OCR AS and a Level History Term 2 Teaching Programme and Planning

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AS and A LEVEL Term 2 Teaching Programme and Planning Sheet HISTORY A H105/H505 For first teaching in 2015

Genghis Khan and the Explosion from the Steppes c.1167-1405

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AS and A LEVEL HISTORY SPECIFICATION MAPPING GUIDE

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A LEVEL TERM 2 TEACHING PROGRAMME AND PLANNING GUIDE GENGHIS KHAN AND THE EXPLOSION FROM THE STEPPES C.1167-1405

INTRODUCTION

The following suggested teaching programme provides an approach to the key issues those concentrating on Mongol rule in specific regions while considering overriding contained within Topic 2 and Topic 3 as well as possible activity styles and resources. key issues. Throughout the suggested programme, there are opportunities to The amount of topics covered from the ‘specification content’ ensures adequate highlight ‘progression’ due to a change of pace from depth to breadth and extension ‘depth’ and ‘pace’ in the second term, whilst also continuing to expose students to key of analysis of a particular feature. By the end of the second term, students should be themes, concepts and issues with which they are now familiar. It is worth spending very aware of the prominent debates which are recurring themes throughout the time on all features of the reign of Khubilai Khan in terms of Yuan China, the nature of course and they should feel confident with explaining, supporting and justifying such the individual khanates and Mongol interaction with other cultures by the late 13th issues for the majority of the Mongol period. century. This will mean that progression to Topic 3 is conceptually easier and that a shorter amount of time is required to draw together the content of Topic 4 at the end of the course.

The division into ten sections enables teachers to adapt coverage of the material according to school timetables and lengths of term whilst constructing their schemes of work around their chosen resources. Inevitably, some sections will require more time than others to develop depth and consolidation of knowledge. However, some of the recommended divisions have also been constructed for that purpose such as

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Activities Opportunities Objectives Khubilai Khan and the Why and how did Problem-solving exercise (‘strategy’): R. Latham (trans.) The Travels of Marco Polo (Penguin Classics Understanding and appreciation of Subjugation of China Khubilai consolidate students consider dates/locations of 1958) – chap. 3 Mongol rule in the context of China. (1): power in China? imperial consolidation using a map of Ability to identify locations and basic key -politics/administration China. Plan ‘how’ it will be governed, J. Larner Marco Polo and the Discovery features. Knowledge and -economy/trade practicalities and aims from the perspective of the World 1999) Awareness of chronological overview, Awareness: -religious tolerance of the Khubilai c.1260. historical debate and nature of Khubilai’s -nature/extent of rule in -military control Discuss problems, solutions and potential W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) Genghis Khan reign. China c.1260-1294 -sinicisation methods before comparing decisions with and the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian 2013) – part 4 -aims and actions of -patronage/propaganda the reality of Khubilai’s rule. Supplement Consolidation: Khubilai and how these with easy reading and brief notes for an P. Ebrey & A. Walthall (ed.) East Asia: A Cultural, Social and Factual tests/memory games relating to were similar or different overview. Political History (3rd ed. 2014) China such as: to previous Mongol -labelling a map/features khans How did Khubilai aim to Assess the reasons why and how Daidu J.Man Xanadu (2009) -matching definitions with words -features of government establish legitimacy? and Shangdu were located at those sites and administration -Daidu and Shangdu – use general reading, images and source J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 3 How far did Khubilai build upon the power -role of Chinese and -Liu Ping-Ching and extracts to note the ‘character’ of the city he had acquired in China prior to 1264? foreigners Phags pa-Lama and mixture of nomadic and sedentary J. Man Kublai Khan. The Mongol King who remade China (2006) -proclamation of Yuan practices. To what extent was Khubilai’s government Analysis: -court culture Write biographies of prominent Chinese R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 8 more Chinese in character than Mongol? -personal ambitions -scholar-officials officials, comparing their contributions -aims and motives -sedentary customs to Khubilai’s power/reputation as Yuan D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap. 5 Did Khubilai legitimise his rule over China -problems and priorities emperor. sufficiently? -reasons for resistance Compare primary sources on Khubilai’s M. Rossabi Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (1988) or opposition court & The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) – chap.4 Interpretations: -reasons for success or How successful was Balance Sheet – consider various aspects Give a sweeping viewpoint as a hypothesis failure Khubilai’s government? and features of government and weigh Rossabi’s website at Colombia such as: “Khubilai was merely a Chinese -significance of new or -Secretariat, Six up the pros and cons of each. Encourage http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china.htm emperor”. Students use introductory adapted methods of Ministries, civil service, students to identify specific examples and activities and reading to prepare for a warfare and governance Office for Stimulation of details to prevent generalisation. Link back J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) – class debate – allocate those defending -utility and reliability of Agriculture to ‘Mongol aims’ in general as well as the chap. 7 and those opposing the statement. primary sources -attitudes/changes to personal aims of Khubilai. How far was his Extend further during the course when -popular interpretations hierarchy approach typical of a Mongol khan? Extend J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern considering his relations with the other -significance of -role of Chinese elite and with a timeline, identifying patterns and World (2004) – chap.8 & 9 khanates. adopting the name officials turning-points. Yuan -the Censorate and spies Minneapolis Institute of Arts map of Yuan China http://archive. -success and efficiency artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/yuan-dynasty-map.cfm -opposition/resistance in China/Great Khanate The Silk Road Foundation – Article by P.Buell on historiography http://silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/ volumeonenumberone/age.html

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Activities Opportunities Objectives Khubilai Khan and the How successful were Refer back to previous problem-solving exercises P. Ebrey & A. Walthall (ed.) East Asia: A Cultural, Social and Progression: Subjugation of China economic policies? to consider economic issues. Before reading and Political History (3rd ed. 2014) Revise the situation in China during (2): -aims, motives, methods note-taking, make a list of all groups in society the early Mongol invasions and gain -currency and taxation which need consideration as well as Khubilai’s W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) Genghis Khan deeper knowledge of existing culture -public works and forced aims – are these people likely to be ‘managers’ and the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian 2013) – part 4 and styles prior to Khubilai. Knowledge and labour or ‘workers’? Which ones are hard to categorise? Appreciate the significance of Awareness: -agrarian economy, ‘she’ Ensure students grasp the bigger picture in terms J.Man Xanadu (2009) Khubilai to Chinese history as well - features of trade, and the peasantry of economic development, maintaining control as his importance to Mongol history culture and exchange -artisans, merchants and and measuring the success of methods. J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 3 and global exchange. -key individuals and foreigners their influence R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 8 Consolidation: Draw up a chart of all religious groups settled -the Mongol court, What was the nature Why did Khubilai adopt the in Yuan China as well as religions to which they lifestyle, customs and and impact of religious D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap. 5 economic practices and policies he were exposed through trade/contact. Which ones values policies in China? put in place? were practised by the Mongols and the Chinese? -foreign presence and -extent of religious M.Rossabi The Mongols and Global History (2011) – source Which ones were only practised by foreigners/ influence tolerance or tension extracts p.128-48 How far did foreigners and Chinese merchants? Use reading material from a variety -Mongol traditions and -positive and negative artists or scholars play a part in the of texts and make notes for each faith under the assimilated practices attitudes M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) – development of either trade or following headings: main regional concentration -features of art, -continuity and change chap.4 culture? or location; prominent religious leaders or scholars; architecture, religious in Mongol beliefs and tolerance; suppression; Mongol assimilation of practice, literature, practices M. Rossabi Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (1988) Compare the importance of two beliefs/practices. science artists or scholars (e.g. Mengfu, How far did culture Ensure students grasp ‘progress’ and J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) – Dausheng, Phags pa-Lama). Analysis: develop during Khubilai’s ‘development’ rather than assuming all cultural chap. 7 -- extent and pace of rule of China? production is ‘new’ or ‘innovative’. Consider what How far was there economic or continuity and change -theatre/drama existed in China before and during Khubilai’s reign J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern cultural change or continuity in -reasons for priorities -artistic (painting, under the Song dynasty up to 1279. Students World (2004) – chap.8 & 9 China during the reign of Khubilai and interests calligraphy, porcelain) can make a brief summary of key features /trends Khan? -significance of events -Confucian literati under the Song, then match them to fashions, Metropolitan Museum of Art and developments -astronomy, Jamal al-Din developments and styles under Khubilai. How far Yuan Dynasty Whose lives changed more – the -impact of interaction - medicine did the Yuan assimilate existing Chinese practices http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yuan/hd_yuan.htm Chinese or the Mongols? with foreigners -role of individuals or import new ones? Why? http://afe.easia. -importance of Khubilai (Mengfu, Dausheng) columbia.edu/song/econ/pop.htm BBC4 podcast - M.Bragg discussion on Marco Polo Interpretations -image versus reality -influence of Persia, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hxpxh Was Khubilai’s power merely an India, Middle East, Korea image or reality?

How far did patronage Pose the hypothesis that Khubilai’s power and Consider a range of popular achieve its aims? patronage was merely ‘an image’. Draw up interpretations in newsreports, -image, reality, control, evidence to suggest that the reality was that websites and history books. Balance acceptance, propaganda propaganda hid weakness, subversion and the this against representations of -fusion of Mongol and existence of independently-minded scholars and other Mongols such as Genghis or Chinese customs artists. Then support the view that his methods Tamerlane. How similar or different is -cultural expression and reflected significant control – support these their treatment of Khubilai? independence clearly with evidence.

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Activities Opportunities Objectives The Mongol Empire In what way did trade Read D.Waugh’s article on the Pax Mongolica, T. Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (2001) Factual recall and chronological c.1260-1294 (1) and commerce develop http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica. understanding. throughout the Empire? shtml W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) Genghis Khan and Ability to explain key features and events Knowledge and -Silk Road and Pax Supplement this with information from Rossabi’s the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian 2013) – part 4 with supporting detail. Awareness: Mongolica website at Columbia and other reading material. Understanding of the significance of - features of trade, -postal stations, forms of Test students’ geographical knowledge as well P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) – chap. 7 & 8 events and the importance of the role of culture and exchange exchange/travel, routes individuals. as terminology. Make notes on the type of trade, across the Mongol -types of goods J. Larner Marco Polo and the Discovery Ability to explain and justify arguments. Empire -development of cities methods of transport and origins of goods as well of the World 1999) -key individuals and -impact on Khubilai’s as final destinations. How far did China play a role Consolidation: their influence position/rule in international trade? R. Latham (trans.) The Travels of Marco Polo (Penguin Classics Essays or ‘sections’ of essays could be -Mongol courts, 1958) – chap. 3 based on various key issues either How similar or different Class agrees a hypothesis on which two khanates lifestyle, customs and adopting ‘full’ essays or A Level question were the economic are most likely to be similar. Collectively aim to values J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 3 (a) style comparisons. policies of the khanates? prove/disprove this through a jigsaw activity. -foreign presence and - taxation, currency influence Four student groups research different khanates, R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 8 & 9 For example: -attitudes to foreigners, -Mongol traditions and making notes on key aspects. Exchange Compare the significance of key trade, desire for goods assimilated practices information with another group and report back M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) – features, events or individuals in -agriculture to the class on their two khanates. Extend to class chap.4, 6 & 7 relation to Mongol economic or cultural -external influence debate of all khanates, deciding whether the initial development (e.g. Italian merchants, -use of regional officials hypothesis was correct. M.Rossabi The Mongols and Global History (2011) – extract from Persia, postal stations, Marco Polo). Analysis: How far did Mongols and Read a variety of primary sources originating Pegolotti (p.148-55) - extent and pace of foreigners interact? from both east and west – ensure these are How realistic or accurate is Marco Polo’s continuity and change J.P. Roux Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire (2003) narrative about trade, interaction and the -locals, travellers, placed within the period of Khubilai. What do -reasons for priorities nature of cities across the empire? artisans and merchants they tell us about the Mongols, mutual reactions and interests at Mongol courts and in J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001)-chap.7 -significance of events and interaction? Does this differ within or across regional societies (e.g. regions? and developments Marco Polo, Pegolotti) J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern Essay practice: Write a biography of key travellers/writers such as -impact of interaction -social/cultural styles, World (2004) – chap.8 & 9 Full essay or write a ‘paragraph/section’ with foreigners reactions, assimilation Marco Polo, Pegolotti or Corvino. (e.g. one factor) to practise techniques of -comparative -role of Persia and China http://www.silk-road.com/artl/marcopolo.shtml Silk Road Seattle (Prof. D Waugh, University of Washington) explanation, support and evaluation. development across Direct link to the interactive map game the khanates What was the impact of Discuss the process of communication and http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/maps/mapquiz/cities.html trade and intercultural interaction by trying to place different ethnic Interpretations exchange? and social groups within 3 categories (triangular Silk Road Foundation vol. 5, No.1 (2007) article by P.Buell, Food, “The reign of Khubilai Khan signified a -nature of cities, trading diagram) labelling ‘initiator’ or ‘facilitator’, Medicine and the Silk Roads: The Mongol Era Exchanges Golden Age in Mongol rule.” How far do posts, Venetian and ‘participant’ and ‘observer’. The key thing is to http://silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol5num1/ you agree? Genoese colonies differentiate between who ‘enabled’ cultural -significance of Sarai, exchange, who created it or participated and Fordham University (Halsall texts -extract from Marco Polo) How fair is the view that Khubilai’s reign Urgench, Bukhara who was merely a bystander. Start by making http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/polo-kinsay.asp led to the emergence of the first ‘global -knowledge, assimilation generalisations, then define groups closely age’ in history? -extent of Mongol unity, according to regions. Make notes on the most Rossabi’s website at Colombia power, diplomacy, image significant effects matching them to relevant http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china.htm and reputation categories.

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Activities Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Opportunities Objectives The Mongol Empire How did Mongol control and Flipped learning –students use easy reading material to T. Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (2001) Progression: c.1260-1294 (2) government develop across the draw up a chronology and notes of key features or khans Revision and extension of general Empire? for the period c.1260-94. The aim is to grasp the character Nicola di Cosmo Warfare in Inner Asian History, 500– knowledge of governance and Knowledge and -within or across regions of each khanate by the end of the 13th century and nature 1800 (2001) character of each khanate Awareness: -continuity and change in of the Mongol Empire. The following resource provides a Developed understanding of the - geography and terms of regional consolidation simple overview of each khanate but can be supplemented W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) Genghis nature of the Mongol Empire under chronology of Mongol of power, succession, internal Khan and the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian 2013) – part Khubilai. with material from Rossabi and Morgan. rule and campaigns stability, administration 4 Awareness of developments -differentiation -relationship of regional http://web.archive.org/web/20050214094845/http://www. beyond China in terms of imperial between khanates and politics to imperial rule ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/ G. Lane Early Mongol Rule in 13th century Iran: a Persian rule. rulers -role of individual khans Compare the priorities, problems, success and limitations Renaissance (2003) -key individuals -alliances and diplomacy of each khanate – how far were the Mongols united in aim, Consolidation: -important events and -relations between Yuan China lifestyle, policy? J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 3 Compare the role of ‘personality’ turning-points and the Ilkhanate and ‘circumstance’ in helping -effects of military R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 8 & 9 individual khans to achieve power campaigns or success. What were the aims, strengths, Reading/research on areas, states or opposing dynasties -military features within the Far East: analyse aims, methods, events and T. May The Mongol Art of War (2007) -similarity and weaknesses, success and Assess the importance of Khubilai in reactions to Mongol campaigns (e.g. Song, Japan) - make difference limitations of military policies? D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap. 5 & 6 the development of Mongol control -reasons for -nature of Mongol armies (late chronological notes. Identify any patterns, change or in southern China and East Asia. opposition and C13th) continuity over time – is submission more likely as time M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) resistance -Khubilai’s campaigns (the passes or does that depend on the state, leadership, military – chap.4 & 5 How far did the Mongols adopt Song, Japan and East Asia) skill or luck? Chinese or Persian practices in Analysis: -regional campaigns and Repeat to consider campaigns across the empire and J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests terms of khanate government, - pace and extent of border territories relative success of the khanates. (2001)-chap.7 economy, culture, religion or army? change -personal or collective Was Khubilai Khan a successful Balance sheet of Mongol aims and expectations matched S.Turnbull Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests Why were campaigns in East Asia so Mongol motives, aims (2003) challenging? Mongol ruler? against Khubilai’s achievements and failures. Divide this and ambitions - his roles as Great Khan and -reasons for success or chronologically focussing on his early and late reign. J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the Why did Khubilai face opposition? Yuan emperor Is there any difference in the conclusions drawn when failure -achievements v failures Modern World (2004) – chap.8 & 9 -significance of considering the period up to 1279 and beyond? Compare battles, campaigns or the -Mongol rivalry, tension, Debate reasons for opposition and compare the extent of methods opposition, rebellion Mongol invasions of Japan (Bowdoin college) roles of military leaders either within the threat to Khubilai. -turning-point -impact -power, propaganda, image http://learn.bowdoin.edu/asian-studies/mongol- East Asia or across the Mongol of the conquests and reality invasions/index.shtml Empire (e.g. Damascus, Hangzhou). -reasons for disunity and division Why was there a lack of Mongol Consider the map and geographic extent of the empire – De Re Militari - Article by C Hansen on campaigns Interpretations Practice: -extent of Mongol unity by 1294? what does this suggest? against the Song Compare the views of Rossabi and powers -perceptions of the role of http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/mongols2map.jpg http://deremilitari.org/2014/05/the-mongol-siege-of- Weatherford. ‘khagan’ Revise the issues of disunity during Khubilai’s accession to xiangyang-and-fan-cheng-and-the-song-military/ - extent of empire and power – how similar or different were they to the Mongol Consider which aspects of the regional autonomy position in 1294? What does this suggest? Article by T.Conlon on campaigns against Japan Mongol Empire tend to be focussed -role of personalities Had opposition/division always existed? Why? http://deremilitari.org/2014/02/the-destruction-of- on by historians and why. -Mongol traditions damascus-by-the-mongols-in-1299-1301/

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Activities Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Opportunities Objectives Mongol Rule in the How far was there continuity Problem-solving exercise (‘strategy’): students consider E. Endicott-West Mongolian Rue in China; Progression 14th century: Yuan or change in Mongol dates/locations of Yuan control using a map of China. Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty Revision of the reign of Khubilai and awareness China and the Great government? Plan ‘how’ it will be governed, practicalities and aims (1989) of the significance of prior experience or Khanate -legacy of Khubilai from the perspective of the situation at Khubilai’s death involvement of Mongols, Chinese or foreign -succession, methods and as well as that of individual khans across the period. D. Farquhar The Government of China under officials, merchants or artisans. Knowledge and personal rule of Yuan and Discuss problems, solutions and potential methods Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide (1990) Understanding of the causes and nature of key Awareness: Mongol khans before comparing decisions with the reality of Yuan events up to the 1360s. - features of trade, -relationship of China to the H. Franke China under Mongol Rule (1994) culture and exchange Steppes rule. Supplement with easy reading and brief notes for Factual test of key events, features and -key individuals and -reasons for and extent of an overview. P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) individuals. their influence political and military strengths/ – chap. 7 & 8 -the Mongol court, weaknesses Consolidation: lifestyle, customs and -Mongol traditions and J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 4 Compare the role of ‘personality’ and values sinicisation ‘circumstance’ in helping individual khans to -foreign presence and R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – achieve power or success. influence What was the nature of Revise Khubilai’s economic aims and achievements chap. 9 before considering the problems which the later Yuan -Mongol traditions economic policies? (and BBC Documentary – episode ) To what extent were relations between China faced. Did they need to pursue similar or different aims and assimilated -aims, methods, success D. Morgan, The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – and the Ilkhanate maintained after the reign of and methods? Why? Make notes of the situation by practices -continuity and change chap. 5 Khubilai Khan? -features of art, -agriculture, peasants 1294, then add developments according to stages of architecture, religious Yuan history as appropriate. How far was there change T. May The Mongol Conquests in World -trade and the Silk Road In what way did culture develop in Yuan China? practice, literature, -impact of natural disasters or continuity? History (2012) science (plague, floods) M.Rossabi The Mongols and Global History Why were the Mongols forced to withdraw to Analysis: How far did society, religion Revise previous developments during the reign of (2011) – extract from Zhou Daguan (p.155- the Steppes by the 1360s? - extent and pace of and culture develop? Khubilai to identify what had been initiated by the 58) continuity and change -social composition and roles Mongols as opposed to existing Chinese culture. Question (a) style response (A Level) -reasons for priorities (women, literati, foreigners, Separate elements of influence (e.g. Persian, East Asian, M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Compare the importance of two key aspects, and interests artisans) Buddhist, Confucian, Korean, Tibetan). How far was Introduction (2012) – chap.4 & 6 features or specific khans to the development -significance of events -Yuan art/architecture there a fusion of Mongol tastes and practices with of Yuan China and the Great Khanate. and developments -nomadic v. sedentary J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Chinese ones under the later Yuan? Were the Mongols -impact of interaction traditions and customs Conquests (2001) – chap.8 facilitators and enablers of cultural development rather Interpretations with foreigners -extent of religious tolerance or Pose the hypothesis that the Yuan were -comparative than creators in this period or had it become merged? J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making tension responsible for spreading the Black Death. development across Why and how did Yuan rule OCR Delivery Guide – use Activity Sheet2.1 to note of the Modern World (2004) – chap.10 Discuss biological warfare and intentional China, East Asia and decline? What impact did this details about the process of decline after discussing the Mongol heartland have? prioritisation of factors. Adapt Resource Sheet 5 behaviour as opposed to natural disaster. - rise of the Ming dynasty1368 substituting irrelevant cards with Yuan emperors, the Student groups prepare evidence to support -nature and extent of political Ming, natural disasters). Repeat the activity for different either view and defend during class debate. infighting, corruption, dates or events to establish importance. Focus on rebellion strategy, military tactics, leaders, nature of opposition Consider whether the Yuan became weak -withdrawal from China and the course of events. rulers due to their adoption of sedentary customs and lifestyle.

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Activities Opportunities Objectives Mongol Rule in the How far was there continuity Balance sheet – draw up a chronological R. Amitai-Preiss Mongols and Mamluks. The Mamluk- Progression: 14th century: The or change in Mongol list of Ilkhans making notes on their style of Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281 (1995) Revision of key events, features and individuals Ilkhanate government? government, institutions, key officials and which shaped the character of the region by the -legacy of late C13th military policies. How similar or different were N. Di Cosmo (ed.), Warfare in Inner Asian History (2002) late 13th century. Knowledge and -succession, methods and they across the period? Why might that be? Understanding of the causes and nature of key Awareness: personal rule of the Ilkhans Revise the behaviour and actions of previous W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) Genghis Khan events in the region. -features of (Ghazan, Oljietu, Abu Said) Ilkhanans to analyse the extent of continuity and the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian 2013) – part 3 government -relationship with China and and change. Were the problems the 14th -strengths and the khanates century Ilkhans faced more or less serious P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) – chap. 7 Consolidation: weakness of policies -nature/extent of war, than those faced in the 13th century? Factual tests/memory games relating to the -chronology of khans diplomacy, foreign policy Match these considerations to methods A.K.S. Lambton Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Ilkhanate such as: -features of trade, -reasons for and extent of rule and the impact of warfare on Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History -labelling a map/features culture and exchange of political and military populations. Use primary sources where 11th to 14th century (1988) -matching definitions with words -key individuals and strengths/weaknesses possible such as that of Adh Dhababi. their influence - nature of the Mongol court J.Somgyi (trans.) Adh Dhababi’s record of the J. Kolbas The Mongols in Iran. Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220- Compare the role of ‘personality’ and ‘circumstance’ -the Mongol court, and the role of Muslim, destruction of Damascus 1299-1301 1309 (2006) in helping individual khans to achieve power or lifestyle, customs and Jewish, Arab and Chinese http://deremilitari.org/2014/02/the- success. values clerics destruction-of-damascus-by-the-mongols- L.Komaroff (ed.) Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan (2006) -foreign presence and -reasons for decline by 1335 in-1299-1301/ To what extent was Ghazan the most successful influence J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 4 Ilkhan? -Mongol traditions What was the nature of Jigsaw activity – divide the class into groups and assimilated economic and social policies? to research a different aspect of Ilkhanate R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 9 In what way did the Ilkhans interact with foreign practices -aims, methods, success policy (e.g. economy, society). Make notes (and BBC Documentary – episode ) -features of art, -continuity and change on general Mongol aims or existing methods leaders and Mongol khans? architecture, religious -agriculture, peasants as well as aims/methods which are specific D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap. 6 practice, literature, -trade, commerce, the Silk to individual khans. (Set against a timeline if Why was Azerbaijan a source of contention science Road, Caucuses needed.) Add key features and developments J.Raby & T.Fitzherbert (ed.), The Court of the Ilkhans 1290- between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde? -methods of exchange alongside both ‘general’ and ‘individual’ aims/ 1340 (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XII, 1996) Analysis: (goods, language, currency, methods. Discuss the results in terms of overall How far did Islam influence both government and -extent and pace skills) and comparative success (achieving aims, M.Rossabi The Mongols and Global History (2011) – extract culture in the Ilkhanate? of continuity and -impact of government reputation or historical interpretations). from Rabban Sauma (p.158-64) change policies on society Did Islamic or Persian attitudes, practices and Question (a) style response (A Level) -reasons for priorities policies impact on economy and society? M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) – Compare the importance of two key aspects, and interests chap.4 & 6 How/why did religion and Revise previous developments during the features or specific khans to the development of -significance of events culture develop? reign of Khubilai to identify continuity and and developments J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) the Ilkhanate (e.g. trade and agriculture, Ghazan -adoption of Islam change. Separate elements of influence from and Oljietu) -impact of interaction -art, architecture, literature, Persia from the general influence of Islam, the – chap.8 with foreigners customs Middle East or European/Christian contact. Interpretations -comparative -influences (Persia, China, Did China still influence art, literature, diet B. Spuler The Mongols in History (1971) or The Muslim Discuss the following proposition and decide development across nomadic, Arabic) and science in the region to the same level? World part II: The Mongol Period (1960) the region -patronage and image http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ilkh/ which historians’ comments appear to match this -Mongol cultural legacy hd_ilkh.htm J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the view Modern World (2004) – chap.10 “The only reason for the decline of the Ilkhanate was the laziness of Abu Said.”

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Activities Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Opportunities Objectives Mongol Rule in the How far was there continuity Balance sheet – list aims, priorities, methods and D. Christian A History of Russia, Central Asia and Progression: 14th century : The or change in Mongol success/failure of individual khans in the period. Mongolia I (1998), Part V Revision of key events, features and individuals Golden Horde government? How do they compare and why? which shaped the character of the region by the -legacy of late C13th OCR Delivery guide (Resource Sheet 5) - W.Fitzhugh, M.Rossabi & W.Honeychurch (ed.) late 13th century. Knowledge and -succession, methods and prioritisation of factors. Adapt/substitute cards so Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire (Smithsonian Ability to identify the causes and location of key Awareness: personal rule (Tokhta, Uzbeg, they are relevant for diamond-ranking and assess 2013) – part 3 events in the region. - features of Tokhtamysh) reasons for the rise to power, the success or the government -reasons for and extent weakness of individual khans or overall Mongol P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) – chap. 8 -strengths and of political and military rule of the 14th century Golden Horde. Extend Consolidation: weakness of policies strengths/weaknesses with an essay or practise writing paragraphs C. Halperin Russia and the Golden Horde (1985) Compare the role of ‘personality’ and ‘circumstance’ -chronology of khans -local administration defending one view. in helping individual khans to achieve power or -features of trade, C.Halperin The Tatar Yoke (1986) success. culture and exchange What was the nature of Refer back to previous legacy of economic -key individuals and economic and social policies? and social policies in the Golden Horde. Before J.Man The Mongol Empire (2014) – part 4 How successful was Uzbeg? their influence -aims, methods, success reading and note-taking, make a list of all groups in society which need consideration as well as -the Mongol court, -continuity and change R.Marshall Storm From the East (1993) – chap. 9 Why did relations change between Tokhtamysh individual khans’ aims – are these people likely to lifestyle, customs and -agriculture, peasants (and BBC Documentary – episode ) and Tamerlane? values -trade, commerce, Black Sea, be ‘managers’ of trade or agriculture or ‘workers’? Siberia, Central Asia Which ones are hard to categorise? Ensure students -foreign presence and D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap.6 How far was Kulikovo Polye a turning-point? influence -methods of exchange grasp the bigger picture in terms of economic -Mongol traditions (goods, language, skills) development, the style of Mongol control in the D.Ostrowski Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural To what extent did the adoption of Islam influence and assimilated -impact of government region and measuring the success of methods. influences on the Steppe frontier 1304-1589 (1998) practices policies on society How was this khanate different? cultural developments in the Golden Horde? -features of art, M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction architecture, religious How/why did religion and Revise previous developments during the reign (2012) – chap.5-7 How far was the Golden Horde a centre for trade practice, literature, culture develop? of Khubilai or earlier to identify continuity and and communication? science -role of Islam and Orthodox change. Separate elements of influence from J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests Church Persia, Central Asia, Europe or China as well as (2001) – chap.9 Question (a) style response (A Level) Analysis: -art, architecture, literature, faiths such as Islam, Christianity and Shamanism. Compare the importance of two key features, customs How far did they each influence art, literature, diet, - extent and pace S.Turnbull Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests influences or specific khans to the development of of continuity and -influences (Persia, China, science, customs and everyday life in the region? (2003) Steppes, Europe) Were there differences across the region? the Golden Horde (e.g. Tokhta, Uzbeg, Italian trade, change Persia). -reasons for priorities -patronage and image J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the and interests Modern World (2004) – chap.10 How secure was Mongol rule Using Powerpoint, images, maps and secondary Interpretations: -significance of events in the Golden Horde? material, draw up a detailed timeline – against Compare the views of Halperin and Ostrowski. and developments - diplomacy, alliances each stage, note causes, immediate effect and D. DeWeese Islamization and Native Religion in the -impact of interaction -rebellion, rivalry, war long-term impact. Golden Horde (1994) Research Russian, Mongolian or western views of with foreigners -reasons for the rise of Return to discussion of the traditional Russian -comparative principalities (Muscovy) perspective of the ‘Tatar yoke’ and consider events at Kulikovo Polye –do they identify it as a development across -significance of Kulikovo ‘national’ views of Mongol khanate rule and crucial event for ‘commemoration’? Why do they the region such as Polye ‘occupation’ – how does this compare with the differ? Russia, Siberia and -war with Tamerlane events which occurred in the 14th century and the Caucasus available primary sources?

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Activities Opportunities Objectives Mongol Rule in the How far was there continuity Compare comments/representations of two H. Hookham Tamburlaine the Conqueror (1962) Progression: 14th century: The or change in Mongol extracts, news reports or film clips about the Factual recall of the type of governance and Chagatai Khanate and government? 14th century Mongols –identify opinions and P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) – chap. 9 administration in Central Asia. Rise of Tamerlane -legacy of late C13th facts. How much of it focuses on Tamerlane and Extension in depth and breadth for whole -succession, methods and why? Consider Mongol aims and the concept B.F. Manz The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (1989) period with a chronological overview of the Knowledge and personal rule (e.g. Kebek, of ‘leadership’ and whether it was evident in the 14th century and study of specific khans. Awareness: Tughluq Timur, Tamerlane) Chagatai khanate by 1295. J.Marozzi Tamerlane (2004) - features of -reasons for and extent Use the comparative statistics at Hyperhistory government of political and military to consider what they suggest about Tamerlane. T. May The Mongol Conquests in World History (2012) Awareness of similarity and differences -strengths and strengths/weaknesses http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/ between lifestyles across the Mongol empire, weakness of policies -local administration and people_n2/ppersons5_n2/conq.html . D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – chap.8 the nature of trade and cultural interaction by -chronology of khans Turkic nobility Balance sheet – list aims, priorities, methods and -features of trade, -relations with other khanates success/failure of individual khans in the period. M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Introduction (2012) – Consolidation: culture and exchange (e.g. Ilkhanate) How do they compare and why? chap.7 Compare the role of ‘personality’ and -key individuals and -reasons for the rise of OCR Delivery guide (Resource Sheet 5) - ‘circumstance’ in helping individual khans to their influence Tamerlane and extent of prioritisation of factors. Adapt/substitute cards J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) – achieve power or success. -the Mongol court, ‘statesmanship’ so they are relevant and assess reasons for the chap.9 lifestyle, customs and -nature of decline (1405) rise to power or the success of individual khans. How successful was Tughlug Timur? values J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern What was the nature of Jigsaw activity – divide the class into groups -foreign presence and World (2004) – chap.10 How different was life in the Chagatai khanate influence economic and social policies to research a different aspect of khanate policy compared to Mongol rule elsewhere in the -Mongol traditions in Central Asia? (e.g. economy, society). Make notes on general M. Dickens and assimilated -aims, methods, success Mongol aims or existing methods as well as http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm early 14th century? practices -continuity and change aims/methods which are specific to individual -features of art, -agriculture, peasants khans. (Set against a timeline if needed.) Add Metropolitan Museum of Art In what way did the Chagatai khanate benefit architecture, religious -trade, commerce, Russia and key features and developments alongside both Art of the Timurid Period from the influence of cultures from both east practice, literature, Caucasus ‘general’ and ‘individual’ aims/methods. Discuss http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm and west? science -methods of exchange the results in terms of overall and comparative (goods, language, skills) success (achieving aims, reputation or historical Silk Road Seattle (D.Waugh, University of Washington) How important was Samarkand? Analysis: -impact of government interpretations). Map of the Mongol empire policies on society Did Mongol and Turkic attitudes, practices and -extent and pace http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/mongols/ Question (a) style response (A Level) -role of Tamerlane policies impact on society in different ways? of continuity and images/map.jpg Compare the importance of different features change How/why did religion and Look at the map of the Mongol empire to Intro to the Timurids of Mongol life or two significant Chagataid -reasons for priorities http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/timurids/ culture develop? consider which religions/ cultures had been khans. and interests -role of Islam most influential in 13th century Central Asia. timurids.html -significance of events -art, architecture, literature, Analyse why/how. Draw up a chart which Bibi Khanum Mosque and developments customs categorises these areas of influence (e.g. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/ -impact of interaction -influences (Persia, India, Persia, India, China) against features such as bibi.html with foreigners China, Steppes, Europe) art, architecture, language, literature, customs, Shah-i Zinde -comparative -patronage and image religion. List styles/examples which existed http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/ development across -continuity and change under already by 1294 or developed during the 14th shahix.html the region Tamerlane century linking them to their original influence. Clavijo’s Embassy to Tamerlane -role of Samarkand What do the results suggest? http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/clavijo/cltxt1.html

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Activities Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Opportunities Objectives The ‘Scourge of What were Tamerlane’s Using a variety of reading material, students make notes H. Hookham Tamburlaine the Conqueror (1962) Progression: Tamerlane’ military aims, motives and detailing Tamerlane’s attitude and actions. Divide notes Deepen understanding of Tamerlane’s rise to methods? according to categories of aims such as: Mongol legacy, P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) – power in terms of his aims and methods. -support and rivalry with existing Chagataid and Turkic aims, personal ambition, chap. 9 Ability to explain the cause of his success and Knowledge and Tokhtamysh rivalry, reaction to resistance. Explain each aim under the the impact of his actions within the Chagati Awareness: -establishing legitimacy heading before identifying events and methods which B.F. Manz The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (1989) khanate and conquered territory. - Tamerlane’s aims -maintaining Mongol illustrate where these categorised aims were addressed and methods traditions/reputation or achieved. Set these against a timeline and discuss J.Marozzi Tamerlane (2004) Consolidation: -warfare and military -nature of his armies whether one type of aim became more dominant at Why was Tamerlane successful in his military features -brutality and force specific points in time. Add details of alliances and T. May The Mongol Conquests in World History campaigns? -chronology and -role of Islam diplomatic relations. (2012) location of events -diplomacy, negotiation and Analysis – was Tamerlane a ‘typical’ Mongol ruler or was Which events are regarded as turning-points in -key battles, sieges tactics with Mongol, Middle he more Turkic? How innovative was he? D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) – Timurid expansion or rule? and personalities Eastern and European powers chap.8 -effect on inhabitants -role of Turkic nobility To what extent did division among the M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short Why and how successful was OCR Delivery Guide – adapt Activity Sheet 1.2, 2.1and Mongols khans influence Tamerlane’s Introduction (2012) – chap.7 ambitions? Analysis: Tamerlane in extending his 2.2. to note details about the process of conquest. Use - reasons for aims and empire? Resource Sheet 5 for prioritisation of factors – substitute J. J. Saunders The History of the Mongol -geographic spread the ‘Genghis’ card for ‘Tamerlane’. Repeat the activity for How devastating were the Mongol campaigns ambitions in Central Conquests (2001) – chap.9 under Tamerlane? Asia and beyond -comparative extent of different dates or events to establish importance. -reasons for and regional control Focus on key battles or sieges and consider preparations, J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making -methods of rule and strategy, military tactics, leaders, nature of opposition and Did Tamerlane’s Islamic faith affect his style of significance of of the Modern World (2004) – part leadership and military aims? victories or limitations consolidation the course of events. Compare them in terms of success, -extent of influence -campaigns against the difficulty, significance and impact. Ottomans and Mamluks Revise/confirm initial opinions by casting their vote at Question (a) style response (A Level) and impact on Asian, Compare the importance of two key battles, Middle Eastern and -events in the Golden Horde http://100leaders.org/timur. (sack of Sarai, reaching campaigns or advances such as Sarai, Moscow European mentalities or Delhi. -significance of his Moscow) -campaigns in India Alternatively compare the relative success of rule and actions different aspects or features of Tamerlane’s rule. How significant was the Focus on initial reactions during the course of Tamerlane’s impact of Tamerlane’s conquests first before considering long-term reactions, Interpretations: conquests? effects and adjustment to Timurid rule or extension. Use Various historical viewpoints can be -reputation as the ‘Sword of a variety of reading material supplemented with primary highlighted here as extension activities, such Islam’ source extracts. as the issue of whether Tamerlane is justified in -extent of brutality, death, Compare impact and reactions of local populations in being called the ‘sword of Islam’. plunder and destruction of former or existing Mongol khanates as well as external cities, trade and agriculture -psychological impact on territories – consider similarity, difference, local priorities. conquered peoples and Interpretations activity – compare the reputation of western Europe Tamerlane with that of Genghis. How are they similar/ -cultural exchange different?

Content Area Key Issues Potential Teaching Ideas and Activities Suggested Resources Outcome and Assessment and Learning Opportunities Objectives Nature of Mongol How similar and different was Test chronological and geographic understanding of T. Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Progression: Rule and Decline in Mongol rule in the khanates? the transition from 13th to 14th century Mongol rule by Eurasia (2001) Revision and developed understanding of the the 14th century -regional characteristics using the prompt cards (Delivery Guide Resource 2). role of individual khans within their regional as -maintenance of Mongol Follow the earlier model of setting a hypothesis and R. Amitai & M. Biran (eds) Mongols, Turks and well as the wider Mongol context. Knowledge and traditions, culture, aims jigsaw activity prior to debate. Use an interpretations Others (2005) Ability to assess the importance of key events, Awareness: -religious toleration quote if appropriate. Two student groups focus on one features and personalities in the context of -chronology -economic policies, side of the argument only, revising over key features of D. DeWeese Islamization and Native Religion in most key issues and debates relating to the -locations agriculture and trade each khanate. Hot seat members of the group who are the Golden Horde (1994) 14th century. -scope of rule or -cultural development defending the hypothesis. Opponents can fire questions conquests -military priorities and challenge them. Repeat the same for the opposing P.Jackson The Mongols and the West (2005) -individual khans -administration argument. Take a class vote to determine where Consolidation: -turning-points -relations with other judgement has fallen. Extend to essay practice reminding D. Morgan The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) Essays or ‘sections’ of essays could be based on -terminology khanates/Mongols students to justify ‘big points’ with ‘little points’ and various key issues either adopting ‘full’ essays or -typical views and -role of individual khans supporting examples. T. May The Mongol Conquests in World History A Level question (a) style comparisons. hypotheses -comparative success Adapt to compare the role of individual khans. (2012) -assimilation and integration What was the main reason for an individual M.Rossabi The Mongols, A Very Short khan’s rise to power? How important was the role Brainstorm all the possible ways in which Islam could Introduction (2012) Analysis: of Islam? affect Mongol rule, whether emanating from within How far was Mongol government distinctive -ethnicity and identity -character of Mongol Mongol territory or beyond (e.g. motives, pressures, J.P. Roux Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire across the empire? -comparative leadership, politics, war influences, tactics and methods). Make notes according (2003) – chap. 5 contributions -extent of unity/division to different aspects (e.g. politics, culture, trade). Repeat Why did all the khanates decline with the - pace and extent of -impact on culture for other influences to analyse which one is dominant at J. Weatherford Genghis Khan and the Making exception of the Golden Horde and the change -other influences (Yuan China, different points in time (against a timeline). What is the of the Modern World (2004) Mongol rule on the Steppes? -personal or collective Persia, nomadic, European, result? motives, aims and Buddhist) What were the main influences on Mongol ambitions How successful were the Make a table detailing different features of life for each government, economy and society during the -reasons for success Mongols in the C14th? khanate, with a section for ‘general Mongol aims’ and 14th century? -significance of -economic, social, religious ‘regional aims’. Also, identify prominent khans. Make methods Is it fair to say the Mongols were unsuccessful and cultural achievements notes under each section ready for class debate. Students -turning-points -Mongol strength, stability in the 14th century because their empire -impact of Mongol defend a particular khanate in terms of its individual declined? and unity success as well as its overall contribution to Mongol rule and military -nature of opposition and success. campaigns challenges to power -historical significance -limitations/weaknesses Analyse whether moments of failure reflected weakness -pace of development or not, when balanced against either general Mongol or -political and military control regional aims or the ambitions of individual khans. or reputation Further reading and debate – consider the wider impact -reasons for decline of natural disasters (e.g. Black Death) on the ability of the -effect of natural disasters, Mongols to maintain power or withdraw. war, plague

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