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Ilhanli-Avrupa Ilişkileri T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI İLHANLI-AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİ Alican KİRİŞOĞLU 1430204039 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kansu EKİCİ ISPARTA - 2018 (KİRİŞOĞLU, Alican, İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, 2018) ÖZET İran tarihi açısından İlhanlılar dönemi oldukça büyük bir öneme haizdir. İran’daki Moğol hâkimiyeti sırasında yaşanan dönüşümler ve İslâm dünyasıyla yapılan savaşlar Avrupa devletlerinin ilgisini bu bölgeye çekmiştir. Moğolların Ortadoğu’ya gelmesi ve Bağdâd’ın işgal edilmesinden sonra başta Haçlılar olmak üzere, Katolik Avrupa, Ermeni ve Gürcüler, Müslümanlara karşı İlhanlıları kurtarıcı bir güç olarak görmüşlerdir. XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından XIV. yüzyılın ilk yarsına kadar Hristiyanlığı Moğolların arasında yayarak güçlü bir müttefik elde etmek amacıyla İran topraklarında faaliyet gösteren Avrupalılar, Doğu Akdeniz kıyılarında kurulan Haçlı devletleri vasıtasıyla İlhanlılarla yoğun şekilde temasa geçmişlerdir. Bu temasların neticesinde hem Avrupa’dan hem İran’dan elçi teatileri vukû bulmuştur. Çağatay, Altın Orda Hanlıkları, Memlûklar ve Türkiye Selçuklularına karşı İlhanlılar, Haçlılar, Avrupa, Papalık, Bizans İmparatorluğu, Gürcü ve Ermeniler arasında siyasî, ticarî ve ekonomik sebeplerden dolayı çıkar çatışmaları yaşanmıştır. Çalışmamızın önemli noktalardan biri İlhanlıların, Haçlılar ve Avrupalı devletlerle Memlûkların Ortadoğu’daki gücünü kırmak için müşterek bir sefer düzenleme girişimleridir. İlhanlı- Avrupa ilişkilerinde Argûn Han döneminin ayrı bir önemi vardır. Onun zamanında Avrupa’yla temaslar, elçi teatileri ve mektuplaşmalar önemli ölçüde hız kazanmıştır. Gâzân Han dönemine gelindiğinde İlhanlılar, en parlak devirlerini yaşamalarına ve Memlûklara karşı kısmî birtakım başarılar elde etmelerine rağmen ilerleyen zamanlarda bunların sürekliliği olmamıştır. Her ne kadar Avrupa, Memlûklara karşı İlhanlılara askerî destek gönderememiş olsa da İlhanlı hâkimiyetindeki Ermeni ve Gürcü krallıkları Müslümanlara karşı gerçekleşen savaşlarda daima Moğol Hanlarının yanında yer alarak sadık birer müttefik olmuşlardır. İlhanlı-Avrupa ilişkilerini derinden etkileyen diğer bir husus ticarî etkinliklerdir. Özellikle Venedikli ve Cenovalı tacirler İlhanlılarla sürekli ve yoğun şekilde ticarî faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. İlhanlı-Avrupa ve Papalık münasebetleri Memlûklara karşı ortak askerî harekât yapabilmek arzusuyla başlamış ve ilerlemiş, taraflar arası görüşmelerde saldırı planları uzun süre tartışılmıştır. Ancak başta Avrupa’da olumsuz yönde yaşanan siyasî-dinî gelişmeler ve Avrupa’yla İran ve Suriye arasındaki uzun mesafenin yarattığı ulaşım güçlüğü gibi sebeplerden dolayı arzu edilen ittifaklık hiçbir zaman hayata geçememiştir. Araştırma konumuzu ele alırken başta taraflar arasında vuku bulan mektuplar olmak üzere, dönemle alakalı çeşitli kroniklerden, seyahat notlarından ve muhtelif araştırma eserlerden yararlanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İlhanlılar, İngiltere Krallığı, Fransa Krallığı, Papalık, Haçlılar, Bizans İmparatorluğu, Aragon Krallığı, Memlûklar, Altın Orda Hanlığı, Çağatay Hanlığı. iii (KİRİŞOĞLU, Alican, Ilkhanid-Europe Relations, Master Thesis, Isparta, 2018) ABSTRACT In terms of Iranian history, the Ilkhanid period is of great importance. The transformations taking place during the Mongol domination in Iran and the wars waged by the Islamic world attracted the interest of the European states to this region. After the arrival of the Mongols in the Middle East and the occupation of Baghdad, Catholic Europeans, Armenians, Georgians, and particularly the Crusaders considered the Ilkhanids as a saviour against Muslims. From the second half of the 13th century until the first half of the 14th century, the Europeans, operating in Iranian territories in order to obtain a strong ally by spreading the Christianity among the Mongols, contacted with the Ilkhanids intensively via the Crusader states founded on the Eastern Mediterranean coasts. As a result of these contacts, ambassador exchanges from both Europe and Iran occurred. There were a great many conflicts of interest due to political, commercial and economic reasons among the Ilkhanids, the Crusaders, Europe, the Papacy, the Byzantine Empire, Georgians and Armenians against Chagatai Khanate, Khanate of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks, and the Seljuk Turks. One of the important points of our study is the initiative of the Ilkhanids, the Crusaders and the European states to organize a joint campaign in order to break the strength of the Mamluks in the Middle East. In Ilkhanid-European relations, Arghun Khan era was of a great significance. During his time, the contacts with Europe, ambassador exchanges and diplomatic correspondence gained considerable momentum. In the period of Ghazan Khan, although they had their brightest eras and achieved some partial successes against the Mamluks, the Ilkhanids could not maintain this position. Even though Europe was not able to send military support to the Ilkhanids against the Mamluks, the Ilkhanian-dominated Armenian and Georgian kingdoms always became a loyal ally of the Mongol Khans in the wars against the Muslims. Another issue affecting Ilkhanid-European relations profoundly was the commercial activities. The Venetian and Genoese merchants, in particular, constantly involved in intense commercial activities with the Ilkhanids. Ilkhanid- European and the Papacy relations commenced and advanced in an attempt to make joint military operations against the Mamluks, and the attack plans were negotiated between the parties for a long time. However, the desired alliance was never able to be established in view of the reasons such as the political-religious developments in Europe, and the difficulty in transportation which resulted from the long distance between Europe and Iran, and Syria. In this study, we mainly used the letters that were exchanged between the parties, various chronicles related to the period, travel notes and a variety of other research works. Key Words: Ilkhanids, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of France, Papacy, Crusaders, Byzantine Empire, Kingdom of Aragon, Mamluks, Khanate of the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate. iv İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ SAVUNMA SINAV TUTANAĞI .......................................................................... i YEMİN METNİ .............................................................................................................. ii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... vii ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... xii KAYNAKLAR VE ARAŞTIRMALARA DAİR ....................................................... xvi GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 İLHANLI ÖNCESİ MOĞOL-AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİ ............................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM İLHANLI-AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİNİN BAŞLANGICI (1256-1284) 1. Hûlâgû Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1256-1265) ....................................... 19 2. Abâkâ Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1265-1282) ........................................ 40 3. Ahmed Tekûdâr Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1282-1284) ......................... 63 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM İLHANLI-AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİNİN GELİŞİMİ (1284-1295) 1. Argûn Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1284-1291) ......................................... 68 1. 1. Bogagoc Mengilic ve Thomas Anfossi’nin Elçilik Görevi ................................ 70 1. 2. Rabban Sauma’nın Elçilik Görevi ve Avrupa Seyahati ..................................... 72 1. 3. Busarello de Ghisolfi’nin Elçilik Görevi ........................................................... 83 1. 4. Chaganus’un Elçilik Görevi ............................................................................... 89 1. 5. İlhan Argûn’un Son Dönemlerindeki Elçi Teatileri ve Avrupa’dan Gelen Mektuplar ........................................................................................................................ 92 2. Geyhâtû ve Bâydû Hanlar Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1291-1295) ................. 98 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MÜSLÜMAN İLHANLAR DÖNEMİNDE AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİ (1295-1335) 1. Gâzân Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1295-1304) ....................................... 103 2. Olcâytû Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1304-1316) .................................... 118 3. Ebû Sa’îd Bahadır Han Dönemi İlhanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri (1317-1335) ................... 127 v DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM İLHANLI-AVRUPA İLİŞKİLERİNİN DİĞER ALANLARI 1. Kültürel ve Dinî İlişkiler ........................................................................................... 132 2. Ticarî ve Ekonomik İlişkiler ..................................................................................... 136 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 147 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ...................................................................................................
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