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Role of Traditional Homegardens in Biodiversity Conservation and Socioecological Significance in Tangkhul Community in Northeast India

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Role of Traditional Homegardens in Biodiversity Conservation and Socioecological Significance in Tangkhul Community in Northeast India Tropical Ecology 59(3): 533–539, 2018 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Role of traditional homegardens in biodiversity conservation and socioecological significance in Tangkhul community in Northeast India TUISEM SHIMRAH1*, PEIMI LUNGLENG1, CHONSING SHIMRAH2, Y. S. C. KHUMAN3 & 4 FRANKY VARAH 1University School of Environment Management, GGSIP University, New Delhi 2Department of Anthropology, Delhi University, Delhi 3School of Inter-Disciplinary and Trans-Disciplinary Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. 4Department of Environmental Studies, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Science, Delhi University, New Delhi Abstract: Traditional communities in various parts of the world are facing various challenges owing to shrinking per capita land availability and growing market economy. This has led to shift in land use in which polyculture of variety of traditional crops are being slowly replaced by market driven monoculture system of cultivation to meet the demands to market on one side and maximization of production on the other side. As a result, the traditional crops in homegarden are being threatened in many areas. A study on conservation of tradition crops in homegarden in Tangkhul community in Ukhrul District of Manipur, India was carried out to assess the impact of such change in terms of crop species and their socioecological significance. A total of 73 plant species of economic, social and cultural values belonging to 27 families were recorded in homegardens. Result of this study shows that Tangkhul traditional community has vast indigenous knowledge on conservation of biodiversity in limited homegarden sites. Understanding traditional knowledge concerning HGs and how this form the knowledge for choice of species across the local community could help developing better strategies for sustainable management of traditional homegarden. Conservation of such rich biodiversity by traditional communities should be encouraged and proper support can be provided by government so as to withstand market-driven pressure. Key words: Crops, homegarden, Northeast India, Tangkhul, traditional community. Introduction culture (Laurance 2007). All these changes have been leading to loss of biodiversity, accentuating Natural ecosystems are undergoing poverty and increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) unprecedented changes in terms of habitat emissions (Baral et al. 2014; Costanza et al. 2014: destruction, fragmentation and conversion to agri- Liang & Liu 2017). The Conference of the Parties *Corresponding Author; e-mail: [email protected] 534 TRADITIONAL HOMEGARDENS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN NORTHEAST INDIA of the Convention on Biological Diversity has management practices is, however, lacking. Since targeted, by 2010 to reduce the rate of biodiversity the selection and cultivation of crop species loss. Homegarden (HG) has been identified as one depends on their availability (Gilmore et al. 2013), of the promising options to achieve this target we can also assume that the utilization of crop (Teklay et al. 2013). Homegardens also known as species in HG would be different. People tend to compound farm, homestead or mixed gardens are keep native genetic resources in their vicinity as historically important agro-ecosystems which have readily available for food supplements and been practiced and managed by successive human medicinal uses (Achigan-Dako et al. 2011; Horn et cultures worldwide (Kumar & Nair 2004). There is al. 2012), but we assume that HG species would be growing evidence that owing to the proximate used for many purposes other than food and mimic of natural forests in structure and medicines. Of late, traditional communities across functions, traditional homegardens would serve as the world are facing various challenges owing to effective option to contribute to reduction to loss of reduction in per capita land availability and biodiversity (Gardner et al. 2009; Teklay et al. growing market economy. This has led shift in 2013) together with supplementing food production land use in which cultivation of traditional crops and livelihood opportunities to farmers (Brandt et are being slowly replaced to the demands to al. 2012). market on one site and maximization of production Across the globe, homegardening has on the other side. traditional conservation agro-ecosystem, where Ukhrul District is one of the hill districts of some native crop species are grown (Galluzzi et al. Manipur state in Northeasten part of India 2010). Various studies have been undertaken on inhabited by Tangkhul traditional community. The HGs to understand their potential as a site for district is rich in biodiversity as it is situated at biodiversity conservation and also whether HG confluence of Eastern Himalaya and Indo-Burma may serve as means of poverty reduction through a biodiversity hotspots. This area is the home of comprehensive and interdisciplinary investigation many endemic and endangered flora and fauna. of their agrobiodiversity (Fraser et al. 2011; Reyes- The rich biodiversity in the forests are reflected in Garcia et al. 2010; Salako et al. 2014). The the HG as well. Moreover, HGs are valued importance of HG has been detailed for regions traditionally by this communities, not only in such as South-east Asia (Wiersum 1982), Central terms of means of food supplements but due to its Mexico (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2015) and West various social and cultural aspects. Such African countries (Salako et al. 2014). However, traditional knowledge of tribal community needs to such studies related to significant roles of HG in be understood in terms of role of HG in terms of biodiversity conservation and food biodiversity conservation, food security and security of traditional communities have hardly challenges due to global changed scenario. In this been initiated in the culturally rich Tangkhul study an attempt was made to understand role of community of Northeast India. traditional HG in biodiversity conservation and Peyre et al. (2006) studied dynamics of HGs in also to understand how Tangkhul community Kerala and found that the decrease in species managed to maintain such biodiversity in the face composition of trees and shrubs was the result of of global change scenario. modernization of HG. Thangjam and Arunachalam (2009) studied traditional HG and its role in Methodology biodiversity conservation in three farming commu- nities in Arunachal Pradesh of Northeast India Study site and reported that HG involves socio-religious dimension apart from conventional food Ukhrul District is located at the northeastern supplements to traditional communities. Kumar part of Manipur bounded by Mynmar in the east, and Nair (2004) reported that apart from food Nagaland state in the North, Imphal east and supplements the tropical HGs from peninsular Chandel Districts of Manipur in the south and India provide 70 to 84% of the commercial timber Senapati and Kangpokpi District in the west requirements to local communities. (Fig. 1). The geographical coordinates of the Although HGs are found as one of the most district is at 24°N–25.41°N and 94°E–94.47°E. The important components of traditional village district is hilly in terrain with varying heights of ecosystem in Northeast India, the information on 913 to 3114 m amsl. The climate of the district their role on conservation, food security and is pleasant during most part of the year with SHIMRAH et al. 535 focused interview. Semi-structured interviews (SSIs) were conducted with 20 people (10 women and 10 men) of the age group ranging from 15 to 60 years in each village. The interview was aimed to gain a more in-depth knowledge on: (i) how homegardening is practiced, (ii) what are the germplasms used in HG, (iii) what are the roles played by male and female members in the family, (iv) what are the economic benefits of HG, (v) what are the challenges in HG, and (vi) what are the changes in HG. From the data attempt was made to explore opportunities and mechanisms to accommodate the interests of women and men in homegardens and gain better control over homegardening and nutrition activities. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with more knowledgeable people who have been practicing homegardening over a period of minimum five years. Here, more knowledgeable people are those farmers who are married and whose main occupation is farming with their HG of not less than one hectare in size. The FGDs were aimed to gain collective views on how home gardens fit into women’s and men’s livelihood strategies and aspirations; and how home- gardening can address nutrition deficiencies of household members in ways that empower women. Fig. 1. Study Site. Most of the plant species were identified in the field following published papers and reports. For temperature ranging from 3 °C (minimum) to 33 those species which could not be identified in the °C (maximum). The average annual rainfall is field, herbarium sheets were prepared along with about 85.31 cm (Feroze 2014). the record of local name and uses. Photographs of Five villages; Peh, Paorei, Phungcham, such species were also taken for future identi- Lunghar and Hunphun (Ukhrul) were selected to fication. Local as well as taxonomists in the carry out this study. All these villages are located in institutions were consulted and the prepared the northern part of Ukhrul District, Manipur. herbarium specimens were compared with These villages are inhabited by traditional published papers and specimens for identification.
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