum was found in the decoction by 25 species. It was also recorded that 7 medicinal plants were used by majority of the communities where as others species were used only by some particular communities. The different primary health ailments used are respiratory, gastrointestinal complaints, orthopaedic problems, diabetes, dermatological problems, urology problems, snake and dog bites. The maximum species occurrence of the species was found in the elevation below 1200 metres above sea level. The major threats are over-exploitation and habitat destruction. Regarding the conservation status it was assessed that Vulnerable species (VU) is represented by 21 species, followed by Near threatened (NT) species with 20 species, Endangered (EN) by 9 species, Least Concern (LC) and Critically Endangered (CR) represented by 1 species each. The present study findings shows that immediate awareness programme is needed for all stakeholders which are directly associated with the threatened ethno-medicinal plants of Manipur.

*Corresponding Author: Hirom Dolendro Singh  [email protected]

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Introduction used by the Mongsang tribe; Singson et al. (2016) The state of Manipur lies in the north-easternmost part about the home remedial plants used by Thadou Kuki of the Indian sub-continent which falls under the Indo- tribe and Yuhlung & Bhattacharyya 2016, about the Burma Region (IBR), one of the biodiversity hot spots of indigenous medicinal plants used by Maring tribe of the globe (Myers et al., 2000). It stretches between Manipur. 92°2´E to 93°6´E Longitudes and 23°50´N to 25°41´N Latitudes with a total geographical area of 22,327km2 at The Indo- hotspot is one of the most an elevation from 390m to 2994m above sea level. It is threatened hotspots globally. It ranks among the eight bounded, on the east by Myanmar, west by Cachar hills hotspots likely to lose most plants and vertebrates as of , north by Nagaland and south by Chin Hills of a result of forest loss continuing at its current rate Myanmar and . (Brooks et al., 2002). The Eastern Himalaya, which includes Manipur, has a high plant endemism. The rich diversity of plants of the state originates Habitat degradation, forest fires, unsustainable from the variations in the climatic, altitudes and harvesting and over-exploitation led to the edaphic factors. The flora of the state is blessed with declination of the medicinal plant species. nearly 4000 angiospermic plant species and with Regarding, the threatened ethno-medicinal plants richest repositories of medicinal and aromatic plants Singh & Singh, 2009 reported 14 endangered species which have a long age intrinsic relationship between of medicinal importance available in the various ethnic communities residing in Manipur. from Manipur. Nayar & Sastry 1987-88 reported 15

species in the Checklist of threatened plants of The communities in the state used these medicinal Manipur. Mao & Gogoi, 2016 also reported 333 plants for the treatment of various primary health care species belonging to 236 genera and 119 families from ailments. There have been many published reports in Dzukou valley which includes several threatened Manipur by several authors as Sinha, 1996 reported plants. The present authors (Singh et al., 2017) also medicinal plants used by the communities in Manipur; reported 18 ethno-medicinal plants belonging to 16 Singh et al., 2003 also reported medicinal plants used families and 16 genera in the sub alpine areas of by the different communities in Manipur; Singh & and Dzukou valley of district and Sundriyal, 2003 about the traditional medicinal system districts of Manipur. Mao & Deori in 2018 of ethnic groups of Manipur; Singh & Singh 2003 reported 407 species under 95 genera of orchids from about ethno-medico plants of Meitei community; Manipur which also includes threatened species. Ved Khumbongmayum et al., 2005 about the ethno- et al., 2018 including (present authors) conducted the medicinal plants in sacred grooves of Manipur; Ahmed Conservation assessment and management & Singh, 2007about traditional medicinal knowledge of prioritization for medicinal plants of Manipur Muslim community; Singh 2009 about the medicinal (CAMP), which studied 43 species in which 3 were plants used in Manipur; Salam et al., 2009 about Critically Endangered, 17 were Endangered, 11 species medicinal plants of tribe of Ukhrul were Vulnerable, 7 were Near Threatened, 1 was Least district; Pfoze et al., 2011 about the wild edible plants Concern and 4 were Data Deficient was assessed. of ; Salam et al., 2011 about ethno- medicinal plants of Tangkhul Naga tribe; Konsam & The pressure on the wild population of the medicinal Choudhury 2012, about ethno-medicinal plants used plants has increased manifold due to habitat by Kuki tribes; Lokho A. 2012, about the folk medicinal destruction, forest fires and shifting cultivation along plants of tribe; Ningombam et al., 2014 of with the overexploitation from wild for causes various about the ethno-medicinal plants of Meitei community; threats. The conservation and management of Devi et al., 2015 about the wild medicinal plants of hill threatened species have become an important issue for districts of Manipur; Devi et al., 2016 about the plants the state.

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Till now there no complete comprehensive reports pangals (Muslims), Nagas tribes (, about the threatened ethno-medicinal regarding their Rongmei, Kabui, Liangmei, Zemei, Tangkhul, Mao, distribution, status, habitat, ecology, appropriate Maram, Maring and Tarao. Anal, Kom and Thangal conservation measures and its uses by the different etc). and Kuki or Chins group tribes (Gangte, Hmar, communities residing in Manipur. Paite, Thadou, Vaiphei, Zou, Aimol, Chiru, Koireng, Kom, Anal, Chothe, Lamgang, Koirao, Thangal, Moyon Considering the above aspects, the present study is an and Monsang, Paite, Zou, and Vaiphei etc). The attempt to evaluate the diversity, habitat, distribution Scheduled caste consists of Yaithibi, Lois, Dhobi, pattern, conservation status of the threatened ethno- Muchi or Robidas, Namsudra, Patni and Sutradhar medicinal plants. Secondly, it also aims at residing in few pockets of the state. The valley districts documenting ethno-medicinal uses of the species by is inhabited mainly by Meitei’s, Manipuri Muslims and the different communities, part use, mode of scheduled tribes which constitutes about 53.71% administration, types of primary ailments and its whereas the hilly districts is inhibited by the tribal’s ethno botanical uses. Moreover, the environmental communities which constitutes about 8.32% of the factors like soil, elevation, temperature, humidity, total population of the state. rainfall and forest types of each individual plant were recorded to provide an base line data for policy Survey, sampling and documentation of traditional makers, stakeholders and concerned authorities to knowledge take up necessary conservation measures. Extensive and intensive surveys were conducted from 2016 to 2019 throughout the whole state of Manipur Materials and methods for the occurrence of the threatened ethno-medicinal Study Area plants species based on literature-guided and earlier The study area is based on its structure, topography, reports. Field site data on geographical coordinates, geomorphic process and socio-economic development soils, habitat, elevation, humidity, temperature, can be divided into two physiographic divisions. The ecological peculiarities, forest types and threats were Manipur hills and mountains, which surrounded the also recorded. Regarding plant data information valley occupies about 20,089km2 consisting about reading habitat, distribution pattern, population, 90% of the total land area of the state and the community association and others aspects will be Manipur valley occupies 2,238km2 consisting about recorded as per (Simpson 2006). 10% of the total area of the state. Out of this about

550km2 is covered by lakes or wetlands and isolated Ethno-medicinal documentation was conducted by hillocks. Among the 16 districts of the state, 10 are hill visiting the herbal practitioners, traditional healers, districts and 6 are valley districts. The climate of the birth attendant and elders using semi structured state is of four types Winter season (December to questionnaires at the field site or species occurrence February), Summer season (march – May), Rainy area. Information regarding informant identity, plant season (June to September) and Retreating monsoon diversity, local name, parts use, mode of (October to November). The monthly mean administration, primary health ailments and ethno- temperature ranges from 3oC to 34oC, with an average botanical uses were collected. Moreover, information rainfall of 1mm to 365.7mm. The relative humidity of regarding the mode of collection methods, threats, the state ranges from 41.5% to 93.9%. Geologically, conservation aspects was also recorded. For the soils are of laterite red soil, non-laterite soil, old alluvial soils and new alluvial soil types. authentication of the data the authors along with traditional healers visited the area for details study. Demographic structure Based on their traditions, customs, language, religions Conservation status of ethno-medicinal plants and cultural landscape the Manipur ethnic groups can The collected information regarding plant data and be grouped into four major communities Meitei, Meitei field data of the threatened ethno-medicinal plants

76 | Singh et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020 were used for analysis. Others information including sps) follows by Tree (14 spp.), Climber and Shrubs global distribution, population reduction, extent of (7spp. each), Orchid (4 spp.), and Creeper (2spp.).

occurrence, area of occupancy, threats (forest fires, habitat destruction, deforestation, overexploitation etc.) were considered. Based on the above data, 33 species out of the 52 species collected were categorized into Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT) and Least Concern (LC) following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012) Version 3.1. of were assessed.

As the author’s had already assessed the remaining 19 species viz. Aconitum elwesii Stapf. , Aconitum nagarum Stapf., Canarium strictum Roxb., Curcuma caesia Roxb., Dendrobium denudans D. Don, Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Garcinia pedunculata Fig. 1. Fig. showing the habit of the threatened Roxb., Hedychium spicatum Sm., Hippochaete debilis ethno-medicinal plants of Manipur.

(Roxb. ex Vaucher) Ching, Homalomena aromatic A total of 33 plant families were recorded in which the (Spreng.) Schott., Litsea cubeba (Lour) Pers. maximum of 4 species was recorded in the Homalomena aromatic, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz., Orchidaceae and Araliaceae, followed by 3 species in Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall., Paris polyphylla Sm., Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae and Quercus lamellose Sm., Rubia cordifolia L., Smilax Lauraceae, 2 species each was recorded from ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don, Taxus wallichiana Zucc and Begoniaceae, Leguminosae, Phyllanthaceae, Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. In the (CAMP) Piperaceae and Rubiaceae. The remaining 22 species workshop of Conservation assessment and was represented by each family namely: Araceae, management prioritization for medicinal plants of Berberidaceae, Burseraceae, Clusiaceae, Compositae, Manipur (Ved et al., 2018), these species were excluded Equisetaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Gentianaceae, and assigned the same conservation status category. Hydrangeaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Identification and authenticating of the taxa were Pentaphylacaceae, Plantaginaceae, Salicaceae, made referring published literatures of Deb (1961 Smilacaceae, Taxaceae and Vitaceae. a,b), Singh et al., 2003, Mao & Gogoi 2016 and Mao & Deori 2018.The botanical names were updated using Utilization pattern www.theplantlist.org. The collected voucher Regarding the part used of the ethno-medicinal plants specimens are prepared and deposited for inclusion collected from Manipur, it was recorded that the in the herbaria of Department of Botany, Nagaland maximum recorded in leaf by 9 species, follows by University, Lumami, India. whole plant represented by 8 species, root with 6 species, rhizome 6 species, fruit by 5 species, tuber by Result 3 species, bark by 2 species, pseudo bulb, resin, seed Species diversity and young shoots are represented by one species A total of 52 species of threatened ethno-medicinal each. The multiple parts used were represented by 7 plants were recorded from Manipur. The maximum species were also recorded which is depicted in the ethno-medicinal species was recorded in Herbs (18 table given below.

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Table 1. Table showing the Ethno-medicinal and Ethno-botanical uses of Manipur. Ethno medicinal uses Ethno-botanical SL Species Family/Local name Mode of Community Part Use Ailment uses administration Naga tribe used the Aconitum elwesii Ranunculaceae/ Pounded and Abdominal pain root paste for Tangkhul, Mao, 1 Root Stapf. Nuishiwon (Tangkhul) paste and febrifuge poisoning arrow Maram head. Naga tribe used the Tangkhul, Mao- Aconitum Ranunculaceae/ Pounded and root paste for Maram, Maring, 2 Root Arthritis. nagarum Stapf. Khawari (Tangkhul) paste poisoning arrow Poumai, Angami, head. Hmar Dried stem bark is powdered and used Chakpa, Meitei, Albizia Leguminosae /Yanglee Root and Pounded and Dermatological as starrer in the Tangkhul, 3 myriophylla (Chakpa, Meitei) Bark mixed in water problems. preparation of Rongmei, Benth traditional Monsang, Vaiphei beverages Skin to reduce The fruit is generally Amoora rohituka bleeding and eaten and it is also a Meitei, Rongmei, Meliaceae / Heirangoi Juice and 4 (Roxb.) Wight Fruits minor abrasions culturally important Tangkhul, Anal, (Meitei) decoction and Am. and Liver plant for Meitei Mao problems community. Begonia Rongmei,Tangkh adscendens C.B. Begoniaceae / Banhang Whole Stomach pain 5 Decoction ul, Poumai, Clarke (Rongmei) plant and dysentery Nil Thangal, Maram

Used in making Brassaiopsis traditional bodinieri (H. Araliacea / Chom Meitei , Liangmei, 6 Leaves Decoction Diabetes harvesting tools for Leveille) J. Wen & (Meitei) Tangkhul paddy harvesting of Lowry Meitei community Bulbophyllum Orchidaceae / Cuts and Paite, Tangkhul, 7 cylindraceum Bulb Paste Used as wild Leishiwon (Tangkhul) wounds Mao, Maring Lindley ornamental plant The dried gum Canarium Burseraceae / Mekruk Resin is powdered is used as 8 Resin Rheumatism. Common strictum Roxb. beraw (Meitei) lukewarm agarbati by the Meitei community. Cinnamomum Lauraceae / Usingsha Respiratory The bark is used as 9 Bark Decoction Common verum J. Presl. (Meitei) problems spices Urinary bladder Used as wild edible Vitaceae / and kidney 10 Cissus javana DC. Leaves Decoction plant by different Commonly Kongouyenlaba (Meitei) stones as home communities remedy The peel is used as Citrus Rutaceae / Heiribob Urinary bladder condiment for fish Meitei, Rongmei, 11 macroptera (Meitei); Heiripok Fruits Infusion and kidney and meat culinary Mizo, Tangkhul Mont. (Tangkhul) stones items Rhizomes are used as spices and Curcuma amada Zingiberaceae / Yai 12 Rhizome Infusion Diabetes condiment and also Commonly (Roxb) Heinouman (Meitei) used as flavouring for pickles. Bronchitis, Used as culturally Curcuma caesia Zingiberaceae / Yaimu Meitei, Kabui, Zee 13 Rhizome Decoction cough and important plant for Roxb. (Meitei) , Maring bruises. Meitei community. Tangkhul, Paite, Dendrobium Orchidaceae / Iyonglei Cuts and Used as wild Thadou, 14 aphyllum (Roxb.) (Meitei); Saheikungal Rhizome Extract wounds ornamental plant Monsang, C.E.C.Fisch. (Thadou) Kabuitribes Dendrobium Orchidaceae / Whole Used as wild Tangkhul, 15 Decoction Stomach ulcers. denudans D. Don Shailengwon (Tangkhul) plant ornamental plant Poumai, Vaiphei Cough and Monsang, Dendrobium Orchidaceae / Yerumlei Whole Decoction and bronchial Used as wild 16 Tangkhul, Mao, nobile Lindl. (Meitei) plant Juice disorders and ornamental plant Meitei, Chiru general debility Mizo, Monsang, Hydrangeaceae / Barak Used as cultural Dichroa febrifuga Root and Malaria and Tangkhul, 17 (Meitei); Khawsik- Extract important plant of Lour. shoot High fever Rongmei , damdai (Mizo) Liangmei Liangmei Eleutherococcus Araliaceae / Fresh Tangkhul, 18 trifoliatus (L.) Rangsongthei Decoction Jaundice Nil leaves Rongmei S.Y.Hu (Tangkhul)

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Ethno medicinal uses Ethno-botanical SL Species Family/Local name Mode of Community Part Use Ailment uses administration Used as an Eupatorium Compositae / Langthrei important plants in Monsang, Tarou, 19 Leaves Decoction Stomach ulcers cannabinum L. (Meitei) rituals of Meitei Kabui, Meitei. local deities Leaves are used as Pentaphylacaceae / condiment, eaten as Mao, Hmar, Kuki, Eurya acuminata Respiratory 20 Sizou (Thadou); Moriisii Leaves Decoction raw or cooked Thadou, Vaiphei, DC. problems (Maram) especially with fish Paite or chicken Red onion juice Sisyrinchium Iridaceae / Hoojam is applied at the As a wild Thadou, Tarao, 21 Root Juice palmifolium L. (Meitei) site of the Snake ornamental plants Monsang bite Flacourtia Sore throat, Used in cultural Salicaceae / Heitroi Bark and Infusion and Meitei, Tangkhul, 22 jangomas (Lour) bleeding gum, rituals of Meitei (Meitei) fruits. paste Hmar, Thadou Raeusch. and astringent community. Fruit juices are Garcinia Clusiaceae / Heibung Urinary offered during social Tangkhul, Mizo, 23 pedunculata (Meitei); Vawm- Va-Pui Fruits Decoction problems, gout gathering of the ,Rongmei , Meitei Roxb. (Mizo), and paralysis Meitei community Glochidion Bark and Cultural important coccineum Phyllanthaceae / 24 Young Fresh leaves Aphrodisiac plant of Meitei Meitei (Buch.-Ham) Ningthourembi (Meitei) leaves community Mull.Arg. Rhizome used in Blood preparation of Zingiberaceae / Thadou, Paite, Hedychium Decoction and purification and traditional culinary 25 Takhellei (Meitei); Rhizome Mizo, Meitei, spicatum Sm. extract gastrointestinal item called Iromba Tontairui (Tangkhul) Tangkhul complaints by Meitei community. Meitei, Anal, Hippochaete Equisetaceae / Lai Backache arms Used in cultural Whole Extract and Monsang, 26 debilis (Roxb. ex Utong (Meitei); and joins pains rituals of Meitei plant Decoction Liangmei, Vaucher) Ching Chagacheng (Liangmei) and gonorrhoea. community Thadou, Paite Homalomena Araceae / Hongoo Kakla Monsang, Joint-pain and Used as wild 27 aromatica Maanbi (Meitei); An- Rhizome Juice Thadau, , Hmar, inflammation ornamental (Spreng.) Schott Chi-Ri (Mizo) Mizo , Meitei Lilium mackliniae Liliaceae / Shirui Stomach State flower of 28 Rhizome Decoction Tangkhul Sealy. Timrawon (Tangkhul) troubles Manipur Lauraceae / Ngairong Respiratory Meitei, Maram, Litsea cubeba Infusion and Fruits is eaten as 29 (Meitei); Fruits problems and Liangmei, (Lour) Pers. Juice spices Chongathe(Tangkhul) insects bites Tangkhul, Maring Lauraceae / Chingjai Poultice applied Litsea glutinosa Tangkhul, Mao, 30 (Meitei); Leaf Juice on cuts and skin Nil (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Paite, Thadou Dapthak(Thadou) diseases Tender shoots are Berberidaceae/ U- eaten cooked with Monsang, Mahonia Naapu (Meitei); Stem and Diuretic and dry meat or fish. The 31 Decoction Poumai, Anal, napaulensis D C. Yaiganmachurong wood anti-dysenteric. Anal community Tangkhul, Mao (Tangkhul) used it in coronation of the village king Stem are pounded Millettia Leguminosae / Ngamu and put into water Monsang, Chothe, Root and Dermatological 32 pachycarpa Yai (Meitei); Tiupum Extract body or streams as a Liangmei, Hmar, Bark problems Benth. (Liangmei ) traditional fishing Maring. method. Plantaginaceae/ Tender shoots are Nanorrhinum Meitei, Thadou, Nunggai Peruk (Meitei); Whole Urinary stone used as wild edible 33 ramosissimum Decoction Poumai, Mizo, Tankuangmalngai plant. cases food by the Anal (Wall.) Betsche. Tangkhul. (Thadou) community Unripe fruits are Meitei, Hmar, Bignoniaceae / Shamba cooked with pork. Oroxylum Whole Paste and Piles & Viral Mongsang,Tangk 34 (Meitei); Hlongthing The Meitei used it as indicum (L.) Kurz plant. concoction fever hul, Kabui, Tarou, (Hmar) cultural important Chakpa plant. Rubiaceae / Oinam Piles, dysentery Tender leaves are Meitei, Mao, Paederia foetida Whole Fresh leaves 35 (Meitei); Veihnam-khau and bone eaten as vegetable or Poumai, Hmar, L. plant and poultice (Paite) fracture fried items. Paite Panax assamicus Araliaceae / Ginseng Recuperative Tangkhul, Mao 36 Tuber Decoction Nil R.N.Banerjee. (Meitei) power to body. maram Panax pseudo- Araliaceae / Pan- Manbi Tuber Decoction Relieve pain, Nil Tangkhul,

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Ethno medicinal uses Ethno-botanical SL Species Family/Local name Mode of Community Part Use Ailment uses administration 37 ginseng Wall. (Meitei); Ramhui swelling, Poumai, Maring, (Maring) cholesterol Liangmai &blood purifier and recuperative power to body. Bronchitis and Melanthiaceae/ respiratory Tangkhul, Mao, Paris polyphylla Kazeapai (Tangkhul); 38 Tuber Decoction problems and Nil Liangmai, Sm. Mariubi,kajuibon recuperative Monsang, Vaiphei (Liangmai) power to body. Leucoderma and irregular Tender leaves and Phyllanthaceae. / Phyllanthus Whole menses. It is twigs are eaten 39 Chakpa Heikru (Meitei); Decoction Common in valley urinaria L. plant also used cough, cooked as vegetable Suaklulem (Paite) bronchitis and with fish or meat asthma. Piper griffithii C. Piperaceae / Ching- Gastrointestinal Rongmei, 40 Seeds Decoction Nil DC. marik (Meitei) problems. Liangmai, Maring Leaves Gastrointestinal Piper peepuloides Piperaceae / Uchithi Meetei, Tangkhul, 41 and Decoction and respiratory Nil Wall. (Meitei) Kabui, Thadou Seeds problems Quercus Fagaceae / Uyung Stem bark is used as Tangkhul, Meitei, 42 Bark Decoction Astringent lamellosa Sm. (Meitei) dyeing purposes Mao, Fleshy petals are Easy delivery of Tangkhul, Ericaceae / Kharam eaten raw with chilly Rhododendron Young child birth, Poumai, Paite, 43 Leishok (Meitei); Decoction chutney and cooked arboreum Sm. shoot. diarrhoea and Maram, Zou, Kom Kokluiwon (Tangkhul) as vegetable suited dysentery. . with fish. Rubiaceae / Moiyum Rubia cordifolia Rheumatism and The root is used as Meitei,Tangkhul, 44 (Meitei); Mayong Root Juice anti- inflammatory L. dyeing purposes Mao, Monsang (Tangkhul) and antimicrobial White discharge, Lamiaceae / Yenakhat Meitei, Paite, Scutellaria Extract & Poisonous bites, Leaves are eaten as 45 (Meitei); Rakipro Leaf Kabui, Tangkhul, discolour Colebr. Decoction control high vegetable. (Poumai) Mao- Poumai hypertension Skin diseases, Smilacaceae / Kwa- muscular sprain, Tangkhul, Mao, Smilax ovalifolia 46 Maanbi (Meitei); Root Juice stomach pain Nil Lamkang, Paite, Roxb. ex D.Don Khekhra (Mao) and rheumatic Chothe problems Swertia Abdominal parts Gentianaceae / Khabi Meitei, Kabui, angustifolia Steam and and Irregular 47 Chisak (Meitei); Leaves Nil Tarou, Tangkhul, Buch.- Ham. ex Concoction menstrual Changla (Tangkhul) Monsang D.Don problem Myrtaceae / Gulamjat Gall bladder or Syzygium jambos Meitei, Thadou, 48 /Nungpambi (Meitei); Leaves Decoction kidney stone Nil (L.) Alston Anal. Lenmui (Paite) case. Taxaceae / Uchan Cold, cough & Taxus Manbi (Meitei); Thing Leaf and fever and 49 wallichiana Zucc. Decoction Nil Tangkhul kang (Thadou); fruits Hypertension &

Khawreng-far (Mizo) dizziness Ranunculaceae/ Umang Tangkhul, Thalictrum Scabies, diuretic 50 Peruk (Meitei); Kharuri Root Decoction Nil Poumai, Maram, foliolosum DC. and astringent (Tangkhul) Rongmei

Rutaceae / Mukthrubi Gastric Leaves and fruit are Zanthoxylum Tingkhang panbi Leaf and Decoction& problems, tonsil, used as spices for 51 acanthopodium Common (Meitei); Mangnangthei fruits extract and skin different types of DC. (Tangkhul) diseases culinary items. Zanthoxylum Rutaceae / Ngang Asthma, Fruit is used as 52 rhetsa (Roxb.) (Meitei); Gan Macheng Fruits Decoction bronchitis and spices for culinary Common DC. (Rongmei) rheumatism items

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that 8 medicinal plants were used by majority of the communities where as others species were used only by some particular communities. The different primary health ailments treated are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastrointestinal complaints, piles, febrifuge, asthma, astringent, bronchitis, rheumatism, joint pains, diabetes, hypertension, blood purifier, bone fracture, gynaecological problems, aphrodisiac, diuretic, dermatological problems, scabies, gall bladder or kidney stone case,

respiratory problems, snake and dog bites. Fig. 2. Fig. showing the part used of the threatened ethno-medicinal plant. In terms of altitudinal distribution the maximum occurrence of 31 species was found in the elevation The mode of preparation of the plant part used for below 1200 metres above sea level. It was followed by medicinal or treatment of primary health ailments are 14 species occurrence in altitude between 1200-1800 given below. Altogether there 17 different modes of msl. The least number of 7 species was recorded in preparation in which the maximum was found in the the altitude above 1800 msl. The details of the decoction which is represented by 25 species follows environmental factors which include physical by juice represent by 5 species and the third was properties of soil, temperature, annual rainfall & recorded in decoction and extract. humidity and forest types of each and every species were shown in the recorded 52 ethno-medicinal The ethno-medicinal plants were used by different plants details which includes habitat, distribution in communities residing in the state. It was recorded Manipur, threats were shown in the Table 3.

Table 2. Table showing the environmental factors and forest types of the threatened ethno-medicinal plants of Manipur. Elevation Physical Metres Annual Humidity SL Species Temperature Forest type properties of Soil above sea Rainfall (%) Range level Clay soil, Sandy Aconitum elwesii 1500 to 1000 to 88.5- Wet temperate forest, Pine 1 clay soil, Clay 30C to 270C Stapf. 2600 m 1700mm 95.0% forest, Bamboo brakes. loam soil Clay loam soil, Aconitum 1400 to 1000 to 86.4- Wet hill forest, Semi- 2 Clay soil, Sandy 30C to 270C nagarum Stapf. 2690 m 1900mm 93.8% evergreen forest, Grass brakes. clay soil Temperate forest, Pine forest, Albizia Clay soil, Silt soil, 600 to 1100 to 3 50C to 360C 34.6- 91.4% Wet hill forest, Tropical moist myriophylla Benth Sandy clay soil 950m 2200mm deciduous. Amoora rohituka Clay loam soil, 700 to 1100 to Pine forest, Semi evergreen 4 (Roxb.) Wight & Silt soil, Sandy 70C to 350C 85.1- 93.4% 960m 2100mm. forest, Bamboo brakes. Am. loam soil Begonia adscendens C.B. Clay soil, Silt soil, 1300 to 1100 to 88.6- Temperate forest, Wet hill 5 50C to 260C Clarke Sandy loam soil 2000 m 1900mm. 93.9% forest, Pine forest.

Brassaiopsis bodinieri(H. Sandy soil, Clay 540 to Above 1600 47.8- Sub tropical pine forest, Wet 6 70C to 360C Leveille) J. Wen & soil 950m mm 93.3% hill forest, Buk Oak forest Lowry Pine forest, Wet hill forest, Bulbophyllum Clay soil, Silt soil, 950 to 1200 to 89.0- tropical to alpine humid forest 7 cylindraceum 80C to 250C Sandy loam soil 1750 m 2100mm 93.5% with heavy rainfall and high Lindley humidity. Sandy loam soil, Canarium 650 to 1200 to 87.3- Sub tropical pine forest, Semi 8 Clay soil, Silt 80C to 280C strictum Roxb. 975m 1800mm. 93.0% evergreen forest. loam soil 9 Cinnamomum Loamy soil, Clay 700 to 30C to 310C 1200 to 86.2- Wet hill forest, Pine forest,

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Elevation Physical Metres Annual Humidity SL Species Temperature Forest type properties of Soil above sea Rainfall (%) Range level verum J. Presl. soil. 1500 m 2200mm. 83.8% Bamboo brakes. Loamy soil, Silt 500 to 1250 to 49.3- Pine forest, Wet temperate 10 Cissus javana DC. soil, Sandy clay 80C to 320C 850m 2100mm 93.2% forest, Semi evergreen forest. loam Sandy loam soil, Citrus macroptera 450 to 1400 to Buk Oak forest, Sub tropical 11 Sandy clay loam 50C to 340C 41.5- 89.7% Mont. 850m 2100mm pine forest, Wet hill forest. soil Sandy loam soil, Tropical semi evergreen forest, Curcuma amada 600 to 1500 to 12 Clay soil, Silt 100C to 330C 34.6- 91.1% Tropical moist deciduous (Roxb) 960 m 2500mm loam forest. Sandy loam soil, Curcuma caesia 400 to 1600 to 85.2- Wet hill forest, Pine forest, 13 Clay soil, Sandy 70C to 330C Roxb. 980m 2300mm. 92.7% Semi evergreen forest. clay loam soil Dendrobium Sandy loam soil, 900 to 1600 to Moist Bamboo brakes, Pine 14 aphyllum (Roxb.) Loamy soil, Silt 30C to 280C 79.5- 91.6% 1350 m 2000mm forest, Wet temperate forest. C.E.C.Fisch. soil. Dendrobium Silt soil, Clay soil, 950 to 1650 90.0 – Wet hill forest, Grass brakes, 15 30C to 280C denudans D. Don Sandy clay loam 1450 m to2100mm 93.6% Pine forest. Dendrobium Silt soil, sandy 800 to 650 to1550 85.0 – Semi evergreen forest, Pine 16 30C to 330C nobile Lindl. soil, Clay soil 1700 m mm 89.9% forest, Bamboo brakes. Wet hill forest, Pine forest, Dichroa febrifuga Loam soil, Sandy 900 to 650 to1500 17 70C to 260C 55.6- 93.5% Bamboo brakes, Moist Lour. soil, Silt soil 1500 m mm deciduous forest. Eleutherococcus Clay soil with rich 1100 to 650 to 88.6- Sub tropical pine forest, Semi 18 trifoliatus (L.) 40C to 320C humus 1450 m 1600mm. 93.4% evergreen forest, Grass brakes. S.Y.Hu Silt soil, Loam Eupatorium 600 to 670 to 1754 .85.0- Wet temperate forest, Pine 19 soil, Sandy loam 30C to 350C cannabinum L. 970m mm 93.8% forest, Semi evergreen forest. soil Semi -evergreen forest, Wet Eurya acuminata Clay soil, Loam 500 to 671 to 1500 37.5- 20 50C to 360C hill forest, Moist deciduous DC. soil, Silt soil, 900m mm 88.9% forest. Sisyrinchium Clay soil,Silty 450 to 671 to 1654 82.8- Pine forest, Temperate forest, 21 40C to 310C palmifolium L. soil, Sandy soil. 950m mm 91.9% Wet hill forest. Flacourtia Clay soil, sandy 600 to 671 to 1540 85.0- Bamboo brakes, pine forest, 22 jangomas loam soil and Silt 60C to 340C 900m mm 92.7% Wet hill forest. (Lour)Raeusch. soil Tropical semi evergreen forest, Garcinia Sandy loam soil 700 to 679 to 1454 82.8- 23 60C to 340C Pine forest, Wet temperate pedunculata Roxb. Silt soil, Clay soil 970m mm 93.0% forest. Glochidion Clay loam soil 650 to 679 to 1454 88.6- Moist deciduous forest, Pine 24 coccineum (Buch.- 40C to 310C with humus 950m mm 93.6% forest, Grass brakes. Ham) Mull.Arg. Sub tropical pine forest, Hedychium Sandy loam soil 500 to 700 to 1400 85.3- 25 60C to 340C Bamboo brakes , Wet hill spicatum Sm. with rich humus 850m mm 83.8% forest. Hippochaete Sandy clay loam 600 to 700 to 1500 41.7 – Wet hill forest, semi evergreen 26 debilis (Roxb. ex soil with small 40C to 330C 940m mm 89.9% forest, pine forest. Vaucher) Ching pebbles. Homalomena Sandy loam soil Tropical semi evergreen forest, 500 to 700 to 2300 51.7 – 27 aromatica with small rock 30C to 330C Moist deciduous forest, pine 90.9% (Spreng.) Schott pebbles 970m mm forest Sandy clay loam Lilium mackliniae 1300 to 730 to 1700 85.1 – Wet hill forest, Pine forest, 28 soil, Loam soil, 30C to 330C Sealy. 2200 m 92.6% Bamboo brakes forest. Silt soil mm Litsea cubeba Sandy soil, Clay 600 to 750 to 85.3 – Tropical semi evergreen forest, 29 60C to 290C (Lour) Pers. soil, Loam soil. 960m 1300mm. 91.2% Wet hill forest, Litsea glutinosa Silt soil, Loam 540 to Above 2100 Sub tropical pine forest, Wet 30 20C to 360C 81.1- 91.8% (Lour.) C.B.Rob. soil, Clay soil 950m mm hill forest, Buk Oak forest Sandy loam soil, Tropical semi evergreen forest, Mahonia 600 to 750 to 86.3 – 31 Loam soil, Silt 40C to 300C Moist deciduous forest, Wet napaulensis D C. 2400mm. 91.2% soil. 900m hill forest. Millettia Sandy clay loam 500 to 750 to1800 82.8– Pine forest, Bamboo brakes 32 pachycarpa soil, Loamy soil, 90C to 320C 92.8% forest, Wet temperate forest. Benth. Clay soil, Silt soil. 950m mm. 33 Nanorrhinum Silt loam soil, 700 to 90C to 290C 751 to1300 61.3 – Tropical semi evergreen forest,

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Elevation Physical Metres Annual Humidity SL Species Temperature Forest type properties of Soil above sea Rainfall (%) Range level ramosissimum Loamy soil, Clay 1200 m mm. 81.6% Moist deciduous forest. (Wall.) Betsche. soil. Clay loam soil, Oroxylum indicum 600 to 800 to 1300 85.8 – Sub tropical pine forest, Wet 34 Loamy soil, 60C to 320C (L.) Kurz 92.8% hill forest, Bamboo brakes. Sandy soil. 950m mm Silt soil, Sandy Paederia foetida 500 to 800to 83.8 – Tropical semi evergreen forest, 35 loam soil, Silty L. Mant. 0 0 1500mm. 92.3% Pine forest. clay soil 960m 3 C to 31 C Panax assamicus Clay loam soil, 900 to 800to 62.8 – Wet hill forest, Pine forest, 36 30C to 290C R. N. Banerjee. Sandy Loam soil. 1450 m 1600mm. 97.3% Semi evergreen forest. Sandy loam soil, Buk Oak forest, Subtropical Panax pseudo- 760 to 800 to 1750 88.6 – 37 Clay loam, Silty 30C to 280C wet hill forest, Sub tropical ginseng Wall. 1500 m 93.7% clay loam mm pine forest. Sub tropical pine forest, Wet Paris polyphylla Clay soil, Sandy 800 to 800 to 85..8 – 38 30C to 270C temperate forest, Bamboo Sm. clay soil 1450 m 1900mm. 90.1% brakes Mostly sandy Phyllanthus 600 to 800 to 2100 89..4 – Pine forest, Wet hill forest, 39 loamy with small 70C to 280C urinaria L. 93.7% semi evergreen forest. pebbles 900m mm Sand soil, Loamy Piper griffithii C. 550 to 800 to 2100 87.1 – Tropical semi evergreen forest, 40 soil, Silty clay 40C to 310C DC. 96.4% Moist deciduous forest, loam 950m mm Piper peepuloides Sandy clay loam 600 to 800 to 74.6 – Wet hill forest, Semi evergreen 41 50C to 290C Wall. soil, Sandy loam 945m’ 1500mm. 89.4% forest, Bamboo brakes forest. Red sandy loams Quercus lamellosa 900 to 900 to 1900 65.8 – 90 Sub tropical pine forest, Buk 42 soil, Clay soil, Silt 40C to 300C Sm. 1500 m .0% Oak forest. soil. mm Red sandy soil Buk Oak forest, Sub tropical Rhododendron 900 to 900 to 2100 86.6 - 43 with small 30C to 240C pine forest, Semi evergreen arboreum Sm. 2100 m 97.5% pebbles mm forest. Wet hill forest, Sub tropical Sandy loam soil, 800 to 900 to 84.0 – 44 Rubia cordifolia L. 30C to 330C pine forest, Moist mixed Clay soil, Silt soil 1500 m 1600mm. 92.4% deciduous forest. Sandy loam soil, Semi evergreen forest, Scutellaria 550 to 900 to 1900 74.7 – 45 Clay loam soil, 40C to 320C Bamboo brakes forest, Pine discolour Colebr. 89.5% Silt soil. 900m mm forest. Sub tropical pine forest, wet Smilax ovalifolia Sandy loam soil, 500 to 900 to 77.7 – 46 30C to 340C temperate forest, Grass brakes Roxb. ex D.Don Clay soil, Silt soil 2500mm. 90.5% 950 m forest. Swertia Sandy loam soil, angustifolia 1000 to Above 1000 92.0 – Tropical semi evergreen forest, 47 Clay loam soil, 30C to 220C Buch.- Ham. ex 1450 m 93.2% Pine forest, Buk Oak forest. Silt soil mm D.Don Syzygium jambos Sandy soil, Clay 500 to Above 1200 75.0 – Sub tropical Wet hill forests, 48 50C to 280C (L.) Alston soil, Silt soil. 850m mm 89.2% Buk Oak forest, Pine forest. Sandy loam soil, Taxus wallichiana 1100 to Above 1450 Semi evergreen forest, Buk 49 Loamy soil, Silt 30C to 290C 76.1- 92.5% Zucc 1900 m Oak forest, Wet hill forest. soil mm Sandy loam soil, Thalictrum 1000 to Above 83.1- Wet hill forest, Pine forest, 50 Silt loam soil, 30C to 230C foliolosum DC. 1850 m 1500mm. 92.8% Moist deciduous forest Clay soil

Zanthoxylum Sandy soil, Silt 600 to Above 88.1- Sub tropical pine forest, Wet 51 30C to 300C acanthopodium DC. soil, Clay soil 1000 m’ 1500mm. 93.6% hill forest, Buk Oak forest Zanthoxylum Sandy clay soil, 500 to Above Sub tropical pine forest, Wet 52 30C to 340C 82.1- 94.6% rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Silt soil, Clay soil. 950m 1500mm. hill forest, Buk Oak forest

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Table 3. Table showing the habitat, threats, distribution in Manipur, status and conservation aspects. Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur It is found growing only in small pockets on a Scattered and Shiruichingkha, Lunghar, Aconitum Local NGOs started in-situ 1 particular microhabitat at disjunct population Dzukou valley, Mao- EN elwesii Stapf. conservation measures. an altitude 1500 m above & forest fires. Maram, sea level. It is found growing in the Restricted grassy hill slopes along fragmented Shirui & adjacent hill, Some local youth started Aconitum 2 with Bamboo species at andistribution, forest Mao- Maram & adjacent EN conservation in their nagarum Stapf. altitude around 1500 m fires & jhumming hills natural habitat. above sea level. cultivation. The main threats are It grows in forest margins, Need awareness Albizia edaphic factors, Andro, Phayeng, riverine, disturbed habitat programme for proper 3 myriophylla harvest for food, Chandel, Tengnoupal & VU at an altitude about 600 collection of root and bark Benth medicine and parts Churachandpur. m above sea level. for medicine. of the plant. It is found growing very Unsustainable Amoora Tangjeng, Phayeng, Avoid forest fire, improper scarcely at forest margin collection, forest 4 rohituka Bishnupur, Thoubal NT collection and human at an elevation of below clearance and (Roxb.). &Senapati, interference. 1000 m above sea level encroachment. Begonia Immediate awareness It is found growing in forest Population declined Shirui hill, Lunghar, adscendens C.B.floor and in rock crevices at should be given to avoid 5 due to habitat loss Tungjoi, Dzukou hill (Esii NT Clarke an elevation of 900–1800m habitat destruction and and forest fires. hill). above sea level forest fire. To conduct regular Brassaiopsis It is found growing in training camps for the bodinieri (H. open forest at an elevationOver -exploitation Phayeng, Moirangpural, 6 VU farmers for cultivation, Leveille) J. Wen of below 1000m above sea from wild Churachandpur, Andro harvesting and sustainable & Lowry level utilization. The wild population Ukhrul, Dzukou hill, Bulbophyllum Tree trunks or rocks in Some local NGOs started is affected by harvestMao - Maram, 7 cylindraceum forest, up to 1800 m NT both in-situ and ex- situ for medicine and Laimatonching Lindley above sea level conservative measures. others. &Tengnoupal The species is Moist Evergreen and declining due to The species is traded Canarium Semi-evergreen forests at harvest for Moreh, Chakpikarong, locally and nationally. So, 8 VU strictum Roxb. an altitude of 800 -1000 medicine, habitat Dilong, Ukhrul planted in reserved forest m above sea level loss and trade for by forest dept. parts of the plants. The wild population Awareness on habitat is adversely affected Found sparsely at an Dzukou hill, Tamenglong destruction, trade, human Cinnamomum by habitat 9 altitude about 750 – 1500 , Ukhrul , Chandel, VU interference and verum J. Presl. destruction, trade m above sea level Puilong, Senapati encouraging in- situ and over conservation. exploitation. Found as climbers in openThe species is Thoubal, Encouraging in- situ Cissus javana 10 forest at an elevation of declined due to low Kakching, NT conservation measure in DC. 700- 1200m above sea seed germination Laimatonching, wild population.

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Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur level and habitat Heingang reserve forest. destruction. The wild population Need immediate Citrus Found growing in forest is declined due to Tamenglong, Chandel, awareness programme for 11 macroptera at an elevation of 700- human interference, Kangpokpi, VU proper collection methods Mont. 1000 m above sea level edaphic factors and Churachandpur and commercial disease cultivation. It is found growing in the Population decline Scattered in hills of wet or shady areas of due to low Thoubal-Haokha, Manipur. It needs Curcuma 12 forest floor and plain regeneration and East, Phayeng, Tangjeng, VU awareness for proper amada (Roxb) areas at an elevation upto harvest for Churachandpur collection methods for 950 m above sea level medicine. sustainable uses. It is found growing in the The wild population Mass awareness wet or shady areas of is declining due to Nongmaiching, Langol- programme for proper Curcuma caesia 13 forest floor and plain harvest for medicine hill, Tamenglong, VU collection methods and to Roxb. areas at an elevation upto and parts of the Chandel start up commercial 1000 m above sea level plant cultivation. The wild population Found as epiphytes on of the species are Dendrobium Lunghar, Kangpokpi, Need awareness to stop tree trunks at an elevation largely affected by 14 aphyllum Chandel (Near United LC rampant forest fires and of 800-1500 m above sea various natural and (Roxb.) College), Kamjong illegal trade level anthropogenic activities.

Found as epiphytes on Wild population has Dendrobium Senapati (Mao), Chandel, Avoid habitat destruction tree trunks at an elevation declined due to habitat 15 denudans Khayangbung, EN and illegal trade of the of 800-1600 m above sea destruction, forest fire D. Don Tengnaupal whole plants. level and low regeneration. Human interference, Found as epiphytes on loss of habitat, Khayangbung, Lambui, Need awareness for proper Dendrobium tree trunks at an elevation 16 unsustainable Mao-Maram, Kangpokpi, EN collection and its nobile Lindl. of 800-1800 m above sea collection methods Tamenglong. medicinal importance. level are the main threats. The species is Found grows mainly in decreasing due to Ukhrul, Local NGOs started in situ Dichroa forest margin at an 17 improper collection, Chandel,Tamenglong NT conservation in their febrifuga Lour. altitude of 900 to 1500 m harvest for medicine (Puilong & Dilong) natural habitat. above sea level and encroachment.. It is found on the edges of Over- exploitation of Senapati, Kangpokpi, Both in situ and ex situ Eleutherococcusforests and thickets at an roots and harvest for 18 Ukhrul (Shirui & adjacent VU conservation measures are trifoliatus (L.) altitude of 900 to 1500 m medicine are the hills) necessary. above sea level. main threats. Found near swamps, Improper collection Loss of habitat, Heingang-ching, Langol- marshes and stream leading to death of the Eupatorium improper collection hill, Kakching, Noney, 19 banks at an altitude of NT plants. Need the cannabinum L. method and forest Moirang, 600- 1000 m above sea importance of medicinal fire. Churachandpur. level. value. Eurya Found in forests at an Harvest for food and Senapati ( Mao- Maram) In- situ conservation are 20 NT acuminata DC. altitude of 600 to 1000 m medicine. Kangpokpi (Saikul), importance within the

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Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur above sea level. Tamenglong, Kamjong habitat. Chandel Found in open areas at an Declined due to Awareness for proper Sisyrinchium (Komlathabi),Tengnoupal 21 altitude up to 1000 m forest fires and NT collection methods and palmifolium L. (Laimaton-Ching), above the sea level medicine importance of plants. Bishnupur. Found near swamp forest Declined due to Flacourtia Both In situ and ex situ margins at an altitude habitat destruction Langol hill, Phayeng, 22 jangomas VU conservation are around 600 to 1000 m and over Chandel, Ukhrul, Jiribam (Lour) encouraged above sea level exploitation.

Garcinia Found in evergreen and Declined due to Ukhrul, Senapati, Forest clearance and forest 23 pedunculata mixed forest at an altitude over- exploitation Tamenglong, Phayeng, NT fires leads to loss of Roxb. upto 920 m above sea level. and forest clearance Noney,Churachandpur. microhabitat.

The population is Nongmaiching, Chaning- Glochidion Found in open areas at an Awareness programme to decreasing due to forest Lairembi Nambol, 24 coccineum altitude of 700 to 1600 m NT stop rampant forest fires clearance & harvest for Heingang reserve forest, (Buch.-Ham) above the sea level. and habitat destruction medicine. Kangpokpi, Sekmai Found in swampy and Habitat destruction, Hedychium Moirang, Chandel, shady areas at an harvest for medicine Need to check forest fires 25 spicatum Maram, Khonghampat, VU elevation upto 1000 m & ornamental and habitat destruction Smith. Tamenglong above the sea level purpose. Found in moist shady Hippochaete Low population and exposed areas near Nungba, Leimaram, debilis (Roxb. restricted Need in- situ conservation 26 waterfalls and streams at Andro, Modi village NT ex Vaucher) fragmented in their natural habitat an elevation of 400- 1000 Chandel, Lamlai. Ching distribution. m above sea level Population decline Homalomena Found in Moist shady Need immediate due to low aromatica forest floor at an elevation Tamenglong, Senapati, awareness for proper 27 regeneration and EN (Spreng.) of 800-1200 m above sea Saikul , Chandel collection methods and harvest for Schott. level importance of plants. medicine. Found grows along with Need to check forest fires Lilium grassy hill slope at an Habitat destruction Shirui, Khayangbung , and overgrowth of 28 mackliniae EN altitude up to 2200 m and forest fires. Ukhrul Yushania rolloana Sealy. above sea level. (Gamble) T.P.Yi Found in wet hill forest Improper collection Moirang purel, Noney, Encouraging in- situ Litsea cubeba and moist mixed 29 methods and harvestPhayeng, VU conservation measures in (Lour.) Pers. deciduous forest for medicine. Tangkhul Kamjong, wild population

To conduct regular Litsea glutinosa It is found in open forest Kamjong, Andro, Maram, training camps for the Over-exploitation 30 (Lour.) area at an altitude of 600- Kakching Khunou, VU farmers for cultivation, from wild C.B.Rob. 1000 m above sea level. Ningthoukhong. harvesting and sustainable utilization. Population is Found in open area in Awareness on proper Mahonia adversely affected by Komlathabi Chandel, forest at an elevation of collection of bark and 31 napaulensis D habitat destruction Dailong, , VU 700-900 m above sea young shoots leading to C. and harvest for Senapati level death of the plants. medicine

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Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur The species is Mass awareness It is found in river bank, collected from wild programme for proper Millettia forest edges, at elevations in an indiscriminate Chakpikarong, Laimaton- collection methods, 32 pachycarpa NT of 600 to 1000 m above way and population Ching, Tamei, Paomata harvest for medicine and Benth. sea level. is decreasing encouraging in- situ continuously. conservation. Population decline The species occurs in rock Need immediate Nanorrhinum due to low crevices at an altitude of Langol- hill, Jiribam, awareness for proper 33 ramosissimum regeneration and NT 900 to 1500 m above sea Kakching, Yaralpat. collection methods and (Wall.) Betsche. harvest for level. importance of plants. medicine. The wild population Oroxylum Tropical and subtropical is affected by habitat Heingang reserve forest, Awareness should be given 34 indicum (L.) low altitude open forest at destruction, over Kwatha, Lamphelpat, VU to localities for sustainable Kurz an elevation upto 1000 m exploitation and Jiribam, Lango-hill use of medicinal plants. forest fires Loss of habitat, Moist soil of forest margin Phayeng, Nongdam Need awareness for proper Paederia improper collection 35 at an elevation upto 1100 Tangkhul Kamjong, NT collection and its foetida L. Mant. method and forest m above sea level Machi, Purul medicinal importance. fire.

Panax Found wild in shady forest Uprooting of Tamenglong, Shirui & Awareness for proper 36 assamicus R.N. floor at an elevation upto rhizome leads to Adjacent hill, Mao- VU collection and its Banerjee 1500 m above sea level death of the plants. Maram medicinal value. Population Found in forest floor and reduction due to Panax Awareness should be given shrubberies at an altitude forest fire, habitat Shirui- Chingkha, 37 pseudoginseng VU to localities for sustainable of 1000 to 1500 m above destruction and Dailong, Chandel, Ukhrul Wall. use of medicinal plants. sea level harvest for medicine. Declined due to over- exploitation, Need awareness for proper Found moist shady areas Paris uprooting of Puilong, Shirui hill & collection and its 38 at an elevation of 800- EN polyphylla Sm. rhizome leads to adjacent, Mapithel, medicinal importance to 1500 m above sea level death of the whole localities. plants. Population Found in wild mainly reduction due to Awareness should be given Phyllanthus forest margins at Kanto Imphal West, 39 harvest for NT to localities for sustainable urinaria L. elevation of 500 to 900 m Andro, Phayeng, Nachau medicine, forest fire use of medicinal plants. above sea level and pesticides. Found as undergrowths of Loss of habitat, Awareness on sustainable Piper griffithii forest at an elevation of forest fires, and Noney, Tipaimuk, 40 NT utilization should be C. DC. 750-1100 m above sea harvest for medicine Paomata, Ukhrul encourage level are the main threats. Found as undergrowths of Declined due to In situ conservation by Piper forest at an elevation of forest fires, Tengnoupal, , establishment of natural 41 peepuloides VU 750-1100 m above sea improper collection Modi village Chandel reserves or biosphere Wall. level method and harvest resources.

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Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur for medicine

Found growing in Population declined It needs to check forest Quercus temperate forest at an due to improper Ukhrul, Mao- Maram, 42 VU clearance & proper lamellosa Sm. elevation of 900- 1500 m collection of bark Dzukou hill, Nungba collection methods. above sea level. and leaves.

It is commonly found in Improper collection, Dzukou hill, Shirui hill, Awareness to stop Rhododendron the lower hill slopes at an harvest for 43 Churachandpur, Dailong NT rampant forest fires and arboreum Sm. elevation of 1200- 2200 mmedicine, forest fire Tamenglong habitat destruction above sea level are the main threats.

Population decline It is commonly found in due to low seed Need awareness for proper Rubia moist areas as Ukhrul (Tolloi), Noney , 44 germination, habitat EN collection methods and its cordifolia Linn. undergrowths up to 1500 Tamei, Kangpokpi loss and improper medicinal importance. m above sea level collection method.

Harvest for To conduct training camps Scutellaria Found in forest margin at medicine, forest fire, Kamjong, Phayeng, for the farmers for 45 discolour an altitude of 700 to 1000 improper collection VU Thoubal, Kakching, Pallel cultivation, harvesting and Colebr. m above sea level methods are the sustainable utilization. main threats. Population is Fairly common in jhum Smilax reducing due to over Langol hill, Akampat, Awareness should be given land and forest floor 46 ovalifolia Roxb. exploitation, forest Lokchao, Mapithel, NT to localities for sustainable between 600- 1000 m ex D.Don fire and loss of Saikul use of medicinal plants. above sea level habitat. The major threats to Swertia Fairly common in jhum the wild population Both In-situ and Ex- situ angustifolia land and forest floor of this plant species Khayangbung, Dzukou, conservation measures are 47 VU Buch.- Ham. ex between 900- 1500 m are loss of habitat Komlathabi, Tipaimuk necessary for sustainable D.Don above sea level and harvest for uses. medicinal uses. Population is adversely affected by Laimaton Ching, Some local NGOs started Syzygium It is found in open areas habitat destruction, Khudengthabi, Tamei, in situ conservation 48 jambos (L.) at an elevation of 600 to NT harvest for medicine Churachandpur, Nachau measures for sustainable Alston 1000 m above sea level and over Bishnupur. uses. exploitation. Population decline Common in the upper Taxus due to low Awareness should be given temperate forest at an Shirui hill, Khayangbung 49 wallichiana regeneration and CR to localities for sustainable altitude around 1400- and adjacent hills Zucc harvest for use of medicinal plants. 2200m above sea level medicine.

Found in forest margin at Population is declined Awareness should be given due to improper Thalictrum an elevation of 1100-2000 Shirui Chingkha, Dzukou for proper collection, 50 collection method, EN foliolosum DC. m above sea level hill, Mao- Maram harvest for medicine to the harvest for medicine and loss of habitat farmers. 51 Zanthoxylum Found growing upland Loss of habitat, Heingang Reserve forest, NT Some local NGOs started

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Distribution in SL Species Habitat Threats Status Conservation Aspects Manipur acanthopodium open forests and thickets forest fires, edaphic Langol hill, Thoubal, in situconservation DC. up to 1000 m above sea factors, and harvest Bishnupur, Moreh measures for sustainable level for medicine are the uses. main threats.

Zanthoxylum Found in open forest at an Population is reducing To conduct regular training due to over Bishnupur, Makhan, camps for the farmers for 52 rhetsa (Roxb.) altitude of 600-1000m VU exploitation, forest fire Ukhrul, Nambol, Phayeng cultivation, harvesting and DC. above sea level and loss of habitat. sustainable utilization.

The recorded species were assessed for its status. In the present study it was recorded that Vulnerable species (VU) is represented by 21 species, followed by Near. Threatened (NT) species is represented by 20 species, Endangered (EN) by 9, Least Concern (LC)and Critically Endangered (CR) represented by 1 species each.

Fig. 3. Figure showing the status of ethno-medicinal plants.

Aconitum elwesii Stapf Brassaiopsis bodinieri Dichroa febrifuga Lour. (H. Leveille) J. Wen & Lowry

Bulbophyllum cylindraceum L Glochidion coccineum Survey work at Tengnoupal

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Paris polyphylla Sm. Scutellaria discolour Colebr. Sisyriachium palmifolium L

Discussion Arg., Lilium mackliniae Sealy., Taxus wallichiana The state of Manipur in Northeast India has rich Zucc., were used only by a single particular repositories of ethno-medicinal plant diversity. The community only. present survey and documentation works reveals these species are closely associated with the treatment of The degree of threats to natural population of primary health ailments of several communities medicinal plants leading to population decline was residing in the state since time immemorial. due extreme anthropogenic pressures like habitat Interestingly, the medicinal uses were more in far flung destruction, forest fires, jhum cultivation and areas because of its easy accessibility, substantial overexploitation for wild. Moreover, increase in herbal knowledge and also derived of medicinal demand coupled with improper collection methods facilities. Although, some of the medicinal uses are in threatened the survival of many of them ethno public domain or home remedies other are left hidden medicinal plants. Regarding the conservation status in the knowledgeable traditional healers. The rich majority of the species falls under the Vulnerable traditional knowledge is fading day by day as it is orally species (VU) and Near threatened (NT) which can be transmitted from generation to generations along with concluded that there is a severe threat in their some religious restrictions and in near future will soon habitats. The species Taxus wallichiana Zucc. was be lost in time to come if not properly documented. under assessed as Critical Endangered (CR) as its threat was due to habitat destruction and low seed The occurrence of threatened ethno-medicinal plants germination. The only species which was assessed at was mostly found in the hilly districts of Manipur Least Concern (LC) was Dendrobium aphyllum Roxb. which constitutes about 90% of the state area. As it was observed to cultivate by the locals in their Moreover, the variations in altitudes, landscapes, houses as recreation or ornamental value. climatic factors create micro habitats which favours for growth of many rare and endemic medicinal The major primary health ailments treated are plants. It was also recorded that Canarium strictum gastrointestinal complaints, orthopaedic problems, Roxb., Cissus javana DC., Curcuma amada (Roxb), dermatological problems, urology problems, snake Quercus lamellose Sm, Rubia cordifolia L., and dog bite. Regarding, mode of preparation the Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC., Zanthoxylum maximum was recorded in decoction which is can be acanthopodiumDC., and Cinnamomum verum J. considered as safe method for oral consumption. The Presl., were used by majority of the communities indigenous knowledge could be exploited for whereas Glochidion coccineum (Buch.-Ham) Mull. strengthening health care systems for future options.

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Considering environmental parameters and different Champion HG, Seth SK. 1968. A revised survey of attributes analysis, the present finding will give a base Forest types of India: The Manager of publications, line data or area specific data of a particular species New Delhi. towards future conservation efforts for in-situ conservation. Additionally, mass reproduction, Deb DB. 1961a. Dicotyledonous plants of Manipur cultivation of commercially viable species, mass territory 3, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, awareness for proper collection methods and Eastern Circle, Shillong. conservation status are suggested. Moreover, there should be strict and priority measures from Forest Deb DB. 1961b. Monocotyledonous plants of Manipur department and concerned authorities for their territory 3, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India. effective conservation. Such efforts will help in sustainable utilization ethno medicinal plants and Devi MR, Dutta BK, Salam S, Singh PK. 2016. also develop state’s economy. Plants of Monsang Tribe of Manipur, Kha Manipur College, Kakching: Printed at Times Offset Printers, Conclusion Kakching, Manipur. The rich diversity of medicinal plants plays a significant role in treatment of primary health Devi TI, Devi KU, Singh EJ. 2015. Wild medicinal ailments in the state of Manipur. The ethno-medicinal plants in the hill of Manipur, India: A traditional plants and traditional knowledge needs to be properly therapeutic potential. International Journal of documented and their scientific validations for Scientific and Research Publications 5(6), 1-9. effective utilization should be done. Habitat destruction, overexploitation and other threats has IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: made ethno-medicinal plants to become threatened Version 3.1. Second Edition. Gland, Switzerland and status. Therefore, it is high time to come up with Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp conservation strategies and measures for sustainable utilization at the earliest. Khumbongmayum AD, Khan ML, Tripathi RS.

2005. Ethnomedicinal plants in the scared grooves of Acknowledgement Manipur. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge The authors are thankful to department of botany, 4(1), 21-32. Nagaland University for their support and lab facilities. We are also thankful to the head of centre of Konsam N, Choudhury MD. 2012. Ethnomedicinal advanced studies in Life Sciences Manipur University. plants used by of Kukis of Senapati district of

Manipur.Journal of Econ. Bot 36(4), 886-892. References

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