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Hronica Annual of the Institute of History University of Szeged Chronica /uu —2* U U ö vuLumt ¿-o. HRONICA ANNUAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED CHRONICA ANNUAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED HUNGARY Editor-in-chief: László Marjanucz Editors: Zsolt Hunyadi, István Zimonyi Editorial Board: László Koszta, Ferenc Makk, László J. Nagy, Enikő Sajti, Sándor László Tóth, István Zimonyi Proof Readers: Academic Proof-reading Service (UK) Articles appearing in the CHRONICA are abstracted in HISTORICAL ABSTRACT and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE ISSN 1588 2039 Published by the Institute of History, University of Szeged 2. Egyetem u. H-6722 Szeged Hungary e-mail: [email protected] http://primus.arts.u-szeged.hu/chronica Printed in Hungary, on acid-free paper by E-press Ltd, Szeged Copyright © 2008, by the authors and the editor Contents EDIT BATHÓ Jászberény ist die Hauptstadt von Jászén 3 A. A. ARSLANOVA Vassaf al-Hazrat and Hamdallah Kazvini (Protégés of Rashid ad-Din and court historiographers of the Ilkhans) 6 LÁSZLÓ BALOGH A New Source on the Hungarian Raids against Byzantium in the Middle of the Tenth Century 16 MLCHAL BLRAN Culture and Cross-Cultural Contacts in the Chaghadaid Realm (1220- 1370) (Some Preliminary Notes) 26 ÁGNES BLRTALAN Rituals of Sworn Brotherhood (Mong. anda bol-, Oir. and, ax dűli bol-) in Mongol Historic and Epic Tradition 44 THOMAS BRÜGGEMANN Cumans in Southern Dobrudja (Some remarks on the Second Bulgarian Empire during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries) 57 MIHÁLY DOBROVITS (H)oplayu tàgdi (On the military tactics of the Ancient Türks) 72 ISTVÁN FODOR Ecology and nomadic migrations 77 JOHANNES GIECAUF A Programme of Terror and Cruelty (Aspects of Mongol strategy in the light of Western Sources) 85 EMIL HERSAK AND BORIS NIKŐIÓ Croatian Ethnogenesis and the Nomadic Element 97 V. I. IVANOV AND M. I. IVANOVA Horsemen Interments of the Golden Horde (The informational potential of the archaeological material for social reconstructions) Ill Y. S. KHUDYAKOV The role of the ancient Turks in the translation of cultural achievements to Siberia in the early Middle Ages 118 OLEKSII KOMAR The factor of climate in the life of the nomads of the North Black Sea region (From the end of the fifth to the seventh century) 125 SZILVIA KOVÁCS Alan women in the neighbouring foreign courts in the eleventh-twelfth centuries 134 NIKOLAY N. KRADIN Qamuq Mongqol Ulus and Chiefdom Theory 144 KATALIN NAGY The arms terminology of the Sarmatian army in the written sources 151 TAKASHI OSAWA New research on historical aspects and interpretation of the Ongi site and inscriptions 161 SZABOLCS POLGÁR Notes on the role of Alania in international trade in the early Middle Ages (eighth-tenth centuries) on the basis of written sources 178 TIBOR SCHÄFER Die Teilnehmer an der Barbareninvasion am Silvestertag des Jahres 406 ... 184 OLIVER SCHMITT Priscus als ethnographische Quelle für die Hunnen 192 LÁSZLÓ SELMECZI Ясы в Венгрии в XIII-XIV веках 204 TATLANA D. SKRYNNIKOVA Chinggis Khan's distribution of posts to his comrades-in-arms: Officials or courtiers? 208 JOHANNES STEINER Empfange und Du wirst einen Sohn gebären, welcher der Herrscher über die Erde werden wird... (Vorstellungen über Geburt und Tod Tschinggis Khans) 220 ZSOLT SZILÁGYI Öndör Gegen Zanabazar and his Role in the Mongolian Culture 233 AHMET TA§AŰIL The Tribal System of the Turk Khaganate 242 ДМИТРИЙ Д. ВАСИЛЬЕВ Кочевая аристократия енисейской периферии каганата (Генеалоги- ческие реконструкции) 249 ISTVÁN ZIMONYI Vom Ural ins Karpaten-Becken (Die Grundzüge der ungarischen Früh- geschichte) 261 Jászberény ist die Hauptstadt von Jászén EDIT BATHÓ Es ist eine grosse Beehrung für uns, diese Bedeutungsvolle Konferenz in Jászbe- rény, in der Haupstadt von Jászság zu veranstaltet. Jászság ist die westlich von der Theß liegende, durch die Flüsse Zagyva und Tarna und durch den Bach Ágó umgeschossene mit Auen bedeckte Landschaft auf der Tiefebene. Im XIII. Jahrhundert siedelten sich auf diesem Gebiet die mit den Kumanen nach Ungarn kommenden Jassen von Steppeniranern Abstam- mung an, die sich sowohl sprachlich, religiös, trachtlich, als auch in ihrer Le- bensweiß von der ungarischen Beöikerung des Landes beteutend unterschi e- den. Das Wirtschaftliche, geistige und religiöse Zentrum des Gebietes ist von An- fang an die Stadt Jászberény, die in den Quellen zuerst im Jahre 1357 in der Na- mensform „Beren" erwähnt wurde. Im Jahre 1550 ist es schon eine Siedlung mit städtischem Rang, obwohl sie schon früher so betrachtet wurden und es ist Ver- waltungsitz sowohl in der Zeit der Türkennherrschaft als auch in der Zeit des Dreierbezirkes. Gleich von der Ansiedlung an genossen die Jassen verschiedene Vorrechte (Steuer- tind Zollfreiheit, ein von den anderen Komitaten unabhängiges Leben, selbständige Vervaltung, Blutbann), für die sie dem König für ewig Wehrdienst schuldeten. Nach der Türkennherrschaft, im Jahre 1702 waren seine Privilegien in Gefahr, als das Gebiet und das Volk von Jassen und zusammen mit den zwei Kumanien dem Deutschen Ritterorden von dem Kaiser Leopold I. für 500,000 Goldgulden verkauft wurde. Die Jassen und die Kumanen ergaben sich aber in dem Verlust ihrer uralten Privilegien nicht, im Jahre 1745 wurden sie nämlich für eigenes Geld zurückgezahlt. Diese berühmte jasskumanische Redemption (Selbsterlösung) gab dem Jassen die alte Freiheit und Privilegien zurück und eröffnete allmählich den Weg des wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungs. Mit dem eigenartigen Verwaltungssystem des jasskumanischen Dreierbezir- kes und damit zusammen mit dem grcßten Teil der Vorrechte wurden im Jahre 1876 aufgeräumt. Der Wirkungsbereich von Jászberény wurde von diesem Zeit- punkt an in bedeutendem Maß vermindert, und die neue Lage beschränkte stark die weiteren Möglichkeiten der Entwiklung. 3 EDIT BATHÓ Die Jászság ist heute von 18 Siedlungen (4 Städte, 14 Dörfer) gebildet. Die Hauptstadt von Jászság ist Jászberény, die eine gemütliche Stimmung, 28,000 Einwohner, entwickelte Industrie hat und ist reich an Kunstdenkmälern. Die Jassen sind heute auch sehr stolz auf ihre ehemalige Privilegien, histori- sche und volkstümliche Traditionen und natürlich auf ihre Identität. In Jászberény, der ehemaligen Residenzstadt der Bezirke Jász-Kun trat 1873 - unter den ersten in Ungarn - der Gedanke der Gründung eines Museums auf. Größter Betreiber dieses Anliegens war der Wizebürgermeister Orbán Sipos, der als Herzensache ansah, dass die geschichtlichen Denkmäler des Gebietes Jász an einen würdigen Platz gelangen und so Nachwelt erhalten bleiben. Das Jász- Museum, welches bei der Gründung in einem der Hofgebäude des Rathauses Platz fand, wurde am 24. Dezember 1874 der Öffentlichkeit übergegeben. Die ständig wachsende Sammlung wurde später mehrmals umgesiedelt, bis im Jahre 1931 der ständige Paltz für das Museum im leer stehenden Pferdestall des Rat- hauses endlich gefunden wurde. Seitdem funktioniert das Museum in dem, im Jahre 1842 im klassizistischen Stil mit dorischen Säulen gebauten, Kunstdenkmal- Gebäude und sammelt und bewahrt mit Ausdauer die schriftlichen und sachli- chen Dokumente der Geschichte der Jász Region. Die teuerster Schatz des Jász Museums ist das so genanntes Lehel Horn oder Jász-Horn, an das sich eine unserer schönsten Heldensagen, die Lehel-Sage an- knüpft. Über den Zeipunkt und über die Umstände, wann und wie das Horn nach Jászberény kam, stehen uns keine bestimmten Angaben zur Verfügung. Nach den jetzigen Angaben der wissenschaftlichen Forschungen ist 43 cm lange, aus Elfenbein wunderbar geschnitzte Horn, im 11. oder 12. Jahrhundert in Kijev ge- fertigt. Annämlich ist es in einer Werkstatt gemacht, wo die Meister die Merkma- le der Zierkunst aus Byzanz gut gekannt haben, sie haben aber den örtlichen An- forderungen und Bedingungen angepasst. Das verzierte Horn gelang wahr- scheinlich im Laufe der jász (alanisch)- russischen Beziehungen zu einem der Jäsz-Kapitänen und so haben die nach Ungarn ziehenden Jászén mitgenommen. Das Horn symbolisierte in jeder Zeit Epoche die Zusammenhörigkeit des Jas- sens. Die ehemaligen Jasz-Kapitäne haben es oft an ihrer Seite oder an ihrer Schulter, als das Zeichen ihrer Macht getragen, und haben ihren geerthen Gästen bei feierlichen Gelegenheiten im Jász-Horn Getränke angeboten. Den Jäszkapitä- nen gebührte die letzte Ehre, dass das Jászhorn auf ihren Sarg gelegt wird. Auch heutzutage ist das Horn der teuerste Schatz der Jassen, das bloß bei wichtigen Gelegenheiten aus dem „Heiligtum" genommen wird und man es zu großer Freude des Publikums ertönen lä ßt. Die Tätigkeit des Jász Museums wurde in den vergangenen 13 das Wirken von zahlreichenden hervorragenden Direktoren garantiert: z.B. Viktor Hild und János Banner Archäologen, Kálmán Réz Historiker, József Csalog Archeologe, Sándor Erdész und János Tóth Ethnograph. Ab 1950 gab es eine bedeutende Ver- änderung im Leben des Museums, welches zu diesem Zeitpunkt in staatliche Verwaltung gelangte und als ein Teilmuseum der Bezirks-Museumsorganisation weiter funktionierte. Das Museum arbeitet heute auf diese Weise, aber wir be- 4 JÁSZBERÉNY IST DIE HAUPTSTADT VON JÁSZÉN kommen in jedem Jahr eine bedeutungsvolle Summe zu unserer wissenschaftli- che und kulturelle Arbeit von der Selbstverwaltung von Jászberény. Der Direktorenwechsel 1994 hat zu einer erneuten bedeutenden Wende im Leben des Museums geführt. Größere Gebäuderenovierungen und fachliche Er- gebnisse charakterisieren den vergangenen Zeitraum. Unter Mithilfe der im De- zember 1994 gegründeten Stiftung für das Jász-Museum hat die Herausgabe von Büchern einen Aufschwung genommen und es ergab
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