00087560

BOMBAY BRANCH OF THU ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, )fi TOWN HALL, BOMBAY. Ss :4

Digitized with financial assistance from the Government of Maharashtra on 18 July, 2018

CATALOGUE

ORIENTAL COINS

IN THE BRITfSH iMUSEUM.

VOL. VI.

LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; B. M. P ickering , 66, Haymarket ; B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly ; A. A sher & Co.> 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, and at Berlin; TrubneR & Co, 57 & 59 L ddgate Hill.

Paris : MM. C. Rollin & Feuardent , 4, Rue de Louvois . 1881. LONDON : GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, ST. J o h n ’s sq u a r e , clerkenwkll .

00087560

00087560

THE COINS OF THE MONGOLS

IN THB^

BRITISH MUSEUM.

CLASSES XVIII.—XXII.

BY STANLEY LANE-POOLE.

ed ite d by REGINALD STUART POOLE, CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OP FRANCE.

LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. i88i.

EDITOB’S PREFACE.

T h is Sixth Volume of the Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum deals with the money issued by the Mongol Dynasties descended from Jingis Khan, correspond­ ing to Praehn’s Classes XVIII.—XXII. The only line of Khans tracing their lineage to Jingis excluded from this Yolume is that of Sheyban or Abu-l*KhOyr, which Was of late foundation and rose on the ruins of the Timurian empire. Timur’s own coinage, with that of his house, is reserved for the next (or Seventh) Volume, since he was not a lineal descendant of Jingis. On the other hand, the issues of the small dynasties which divided Persia among them between the decay of the Ilkhans and the invasion of Timur are included in this volume as a species of appendix. The metal of each specimen is stated, and its size in inches and tenths, as in the preceding volumes. The weight of the examples in gold and silver is stated in English grains, except in ICng series of silver issues of fairly uniform weight, such as those of the Khans of the Golden Horde, when only the vveights of typical speci­ mens are given. Tables for converting grains into grammes, and inches into millimetres and into the measures of Mionnet’s scale, are given at the end of the volume. Typical examples are figured in the nine plates, which are executed by the autotype mechanical process from casts in plaster. The work has been written by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole; and I have carefully revised it, comparing every coin with the corresponding description.

EEGINALD STUART POOLE.

INTRODUCTION.

I. HISTORICAL OUTLINE. Some outline of the history of the Mongols is necessary for the clear apprehension of the mutual relations of the various dynasties belonging to the family of Jingis Khan, whose coins are described in the Sixth Volume of the Catalogue of Oriental Coins in .tlie British Museum. There is at present no work from which such an outline may readily be obtained. The older historians are not only prolix in what they relate, but often confused and inaccurate; whilst in many important omissions they display a lack of discrimination between the essential and the trivial. Nor can the latest historian of the Mongols be altogether acquitted from the charge of prolixity and indistinctness, though the intricacy of the subject and the contradictory accounts of the authorities may serve as a suffi­ cient excuse for him as well a& for his predecessors. Mr. Howorth has devoted an indomitable patience and extensive research to the elucidation of the devious history of the numerous clans and families that make up the Motjgol race; and his work, the result of a relentless ransacking of all pre­ ceding authorities, will necessarily serve as the basis of every future inquiry. It is, however, an impossible book to skim, and not an easy one to master, even to a determined student. Mr. Howorth’s long familiarity with his subject makes him a little inconsiderate towards his readers’ ignorance, and the ease with which he traverses the pathless steppes in which his Mon­ gols dwell renders him almost supercilious of the vagaries of those who essay to follow him. The complexity of the subject, moreover, has given occasion for certain rectifications as further Vlll INTKODUCTION. progress in the work rendered this or that obscure point more intelligible, and these rectifications are scattered in foot-notes in such a manner as not to he always obvious to the reader’s attention. It requires, therefore, no small perseverence to con­ quer the diflSeulties of Mr. Howorth’s history, especially as the Author, by an inadvertence too common among all writers, but particularly unfortunate in this instance, has omitted to supply either indexes or tables of contents to his three stout volumes of small type. I believe that few students can boast a thorough acquaintance with Mr. Howorth’s History of the Mongols, and shall make no excuse, therefore, for the appearance of the fol­ lowing brief analysis of the results of a work in which the zeal and the patient research of the learned man—^ow a very rare phenomenon,—-are so conspicuous as I have proved them to be by a somewhat laborious apprenticeship.

i. The F&undation of the Mongol JEmpire : Jingis Khan. The history of the Mongols begins practically with the great conqueror Jingis Khan. There are many traditions of his ancestors current among his biographers, but, as in the case of many another man of unexpected fame, his pedigree has been elaborated rather on the ground of natural propriety than of fact. The traditions about Jingis Khan’s predecessors come partly from the imagination of the Lamas, who looked to his family for promotion, and partly from the copious traditional resources of the Turks, whom the Mongols subdued, and turned their folk-lore as well as their arms to their own proper service. All that can safely be said about the early history of the Mon­ gols is that they-were a clan among clans, a member of a great nomad confederacy that ranged the country north of the desert of Gobi in seai’Ch of water and pasture ; who spent their lives in hunting and the breeding of cattle, lived on flesh and sour milk (kumis), and made their prefit by bartering hides and beasts JINGIS KHAN. IX with theiit kinsmen the Khitaiis, or with the Ifurks and Chinese, to whom' they Owed allegianpe. The name Mongol Was not known abroad until the tenth century, and pro­ bably came to be applied to the whole group of clans only when the chief of a particular clan bearing that name acquired an ascendancy over the rest of the confederacy, and gave to the ^eater the name of the less. If not the founder of the supremacy of his clan, Yissugei was a notable main- tainer of it, and it was probably he who first asserted the independence of the Mongols from Chinese rule. In spite, how­ ever, of conquest and annexation, the people who owned the sovereignty of Yissugei numbered only forty thousand tents. Yet it was upon this foundation that Yissugei’s son, Jingls Kh&n-^patris fartis films fortior —^built up in twenty years the widest empire the World has ever seen. YisSugei died in 11^5 A.I)., and Temujjn his son, a child of thirteen years, and not yet called by the high title of Jingis Khan, ruled in his stead over the tribes that wandered by the banks of the Onon. A detailed chronicle of the career of conquest inaugurated by this Asiatic Alexander is no part of the present purpose. [See Howorth i. 49—X15.] It is sufficient to say that after thirty years of struggle against honOe-foes, in which he succeeded in firmly establishing his authority over his own and the neigh­ bouring clans, in face of powerful and treacherons conspiracies, Temujin found himself free to devote the twenty years that remained of his life to wider and more ambitious designs. Having reduced all the tribes north of the desert of Gobi, from the Irtish to the Khinggan Mountains, and having incorporated among his subjects the Keraits [H. i. 534—589], who had for­ feited their independence by the treachery of their king, Wang . Khan (the Prester John of European fable, and an old but per­ fidious ally of Yissugei and his son), Temujin summoned, in 1206, a Kuriltai or Diet of the chiefs of all the tribes; and a shaman, or priest, announced to the assembled nobles that a S X INTRODUCTION. higher title than belonged to others had been decreed by Heaven to Temujin, and henceforward his name should be Jingis (or Chinghiz) Kbdn, ‘ the Very Mighty King.’ Thus at the age of forty-four did Jingis begin his actual undisputed reign. Three y.ears later, after receiving the submission of the Uighurs, he began his invasion of China, and though it was reserved for his grandson to complete the subjugation of the Celestial Empire, a great part of the northern provinces, the ancient kingdom of Liau-tung, and the Tangut Kingdom of Hia, were added, as subject provinces or feudatory states, to the Mongol dominions during the great Khan’s own lifetime. The next obstacle in the path to universal sovereignty was the old Turkish kingdom of Kara-Khitai, which corresponded nearly to the modern limits of Eastern Turkestan, and-was ruled by a line of kings called Cur-Khdns, who exacted homage from the border states of Persia and Transoxiana. Jingis and his horsemen, however, instead of paying homage, speedily rode down all resistance, and soon found themselves masters of Kashghar, Khoten, and Yarkand, with the rest of the territory of the Gur-KhAns. The Mongol dominions now marched with the wide kingdom which had recently been spread out by the Khuwarezm Shah ; and this, therefore, became the next object of attack and the next example of the futility of resistance. The Mongol aiVnies, divided into several immense brigades, swept over Khuwdrezm, Khorasan, and Afghanistan, on the one hand, and on the other over Adharbijan, Georgia and southern Eussia, whilst a third division continued the reduc­ tion of -China. In the midst of these diverging streams of conquest, Jingis Khdn died, in 1227, at the age of sixty-four. The territory he and his sons had conquered stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Crimea, from the Baikal Lake to Merv, and included lands or tribes wrung from the rule of Chinese, Tanguts, Afghans, Persians, and Turks. DIVISION OF THE EMPIKE- XI ii. Division of the Mongol Dmpire. It was th« habit of a Mongol chief to distribute the clans over which he had ruled as appanages ailaong bis sons; and this tribal rather than territorial distribution obtained in the division of the empire among the sons of Jingis. The inheritance of the chiefdom over a trib^ of nolnads, instead of a definite territory, adds to the difliculty of obtaining a clear view of the subsequent history of the descendants of Jingis. But besides the complications arising from a moveable inheritance, the large number of dynasties belonging to this family renders a continuous study of the whole impossible; and we find our­ selves obliged to follow a dozen different lines of rulers, reigning at the same time in widely scattered parts of the Mongol empire, but all alike tracing their origin to the great Jingis Khan. To arrange these various lines in-a comprehensible order is the task I have set before me. Jingis not only appointed a special appanage of tribes in certain loosely defined camping- grounds to each son, but nominated also a successor to him­ self in the supreme Khanate. Beginning therefore with the lines of KhaJcaam, or supreme suzerains over aU the other Mongol chiefs, the following order seems the natural one: 1. The line of Ogotai, ruling the tribes of Zungaria} Kha- haans, till their extinction by the family of Tului. 2. The line of Tului, ruling the home clans of Mongolistan; Khahams after Ogotai’s line, down to the Manchu supremacy. 3. The Persian branch of the line of Tului ; Hulagu and his successors, the Ilkh^ns of Persia. 4. The line of Juji, ruling the Turkish Tribes of the Khanate of Kipchak ; the Khans of the Golden and White Hordes, with the sequel, the Khanate of Astrakhan, and the offshoots, the Khanates of Kazan, Kasimof, and Krim; and finally the Khans of Khiva and Bukhara, XU INTRODUCTION. 5. The line of Jagatai, ruling Ma-wara-ii-nalir, or Traiis- oxiana. Besides these, less important appanages were allotted to Jingis Khan’s brothers. China and Persia wore regarded as provinces, not great Khanates, at the death of Jingis; but China soon became the head-quarters of the line of Tului, and Persia was ere long ruled by a younger branch of the same.

iii. Line of Ogotai :—Appanage, Zungaria* (1227—1301); Supreme Khakaans (1227—12-18) ; pretenders to the Khakaanate (1257—1301). [H. i. 116—180.] By the will of Jingis, Ogotai besides receiving his appanage in Zungaria was appointed to succeed to the supreme authority; and it is a singular testimony to the reverence in which the intentions of the great founder of Mongol power were held that Ogotai, although neither the eldest nor the most capable of the sons of Jingis, was suffered quietly to assume the sovereignty over all the chiefs of the family and tributaries, and received their loyal homage at the general Diet held in a .d . 1229. His reign was marked by a considerable extension of the Mongol dominions. The Kin empire, or northern half of China, which had only been partially reduced in the lifetime of Jingis, was now (1231) entirely subdued: (the southern half, or Sung empire, resisted the invaders till the time of Khubilai.) Corea was annexed (1241). The gallant and unfortunate Jelal-ed-deen, son of the late Khuwarezm Shah Mohammad, was hunted through the wide territory which had once owned his father’s rule, until at

' It will be simpler thus to indicate roughly the position of the camping- grounds of Ogotai’s subjects, than to say the clans camping in or about Zungaria,” etc. In this instance the tribes in question were the Naimans and the ancestors of the modern Kalmhks. LINE OF OGOTAI. XUl length he perished miserably by the hand of an assassin. A great expedition into Europe was conducted by Eatu, son of Juji; the Mongols entered Moscow and Novgorod, penetrated to Hungary, burned Cracow, and laid siege to Pesth. The opportune death of Ogotai, calling for a general assembly of the family, and a reverse sustained at Liegnitz at the hand of the Grand Duke of Austria, saved Europe. Meanwhile the internal affairs of the empire were organised and ably administered under the wise and just rule of the prime minister Yeliu Chutsai, a Khitan, who did much to restore order and security to the provinces, in spite of the incapacity of his imperial master, who was given over to the prevailing Mongol vice of habitual drunkenness. Ogotai’s death in a .d . 1241 ( a .h . 639) was fellowed by an interregmm of several years, during which his widow Turakma governed the empire as regent for her eldest son Huyuk, until he should return from Europe, where he had been distinguish­ ing himself in the invasion of Hungary under his cousin Batu. Of Ogotai’s five sons, Kuchu had been designed for his successor, but, he dying before his father, Kuchu’s son Shiramun was nominated heir. Turakina’s influence, however, Was supreme after the death of Ogotai, and she used it in faVOur of K-uyuJe, who received a summons in Hungary and presently returned to Karakorum, and was elected Khakaan by a general Kuriltai in 1246, attended by most of the chiefs of the family, except the sons of Juji, who were dissatisfied with the succession and excused themselves. Kuyuk restored the tranquillity which had been disturbed during the rule of his mother, and armies were now despatched to continue the work of extension in China and Persia. Kuyuk was the only member of the family of Ogotai who succeeded to the supreme throne, and On his death in 1248 the empire passed to the line of Tului, and neither Kuy uk’s sons, nor any of his brothers, succeeded him. Under the first Khakaan of XIT INTRODUCTION. the new line, the family of Ogotai offered no opposition to their •dethronement: but when Mangu died and Khubilai was elected to the sovereignty by an informal Diet held in China, the dis­ content of Ogotai’s descendants manifested itself in immediate and general revolt, and a series of disastrous campaigns ensued. [H. i. 173—186.] Kaidu, the son of Kashi, the son of Ogotai, asserted the right of the descendants of Jingis’s heir to sit on Jingis’s throne. He was supported by his own tribes,—the original appanage of Ogotai in Zungaria, which, of course, was not forfeited by the loss of the Khakaanship,—and also by the armies of Jagatai’s Khanate by the Oxus, who did him homage as the legitimate representative of Jingis. Against this con­ federacy the house of Tului were able to lead the home-tribes of the old Mongol country, (the appanage of Tului), who had grown invincible in war by constant practise in Khubilai’s Chinese campaigns, and were moreover the flower of the Mongol armies in the days of Jingis. The sons of Tului were also sup­ ported by the house of Juji in Kipchak, in the rear of Ogotai’s appanage. Kaidu fought no fewer than forty-one battles with the supporters of Tului on the east, and fifteen with their Kip­ chak allies on the west: but the struggle was unequal, and soon after Kaidu’s death (about 701=1301) the family of Ogotai did homage to the line of Tului; their clans were dispersed among the tribes of Transoxiana and Kipchak, and their chiefs lived in obscurity under the rule of the Jagatai Khans. Once and again, in a period of confusion, some representative of Ogotai’s house Ivas raised to the throne of Transoxiana (p. xxxix) ; and it was the fancy of the great Timur to bring again to light the heii'S of the heir of Jingis by setting up Suyurghatmish and his son Mahmood in the stead of the deposed house of Jagatai; but this was only a fictitious revival, and these two rois fainSmts cannot be said to represent the original Khakaans of whoni Kuyuk was the last in this family. LINK OF TULUI. XV

iv. The line of Titlui : —Appanage, Mongolistan ; Khakaans (1248—1634) in three stages, (1) Yuen dynasty in China (1248—1370), (2) Diminished empire at Karakorum (1370—1543), (3) Divided tribes and gra4ual submission to Manchus (1543—1634). [H. i. 187—496.] !t, the son of Tului, owed his accession partly to his personal reputation as a warrior and general, and partly to the adherence of his own clans—the numerous tribes of Mongolia proper, the nucleus of the Mongol armies under Jingis, which formed the appanage of Tului and his house. In 1251 his in­ auguration took place, and in 1257 he died. Yet in this short reign there was room for the beginning of two important changes. Mangu kept his court at the usual capital Karakorum, north of the desert of Gobi, and appointed his brother Khubilai governor of the southern provinces: this was the beginning of the transfer of the seat of government from Karakorum to Peking. The other change was the despatch of another brother, Hulagu, to Persia, where in place of the shifting rule of provincial governors he established his own dynasty, and thus Persia now possessed a line of kings of the royal house of Jingis, like the other great divisions of the Mongol empire. The death of Mangu in 1257 was the signal for a general struggle. [H. i. 216 fp.] The house of Ogotai laid claim to the supreme sovereignty, as has been said; and Arikbuka, a bro­ ther of Mangu and Khubilai, was the candidate in the Mongol homeland. Khubilai was saluted Khakaan by the chiefs of the army in China ; Arikbuka was elected by another Diet at Kara­ korum ; and Kaidu received the like title and homage from the tribes of Ogotai and Jagatai further west. Juji’s Jine in Kipchak did not attempt to gain the Khakaanship, but supported the house of Tului. The fine generalship, large resources, and wide personal popularity of Khubilai—Marco Polo’s “ Great Khan ” XVI INTRODUCTION. and Coleridge’s Kubla Khan—carried him safely through these early complications.- Arikhuka was speedily routed, and KaiJu was kept at a distance, though he did not cease from troubling till after Khuhilai’s death. The Khakaans of the blood of Jingis now became a Chinese dynasty. By 1280, Khubilai had concjuered the southern or Sung empire of China, and, having thus united the whole country under his sole rule, fixed his court at Khan Baligh (Camhaluk), or the “ City of the Khan,” now called Peking ; and the old capital Karakorum, though still his, became a provincial centre. This remained the case during the first of the three periods into •which the history of the descendants of Khubilai may be divided. This first period includes the century which elapsed between the founding of the Mongol empire in China by Khu­ bilai and the expulsion of the invaders under his tenth successor, Toghon-Timur (1370). [H. i. 281—340.] The Mongol Kha­ kaans of this period are known in Chinese annals as the Yuen Dynasty. W ith what sumptuous glory this dynasty began we know from Marco Polo: the causes of its decay—the extra­ vagance of the court, the favouritism of the Lamas, the poverty and sickness of the people, the plagues and famines, earthquakes and other ‘ signs ’—may be read in Mr. Howorth’s History. The .attempts of various pretenders were crowned by the suc- cessfal attack of Chu Yuen Chang, prince of U, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, who assumed the royal title and seized Peking in 1368. In two years China was rid of the Mongols; and the most prosperous period of the history of the Khakaans was over. The second period extends from the expulsion from China to the temporary revival under Dayan Khan (1370—1543). [H. i. 340—876.] This is the time of the Diminished Empire, when the Mongols were confined to the steppes from which they first went forth to conquer, the camping-grounds by the rivers Kerulon and Onon, north of the desert of Gobi. Even here LINE OF TULUI. XVU they K?ere not absolutely independent. The Ming armies sur- • prised the fugitive Mongols by the Iiake Buyur—full of the memories of Jingis—and totally routed them, capturing 80,000 prisoners, lifting 150,000 head of cattle (the only source of wealth in the steppes), and carrying off an immense booty. This defeat effectually tamed the spirit of the Ithakaans, supreme now in name alone; and thejr became actual vassals of the Ming emperors, who appointed the rulers of the tribes by patents drawn up in Peking. In the 15th eentury a worse thing happened to them ; many of the clans became for a while subject to the Uirats. But at the end of the same century Dayan Khan, the fourteenth Khakaan in succession from ToghomTimur, effected a temporary union among the scattered tribes, and organized them in certain groups. The gradual relaxation of the Ming authority beyond the Great Wall had been followed by a general driffeing-baek of the Mongol® from the country north of Gobi, to which they had been driven, to the tracts south of the desert, between it and the Great Wall of China. This is now the land of the Chekhars [H. i. 384'—388] and the Forty-Mine Banners [H. i. 388^452], who comprise all the tribes south and south-east of the desert; whilst north of the desert, in the homeland of the Mongol race, dwell the Ehalkas [H. i. 455—436j. The Chakhars, Khalkas, and the various tribes incorporated in the Chinese military organization of the Forty-Mine Banners, are the Muruns or ‘ Children of Light,’ the original Mongol tribes who went conquering with Jingis, were carried to China by Khubilai, driven back to Kara^ korum Under Toghon-Timur, and again were spreading out and strengthening in the days of China’s weakness. Their names, however, are not those which they bore in the time of Jingis, but were probably adopted from local associations about the time of Dayan Khan’s organization, since when they have not materially changed. The organization consisted in grouping them in large brigades, called Tumens. There were six of these: XVIU INTRODUCTION. three called Imperial, Western, Segon or Right, Tumens, and consisting of (1) the Chakhars and affiliated tribes, (2) the Khalkas, (3) the Uriangkhans (who rebelled and were pre­ sently dispersed among the other five Tumens): and three called Vice-regal, Eastern, Baraghon or Left, Tumens [H. i. 399-*—434], and consisting of (1) the Ordus (or Pretorians of the Khakaan), (2) the Tumeds, (3) the Jungshiyados (or Kara- tshias). The Segon Tumens were governed by the Khakaan himself, the Baraghon by a Viceroy or dauphin (called Jinong), who was generally a son or brother of the Khakaan. There was also an additional or irregular Tumen, called the Khortshid Tumen, which comprised nine tribes of the Forty-Nine Banners, not included in the preceding Tumens, and all ruled by descendants of Juji Khassar, a brother of Jingis. One tribe, the Ongninghods, still acknowledged the line of Temujin tJtsu- ken, another brother of Jingis, who had received an appanage among the tribes of the extreme east. With this temporary reunion, and the death of its author Dayan Khan in 1543 the second period ends. The third jperiod is the history of the disastrous results of Dayan’s decentralizing policy—civil war among the Divided Tribes, and the consequent absorption of them one by one by the Manchu power which had newly risen on the ruins of the Ming in China: ‘ Divided among the sons of Dayan Khan, Mongolia was what Russia was-in the thirteenth century, a disintegrated body of units whose mutual jealousies were pro­ bably not diminished by their rulers being near of kin.’ [H. i. 376—496]. The Segon and the Baraghon Tumens fell out with each other and among themselves ; internal wars, separate dynasties, and universal disunion, soon brought even the nominal sovereignty of the Khakaan to an end. Lingdan, indeed, tried to revive and reunite the ruined empire, but he and his Chakhars were defeated by the Baraghon Tumens, the Manchu ascendancy was gaining ground, and after 1634 the LINE OF I’tLXn. XlX house of Khubilai had become merely vassals of the dynasty that ruled in China where they had once ruled, and the ‘ Children of Light,’ who had known the leadership of Jingis and had seen the ‘ stately pleasure dome ’ which Kubla Khan decreed, now possess nothing but trivial tribal annals, as uninteresting as the history of the Scottish clans.

V. The Persian Branch of the Line of Tului Appanage, Persia; Dynasty of the Ilkhdns, or House of Hu^ lagu. (654;—750=1256—1349). It was in the reign of Mangu that Persia, after suffering the misrule of governors appointed by the Khakaans of Kara­ korum, was given a royal dynasty for itself in the House of Hnlagu, called that of the Ilkhans, or provincial Khans, to indicate the homage they owed, and invariably acknowledged, very cheaply, to the Khakaans of Mongolia and China Hulagu ha^ little difficulty in establishing his authority over the country allotted to him. The ambitious Shah of Khuwarezm whom Jingis had defeated had already cleared the way by Conquer­ ing the better part of Persia, and there were no formidable opponents to meet. Hulagu speedily drove before him the small princes who were trying to build their little dynasties on the ruins of the great empire of Khuwarezm; came to Baghdad and cruelly murdered Bl-Mustaasim, the feeble representative of the ’Abbasee Khaleefehs; and discovered no serious obstacle in his path till he was checked in Syria by the valiant Memlooks of Egypt, who kept him successfully at arm’s length. Hulagu was now master of all the provinces of Persia and Asia Minor from India to the Mediterranean. His dominions marched with those of Jagatai and Juji on the north, and with the territory of the Egyptian Sultans on the south ; and within these limits for nearly a century his dynasty reigned in practical inde­ pendence, whilst rendering a certain feudal homage to the XX INTRODUCTION. remote Khakaan in China. The history of the Ilkhans presents little difficulty to the student, except in the last ten years. Save for an occasional contest over the succession, the country was quietly and peaceably governed, and the Ilkhans showed a praiseworthy desire to emulate the examples of earlier rulers of Persia in the encouragement of science and letters. In the reign of Aboo-Sa’eed, however, the dynasty was undermined by the same causes which had previously de­ stroyed the power of the Khaleefehs and the Seljooks, and were destined soon to bring about the downfall of the Memlooks in Egypt. Rival Ameers, generals, ministers, fanatics, began to take a large share in the government of the country, and in their jealousies and animosities lay the prime danger of the llkhdns. Aboo-Sa’eed died without making an effort to cut at the root of the influences which were undermining the authority of his dynasty, but on the contrary declaring that there was no one left of the line of Hulagu worthy to reign. After his death the throne of Persia became the toadstool on which the puppet sovereigns set up by rival ameers seated them­ selves only to find it crumbling beneath them. Two great houses tore Persia in snnder: that of Ameer Chupan, a favourite general of Qhdzdn and of his successors; and that of Ameer Hoseyn the Jelair, also called the Ilkhanian. Each of these had a son named IHasan, distinguished by the epithets Great and Little ; the son of Chupan was Ameer BTasan Kuchuk or the Little; and the son of the Ilkhanian was Ameer Sheykh Hasan Buzurg or the Great. Their power was almost immediately felt. Arpa Khdn, a descendant not of Hulagu but of Arikbuka his brother, was placed on the throne after Aboo-Sa’eed’s death, but was deposed the same year (a .H. 736= a .d . 1836) by Moosa, who drew his pedigree from Hulagu by way of Baidu the sixth Ilkh&n. MoOsd was quickly displaced by Moibammad, the nominee of the Greater Hasan, whose rival of the line of Chupdn presently set up an opposition in the sovereignty in the person of Sati- line of jw i. XXI Beg, a sister of Aboo-Sa’eed, who had been the wife of Chupan, then of Arpa, and was finally married to Suleyman, who sup­ planted her in the supremacy, at least in name. (See note, p. 4.} The follomng table of contemporary Jlkhans will explain the con­ fusion of these last ten years of the Persian Branch of Tului’s line.

NOMINEES OP the . BIVAIi AMEERS. 0 / Hasan Buzurg. Of ffasan Kudknh Of ether Ameers. Arpa, 736. Mohammad, 736 Moosa, 736. (d. 738). Togha-Timur, 737-752 (in Khorasan). Togha-Timur, 739 (pre­ Sati-Beg, 739. viously proclaimed in Ehorasan; retreats thither in same year, 739). Jeh^n-Timur, 739. Suleyman, 740. to 741. NushirwAtt, 745—754? After the troubled reign of Hushirwan the Jelairs were the chief power in Persia, and the dynasty of Hulagu became extinct. The Jelairs, Mudj^affarees, Serbedarians, &c., made havoc of the country till the great Timur came and swept them away for awhile. vi. The Line of Jvji .—^Appanage, Karakhitai and Kipchak ; Khans of the Golden Horde; of the White Horde, of Astrakhan; Kazan, Kazimof, Krim, Tinmen, Khiva and BukhdrA [H. ii. 1—1087.] ' To Juji, the eldest son of Jingis, were assigned the tribes of the old empire of Kara-Khitai, north of the Sihun or xxii INTRODUCTION. Jaxartes, and here he, dying before Jingis, was succeeded by his eldest son Orda. A younger son of Juji, Batu, by his famous invasion of Europe, extended the appanage of his family much further to the west, and secured for himself the sovereignty of the Turkish Khanate of Kipcliak. North of Batu’s territory, another brother, Tuka-Timur, appears to have been allotted the district of Great Bulgaria, on the Upper Volga; 9. fourth son of Juji, Sheyban, ruled the steppes now known as those of the Kirghiz Kazaks, north of Orda’s appanage, and a fifth, Teval, led the Pechenegs, afterwards known as Nogais, between the Ural and Yemba. All these tribes and their chiefs were more or less subject to the family of Batu, which, although a younger branch, had acquired the greatest power and had made their capital Serai on the Volga the metropolis of the Jujide empire; and all these tribes are included in the general name Golden Horde, so-caUed from the Kb4n’s royal camp, Bir Orda or Golden Camp. It must he added that only the ruling family and the cream of the army were of Mongol race : the vast majority of the tribes allotted to the sons of Juji were conquered Turks or Turkomans; and henOe Mr. Howorth calls these western divisions of the empire of Jingis ‘ the Tartar Dynasties.’ The family of Juji has, therefore, to be considered in the following distinct lines :— A. The line erf 'Batu, chief Khans of the Golden Horde, ruling the Blue Horde in Western Kipchak (1224—1359). B. The line of Orda, titular heads of the family, ruling the White Horde in Eastern Kipchak (1226— 1428), and Khans of the . Golden Horde in Western Kipchak after Batu’s line (1378—1502), and finally decaying as Khans of Astrakhan (1466—1554). LINE OF Jl'JI. X?I1U C. The line of Tuha’Timwr, £!bdns of Great Bulgaria, north of Kipchak ; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde in Western Kipchak ; finally Khdns of Kazan (1438—1652), Kazimof (1450—1678), and Krim (1420—1783). D. The line of Sheyhan, in the Uzbeg or Kirghiz Kazak Steppes (1224—1659); afterwards ttiigrating and becoming Khans of Khiva and Bukhdrd.

A. The line ofBatu ;—Chief Khans of the Golden Horde j appanage, the Blue H(»:de in Western Kipchak, (the country watered by the Don and the Volga, extending east and west from the Ural or Yaik to the Dnieper, and north and south from the Black Sea and Caspian to Ukek,) 1224—1359. (H. ii. 36—194.] Batu’s line had the privilege of ruling what was emphatipally the Great Khdnate of the west. Its history is important in its relations with the growth of Eussia. At first the liege- lords of the Eussian princes, receivers of their tribute, and owners of their daughters, it was the fate of the Great Khdns of Kipchak'eventually to become the vassals of those whom they had once held in bondage. . But before this Stage in the decay of the Golden Horde, Batu’s line had become extinct, and the Khans had been supplied from his brothers’ families. So long as the descendants of Batu held the reins of government, the great domain of the Khafiate of Kipchak, conquered hy Batu [H. ii. 36—91] and strengthened by his brother Bereke [H. ii. 103—125], was maintained in all its power. The history of Batu’s line, through ten Khans, to Berdibeg the son of Janibeg, is comparatively plain. But Janibeg was the last great ruler of this branch of Juji’s family, and on his death (in 1357) anarchy ensued. His son Berdibeg reigned for two years, and two Khans asserting themselves to be sons of Janibeg XXIV INTRODUCTION. succeeded in a single year, and then follows a period of twenty years of rival candidates during which it is almost impossible to arrive at any connected history. Mr. Howorth entitles the chapter (ii. IV.) which deals with this intricate period the Rival Families, and it will be well to recapitulate the various branches of Juji’s house from which candidates for the Golden Khanate might spring, on the extinction of Batu’s line. North and south, in Great Bulgaria and the Krim, ruled the numerous progeny of Tuka-Timur. South also, by the Caucasus, camping along the Terek and Kuma, were the descendants of Bereke. East of the Great Khanate was the White Horde with its chiefs of the family of Orda ; and also east, but further north, were the Uzbeg tribes of Sheyban’s leading ; whilst along the northern shore of the Caspian the clans of Nogai pastured their herds. Fourteen Khans of one or other of these families reigned in Kipchak during this obscure period of twenty years [H. ii. 195—216]. Most of them struck coins, and struck them at the same mintSj and it is evident that there must often have been two or three Khans ruling contemporaneously in one part or another, and alternately seizing, and being expelled from, the capital city. The coinage (almost the only historical evidence we possess at this period) of Kildibeg, for example, overlaps that of Murid, Pulad and ’Azeez are overlapped by ’Abd-Allah, and Khaghan-Beg by Mohammad Bulak. The lineage of most of these Khans is wrapped in complete darkness. The Khizr Khan who appears upon the scene first after the extinction of Batu’s house is believed to be of Sheyban’s line, and to the same stock certainly belonged Pulad, Ilban, Khaghan, and perhaps Tulun-Beg. On the other hand, Mamai, a member of the Nogai branch, had assumed the function of king-maker in favour of a separate line of Khans, most of whom bore the title Khojah: and these Mr. Howorth now believes to have belonged to Orda’s stock, and not (as stated in hjs History) to that of Tuka-Timur. In the midst of conjecture and obscurity, I venture to hazard the LINE OF JUjI. XXV subjoined scheme of contemporary Khans during the twenty years succeeding Berdibeg’s death. To explain the grounds upon which it is founded would occupy more space than can be spared; but an investigation of Mr. Howorth’s laborious collection of all obtainable facts on the subject will probably clear up any doubts as to the reasons which have guided me. Mr. Howorth hinJself does not attempt to draw up a connected list; and the extremely scanty grounds for any such list justify his reticence. At the same time I believe a careful study of the coins will give some strength to the hypothesis of con­ tinuous lines of at least two fomihes set forth in the following table:—

FIRST PERIOD OP RIVAL FAMILIES.

PXMILI OF SaEVBAN. Familt op Orda F amily of (Nominees of Mamai , Tuka -Timor . except the first.) Probable Probable Probable relgb. reian. reign. Khte, 760.2. Timur Khojah, 762. Merdad,' 762-4? Murid Khojah, 762-4. KUdibeg, 762-4. Kutlugh Khojah, 764, ’Azeez, 764-8. Pukd, 764*8, ’Abd-AIlah, 764-71. [H. U. 686, 979.]

♦ J f i n m , 768- 772. Tulnubeg, 772-5. Mohammad [H. ii. 979, 1078.] Bnlak, 771-80. Ilban, 775-7. Khaghan, 777-9. ’Arab-Shah, 779-80.

It will be observed that this table differs in several instances from Mr. Howorth’s arrangement; which however is put forward in so hesitating a manner, by reason of the obscurity of the period, that it is possible the author himself does not lay great stress d XXVI INTRODUCTION. upon every detail. Kildibeg (whom in spite of Mr. Howorth’s reasoning [ii. 181] I cannot identify with Kulna), may have been a son or pretended son of Janibeg, like Kulna and Niirusheg : for the attribution of both ’Azecz and Kildibeg to Tuka-Timur’s line is merely conjectural. The Hasan who seized Serai in 768, and exactly fills the gap indicated by a star in the Sheyban line between Pul ad and Tulun-beg, ought to belong to Sheyban’s family: but Mr. Howorth’s argument [ii. 207, 36] in favour of his being the father of Ulugh Mohammad and a descendant of Tuka-Timur appears to me too strong to be thrown over in favour of the convenience of a theory. He was apparently Khan of Great Bulgaria, whence he was driven in 768, only to seize Serai on the death of Pulad, and reign Khan of the Golden Horde till about 772, after which he reoccupied his former Khanate. In 780, when both the principal lines of the preceding table came to an end, the sovereignty of the Golden Horde passed into the family of Orda in the person of Toktamish, who con­ quered Mamai and his protegk Mohammad Bulak, and pre­ sumably drove away ’Arab Shah, unless, as appears probable, the latter’s coinage in Kipohak merely indicates a temporary invasion.

B. The Tine of Orda :—Titular heads of the family of Juji: Appanage, the White Horde in Eastern Kipchak (the country of the Lower Jaxartes and the Ulugh and Kuchuk Tag Mountains: bounded on the west by Batu’s Blue Horde, on the north by Sheyban’s Uzbegs, on the east by Jagatai’s Khanate, on the south by the desert of Kizil Kum and the Alexandrofski range), 1226—1428; Khans of the Golden Horde in Western Kipchak, 1360— 1502 j finally, Khans of Astrakhan, 1466—1564. [H. ii. 216-362J. LINE OF JUJI. XXVll Although Batu was the most powerful of the sons of Juji, Orda the eldest inherited his father’s appanage by the Jaxartes, and received a special homage as hereditary head of the family. He ruled the left division of the Golden Horde, known as the White Horde (Ak Orda), (a colour which ranked higher than the Blue,) in distinction from the right wing, Batu’s tribes, which were designated the Blue Horde (Kok Orda) in token of imaginary dependence. Living in the far-away Steppes beyond the Caspian, the White Horde soon yielded the palm to its Blue brethren on the Don and Volga; but in its rough wintry life it retained a vigour and hardihood which eventually placed its rulers on the throne of the more civilized and decayed descendants of Batu. Of the earlier rulers of the White Horde little is known. Orda, Kuchi, Bayan, Sasibuka, and Ebisan, passed the Hhdnate regularly from father to son; and the only noticeable fact is the possession by Kuchi of a territory at Ghazneh and Bamian [H. ii. 21-9] under the suzerainty of either the Jagatai Khans or the Hkhans of Persia, for the frontier between the two dynasties was a matter of frequent dispute. Ebisan was followed by his brother Mubdrak Khojah, the first of the rulers of the White Horde who is known to have issued a coin : it was struck at Sighnak in 729 or 7B9, A.H. It seems probable that the five Khans (three of whom bore the title of Khojah) who ruled in Kipchak during the first period of rival families were descendants of Mubdrak Khojah. Chimtai, son of Ebisan succeeded his uncle, and Chimtai’s son Urus Khan is the first chief of Orda’s line who possesses any indi­ viduality in the history of the White Horde. He had the distinction of defeating the troops of Timur more than once. Timur in his overbearing fashion had appointed to the sovereignty of the tribes of Juji’s appanage a member of Orda’s femily, Toktamish [H. ii. 222], whose father had been killed and he himself exiled by Hrus Khdn.' As,sisted by the troops supplied xxviii INTBOmjCTION. by Timur to carry his nomination into effect, Toktamish sustained several repulses at the hands of Urns, and it was not till after the death of this Khan and the short reign of Toktakia his son that Toktamish was ahle to wrest the command of the White Horde from another son of Urns, Timur Melik. Toktamish [H. ii. 225—259] is ‘ the last really great figure in the history of the Golden Horde.’ After seizing the throne of the White Horde he marched upon Western Kipchak, de­ feated Mamai, the king-maker of Serai, and by this victory in 780=1378 [H. ii. 216,226] put an end to the division between the White and the Blue Hordes, and united Eastern and Western Kipchak under his sole rule. Henceforward Orda’s family, the original chiefs of the White Horde, sit in the seats of Batu’s house and rule the Blue Horde, bringing no doubt the cream of the White Horde with them; and their original camping-grounds gradually pass into the hands of the descendants of Sheyban. Under Toktamish the Golden Horde recovered much of the prestige which the twenty years of rival families bad weakened. A great campaign was carried into Eussia, Moscow was sacked and burnt (1382), and the Grand Principality was ravaged with the ancient fury of the Mongols [H. ii. 226—228]. This revival of the glory of Kipchak, however, was only the flicker of a dying torch. Toktamish had the misfortune or the ingratitude to quarrel with the prince, who had helped him to his success; and no one offended Timur with impunity. The great conqueror in two campaigns, one marked by’ the battle of Urtupa on the l8th June 1391, and the second by a crushing defeat near the Terek in 1395, when Toktamish had returned from exile, destroyed for ever the power of the Khans of Kipchak. [H. ii. 246—249, 251—258]. Toktamish indeed re-entered Serai in 1398, after Timur’s departure', but he was speedily driven out again by Timur Kutiugh, son of his old enemy, Urus, and first of the Khans of the Golden Horde LINE OF JUJI. XXIX during the succeeding period, of decline. Toktamish took refuge with the Lithuanian prince Vitut, whom he involved in war with the Tatars; and finally died in 1406. [H. ii. 262]. There is a difference of opinion among the authorities as to the lineage of Toktamish : some trace him to Orda, others to Tuka-Timur. Mr. Howorth (ii. 225) inclines to the latter view, and argues that Toktamish could hardly have belonged to the family of Orda, because he was constantly waging war against it in the persons of Urns, Timur Melik, and Timur Kutlu’gh. This, however, is easily explained by the circumstance that Urus killed Tub Khojah, the father of Toktamish, Hostility to Urns and his family does not exclude the idea of kinship: indeed such rivalry is the more compre­ hensible between two branches of the same house. There is, moreover, a difficulty in understanding why Tnli Hhojah, as a descendant of Tyka-Timur, should be an obstacle in the path of Urus Khan’s ambition [H. ii. 221], and thus require to 'be put out of the way ; or, indeed, why Tuli Khojah and his son Toktamish should be at the orda of tlrus at all, instead of among Tuka-Timur’s posterity in Great Bulgaria or the Krim. All these difficulties disappear if We regard Tuli Khojah as a rival chief of Orda’s family, perhaps a grandson of that Mubdrak Khojah who was succeeded not by his own sons but by his nephew, Chimtai, father of Urtts. It seems to me clear • that Toktamish must have been a member of the White Horde, from which he was banished, to which he laid siege, which he finally ruled and led to conquest in the west: and I am glad to find that a note of Mr. Howorth’s [ii. 1073] suggests the ]) 0Ssibility of his conversion to the same opinion.* The period succeeding the overthrow of Toktamish is one of the most obscure in the labyrinth of dark passages which the

* In a letter to me Mr. Howorth has since generously conceded this point. XXX INTRODUCTION. history of the Golden Horde affords. In the interval between Timur’s two victories over Toktamish several chiefs of Kip- chak appear to have assumed sovereign rights and issued coins. One of these, Beg Pulad, seems to have established some authority [H. ii. 249], whilst Tash-Timur, apparently a brother of Ulugh Mohammad and a descendant of Tuka-Timur [H. ii. 449], struck coins bearing his name conjoint with that of Toktamish. [H. ii. 259]. The second invasion of Timur drove away these chiefs, and henceforward, just as in the period succeeding the ex­ tinction of Batu’s line, we find the history is made up of the long struggles of Sival Families for the throne. There were at least three distinct sets of candidates for the decayed Khanship: on the one hand, the family of Urus Khdn, supported by the Nogai chief Idikn, the second king-maker of Kipchak ; side by side with these were the sons of Toktamish, who, however, did not begin to assert themselves till after their father’s death, in A.D. 1406 ; and third, some younger members of the family of Sheyban. To the first class belonged Timur Kutlugh, Shadi- beg, and Pulad,* aU grandsons of Urus Khan; Timur, son of Timur Kutlugh, a certain Chekre, presumably a relation, and Ghiydth-ed-deen, son of Shadibeg. Even among these the dates as established by the coins overlap, and Timur seems to have reigned contemporaneously with Pulad. Parallel with these Khdns of the family of Urus, but beginning later, four sons of the rival branch of Toktamish, but still descendants of Orda, successively held some portion of the Khanate, and issued coins,—Jelal-ed-deen, Kerimberdi, Kibak, and Jebbarberdi. Of the family of Sheyban, Dervish Khdn, son of Hdjji Mohammad, struck coins from a .h . 805 to 818, and probably reigned till 822, and his brother, Seyyid Ahmad,

♦ I think not the Beg Pulad ■ who struck coins between the two inroads of Timur, as Mr. Howorth supposes [ii. 249, 2G6]. Beg Pulad was a general of Toktamish’s ai-my; but Pulad was of the hostile stock of Urus. LINE 0 )F JUJI. XXXI ruled after him for a couple of months. The line of Urus Khan, however, outlasted the other two, and after 830 seems to have been the only power in the Khdnate. The death of Idiku, in 825, released the house of Orda from the trammels of tutelage, and Kuchuk Mohammad, who succeeded his cousin Ghiyath-ed-deen [H. ii, 1075], found himself for the moment sole master of Kipchak. An interruption, however, very shortly occurred in the invasion. of Borak Khan. It must be stated that after the downfall of Toktamish, Timur Kutlugh only acquired the throne of Western Kipchak, and another member of the family of Orda, Koirijak, succeeded to the eastern portion of Toktamish’s dominions, the camping-grounds of the White Horde, Orda’s Original appanage. Here his son Borak followed him [H. ii. 259, 273-4, 1076], and in 827 invaded Kipchak and defeated Kuchuk Mohammad, without, however, destroying all his power. Being called away to affairs on his eastern frontier, Borak’s place appears to have been filled by Devletberdi [H. ii. 274, 449], a son of Tasb-Timur (of the line of Tuka- Timur), who divided Western Kipchak with Kuchuk Moljiam- mad. Borak returning drove away Devletberdi, and was in turn defeated and killed hy Kuchuk MoJ^ammad (831=1428), who now began his actual reign. Borak was the last of Orda’s line to rule in Orda’s original appanage of the White Horde. His descendants were superseded by the family of Sheyban, notably Abu-l-Kheyr, and migrated further east and became chiefs of the -Kazaks. At the time of Tiarka, who died in 1718, the present division of the Kazaks into the Great, Middle, and Little Hordes, was organized, since when they have become more or less subject to Russia [H. ii. 627—685]. Meanwhile the family of Kuchuk Mohammad brought the history of the Golden Horde to its close. An attempt on the part of Ulugh Mohammad, the Khan of Great Bulgaria, of the race of Tuka-Timur, to conquer the Kipchak Khanate was acCom- xxxu INTRODUCTION. modated by an arrangement whereby he was allowed to retain the Krim (see pp. xxxiv, xxxv). With this exception the house of Kuchuk Mohammad, i. e. of Orda, held the dying Khanate of the Golden Horde down to the time of its absorption by Russia in 1502 (907). Tlhe following table will give a clearer idea of this confused period of contemporary Khans of rival families. It must be remarked that the rival Khans not only ruled simultaneously in Kipchak, but held the same cities in the same years. The history of Serai and other large towns must have been the reOOrd of contipual sieges and recaptures. In the earlier period of rival families (see p. xxv) the case was the same, and in that period the constant alternation of Khans is well illustrated by the coins in the National Collection : as when we find Berdibeg, Kulna, NuruZ, and Khizr, all striking coins at Azd^ in 760; and Khizr, Timur Khojah, the anonymous Ordu Melik, and Kildibeg, all issuing coins at New SerSi in 762. The coins of the second period of rival families, as re­ presented in tbe British Museum, are imfortunately to a large degree deficient in dktes; but the number of Khans who struck iu the same year at the same mint may be seen in the valuable numismatic summaries which Mr. Howorth judiciously appends to his account of each Khfin. A still wider generalization may be looked for iU' M. Grigorieff’s forthcoming treatise in the Numismata OH^ntalia.

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0. The Line of Tuka-Timur} —Appanage, Great Bulgaria, and subsequently Krim and Kaffa; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde; finally, Khans of Kazan, Kazimof, and Krim. [H. ji. 198-—216, 274, 363-626 ; of. esp. 1074-5.] Tuka-Timur was the youngest son of Juji, and was attached to the left (or Orda’s) wing of the Golden Horde, but probably had his own camping-grounds on the Upper'Volga, including part at least of Great Bulgaria. Almost nothing is known of this branch in its original seats. Mangu-Timur (of Batu’s line) gave Ureng-Timur, son of Tuka-Timur, Krim and Kaffa, and the family being thus established north and south of Batu’s Khanate soon began to interfere in its dynastic succession. We have seen how three Khdjis of the first period of rival families belonged probably to Tuka-Timur’s line, and one of the second period. But the chief importance of this branch is after the downfall of the Golden Khdnate, which followed upon Timur’s invasions. It is tolerably dear that the ^asan, who struck coins at Serai a little before the arrival of Toktamish, was, both before and after his invasion of Kipchak, ruler of Great Bulgaria, 1,INE OF JUJI. XXXV whence he had been expelled by the Russians and whither ho returned quickly, only to be again expelled by Timur. At this time he is spoken of as ruling conjointly with his son Moham­ mad, whom Mr. Howorth, on strong evidence, identifies with Ulugh Mohammad. This Ulugh Mohammad' was apparently invited to take the throne of Kipchak on the death of Dervish Khan, but it is not clear that he ever ruled the Gtolden Horde [H. ii. 1073], and it is certain that he could not have held it for any considerable time, as Ghiyath-ed-deen speedily occu­ pied it, and Ulugh Moh^mm^d took refuge with his kinsfolk ill the Krim. Again he attempted to seize the Great Khdnate after Borak’s defeat and death at the hands of Kuchuk Mohammad, but the latter, after a long struggle, Compromised the contest by assigning the Krim to his rival (although Tuka-Timur’s family appear to have held it, perhaps as vassals, from the days of Ureng). Ulugh Moihammad did not remain long in the Krim, but leaving it to bis brother’s house betook himself, in 1438, to his old possession of Great Bulgaria, and there revived his father’s (and perhaps his forefathers’) Khdnate, under the title of iLh&nate of' Kazan [H. ii. 363—429], which, Ho longer overshadowed by the Great Khanate on its south, became an independent thorn in - the side of the growing Muscovite giant. With the death, however, of Mohammad Ameen, in 1513, the Mo^ammadan posterity of the founder of Kazan came to an end, and Khdns of the true faith had to be transplanted from the Kazimof^ Krim, Astrakhan and other stocks, under the auspices of Russia, who finally suppressed the Khanate and- appointed a Russian governor of Kazan in 1552. When Ulugh Mohammad was murdered by his son Mah- moodek, in 1446, two of his other sons fled to Russia, and after some service in the Muscovite army one of these, Kdsiro, was granted the town and district of Gorodetz on the Oka, in the division of Riazan. He gave the town his own name, and the line of Khans ruling here, and known as the Khans of Kasimof XXXVl INTRODTJCrriON. [H. ii. 429-—438], were used by Russia to play off against their powerful neighbour at Kazan, and were allowed to supply a couple of Khans to the greater Khanate on the extinction of Ulugh Mohammad’s direct Muslim line. This Khanate, which never had a really independent existence, was re-absorbed by Russia in 1678. The most important of the three Khanates sprung from the house of Tuka-Timur was that of the Krim. Ulugh Moham­ mad had a brother (at least so the balance of evidence leans), Tash-Timur, who was once a general under Toktamish, and struck coins in the Krim at the.time of the second invasion of Timur-leng. Tash-Timur was the actual founder of the power­ ful dynasty of the Khans of the Krim or Crimea [H. ii. 448— 626], though his son, Hajji Girai, is generally regarded as the first Khdn. The Krim dynasty was always a vital element in the Eastern Question, and as an outpost of Turkey or an ally of Russia was an object of the highest consideration on both sides. The history of the long list of Krim Khans {cp. infra, p. 192) is perhaps the clearest and most complete section in Mr. Howorth’s great work. During the later phase of the Khanate its rulers became dependent upon Turkey; and this proved the beginning of their ruin. The inconvenience of these violent neighbours was agreed between Russia and Tur­ key, and the Khanate of Krim was extinguished by a treaty in 1783. A lineal descendant of these powerful Khans, one Sultan Krim Girai Katti Girai, settled in Edinburgh and married a Scottish lady.*

D. The lAneof Bheyban: —Appanage, the Uzbeg or Khirghiz- Kazak country (between the Ural and Chu rivers) ; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde

* ‘^Athenseum,” No, 2762. LINE Of ju ji . XXXVll ■ Khans or Czars of Tinmen, eirc. 1225—-1659; Khans of Bukhfoa, 1500—1868, and of Khiva, 1516—1872. [H. ii. 978—1010, 686—977]. When Batu invaded Hungary in 1240, his brother Sheyban accompanied him, and quitted himself so well that Batu not only made him King of Hungary, a title of a somewhat nominal value, but gave him an appanage of certain tribes north of Orda’s Khanate. Sheyban was to camp in summer frotn the Ural mountains to the rivers Ilek and Irghiz, and in ivinter about the lands watered by the Sir, Chu, and Sarisu [H. ii. 978]. His descendant in the sixth generation, Mangu-Timur, was a contemporary of the great Khdn Uzbeg of the Golden Horde, and from him the tribes of Sheyban’s appanage took the name of Uzbegs, which has since become famous. On the extinction of Batu’s line, the family of Sheyban supplied several Khans to the Golden Horde (vide suprd, pp. xxv., x?vi.). Khizr Khdn and his son Merdud were probably of this stock ; Pnlad and Ilban were doubtless the sons of Mangu-Timur of those names; Khaghan-Beg again was n son of Hban ; and Tulun- Beg is perhaps to be identified with Tunka-beg Kundi, another son of Mangu-Timur. [H. ii. 980.] In the second period of rival families, after the overthrow of Toktamish, the house of Sheyban is represented, in all probability, by Dervish Khdn and Seyyid Ahmad, who seem to have been great grandsons of Tunka-beg Kundi. [H. ii. 9$0, 273]. The home-line of Sheyban [H. ii. 980-—1010] remained in the original camping-grounds and assumed the title of Guars of Titmen, under which they were obeyed over a great part of Siberia. They survived till 1659, when their country was occupied by the Kalmuks: but for some time before this their authority had been purely nominal. Much more important were the branches descended from Pulad, son of Mangu-Timur, and once ruler of the Golden Horde. Pulad’s two sons, Ibraheem and ’Arab-Shah, were respectively xxxvm IHTBOUUCriON. the foun(Jers oi the Khanates of Bulchdra [H. ii. 686—816] and Khuwdrezm op Khiva [H. ii. 876—977],. The former was fotinded by Mo^iammad Sheybani, grandson of Abu-l-Kheyr, who was grandsoa of Ibraheem, in 1500, and survives to the present day, although General Kaufmann has made it a Russian dependency since 1868- ’Arab-Shdh, the founder of the Khanate of Khiva, is also known as, if not a Khan of the Golden Horde, at least a striker of coins in Kipchak just before the invasion of Toktamish (stipra, pp. xxv., xxvi.). His descendant in the fifth generation, IlbaPs Khdn, took forcible possession of Transoxiana and adjacent provinces after Sheybani’s death, pro­ bably about 1515, and his posterity remain Khans of Khiva at the present day, though they have been tributary to Russia since 1872. The history and coinage of these Khanates, which sprang up on the ruins of the empire of Timur, belong to the succeeding volume, where also the fragments into which the Khdnate of Bukhdrd broke when the central power became weak will be discussed. It should be added that another son of Juji, Teval, was the chief of the Pechenegs, camping about the river Bug in Southern Russia, and was the grandfather of Nogai, who took a large pait in the affairs of the Golden Horde, but afterwards fell out with Tokto and was driven, along with his tribes, who adopted the name of Nogais, beyond the Volga, and found settlements between the Ural and the Yemba. The history of this horde is very fragmentary, and their state was peculiarly migratory. They do not concern the numismatist, but those who desire the fullest obtainable information about them should consult Mr. Howorth, ii. 1011—1068. vii. Jfke Line of Jagatai; — Appanage : Mawara-n-nahr (Transoxiana, Or Bukharia) with part of Kash- ghar, Badakhshdn, Balkh, and Ghazneh, to the river Sind. (1227—1370). The history of the descendants of Jagatai, in their appanage tIN E OF JAGATAI. north of the Oxus and in Afghanistan and Kashghar, is the most obscure of all the branches of the family of Jingis. Chi­ nese and Russian annals are available for the history of the houses of Tului and Juji, but Jagatai’s heritage lay too far away to be matter of importance to these chronologists; and even the Persians, who were near neighbours of the Jagatai Khdns, furnish little trustworthy or consistent information. The actual history of the Transoxine Khanate appears to have been singularly uneventful, and beyond occasional raids upon the disputed border territory of Persia, and not infrequent internal troubles, nothing of note is recorded of the family of Jagatai. It has been noticed before how they absorbed part of the appa­ nage of Ogotai after Kaidu’s death; the presence of Ogqtai chiefs of some power and repute in Mawara-n-nahr is further demonstrated by the accession of two of their number, ’Alee and Danishmendjeh, to the Jagatai throne in the later days when the prestige of Jagatai’s family had diminished and rival chiefs began to assert their independence. The history of this later period is exceedingly obscure, and even the order of succession of the Khdns is by no means certain, whilst the dates of acces­ sion and death are frequently conjectural. The list on page 200 has been drawn up, with the kind assistance of Mr, Hciworth, from many authorities, but it can only claim to beaprovisional and tentative. As a proof of the obscurity which hangs over this part of Mongol history, M, Veliaminof-Zemof’s paper on Termashirin and Senjar, in the M&lamges Asiatiques, iv. 137 ff., may be referred to. The great Timur brought the period of anarchy to an end in 1370; but the history and coinage of himself (and the two puppet-khans, Suyurghatmish and Mahmood, of Ogotai’s stock, who reigned in his name) and his successors belong to the Seventh Volume of this Catalogue. CS g - J f s I H-t z I t5E-I CO O .S o S aO 0? S >%rHc CO -*i»c« p bCrH ^ 'S w S S O = I • o 5 S O '.fc's J, z cc a <1^S vl^ oo 1fc4' a &®S o oc o z cc CL to 03 <0 oI—( ;?5' H to < z >■ 0

LU 1 H u. 0 UJ UJ CC H1 I o h- LjJ to THE HOUSES OF OGOTAI AND TULUl : SUPEEME KHiNS. I. JINGIS I Jugi Jagatai II. OGOT ai TDLUI I III. Kuyuk Kuchu Kashi IV. Mangu V. Khubilai AHlchuka Huhxgu I 1 I (Yuen I Dynasty) Kkojah Shiraraun Kaidu Chingkin Oghul I Chwpar Kamala Dharmahala VI. Uljaitu I Timur X. Yissun Timur vn. KulukI VIII. Buyantu

XI. Rajipeka XII. Kushala XIII. Jiyagkatu IX. Gogen

XV. Toghon Timur XIV. Rinchenpal (Khakaans —-of | Mongolia) XVI. BiUktu XVII. Ussukhal I XVIII.I Engke XIX. Elbek I Khargotsok Soriktu I XX. Gun Timur XXI. Uljai Timur XXIII. Adsai

XXn. DelbekI XXIV. Taisaong I XXV. Akbarji I XXVIU. Mandaguo I

XXVI. Ukektu XXVH. Melon Khargotsok ■ Bolkho Jinong" XXIX. Dayan {Divickd Tribes') | Torobolod Uluslolod Barsabolod {Chief o f Chahhars) (Jinong) (Jinong)

XXX. Bodi Nanik AUan Khdn Gun Belik Merdu (C hU fof (Jinong; chief of Tumeds) Urdus) XXXI. Kudang Kukjitu Ongghon I (Chief of Sunids) Jfarai Noyandara I n {Chief o f (Jinong) XXXII. Sassaktu Darai Wesumujim) I Bagha Buyan Baghatur I.- SetzenSeXXXIII.- Erdeni Bmhukttt Mangchuh (Chief of (Jinong, 1576) I Khaghotids) I XXXIV. Lingdan | f Sereng I Daiting Dureng Essen Waidsang (Jinong, 1626) Erke Khongkor (Chief Aokhans) (Chief of Naimans) f ( xlii )

» D. (3 0 *S) < 3 1 u. O e til z S. rO (V}(nq^turfr vaoXf) — 'Si 'S H cQ I D )-H05 v> o . ts « c> % « - 1 - . ’S- "B* f® 3 is! -J 3 «3 H d s '‘CS |rh u. ■ 'S“ -'S ^c8 o o ■ a tiJ w be 3d 3 QJ ■ 3 •<5‘ *s 1=9 O CQ X MJ—l

Tulcaiiomr

Ureng*Timujr '“ I""-’ 8 aripbaI ^i-Buka "r Talaboffba Tog|nil Tutek i_TImnr „ „X - Mabimb I PniadI Ilbaa [ Tanka K“» Tnli Kboj&b XbrabebibI t ^Aiab Etiogbda ' ^ASe< ‘ BerJibcg UgblDn Shdh Oghlu ir TuktazEuah

Lbolkiieyr Timur Dervish Sejjid Ibak ' XWk l«^ Sliej-kb I Ahmad j I Timur Ghijath. Mahmudek Ilukhar^ Tadigar Kuchum I P4i- .gictmul t! 974] I ( I f I Kbaleel Ibmheem BerekeIkam^Klliai AbuLk [M. il.97>J AhuBd Bakhiijitr Uubammadi. Saadat i. Sabist. Muliarak Ablai ^ let ’dlee Latecf I I---- I -i i >d;El. Seyyid Mat ___ ,jeykh Sbeykb Gbazi t. Abmud I Ahmad AvUar I I I UoseynI 'Atul i Kbslm I Lk Derdi- Sbeykh j ibLi CenQtesSf’otncbi Selamat i. Janibeg Uotior Al^mad Choiotn „uL I------;------DcvY"- Gbazi iir. Snadat hi. Schmia: t Fell! 11. MnkW: ^ 1°'" J... KapiLii.

< sliii ) ■«-3 F—i 2 •811 2- §- '1-^ ' feo^S ’r *'2

3 -g 3 ._< ■P"3 3 cc O fx) Oh X H a vcgHS _ 7/30 J-, CQ tf o ► rH ■ *“ ^ • «ei-iOQ sti£) C s a aS3 - s • >1 3 < cS>>» I f - a. —H - O £* w < bO . 'fa H3 o o CO M < a 3 " d ' s -^■§i-i «■ s H i-i f l u. CO - sS __'-d c3 cb f> “■ ■D p « --S X O -<1. M &H, la- o H UJ 3 P ISg (0 ■I—I '^ .s i- 'X1—1 D c >>1 0 'OS I. 3 - f t - _P *s3 I- o . nS . Ui w H 1 I H M- _i—(to 2 pS •S . 3 !>H-l ^ £P - J= X o m > II —M - s 3 S 'tj<8 —M 3 M 3 rt S- I D H3 ---C»"3 M a C8 'a " M M H ( xliv )

II. THE COINAGE.

I n tlieir coinage the Mongols usually adopted the language of the people they conquered. Thus the Yuen dynasty in China struck coins with Chinese inscriptions, the Ilkhans of Persia, ■ Jagatai Khdns of Transoxiana, and the Khans of the Golden Horde, all coming into contact chiefly with Mohammadan peoples, issued coins with Arabic inscriptions. Nevertheless, the Mongols had a language and character of their own, and this appears at intervals upon their coins. The number and variety of Mongol inscriptions are, however, very limited, and the following remarks will enable any numismatist to decipher and understand them. The’ Mongol character (which is formed from the Uighur, a corruption of the Syriac introduced by the Nestorians into Central Asia) is usually written in perpendicular lines from the top to the bottom of the page; but on the coins the position of the accompanying Arabic inscrip­ tions compels us to read the Mongol words horizontally from right to left (like the Arabic), and the convenience of printing makes it advisable to follow the same method here. The alphabet subjoined omits variations indicated merely by points, since such are omitted upon the coins. These variations are the two points * which placed over Teh tuyn it into gTi, and similarly (but beneath) % into sh. The only other pointed letter is the (initial and medial) «, and this is sometimes pointed on the coins. In one instance (no. 522) the two dots appear over the git on the coin. THE COINAGE. MONGOL ALPHABET. t Vowels. Initial. Medial. Pinal. a OX e k . I-

i la. - X 0 in diphth.) u a. (0, u, laa.)

Consonants, n Im a

h ^9 ( 5 hh (y^) . darugha], [Viceroy’s'] (KhaU’s name) M. or K .’s deledheguluh- ^ \comage. The space for the Khdn’s name is filled by ^ Ahaghdim, ^ w #r^nfto r j **'* ^ ^ ***» *^ ■ * Arghunu or Arghwmm, ^ u Arinchinturji (= Gaikhatu, see below), or Kaduin. With the accession of Ghdzdn a new fonnula was adopted and the preceding one disappears for ever;— 1“*^ Tegriin, By Qod's hilehimdur, Bower ’* jii, ■ ! y>.>— Ghasanu, Ohdzdn's ^ to- deledheguludc-] *)1 comage.

The only Mongol inscription found On the coins of Uljaitu is V- t. »>, Y XJljitu Sultan: Aboo Sa’eed used ^ ^ ^ ‘ y Busdida; Suleyman, n y

Suliman Khan, or v., 11 ^ ^ n y. Sultan Adil; and THE COINAGE. xlvii Nushirwan wrote his name simply Nmhirmm, and possibly used the last-named title as well. On the coins of the Golden Horde only three Mongol names are found— 21iy^^My« = Toktu (No. 360) j Jarnbag Khan — Janibeg (No. 384); and , , = ^ IkgTitamish or Toktamish (No. 522). These are all the Mongol words occurring in this volume. A few of them require explanation. The termi­ nations in, ^ u, r * Un, attached to the names Abagha, Arghun, and Baidu, are merely the case-endings of the genitive of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declensions, respectively, of Mongol substantives.* The words Annohvh, Twrji, written on the coins of Gaikhatu, both in Arabic and Mongol > Sr tiSMiiii) are a title of honour bestowed on that Khan, probably by the Lamas (as in the case of Khu- bUai’s title, Chagrawardi), and represent, according to E. Burnouf, the Thibetan words rintcTiMn-rdo-rdjS, which mean “ precious diamond.” They are written ungrammatically,for they should have the genitive termination The only Mongol words besides the Sultdn’s or Khdn’s names are five: and \ i\.r ^ 5 of Urhich one alone presents any difiieulty. The translations given above, on the authority of Schmidt, are perfectly apposite. The Ilkhans of Persia, always upholding the fiction that they acted as lieu­ tenants of the Great Khans of China, would naturally inscribe

* Schmidt , GrammaiiJc der Mongolischen Sprache, p. 25. t De Saulcv , Jorntial Asiatique, III. siii. 124. xlviii INtBOD^JCTION. their coins, at least at first, with such words as “ the coinage of the Viceroy of the Khakaan,” although the inscription might be modified under a later Khan to “ By God’s power, Ghdzdn’s coinage,^’ as who should say, “ Ghazan D. G. Pers. Bex,’’ when a less public acknowledgment of the Khakaan’s suze­ rainty was considered sufficient. ^ T>,^i t ^ is lehaghm in the genitive case, ( which sometimes appears in a blundered or mutilated state) is the past participle of the causative form (to “cause to strike”) of the verb , to “ strike,” and means, therefore, “ what has been caused to be struck,” i.e. coinage. The other word of the inscription, which has generally been read j.-AAir' darugha, or “ lieutenant,” “ viceroy ” (Statt- halter), is the one difficulty that is encountered in the reading of the Mongol inscriptions. I cannot admit that the word in question is darug%a; and since coming to this conclusion I find that the lamented De Saulcy also refused to concur in the usual reading {Journal Asiatique, III. xiii. 124)! but, like myself, he is unable to offer any other inter­ pretation, The Word on tdie coin is quite unlike Schmidt’s spelling The way it is printed in this volume nearly represents the actual appearance of the word on the coins, but the last letters should be, not as the necessities of the type com­ pelled me to print it, but After comparing many examples, I am confident that the Word is written • The first letter is precisely like the first letter of Ahaglia, which occurs just below it, and is wholly unlike the first letter of , which stands lowest of all on the coin. The first letter is therefore not d but a. Of the second being THE COINAGE., xlix r there is no dispute : but it is succeeded by a single stroke which is omitted in Schmidt’s spelling of but is undoubtedly present on every coin, and must bo transcribed as a or n. Then follows the combination whiok begins with b or u, and ends with a sign Which does not belong to the Mongol alphabet as printed in books, and for which no pro­ bable interpretation at present suggests itself. Whatever the end of the word may bo, the first four letters are arim or arah, and not daru(g\ia,). Three characters occur on the coins of Ghazan which are neither Mongol nor Arabic. They appear at the left side of the inscription of the reverse of thirty coins, varying in date from 69$ to 703 of the Hijreh; and though the engraver has sometimes executed them in a rough and corrupt manner, the forms of ^ these signs are constant, and may be repro­ duced thus: Schmidt, regards them as Thibetan, but admits that ^ they are to be read as such “ nicht mit voller Sichcrheit.” ^ He says, “ Der erste ist ein vollkpmmenes tibetisches Tseha, der zweite kann lera oder gra, und der drltte ra gelesen werden. Es konnten diese drei Charactere Tscha- Terarddsh bedeuten und auf den Titel des Gross-Chans Bezug haben, dessen auf diesen Miinzen (gcgen die Gewohnheit) sonst keine Erwahnung geschieht. Ohuhilai erhielt von den tibe- tischen Lamas den indischen Titel Tschakrawarti (Weltherr- scher, oder der das [Welt-] Kad Drehende; mongojisch : Kiir- duni UrgigiilaktscJii) und wird, wo von ihm in mongolisehen Biichern vorkommt, liberall Tschakrawarti g^nannt. Zwar lebte Chuhilai nicht mehr zur Zeit der Regierung Ohasan's, sein hochster Ehrentitel kann aber, als den Gross-Chan be- zeichnend, fortwahrend in Gebraueh geblieben eeyn.” *

* Forschungen in G^biete der alteren religiosen, politischen, und lUerdnschen BildungsgescTiiehte der Folker Mittd-Asiem, vorzilglick der Mmgolen und Tibeter: Von I. J. Schjudt (St. Petersburg, 1824). Nachtrag. 2-3. 1 INTRODTJCTIOK. The explanation just quoted is halting and far-fetched; hut it is open to a much more serious objection. The letters in question are not Thibetan letters. M. Terrlen de LaCou- perie, who has devoted much labour and genius to the study of Asiatic Alphabets, and has kindly investigated this question for me, states—“ Les trois signes etranges quo portent les nion- naies en question de Ghazan sont en ecriture Bachspa. Ils forment sans nul doute la marque (nischan) ‘ difficile d con- trefaire ’ * qu’il fit graver sur le nouveau coin {sikJce) a I’aide duqUel il esp4rait remddier aux inconvenients croissants de la fausse mOnnaie et do 1’agiotage. Ghazan, dont la facilite pour les langues et I’instruction en fait d’histoire sont bien connues, avait eu pour instituteur un lakschi chinois, qui lui avait en- seigne les alphabets Uigur et Mongol.f On ne saurait done 6tre surpris de le voir se servir d’une ecriture faite specialement pour le Mongol sur I’ordre de Khubilai Khdn par le lama Bachspa et publiee par dderet imperial en 1269, avec injonction de I’employer pour tons les documents ofliciels.J Pendant toute la dure4 de la dynastie (Yuen) que ce grand souverain avait fonde^ en. Chine, nous avons des traces des efforts Inces- sants par lesquels ses ^successeurs essayerent d’etablir regu- lierement I’emploi de cette nouvelle ecriture. Mais ce fut en vain; et bien que nous ayons jusqu’en 1354 des monnaies a legende Bachspa, il avait fallu des 1286 tolerer I’usage de I’aneienne ecriture Uigure, qui, perfectionnee successlvement §,

* Of. P ’OhsSon, Bistoire des Mongols, vol. iv. p. 463. t D’Ohsson, ib id , pp. 154, 359. J Oette Icriture oarree n*est qn’une adaptation du Tibotain carre comme en le voit par la grande ressemblance des caracteres dee deux dcritures. L’ordre des oaractSres Baebspa est le m |m e que eelui du ayllabaire Tibe- tain. Son auteur avait SuocSde en 1260 comme grand Lama prbs la oour Mongole 5, Saadja Bandida qui avait oepupd cet office pendant sept ana et dtait tnort sans -avoir terUjind I’adaptatiott dont il avait etd charge de I’eeriture Uigure k la langue Mongole. § Et ddfinitivement par Tsordji Osir sous le regne de Ha-shang Khan. TH13 COINAGB. K etait restee d’un usage gdndral* Apres avoir et^ employee occasionnellement pendant plus de quatre-vingt-einq ans, I’ecrl- ture Bachspa n’exista plus qu’a I’dtat de souvenir. Des qnelques ouvrages traduits du chinols en Mongol et puUies eji Bachspa * il ne nous est guere parvenu qu’une copie chinoise tres corrompue f du !Peh Kia Sin^, le livre des ‘ Cent ’ noms de famille. Mais nous avons heureusement quelques inscriptions importantesj en style lapidaire et un certain

Cf. Ts’mg iran K ’e Mung, a Obineae grammar of the Manohu Tartar lan­ guage, translated -with introductory notes on M atichu Literature, by A. W ylie, (Shanghae, 1855, 8vo.), pp. xxiv, xxv. Klaproth dif que oe fut sons lo regne lie Pjenesek IChan de 1307 i 1311. Cf. Verzeiehniss der eltinetisehen und mandschuischen Biicher def Koniglichen Bddiotlui Sarf«»,.Paris, zu 182?, et ^ireUtes PalSograpkiques (Paris, 1870, 8vo.), vol. i. p. 88. * Nptamment le “ Livre sur la PiCtd flllale” (JSiaz> K ing), publie bn 1307. + Par la tendance constants dn oopiste chinols i donner aux carac teres Bachspa lea formes des cayactbres Chinois hOmonymes. J La plus impertante de oelles qui ont dtd publiCes est un edit de Timur Khdn (7e lune de 1294) provenant dU temple de Sung-Kiang fu, par lequel est recommend^ le culte de Confucius. Voici quelques-unes des sources importantes h consulter sur I’histoh’e At la nature de I’Ecriture Bachspa:— • ^ K. 1, fol. So sq. Pans la grande Cyclope'die en 10,000 vol. de Khien Lung. S 1 ft % ^ K. 41, f. 16. (Biographie de Pak-sse-pa). lEi # ^ K. 9. 202.

J. Klaproth, Verzeiehniss, O.C. Conon de la Gabelentz, Zeitschrift filr die K unde des Morgentdndes, vol. ii. p. 1. A. W ylie, 2Ving wan K ’e M ung, O.C. On an ancient inscription in Chinese and Mongol, from q, stone tabid at Shanghai, in Transactions o f the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Part v., 1855 (Hong Kong, 8vo.), pp. 65—81. Sur une inscription Mongole en caractSres Pa'-sse-pa, in Journal Asiatigue, Juin, 1862, pp. 461—471.

Or. Pauthier, Rapport sur deux Medailles en Cuivre Jaune tromees d Soura- haya, ile de Jam , in Journal Asiatigue, Avril-Mai, 1860, pp. 321—338. lii INTRODUCTION. nombre de monnaies des Yuen par lesquelles nous connaissons plusieurs variantes des earacteres. En comparanfc ces variantes et en tenant cottipte de la difference entre le style lapidaire des inscriptions et les formes plus lacbees d’une ecriture rela- tivement cursive, on reconnaitra de suite que les earacteres inconnus des monnaies de Ghazan appartiennent a cette ecri­ ture. Le premier signs surtout est frappant de ressemblance avec la premiere lettre de la syllabe Was equivalente du signe cyelique ^ des monnaies des Yqen. Mais il n’y a pas lieu d’y chercber une indication de date puisque les m^mes signes Baehspa figUrent sur des monnaies de Gbdzan de plusieurs annees. Les deux signes suivants bien que d’un aspect moins frappant que le premier, a cause de Igur trace cursif, ne nous ofifrent pas de difficulty et se lisent Kka sm, transcription aussi exacte du nom de Ghazan que le permettait le syllabaire Baehspa, qui de meme que son prototype tibetain n’avait pas d’aspirees sonorfis des differentes classes qu’il rempla 9ait par les aspirees sourdes. Bes deux derniers signes nous donnant le nom de Ghazan, nous induisent a considirer le premier signe Ma comme Une abbrdviation du nom de MahmuS,, qu’il avait assumd en montant sur k tr6ne.” With the exception of the Mongol inscriptions and the Baehspa or Bashpa transcription for which M. de LaCouperie has found so satisfactory an explanation, the coins of the Mon­ gols present no linguistic difficulties to the Arabic student.

De Pa!phahet de Pa’-sse-pa et de la tentative faite par KhoubUat Khan au X llJe siede de noire ire poar transcrire la langne figurative des Chinois au moyen d’une icrUure alphabitique, ibid. Janvier, 1862, pp. 5—47. C’est le travail le plus oomplet. J. Edkins,An account of Sanscrit and Mongolian characters found in Chinese booh, in Transactions of the China Branch of the BoycU Asiatic Society, Hong Kong, 1855, pp. 101—108. V . Grigorieff, Lettre adressee d la Socielh Asiatique de Paris sur Vorigine el les Monuments de VEoriture carrie dont Vinvention est- attribuee au Pagpa- lama, in Journal Asiatique, Juin, 1861, pp. 522—558. THE COINAGE. liu The Arabic character employed on the coins of the Mongols varies from stiff square Koofee to ornamented Naskhee: exam­ ples of square Koofee arranged ornamentally are found in Ahoo- Sa’eed’s coinage, and on a coin of Nushirwdn. The coinage of the Great-Kaans is represented here only by its Persian issues: the currency- of the Yuen dynasty, in Mongol and Chinese, belonging to the Chinese and not the Arabic series.* The earliest coin of -the Mongols with Arabic inscriptions, and probably their earliest with any inscriptions, is that struck at Tiflees in the year 642. We know that Tura- kina, the empress, who governed the Mongol kingdoms in the interval between her husband Ogotai’s death in 639 and the general Diet which was held in 644 for the election of Knyuk, appointed Arghun to the governorship of Persia in the place of the former governor Kurguz. This coin of 642 may have been issued by Arghun on his arrival. Or it may have been struck by some pretender to the throne, who considered the interreg­ num, and the dissatisfaction caused by Turakina’s rule, a favourable opportunity for striking a blow for sovereignty. The coin (or rather two coins, for there is a second with mint and date probably Kenjeh, 642t) bears the familiar Anatolian and Georgian device of a mounted bowman, with dog, ami presents no indication of the striker’s name except the obscure inscription (thus pointed on some of the coins) which has been interpreted in more than one way. M. Bartholomaeil points the last word and regards Almh Beg as the name of the Viceroy at Tiflees under Turakina. We know, however, that the name of this Viceroy was Arghun, and the attribution of the name Alush Beg to him must be regarded as extremely * The Yuen were miserable minters, and only twenty-seven Varieties of their coins are known. The inscriptions are sometimes in pure Mongol, sometimes in Chinese, sometimes in both, and the year of issue is in the Bashpa character. f On the three specimens in the Jena Collection, Prof. Stickel finds but one mint, which he reads Nakhjewan. X Bulletin de la Soc. Arckeul. de St. Petersbourg, ii. 236—239. liv INTRODUCTION. doubtful, whilst Langlois’ suggestion that the name may belong to Temujin Utsuken, brother of Jingis, is hardly worth considering. Prof. Grigorieff * omits the points which on some of the coins are placed over the of and reads the inscription 3 ^ J a U “(coin) of the great Mongol Ulus:” an explanation which satisfies the sense, though it partly interferes with the actual pointing of the inscription. As, however, the pointing varies on different specimens,t M. Grigoriefif’s reading may probaWy be the correct one. Of Kuyuk the British Museum collection has no coin, except those issued in his name by his vassal Dawith V. of Georgia, which do not belong to the Arabic section of the Catalogue. Hangu’s nanje ( \S ^ ^ •= Mongke) occurs alone on five coins, and in conjunction with Hulagtt’s on.seven more. The former (with dates 652 and 653) were probably issued by the governor of Persia, Arghun, who apparently held Tiflees for some time after, as well as before, Hulagu’s invasion. Hulagu’s coinage begins in 652, but we must regard the copper coin issued in this year with his name as rather a symbol of the terror caused by his advance than as an actual issue of his own mint, for El-M6sil was not yet taken in 652. The coin was probably issued by Lulu, whose type it bears; and the fact that the two following coins appear to have been hastily struck over old issues of Lulu confirms this view. No name of any GrOat-Kadn appears on the Persian coinage after Mangu’s death; but the vassalage of the Persian Ilkhans wus none the less admitted. Khubilai’s supremacy is allowed on Hulagu’s later coins in the words > i*' contrast with Hulagu’s lower title • This, or some equivalent acknowledgment of dependence, was expressed on the

* Ihid. ii. 342—S45. I owe these references to the courtesy of M. W. Tiesenhausen. t Cf. m y Unptihlished Arabic Coins from the Coll. of_ the R e v . T . Cahert {Numismatic Chronicle, N.S. xix. 81). THE COINAGE. 1y coins of the various Ilkhans, up to'the time of Ghazan, i.e., throughout tire reign of Khubilai: hut with Ghazan’s accession, shortly following Khubilai’s death, the custom was dropped, and the coins no longer bear any reference to the distant Great-Kaan. The series of coins of the Ilkhans, or Mongols of Persia, in the British Museum, is large and comprehensive. It consists of nearly 350 coins, of which three-fourths are silver, only 13 being gold, and 75 copper. Every Khdn from Hulagu to Nushirwan is represented, except Arpa and Moosa, whose reigns together did not amount to eight months. In the fine series of Arghun’s coinage only one year of his reign is omitted, and only two in Ghazdn’s, whilst the two hundred examples of AboO-Sa’eed’s mints represent every year save one from 717 to 734; and many years are recorded by the issues of several different cities. The value of the coins in fixing the duration of each reign is especially seen in the issues of the puppet Khans who' were set up by the rival ameers from 736 to 745. Thus M.ol^ammad (736-8) is represented by coins of 737 and 738; Togha-Timur, 738, 739, 741 and 74a;; Jehan-Timur, 740; Sati Beg, 739, 741, 74w ; Suleymdn, 740, 741, 742, 743, 745, and perhaps later dates, unless nos. 33B—340 (with only the title JL4> or belong more properly to Nushirwan ; and Nushirwdn, 747, 754, 756 ? The Arabic inscriptions on the coins of the Mongols of Persia present little that is remarkable. The religious for­ mulas generally consist of the ordinary ^ 1 3 3 . ^ 1 ^> 1 3 3 *3 alll (5 br. ii. 131), arranged in an ornamental border on Aboo-Sa’eed’s coins (e.y. no. 175), where also occurs the verse from Soorah Ixvii. 1, jiJA 3*3 .iU.^1 , which recurs on no. 219 with the words Jt , a£)l (of which'the reading occurring beneath rev. area of looped-square type of Aboo-Sa’eed is not absolutely certain) ; and the benedictory formulas a UI j JU- aCl-a, a5CIL« jd * ., aX)3>3 aXJLo abt jd». (nos. 280, 288), jjA. which probably referred to Khubilai, in which case Abaga’s own title does not appear on these coins. Gai- khatu and Baidu have only Mongol titles. Ghdzan as a rule uses no title, and simply inscribes himself [By the power of God] Ghazan Mahmood [Ghasan’s coinage], the bracketed words being in Mongol character; on one silver coin (no. 120), however, he calls himself > and on two copper coins he uses the title ^^lls 0!j^> whereby it appears that the discontinuance of the insertion of the Great-!^aan’s title was accompanied by the assumption of the hitherto superior title by Ghazdn himself. Uljaitu is the first to indulge in the luxury of many names which Mohamma- dan sovereigns commonly affect; bis titles are ^jUaJuJ)

, comprising a curious mixture of Arabic, Per­ sian, and Mongol words, which do not, however, all appear on every coin. Aboo-Sa’eed’s ordinary appellation is o'*- **«*«' > hut is sometimes prefixed, and 1*11^l*l| or mI substituted f o r ’ill,a and in one instance (sic) occurs; whilst on many coins- only a short selection from these titles appears. With the lesser Khdns who followed Ahoo-Sa’eed, alone, or followed hy J ila ll, or (once) (once) , suffices; and is only added after Suleym§.n’s name. Even Sati Beg, though a woman, does not change the title. Forty-seven known towns appear as mint-places on the coins Iviii INTRODUCTION. of the Mongols of Persia, besides the following eleven, which I have not been able to identify: (e=a»»laaJI?), d»)U, J>>>, (perhaps .iU&), (perhaps* a form of oWj>v)> (which I believe to be an inversion of (apparently Sheykh Kebeer), and ? Mints sometimes appear with and sometimes without the definitive J l: thus we find obW and (®®® P" j and f and appears in tne 0 ul ^ abbreviated forms Qjjl and is prefixed occa­ sionally to the names of towns such as and , and is appended to ■ It is noteworthy that although Uljaitu is stated to have laid the foundations of Sul- taneeyeh in 704, a coin bearing that mint-name (with Jl pre­ fixed) occurs among Ghdzan’s issues, without date indeed, but presumably not later than Ghdzan’s death in 703. The coin, however, is double-struck, and may have been merely an old coin used for the new city and restruek. The mint and date formula, which is full in Hulagu’s time, becomes more and more curtailed as the series advances. At first we find th# usual phrase ■ -» ^ jjJ I I A* prefixed, and on four coins (nos. 21—24) of Hulagu the word is qualified by the epithet ^ l« J I . Very soon, however, the unnecessary words are dropped out, and we find jjjNfS , and the like, with the verbal noun instead of the verb, and without any denomination or preposition. “ Coinage of Tebreez ” was found to serve all the purposes of the more tedious phrase, “Thie-dirhem was struck at Tebreez.” The date is often put in a different place from the mint, and ^ is generally omitted before ii-i. The dates are given in

* M. Tiesenhausen suggests for : cl. Fraehn, De Ilclian. n u7)i. no. 108, tab. ii. THE COINAGE. lix numeral words, not ciphers, with one exception (no. 129), in which the unit is a cipher. The month (with or without is not infrequently prefixed to the word 5 ^ , or sometimes the expression iw ^ is adopted (no. 91,121a, 128,175, &c.). The phrases ^ ^ > or sometimes used by TJljaitu, prefixed to his own title on the reverse area, and the second and third of these phrases are similarly employed by Aboo-Sa’eed. The three coins bearing the inscription jlj-w are very noteworthj', but I leave the interpretation of the expression, which I take to represent AXu, to the consideration of my friends. Professor Stickel and M. Tiesenhausen. The dates are always given from the era of the Hijreh, except one gold and fifteen silver coins of Aboo-Sa’eed, which all bear the date year 33 of the KJidnian Mra, which was established by Ghazan on the 1st of Kejeb, 701 a .h ., but only appears on the coinage in Aboo- Sa’eed’s time. On the few overlapping dates in the series of coins of the Mongols of Persia, see notes to pp. 11,1.2, 18,29. The inscriptions on the coins of the Mongols of Persia are often arranged in geometrical borders, sometimes of a com- •plieated character, and in some cases the border may help to determine the date (see note to p. 62). The surface of the coin is commonly adorned with numerous points, stars, and ernaments, none of which seem of any special import, and of which none have therefore been noted in the Catalogue. The same remark applies to the numerous blunders of the engraver which. are noticeable in this series: it would serve no useful purpose to record them. As a rule we do not find figures of animals or men on the coins of the Ilkhans; and with the exception of the peacock on some silver coins of Arghun, such figures when they do occur are found only on the copper issues. The head and cross-legged figure common on the coins of the Atabegs of El-Md§il are also found on the early copper lx INTRODUCTION. pieces of the Ilkh^ns; and the Two-headed Eagle of the Benee Zengee and the Urtukees appears on an Irbil coin of Abaga: the dragon, lion passant, lion and sun, peacock, ibex, hare, and radiate sun, are also among the figures that are found on the Copper coinage of the Mongols of Persia. The weight of the Ilkhdnian coinage evidently underwent several reforms. The few gold coins will scarcely serve to prove any theory, but their weights are fairly normal, 63 to 70 gi's. for the deendr, and 133-8 for the double deenar ; Aboo- Sa’eed’s being rather lower. The dirhems, however, present a systematic order of changes. At first they have very nearly the normal dirhem-weight of the time, averaging 38—40 the dirhem, and 18'2 (for 19 or 20) the half-dirhem. Under ArghUn the average falls to 37, and we know that a financial crisis occurred in (laikhatu’s reign, and an attempt was made to force a paper currency on the people. Under G-hazan and Uljaittt a new standard appears: * the dirhem seems to have been assimilated to the deenar standard, for we find a general average of 16’5» 83, and 66, for half-dirhem, dirhem, and double dirhem; and apparently a six dirhem piece was in circu­ lation, of a weight of 198 grs. Aboo-Sa’eed, again, made a new change, for his pieces average 54, 25, and 163—179, from which it would appear that his standard dirhem weighed 55 grs., the half 27'5, and the triple dirhem 165. The period succeeding Aboo-Sa’eed is scarcely worth taking as evidence of standard: the metal was debased, the size reduced, and the weight irregular. The coins of the Khans of the Golden Sorde in the British Museum number more than two hundred and twenty speci­ mens, all silver, except nine copper pieces, but present very little of interest or vai’iety in their inscriptions. Their size is

* Of. M. and three doubtful and obscure inscriptions), and the two sides are generally occupied, the one with the name and title of the Khan, the other With the mint and date of the coin. The titles are generally very short, and J^Ladt (sic) or (jUaJLJI, or OUdUTlI J>U3I are the forms employed, the last becoming almost uni­ versal among the later Khans, when also the benediction .mi. d J u dUI is appended. Very commonly no title but appears; and in some cases this is involved in an ornamental monogram. The occurrence of the name of Jani-beg on the coinage of Azeez (p. 161), with the epithet (nearly corresponding to the Glerman expression dcr Selige) “ the deceased,” is the only noteworthy fact in relation to the titles occurring on the coins of Kipchak. The mint and date formula is reduced to its smallest dimen- sions. The noun is used, the preposition ^ is generally omitted before the mint, and ^ is often dropped before the date; even does not always occur, and the date is given in Indian ciphers, which the engraver commonly reverses or inverts or otherwise misplaces. The Mints of the Golden Horde are important as factors in the problematical history and geography of the family of Jnji. The following is a list of the mints occurring on the coins of each Khan in the British Museum Collection;— Ixii lUTBODUCTION.

1CO a tIS -43 CQ0) 1 1 M* § 1 fc ''(3AS* 3 (§ os 1 Q» M1 j- £ Ou 1 Bata {or Berdke) + 2 Mangu-Timur — — ———— + — — — 3 Tuda-Mangu + 4 Tokta — + — — — + + — — — 5 TJzbeg + + __ — — + — —— 6 Janibeg — + + — + — — — — 7 Berdibeg — — + + — + • — + — 8 Kulna — — + — —— — + - 9 NurnZ — — + + —— — — + — 10 Khi?r —— + — + — — + — 11 Timaf Kbojab — — + 12 Kildibeg —— - + —— ——— 13 Murid -— + 14 Mir Pulad —— — + + —— _ _ __ 15 ’Azeez — — + + + ————— 16 Abdallah — —-——— — — + 17 Khs^han — — V- + —— —— — — 18 Moll. Bulak + 19 Toktamish — + — + — + + + + + 20 Beg Bulad —— — — — — — —— 21 Shadibeg + —— 22 Pulad —— ——— + — _ — 23 Kibak 24 Seyyid Ahmad 25 Devletberdi 26 Kuchuk Moh. 27 Mahmood ...

* ,* The numbers in this table are itUended to aid the eye across the two payee. THE COINAGE. Ixiii *o 5 u jS 43 h 'C? 3 »§ 1 0 o1 a OQ n §1 1 1 *5b 0 a 1 1 1 !zio 1 X§ 1 to 1 . n■§ s 1n I - 1 2 — 3 — —— 4 + — 5 4- fi 7 8 9 10 — 11 12 _ 13 14 15 + 16 — — “ 7 “ “ “ —— — 17 + 18 + + . — — + — 4- 4- + 4- - — + 19 — + — — — — — — — — — 20 21 ————— — + — — — — — — 22 ——— ——— + — — — — -— 23 — — ——— + — — ——— — 24 + 25 _— ~ —— + —— — — — — - 26 — —— — — — +• ———— — — 27 Ixiv INTRODUCTION. Besides these mints, Sighnak, the capital of the White Horde, occurs on the one piece of Urus Khan in the collec­ tion. ^djji, for Hdjrji Tarkhan, occurs once on Toktamish’s coinage; and Beled, probably meaning Krim, on that of Beg Bulad. One coin,, bearing the name Mohammad, and mint Ulus Bulghar, I believe to have been struck by Ulugh, not Kuohuk, Mohammad. Several of these mints are undoubtedly synonyms of others. On a coin of Murid Khan (no. 474) we find the woi-ds “ Gulistan for Serai,” and there can be no doubt that Gulistdn, or “ Rose garden,” was a name given to Serai, and jt is probable that Ordu, which means simply “ Camp,” was another name of the old capital of the Golden Horde. Similarly, the later and more splendid capital built higher up the Tolga, and getierally known as New Serai, or Great Serai, Or Janibeg’s Serai,- was also designated on the coins New Gulistdn, and probably New Ordu and Great Ordu are names also applying to it (see Howorth ii. 184 ff.). When two names of the same Serai Occur in one year with the name of the same Khdn, we must conclude there were two issues from the mint in the same year. A third Serii is found among the Golden Horde mints: Serdi Chuk (fpr Kuchuk) or Little' Serai, built by Batu on the Yaik or Ural. SAjji TarTckdn, which becomes the principal mint towards the close of the power of the Golden Horde, is the city on the Caspian now known as Astrakhan. It was destroyed by Timur, and rebuilt on a different site, and to this new city the mint New Hajji Tarkhdn, occurring on a coin of Shadibeg not in the National collection, may refer. Bulghar, or Bolghari, on the left bank of the Upper Volga, Was the chief mint of the Khdns of Kipchak in the early days of the Khanate, and it remained long the second town (after Serai) in their dominions. Ita series of coins are imperfectly represented in the British Museum; but are known to extend uninterruptedly from Batu to Kuchuk Mohammad. THE COINAGE. Ixv Tlie ornaments of the Kipchak coinage are few and insig­ nificant : the damghah, however, of Batu, or Bereke (crossed by the of on the obv.) £) ■ Ki should be compared with the Persian coins bearing Mangu’s name, whereon a similar form 3-G occurs; and the damghah , or ^ , which is found on many of the earlier coins of the Golden Horde, probably has some signification, and the same may be said of the JTl which occurs on the coins of the ^ im Khans, and which, together with the practice of dating from the year of accession used by Shahin Girai, are the only noteworthy points about the short series of ^rim coins here described (pp. 194-9). Of the Jagatai Khdns the National collections possesses but three coins, struck by Danishmendjeh and Buyan Kuli, of whom the former was of the stock of Ogotai, though he sat on the Jagatai throne and employed the Bukhara mint. Buyan Kuli struck at OWr (?). Except that each of these princes called himself (as might be expected in a line that never owned the sovereignty of the Supreme Khans descended from Khubilai), there is nothing remarkable in their coinage. The two coins of Hoseyn, Kert chief of Herat, and nominal vassal of the Jagatai Khdns, are'more noteworthy. The names and epithets of the four Orthodox Khaleefehs appeal in the obv. margin, with the unusual form instead of ; whilst - the rev. margin presents the curious date formtla VBr . , e aDI lySLa S|;A SjJi^ iw J..4I Tfhe notices of D’Ohsson and He Guignes enable us to attribute these coins to Hoseyn Mo’izz-ed-deen, who in 752 ( a .d . 1351) Was compelled by the Ameer Kazgan to acknowledge the supremacy of the Jagatai Khan, Buyan Kuli, and to do homage to him at Samar^^aiid. The coin struck in this very year is a notable testimony to this act of submission, which t Ixvi INTRODUCTION. the Words 0^5 indicate in a sufficiently emphatic m anner.* The petty dynasties that sprung up on the ruins of the Mongol empire in Persia, and lasted to the coming of Timur, are appended to this volume. They consist first of the Jelairs, who after setting up various puppet Khdns on the throne of Hulagu, finally asserted their own title to sovereignty, and founded a Dynasty which ruled a, large part of Persia for nearly fifty years, and even returned to claim what Timur had deprived thena of when that conqueror died in 807. Side by side with the Jelairs was the dynasty of Mahmood Shah Inchu, of which Mr. H. 0. Kay has treated excellently in the Numismatio Chronicle (N.S. vol. xv. 216—230). Mahmood Shah was made governor of Pars by Aboo-Sa’eed, but at what period of his reign is uncertain. He was executed by Arpa Khan in 736; but his son Aboo-Isha!^ ruled at Sheeraz in great splendour from 743 to 754, and appears to have exer­ cised authority at Kazeroon (fifty miles west of Sheeraz) as early as 719. In 754 Aboo-Isha^ was ousted by Mohammad of the race of Mudhaffar, and in 758 was put to death at Sheer&z. The Mudhaffarees form the third of the dynasties that divided Persia among them. Their province was Ker­ man, and they added thereto Pars in 754.- A petty line of insurgents in Khotasan, the Serbedarians, close the volume with a very remarkable coin. A word must be said about the spelling of Mongol names in this volume. It was felt that they would hardly be recog­ nized if strictly transliterated according to the system adopted for Arabic names, and they are therefore spelt in the ordinary and unscientific manner sanctioned by long usage. As a rule

* D’Ohsson , Ilia, des MongoU, iv. 788. D b QuIgnbs, H ist, des Huns, jii. 312, ff. THE COINAGE. IxAHi I have followed Mr. Howortli’s spelling, except where it is strikingly inconsistent, and I believe that this course will com­ mend itself to most students. Indeed it is difficult to adopt any system when the Mongol letters are differently trans­ literated by each scholar, and much uncertainty seems to exist as to their precise value. For example, Hulagu ought to be spelt with the same initial letter as Khubilai; yet the former certainly had the soft sound of the spiritus asper, or why did the Persian coin - engravers invariably represent it by » instead of by the spiritus asper faucalis ^ or fri- catus ^ ? This is only one example of the many difficulties that beset the proper representation of Mongol names in Boman characters. In conclusion I must offer my most sincere thanks to my friend Mr. Howorth, without whose invaluable History this Volume could scarcely have been undertaken, and without whose personal help and kind revision of the proof sheets much that is now right would have been wrong. My acknowledgments are also due and gratefully tendered to M. Tiesenhausen, M. H. Sauvaire, Prof. Stickel, and M. Terrien de LaCouperie, for valuable notes and assistance. STANLEY LANE POOLE. December 18#^, 1880.

COEEECTIONS.

P. 35, no. 91, dele Pi,. III. 47, nos, 131, 132, dele but no outer margins. 52, no. 147, prefim Beled to Damighdn. 63, no. 173, for Ilkhaneeyeh read El-Khaneeyeh. 65, no. 175, for read . 66, no. 180, for Kdzeroom read Kazeroon. 73, no. 215, insert Same as (172): „ no. 217, for Mint imcertain read i^ustmooneeyeh.* 78, no, 234, dele parenthesis of (733). 145, no. 439, for Mint uncertain read Selmas.* 175, no, 529, for Turkhan read Tarkhdn. 179, no, 543, for read . 202, no. 591 a, for ’Otrdr read Otrar.

Vol. V,, p. XX, Don F, Codera’s reading, «UJL» .iUji, is definitely established by his discovery of a magical formula aDO , thus pointed, in a MS. in the possession of Don P. de Gayangos. The words (ibid., p. xxiv), should be , as suggested by Don F. Codera. On p. xli, line 10 from the bottom, for Dr. Wright read Dr. Rieu. ( Ixix )

TABLE or THE METHOD OF TEANSLITEEATION OF AEABIC WOEDS ADOPTED IN THIS CATALOGUE.

f\ a dh b t ’ <* o t gh th wi f 3 k C h k t kh J 1 > d a A m dh • a n j r 0 h j z 3 to <-»*» s lS y A sh 1 a, e \L d s r * ee 4 J u, J- 00 t LS~ay,ey aw^

CONTENTS.

PAGE Editor’s Prefaceface . . . . . t V : — Historical outline .... vii i. Foundation of the Empire: JingisKh^n viii ii. Division of the Empire . xi iii. Line of Ogotai . . xii iv. Line of Tului .... XV V. „ „ Sub-line of Hulagu . . xix vi. Line of Juji . . xxi a. Sub-line of Batu . . xxiii b. Sub-line of Orda . . xxvi c. Sub-line of Tuka-Timur . . xxxiv d. Sub-line of Sheybdn xxxvi vii. Line of Jagatai . . xxxviii Sketch-Tree of Mongol Dynasties . . xl Tree of the houses of Ogotai and Tului . xli Tree of the house of Hulagu . . xlii Tree of the house of Juji . face xlii Tree of the house of Jagatai . . xliii . The Coinage" ...... xliv Mongol Alphabet . . . . xlv Mongol inscriptions . xlvi Bashpa inscription . . xlix Arabic inscriptions . . . , . lii Coinage of Great !^adns . . liii Coinage of the Ilkhans . . Jv Eeligious formulas • . Iv Titles . . . . . Ivi Ixxii CONTENTS. PAHE Mints Iviii Dates . . , . . . Iviii Ornaments and figures . . . lix Weight ...... lx Coinage of the Golden Horde . lx Table of mints of Golden Horde Ixii Oitiaments .... Ixv Coinage of Jagatai Khdns Ixv Coinage of minor dynasties . Ixvi Transliteration of Mongol words Ixvi Trtinslitei’ation of Arabic words , Ixix Oreftt ilSlaans . . 3 [Interregnum: TuraJsina . 5 Mangu ..... 6 Models of Per$ia .... 4,8 Hulagu (under, Mangu) 8 (under Khubilai) 10 Abaga 17 Ahmad . 24 Arghun 25 Gaihhatu 32 Baidu 83 G h^an . 84 •Uljaitu 44 Abod-Sa’eed 62 Mohammad 94 Toghd-Timur 98 Jehdn’-Timur 102 Sati Beg. 103 Shleyman . 107 .Nushirwan 115 Khdns of Hie Golden Horde 118 A. B l u e H o r d e . 118 Batu or Bereke 119 CONTENTS, Ixxiii PAGE Mangu-Timur .... . 120 Tuda^Mangu . . . . . 122 Toktu .... . 123 'Uzbeg ...... 125 J ani-beg ...... 132 Berdi-beg . . . . .' . . 143 Kulna ...... 147 Nuruz-beg ...... 148 Khizr ...... 149 Timur Khojah ; . . . • . 152 [Anonymous coins of the period . . 152 KildF-beg . 153 M u r id ...... 154 Pulad (Mir) . , . . . ■ '. 1.56 ’Azeez Sheykh . . . . 157 with name of deceased Jani-Beg . 161 ’Abd-Allah ...... 162 Khaghan . . . ; 165 Mohammad Bulak . . . 165 W h it e H o e d e ...... 169 Urus...... ■. 170 •Toktamish...... 170 ’Arab-Shdh .... . 184 Tash-Timw ...... 184 Beg-Pnlad ...... • , 185 Sliadi-beg ...... 187 Pulad ...... • 188 Kibak , . v ...... 189 Seyyid Ahmad .... . 189 Devletberdi ...... 190 Kuchuk Mohammad- . 190 Mahmood . . . 191 san ...... 191 Ulugh Mohammad . . . . 191 Ixxiv CONTENTS. PAGE EMns of the E r i m ...... 192 Ghazi Girai n...... 194 Devlet Girai n...... 194 Krim Girai ...... 195 Shahin Girai ...... 196 JagaM Kongols . 200 D an ish m en d jeh ...... 201 Buyan K u H ...... 202 Kerts of Herat . . . . , . . . 203 Hoseyn ...... 203 Dynasties of the Period between the decay of the Mongols of Persia and the invasion of Timur . 205 Jelairs ...... 206 Sheykh i^asan Buzurg . , . . 206 Sheykh Oweys ..... 207 Anonymous . . . . . 212 H oseyn...... 213 Ahmad 217 Line of Mahmood Sl\£h Inchu ..... 227 Aboo-Is^|i^V ■ ; • • • • 227 Mudhaf^ees ...... 232 Mo^aminad ...... 232 Shah Shuji’ ...... 235 Shah Manso'or ...... 241 Serbedarians . 243 ’Alee Bl-Muayyad ..... 244 I n d e x e s :— I. Years , 245 II. Mints ...... , , 264 III. N a m e s...... 274 III a . Mongol inscriptions . . * . 288 contents . Ixxv TAOS IV. Ornaments 290 V. Marks . 291 Va . Figures . 292 VI. Miscellaneous 293 Table of the relative weights of English grdns and French grammes ...... 298 Table for converting English inches into millimetres and into the measures of Mionnet’s scale . . 300

MONGOL DYNASTIES.

( 3 )

GREAT KAANS.

A .a. a .D. I. Jingis . 603 1206 II. Ogotai 624 122-7 [Interregnum :—'Turakina 639 1241 III. Kuyuk 644, 1246 IV. Mangu . 646 1248 V. Khubilai * . 655 1257 VI. Uljaitu . 693 1294 VII. Kuluk 706 1307 VIII. Suyantu 711 1311 IX. Gegen 720 1320 X. Yissua Timur 723 1323 XI. Eajipeka . 728 1328 XII. Kush^la 729 1329 XIII. Jiyagbatu . 729 1329 XIV. Eintshenpal . 732 1332 XV. Toglion Timur 732 1332 XVI. Biliktu . 771 1370 XVII. Ussukhal . 780 1378 XVIII. Bngke Soriktu 790 1388 XIX. Elbek 794 1392 XX. Gun Timur . 802 1400 XXI. trijai Timur 805 1403 XXn, Delbek . 814 1411 XXIII. Adsai 837 1434 XXIV. Taissong 843 1439 XXV. Akbarji , 856 1452 XXVI. Ukektu 857 1453 XXVII. Molon 857 1453 XXVIII. Mandaghol 867 1463 XXIX. Dayan 875 1470 XXX. Bodi . 951 1544 XXXI. Kudang . 955 1548 XXXII. Sassaktu 964 1557 XXXIII. Setzen 1001 1593 XXXIV. Lingdan 1013 1604 Mancbu Supremacy 1043 1634

* Some coins of Khubilai’s house, L e . the Yuen Dynasty, will be described when the Catalogue of the Chinese series is published. ( 4 ) MONGOLS OF PERSIA, OR ILKHANS.

A.H. A.D. I. Hulagu . • • • • ♦ 654 1256 II. Abaga . • • . . • 663 1265 III. Ahmad ...... 680 1281 IV. Arghun . * . . . . 683 1284 V. Gaflthatu # . 690' .1291 VI. Bajdu . . • . . . 694 1295 VII, Ghazdu Mahmood ..... 6941295 VIII. TJljaitu** . 703 1304 IX. Aboo-Sa’eed . . • 716 1316 X. Arp^ . 736 1335 XI. IHoosd ...... 736 1336

NOMINEES OF THE RIVAL AMEERS. XII, Moljiammad* ") Nominees of Sheykh ( 1336 XIII. ToghS-Timurt > Hasan Buzurg the 11- -< 739 1338 XIV. Jeb^h-Timur j khanian / 739 1339 XV. 1 Nominees of Ameer r 739 1339 Safci Beg ^> Hasan Kuchuk Chu- < XVI. Suleymdnf J * pam V 740 1339 XVII. Hashirwan | \ Nominee of El-Ashraf^ 1344 !. Chdpanf. J 745

. * Kffled, 738. t Togha Timur had before (737) been proclaimed Khan by the Khorasan Ameers, but without success. Hasan Busiurg took up his cause in 739, against Sati Beg, th® puppet of the rival house Of Chupan, but soon dropped it, and set up Jehan Timur, only to depose him again in 741, after which the Ilkhanian set up no more candidates for the Mongol throne. Togh4 Timur, however, continued to hold out in KhoraS^n till 752 (1351). J ^asan JKuchnk married Sati Beg to Suleyman and made the latter Khan in 740, and maintained him till his own death in 7^4 ; soon after which his brother, El-JIelik El-Ashraf Ohnp4nf, set up Nushirwan for a tim e. ( 5 ) eRBAT KAANS.

INTEEREGNUM.

[TlJE^AK I N A.]

s iE v iy a .

Tiflees, year 642. Obv. Horseman to left, turned in the saddle and drawing bow to the right; behind, stork; beneath horse, dog. Above, lAyi Ji~« ^1 * Kev. j t ti) ^ aJJ\ — d_bJI ^

(Pierced.) Pl. I. fi, -86, Wt. iV 2

; Kenjeh ? year 642 ? Obv. Similar to (1), but dog and stork changed to obscure shapes. Eev. As on (1), but mint

* On the various explanations of this inscription see Introduction, /t^ GBEAT KAA n S. I I I - KU YUK.

The only coins in the National Collection bearing the name of Kuyuk are those issued by Dawith V. of Georgia, which will be described in the part of the Catalogue which is concerned with the Georgian coinage.

IV.-M AN GU.

S I L V E E. 3 Tiflees, year 653, Eejeb. Obv. Ai’ea, within square, yi 4__ II ^

Hargin, in segments between square and outer circle,

Eev. Area (as obv.)

(Ahfs omitted, sie). Margin (as obv.) ( jJI (sic) Juk | I Pi. I. At ’9, Wt. 40’5

Tiflees, year obliterated. Same as (3): but obv. margin obliterated, except ornament (in place of rt^loArf) in top segment; and rev. margin obliterated except in top segment. In centre of obv. JjJ . M -80, wt. 40-0 MANGtr.

Tiflees, year obliterated. Same as (3): but obv. margin nearly obliterated j and ^ in centre of both obv. and rev. Pl. I. iR'9,Wt.87’9

Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within sqjlare, aWI A__ n ^ 3 tE

On either side of damghab, doubtful sign, possibly | Eev. Area (as obv.) t , c ( 3*'G 1... ^ -J t Margins illegible. (Pierced.) M -9, Wt. 42-0 COPPER. 7 Mint obliterated, year 6[5]2, Jumdda I. or II. Obv. Area, within square, *)( A____ )t -s) A_Ul [A)] N) Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... I . . . t AAmt j ...... I Eev. Area (as obv.) 0> Margin (as obv.) ...... 1 I...... I ^ JEVU 8 MONGOLS OF PEESIA. MONGOLS OF PERSIA.

I.-H U LAGU,

A. WITH NAME OF MANGU AS OVERLORD. SILVER. 8 No mint or date. Obv. Area a—JLM

Life AmUI ^

Margin, LLi ,£U.«JI^^\}^ .sLIUJl oUU ^eyJDI JS]*

(Kur. m . 26) Rev. Area ^^IIS ....— ...■■■<‘■'^1 OUS \SLtiy> 5— A

Margin, traces of same formula as obv. margin. Pl. I. A t-9, Wt. 44'() 9 Mint obliterated, year &xx. Obv. Area as on (8): but above, a JU Margin, ...... Ja aJJ) Rev. Area as on (8) : but instead of Margin XJi -JUI JS C M-», Wt. 37-6 * This iaseriptiotj generally occurs in a more or less mutilated form on Mongol coins, biit it has not been thought necessary minutely to record the deficiencies, and the abbreviation ^1 d)U |.sl)l Js is employed whenever any portion of the formula is discernible. Similarly, instances of misspelling are so common on Mongol coins that it is superfluous to signalize them by the word (sic). ntTLAGur.

COPPER. 10 El-Jfosil, year [6]52. Obv. Area Head to left, within square. Mai’gin, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... j I I Rev. Area

j . ., (^W

iVIargin

* Nos. 10—13 have the same obv. type as Bedr-ed-deeu Lnlu, Atibeg of El-Mdsil, type ii.; see C a t a lo g u e , Vol. III., pp. 202, 208. Nos. 11 and 12 appear to be struck over coins of Lulu. C 10 MONGOLS OF PEBSIA. 14 El-Basrah, no year. Obv, •NJI d------M ^

j hA0".P* AwLJI [aJ ----!|] -C"

Eev.

o u liL L i^ a - • *■

B.-WITH TITLE, BUT NOT NAME, OF GREAT KAAN (KHUBILAI). SILVER. 15 Mint illegible, year 658. Obv. Area d ju i .j___ n -i)

4™LJI Margin ^1 .^UU^I JJ Rev. Area 0'15 JL__ cN» ^----ta..,.»-.».JI X )^ Margin Am (Pierced.) .» -9, Wt. 28-2 HTOAGr. 11 16 Mdiideeu, year [65]8. Similar to (15): but without Eev. margin ...... ^ (Pierced.) f& -95, Wt. 38’0 17 El-M6sil, year [6j61. Obv. and rev. areas as oh (15). Obv. margin...... * Eev. margin jUU (?)^

18 Sidrideen, year [6]63. Same as (16) : but rev. margin Sm

(Pierced and ringed.) M 105, w t. 44-3 19 EI-Mubarakeeyeh, year 665* Same as (16) : but rev. margin XUi ...... , (Pierced.) S t I'O, w t. sa-a

* The dates of nos. 19—22 are incompatible with the date of Hniagu’s death, which, according to every authority, took place in a .h . 6(i8: never- 12 MONGOLS or PEESIA.

20 Same as (19), with Jumdda : but rev. margin . iLo-^ AjL>-»Jlj ^r*;***' ^

(Pierced.) .® 1-05, Wt. 41-8

21 El-M6sil, year 669.* Same as (15): but obv. margin

and rev. margin ^1 .iUU Ji Pl.I. M. 1-1, Wt. 39'8

22 Same as (21) : Obv. margin partly obliterated. (Pierced.) jR 1-1, Wt. 40-7 23 Mdrideen, year obliterated. Same Jis (16): but reV. margin ...... (Pierced and ringed.) .at 1-05, w t. 42-9

theless, the years 665 and 669 are distinctly legible, and the name oi Hulagu on the coins is not less certain. Probably this is only another instance of the practice which has been noticed in other dynasties of changing the date in the margin bnt neglecting to alter the name in the area, when a new sovereign has come to the throne. * See preceding note. The expression on nos. 21 to 24 is noteworthy. BULAGTJ. 13 24, Marideen, year obliterated. Sajne as (16): but rev. margin

(Pierced.) Pl. I. jR 1-0, Wt. S»'3 25 Mdrideen, year obliterated. Same as (16): but rev. margin

M -9, Wt. 86-3 26 Mint and d?,te illegible. Same as (16): margins illegible. (Twice pierced.) & 1-05, Wt. 32-S 27 Marideen, year obliterated. Same as (16): but obv. margin ......

...... Margin ^ JS Rev. Area C»tl5

iTwljl jgi h^iVi, >-[113 Margin. . . j .... ^ lA . (Pierced.) M 1-06, Wt. 42’9 31 Mint and date obliterated. ■ Similar to (30): but third line of obv. ends a). (Barbarous work.) M 1-05, wt. 33-3 HULAGTf. 15 COPPER. WITH FIGURES. 32 Ii’bil, yeal’,661. Obv. Area. Hare to left; beneath which, crescent moon. First margin x«a.-.o 4JUI *;5t a J) Second margin J i Rev. Area 0'15 ^ ,11, II j) «l

Kargin* j^l

Margin 'j aj a AJI ’^1 (sic) aj t a4M a RI- Pl.I. iBl-1

* The rev. marginal inscription is made out from a comparison of the three coins, nos. 82.^34; not One of which presents it in its entirety. 16 MONGOLS OP PERSIA. 36 Similar to (35). Rev. margin begins correctly 'ill a )1 (Double-struck.) .E I'OS

W ITHO UT FIGURES. 37 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area a JUI •^1 4______)l aJ a UI « Rev. Area as on (35). Margins obliterated. .Ell 38 El-Jezeereh, year [6]61.* Obv. Area

4 bJI Margin . ’.5 Rev. Area J . ■ »

Margin obscure. X 10 • I put this coin at the end of the series of Hulagu’s coins, because I suspect the nearly Obliterated third line of the reverse area contains the name Of some vassal of the IVIongol sovereign. ABASA. 17

11.-ABAC A.

SILVER. 89 Mint obliterated, year [ 6] 66. Obv. Area, within square, •^1 <1-,---- )1 <0)1 4_UI Margin, in segments betweeq square and outer circle, * ...... 3 I 1 • • • I ...... * Eev. Area, within ornamented hexagram,

JiL-st-JI ® tS, Wt. 41-2 40 Mint obliterated, year [ 66] 8. Same as (39): but obv. margin ...... ( ...... | jjUS M ’as, Wt. 43-1 41 Tebreez, year [ 6]fl. Same as (39): but obv. margin | S { I

P i . n . iB '9S, Wt. 43.9 D 18 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 42 Mint obliterated, year [6]5a: (sic !)* Same as (39) : but obv. margin ...... | | ...... Pt. n. ja-So, wt. 12-7 43 No mint, year 669, Shawwal. Obv., witliin ornamented border, I a5\ •s) Sj ^Un.> TjU. ■ i) (sic") dj Eev. as on (39). P i. II. M -8. Wt. 37-7 44 No mint, year 669, Ramaddn. Same as (43): but instead of -8, Wt. 41-7 45 No mint, year 669, Phu-l-jpiijjah. Same as (43) : but instead of ; and iw run together. 41 '8, wt. 88-6

* I put these four ociins (nos. 39—42) together, in spite of their various dates, and especially the extraordinary on the last, bedause they are evidently the issues of the same prince and the same mint, apd no coins at all resembling them oocui' in the -whole of the rest of the series. Never­ theless, I am unable to explain how Abaga came to be striking a coin in [6]5.r and (possibly) 661; and the absence of any definite name makes even the attribution to Abaga at all somewhat hazardous; although the title ^,115 JcUl is peculiar to him so far as is known. ABAGA. li) 46 No mint, year 676, Jumada I. Same as (43): b u t ...... C«*«» 3.^ I M -8, Wt, 41'3 47 No mint, year &xx. Same as (43): but small letters Containing date omitted from obv. area; instead whereof, in margin, . * ...... a UI St, wt 4V3

Half-dirhem. Tebreez, year 678. Obv. Area, within square, I

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, I I Aiiw Bev. Ai—ju.

n - (First and second lines supplied from nos. 49 and 50.) Pl. II. ^ '65, Wt. 18'2 20 MONflOLS Of' PEBSIA. 49 Tebreez, year [6J80. Obv. Area, as on (48). Margin | i>y] I ^ I Eev., as on (48). Pl. n. m-85, Wt.37-s 50 Same as (49): but mint nearly obliterated; and I legible. M -9, Wt. 38 6 51 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area

COPTEE. 52 El-Hofil, year [6«]3. Obv. Figure seated erosS-l$gged, holding crescent-moon in his uplifted hands. At right, At left, inscription obliterated. Within crescent, at right, at left, Eev. Area tjIlS ------b -----<^-^1

J ju J

Margin aWI *) a UI aM [*^] [y*V5 (. 5^ M -SB

53 Same as (52). Pi. n. M-

54 Same as (52) j but last two lines of rev. arranged thus:

J j u ^ ‘9 22 5I0NQ0I.S OJ? J?EESIA., 55 [B1-M6s1]1 (?), year 673. Obv. Area. Within square, Head facing. Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, I 1 J- • I ...... Eev. Area — a— c-sji u b i

Margin J^j [«>■ »«»■•<'] dJI F t. II. M -75 56 Irbil, year 678. Obv. In centre, Two-lieaded eagle. Around, first margin, ...... ‘biw JjjW second margin, dJJl ...... * . ^ d^Afi dill Above eagle, doubtful letters ?) • Rev. Area ---- *.'^1

u « „ n

Margin .iUJl ^WU^JUI J5 iE 105 57 Baghdad, year [6j7S. Obv. Area, obliterated (Ragle* ?); above, a AJ Margin dJ e,So~j dA.]ll 'jll dll 'xJ ABACA. 23 Rev. Area ol------[W] OUJb.l [^U] :

Margin • . . . 31a*v_5 Aw JE 1-06 58 Mint obliterated, year 6m?. Obv. Area A—A-lt a A^ a UI j Margin

r j.__ Lo. UsLel Margin A^lgJw ...... Aa .® 1-0

24 MONGOLS OF PEESTA.

III.-AHMAD.

COPPER. 59 El-Mosil, year obliterated. Obv. Figure seated cross-legged, holding crescent-moon in his uplifted hands. At right,

Within crescent, at right,

Rev. Area

CJ]jy

Margin , . . . . 'jJI a JI V

M. 9 ABSHtTN. 25

I V.-ARGH UN.

SILVER. 60 Baghdad, year 684. Obv. Area, within squai’e, <^1 *^W55 I ^ \ji^ Same as (60): but third line of rev. Brea, i«Ck.*r ' f instead of ^V.A&^AA F l. n. M ‘9 , Wl.. 36'3 62 Sheeraz, year 684 I I \ji>^ Same as (61). M -85 . Wt. 37-3 26 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 63 Mdrideen, year 684i I ^ \ I 'r’j^ Same as (61). JR -9, Wt. 40 0 64 Same as (63); but divided jl 3j^ i>[i] I M -85, Wt. 3 -S 65 Same as (64). Varied. Al -8, Wt. 34-7 66 Tebreez, year 685 I I tj" o4. Same as (61). At -8, Wt. 33-8 67 Baghdad, eyar 685

Same as (60). At -85, Wt. 35 8 68 MMdeen, year 685

Same as (61). At -85, Wt. 37-2 69 Same as (68). Varied. At -86, Wt. 37-0 ABGHUN. 27 70 Mosil, year 685 I I I V>^ Same as (61). JB -8, Wt. 88’2 71 Hint obliterated, year 685 I I I Same as (60). ja, -9, wt. 37'3 72 Arrajan (?), year 686 I (•) V>A Same as (61); but the obv. Biarginal inscr. runs in a retrograde order through the four segments. Damghah-on rev., 3^.6 (Pierced.) JB '9, Wt. 38^9 73* Baghddd, year [ 6] 86 j I I wdr*® Sattie as (60). M -8, wt. 36'2 74 Hdsil, year 686 ...... wj I I ASw I . . . Same as (61). M % wt. 36-0 28 MONOOIiS OF PEESIA. 75 Tebreez, year 689. Obv. ^ ^Jl 4------)) n;

^ 4____Ul J ^ j ^

Eev. j r ^ ____t

Beneath, Peacock, preceded by star, and surmounted by Rising Sun. P i.n . -86, Wt. 37-1 76 Kashdn, year 68i» Same as (75): but.... front of peacock. ( f v legible.) M % wt. 77 K4.shdn, year 689 ...... ^3 j (^(oU4s I • • • I Same as (61). (Pierced.) M ■ », wt. S7-i a b g h v n . 29 78 Mint obliterated, year 689 I I }^ Same as (61). 2B- -85, Wt. 36-8

81 El-Jezeereh, year 6[9]1, Obv. I *^1 .4 It ^ lTj t , f 4 iw^iill

Rev., as on (61). % Wt. 367

* This date (and that of the coin next following) carries the reign of Arghnn one year beyond the limit assigned to it by the historiMis; bnt the coins may possibly be merely further instances of the changing of dates without altering the names, te which reference was made in the note to no. 19, p. 11. 30 MONGOIiS OF PBESIA.

COPPER. 82 Baghdad, year 683. Obv. In centre, Dragon (?) Around, aXM a JUI

Rev. Area III .1 ..LA

Idargin

*ji

Margin 4J [aUI 'iJI] aJI a UI [aD]! Pi . II. .a -85

82 MONGOLS OF PERSIA.

V.-GA JKH ATU

SILVEK. 85 Tebreez, year 6[9]1. Obv. Ar$a, within square, -yi -* » ..l.i.iLA..til. JL i jXLxAlAClAiiu (w )

Pi. n. Al *86, Wt. 37-7 86 Similar. (Pierced.) S. *86, Wt. SO-8 87 Tebreez, year 693. Similar: but . • . legible. St, -8, W t 87'8

* On the peotJiar designation (Arinoliin Tnrji) adopted by Gaikhatu for oiBcial purposes, and given on the three coins following, in Mongol and Arabic, see De Saulcy in Journal Asiatique, iii. 13, p. 124 ff. BAIDU. 33

VI.-BAIDU.

SILVER. 88 Tebreez, year 6[9]4. Obv. Area, within square,

aJUt-

Margin, in segments between squai'e and outer circle, I ...... I I Rev. I I £ .

Pi. n. jR*a, wt. 387

COPPER. 88(3 Mint and date obliterated. Same as (88): but obv. margin ...... U«Jt . ,. X '85 34 Mongols of feesia .

Vll.-GHAZAN MAH MOOD.

GOLD. 89 Sheer^lz, year 698.. Obv. Area, within ornamented pentagon, a ji . *^1 A__ -_JI ^ A

Mai^in,* in segments between pentagon and outer circle, j I "1 M-Ui# J. Kev,

liiifc J t t ' r

Fl. h i . at 10-6, Wt. 133-6 90 Kermdn (?), year 698. Same as (89): but on obv. ( 0 > instead of (Much clipped.) j r -8, wt. 66-0 • m futui-e, in referring to the margin, in the first compartment will be regarded as part of the area, and will npt be repeated. g h AzAn m a h m o o d . 35 81 Sheerdz, year 700. Obv. Area as on (89): but jlj-eJi beneath last line, instead of between second and third. Margin (as 89) | aw | \ | Rev. as on (89) : but at right, ^ ; at left, Pl,.nt. AT 1-16, Wt. 138-1 ■ 92'^ Baghdad, year 701. Obv. Area as on (89): but no mint. Margin (as 89) | >».l | Aw { ^>.0 j Rev. as on (89) ; but no side inscriptions (except the Thibetan letters), and between third and fourth lines, a Ijl*; o j -o AT-86, Wt. 63-S 93 Kemnazdr, year 703. Obv. Area as on (89)'; but A>1 «auw ^ Sj'ilj in place of No margin. Rev. as-on (89): but above, «->^5 and no side inscriptions (except Thibetan). AT -9, wt. 70-6 9d- Tebreez, year obliterated. Obv. Area as on (89): but instead of Margin illegible. Rev. as on (89): but no side inscriptions (except Thibetan) AT -9, Wt. 66-2 36, MONGOIiS OF PERSIA.

S IL VEE.- 95 Mint obliterated, jrear [6]96. Obv. Area, within ornamented pentagon, AjUl r—I I V AAJ t Margin, in segments between pentagon and outer circle. . . . I Eev

> ILA *

v-i*Y (Twice-pierced.) Al -9, Wt. 31-0

96 Bagbddd, year 697. Mint in obv. area, i •-**,> «ri>^ Date in obv. .margin, | 1.5 I At right side of rev. Aw At left „ ,, iu*X«c5 Pu. III. Al -9, wt. 67-7 Gd AzAn JIA9M00®. 37 97 Bardn, year [69}8. Mint* in-obv. area, O'jW Date in obv. margin, ...... | I . ... • • I I M -86, Wt. 32-^ 98 Tebreez, year [6]9J Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin, ...... 1 i i... JR -8, Wt. 28-2

Same as (98). (Pierced.) JB -8, Wt. 28 0 100 Sinjar, year 69a;. Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin, [ i>s**^ J ' • J& ’SS, Wt. Sl-6 101 Md§il, year 69a;. Mint in obv. area, »r>^ Date in obv. margin, I C>***^.S | . ... | . Pl.IH. iB-sti, wt. 32-S 102 H alf dirbem. ArzenjAn ? year 69a;. Mint in obv. area, (S) •rl^^ Date in obv. margin, | ] .. .. | . . . . » 'SS, Wt. 16-1 ■ * Nos. 96—119 are all similar to 96; and it is therefore oply necessary to mention the mint in obv. area and date in obv. margin; and, Trhen they ooonr, the side inscriptions on reverse. 38 HONOOLS OF FEBSIA. 103 Tebreez, year ,700. Mint^in obv. area, Date in obv. mai^in,

104 Sheerdz, year 700, Moharram. Mint in obv. area, at bottom, Date in obv. margin, | U | | I iB -85, Wt. 33-6 106 Armeeniyeb, year 700. Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin, | | Aw | At right side of rev.. Aw ^ At left „ „ AiU 105, w t. 63-8 OHAzifT MA9M00», 39 107 Mint' obscure, year 700. Mint in obv, area, jst*- Date in obv. m^gin,, i>U | | Aiw (. . (Pierced.) •8, Wt. 30-0 108 Mint obliterated, year 700. No mint in obv. area; and omitted. Date in obv. margin, . . | | U [ | iU.* | . . . . . (Pierced.) M-9S, Wt. 32-2 109 Baghdad, year 701. Mint, not in obv. area, but in rev.., under the Arabic line, in small letters, Date in obv. margin, .. | «Xa.l I ■ • • At right side of rev., inscription effaced; At left „ M Wt. 627 110 Tiflees, yeai’ 701. Mint in obv. area, v-.elaS Date in obv. margin, A>U | | | At '8, wt. 32 3 111 Kasban, year 701. Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin, Iuoa «#>^ | • . 1 • • At right side of rev., At left „ „ . (Pierced.) At -95, Wt. 627 40 MONGOLS OF PEBSIA. 112 Hamadhdn, year [7]01. Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin ...... | • • * | .5 | | * ^ M -85, Wt. 33-2 113 Kdsbau, year 702. Mint in obv. area, Date in obv. margin, | | Sji^ At right side of rev., At left „ „ iB ■9 , wt. 67-6 114 Baghdad, year 702. Mint not in obv. area, but beneath Arabic line on rev..

Date in obv. margin, AtUxMO | j |

119 No mint or date. (Barbarous work.) ) At -9, wt. 22-9

120 Mint and date obliterated. - Star in place of mint on obv. area, Obv. m argin ...... | ...... | . I I ^ Rev,

(Barbarous work.) M % Wt. 34*0 42 M05TG0LS OF P15KSIA.

COPPER,

121 Sheeraz, year 698. Obv. Area, ■ within double square,

4 —

Margin, in segments bet-ween square and surrounding ornamented circle, ...... , | | | Rev. as on (95): but ilo Thibetan letters. Pl, HI. -8! 121 Sanie mint, year 700. Same as (121): but obv. margin (as 121): ] Siw | | ^

122 Arzenjan, no year. Obv. ■ i)) d_____ )l a JUI deewX—Jl 'riT'*® Rev. . d___ »__ J oil------9 Oljl^ O ^ J jl •vif^ >>*«»-« Pi. III. 78 G H iziN MAIJMOOD. 43 123 Arz-er-room (?)> date obscure. Obv. (S) Jj' aJUl 4_Jt ^

4—LJI Rev. area, within square, -SLi. Oli^

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, obscure. «-7S

kV. 124 Mint and date obliterated. Precisely similar to the ordinary silver type (95); very obscure, and re-struck. '76 125 No mint or date. Obv. aW) -^1 4)1 .. Ornament alJI .... Rev. In Centre, Sun. Around, . Al.o a DI jXa. . . . . Re-struck on both sides. 4A< MONGOLS OF PERSIA.

V I 11-U L J A I T U.

GOLD. 126 El-Basrah, year 705 (?) Obv. Area, within double circle,

>1 N. 1 X—lf

Beneath, ornament. iMargin >ov^ ^ >y

Rev. Area, within quatrefoil,

xiULo "^jUxLJt y^LtaJ,«i >»,o.afc..a d__U) a XJ_« Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle, I

Ft. HL M 1'05, Wt. 136'4 * On many subsequent coins this inscription appears imperfectly or incorrectly inscribed, but these, like ether imperfections on the coins of the Mongols, are not noted in the descriptions. BLJAITU. 45 127 Sultaneeyeh, year 709 ^~3 3 ^ \ a#»UaX«> v*/*® Same as (126). (Pierced.) jr I'l, Wt. 133-2 128 Mint obliterated, year 714. Obv. Area, within ornamented sixfoil, *^t a It

I Ql, ^

<0)1 ^ Margin as on (126): but double-struck.

Eev. Ar6a, within ornamented sevenfoil,

a CL« aJUI j>iA, Margin, in spaces between sevenfoil and outer circle, I I ^^1 i I I ...... I (Pierced.) P i. m . ^ ■», wt. 64-3 46 MONGOLS OF PEESIA, SILVER. 129 Wasit, year 704. Obv. Area, within ornamented cinquefoil,

(outer), between two circles, jUOf tiAwl

Margin (inner), in spaces between square and circumsciibed circle, I o I I 1^ Aw I Ixxtj I w*j a U (outer), between two circles, .“o’jjl CjlafcJLflJI ( s t e ) (w)^.i«l '^3 ArtJ C y ^ 3 v>« t-Ma~wt O^^oy^<^3 -v*«* (_r^A* (Knr. xxiT. 64) Pi. III. ia 1-4, Wt. 19r'l 'tlliJAITU, 130 Samsoon, year 704. Same as (129): but no outer margins. Between second and third lines of obv. area, aJIM omitted in second line, and and transposed. Obv. margin, in segments, f I I ^ i * Rev. margin, in segments, 1 I ^ l5* I ornament (pierced.) JB '9, Wt. 310_ 131 Irbji, year 704 (?) Same as (130): but ho outer margins. Between second and third lines of obV. area, J o ' Oby. margin, in segments, | f 1 Rev. margin, in segments, | ... I iiw ^ 1 AJJ . II CP t . I (Pierced.) 10, tvt. 63T 1.92 Mint obscure, year obliterated. Same as (130): but no outer margins. Between second and third lines of obv. area,,^«Jaa> Obv. margin, in segments, \ \j^ Rev. margin, in segments, aJOI ...... ■ • I ...... I • ■ j»>B I jE -8, Wt. 33’0 * |X.j win not be repeated in each subsequent description. 48 MONGOIiS OP PERSIA-. ■ 133 # Maridee[n] ? year 709. Obv. Area, within double circle, a JUI •5)1

rill ■ AwiJt

(_5^ Beneath, ornament. ATargin ^ ..i.iMgfc J ^ . H.gfc 11^ ^ •*«*»-»> 3 J ^ * ^ 3 »X»»-«5 ^,5^.5 ' ' . ’ Eev.‘ Area, within quatrefoil,, cs-* AJj> >#1-^1 »£UU ^UaJLJI

a -JL -J I ,> ^

Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle,* J^0^3j^0-^ aB (2) I V aA ^ y ^ 5 ^ i = ^ (1) Sfc»at«y ^-3 Aw (4) f (sio) j^ijU (3) | jR -8, Wt. 32-e

# The four spaces I number in the following order .* 1 “ right top space (Or heraldically sinister chief); 2=left top space (dexter chief); 3=:right bottom space (sinister base); 4=left bottom space (dexter base); and these four spaces will henceforward be referred to as 1, 2, 3, i , respectively. In ■ the description of the following coins of Uljaitu, the mint and date, which are put in the first line of the description, always occur in spaces 3 and 4, Unless otherwise stated: the division of the inscription between the two spaces is indicated by a line. TOJAITtr. 49 134 Similar to (133) (Pierced.) ' .S. '9 , Wt, 82-6

135 El-M(5§il, year 710 iw | Same as (133). • .a 1-l^Wt. 68-3

136 Sheeraz, year 710 tjJiA

137 Samsoon, year [7]10 ......

138 Similar to (137): but rev. margin difierently arranged: in space 1, traces of j.cN)t tOU, 2 obliterated, 3 cLw, 4 a -9, wt. s n

* On this coin the inscription in spaces 8 and 4 is inverted: that is to say, whereas on no. 133 and its like the mint and date inscription is written so that the tops of the letters are inwards, towards the centre of the coin, on no. 137 the tops of the letters are outwards, towards the circumference. H 50 MONGOM OF PEESIA. 139 Half-dirhem. Tebreez, year VIO. Obv. Area N)l 4JU) J l ^

I * 1 aXt« Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle,

{Uw^di) I jiyi* I '>‘>1* (2) I

20, '65, Wt. 16*3 140 Medeeuet Tebreez, year 711. I Same as (133). (RiercedO M 1-C6. Wt. 66-7 141 El-^illeh, year 711 jk».l j iiw aiaJI -rir^ Same as (133): but veW) omitted on rev. area. (Pierced.) Pt; III. M I'O, Wt. 64-3 TJiijAmi. 61 142 Same as (141): butinstead o f ^ ^ l and obv. margin ends ® •», Wt. 62-6 143 Medeenet Kashdn, year 711

Same as (133): but beneath obv. area, (?) instead of ornament. S . 1-05, m . 661 144 Mint obliterated, yeai- 711 A.iU*fw J jk»>t Aw Same as (133). (Inscr. in spaces 1 and 2 on rev. obliterated.)

M -9, m . 32-6 145 Mint obliterated, year [ 7 l] l ...... Same as (133). (Inscriptions imperfectly engraved.) (Pierced.) M -9, Wt. 32-0 146 !^ara-Ghdj, year 711. Obv. Area, within double square, A-JUJI ':)l aJI n ) aD i

... Margin, in segments between square and Outer circle, illegible. 52 MONGOLS OJ? PERSIA. Rev. Area (as obv.) oi-t'-A— )i LjjJI ^ I * II t [4]JLI-« aJUI jiJl.tt. Margin (as obv.) | ji».t | . I ornament. M ■SB, Wt. 19'6

147 Damighan, year 714. Obv. Area, within double sixfoil, a JUI *5)1 4 _____It ^ 1 0 ^ ^

Beneath, ornament. Margin as on (126). Rev. Area, within double sevenfoil,

w>l ^0_ta_fi'^l

4^1.« a BI JiXA- Margin, in segments between sevenfoil and outer circle, ^ j ^0^ I I j <— P i. I ll, 1-0, Wt. 60-8 ULJAIOT. 53 148 •boor, year 714 | \ | 3 ^ [ Same as (147). Arabesque ornament over <01 In obv, margin, under ^ M 1-2, Wt. 182 0 149 Mint obliterated, year 714 I ^ jMtjt I I fKiuui ... I ... . Cv].r-=' Same as (147). Arabesque ornament over aJI M -9, Wt. 69U 150 Mint obliterated, year 714 (w'c)jA*. | ^jjl | ... | ...... f ,.. I Same as (147): but ^ ’5)1 divided;— '^1 at end of third and ^ at beginning of fourth line of rev. A 1‘0, wt. 897 151 Mint obliterated, year 714 ( j 4)l = ) y ' | Aw 1 . . I I Same as (147): but Ornament over <01, and Eev. Area (as 147)

*;)l >iLJU-e ..gwK.—c

%!<<.&■ .<> ^ Ualw

L ojJt jL,e.afc-e #Ju».jlju^ aCU

153 Tiflees, year [7Jla; A>U j ... | | ,,.. ( Aw | | Same as (147). Arabesque ornament over <0t. M -8, wt. 29‘8

164 Mint and date obliterated. Same as (147): but trefoil over all; in top line of rev. area. At-S.-Wt. 23 ?

155 Ddmigban, year obliterated...... , | . . x->«9 Same as (13^).' but last two lines of rev. area, 2B 1-0, Wt. 65 •« TTIiJAITTT. 55 156 Samk»oi), yearTcox. Same as (133): but rev. margin, space 1 2 usual Mongol inscription, reversed and blundered; 3 obliterated} 4

COPPER. 157 Mint obliterated, year [71]2. Obv. Area, within cable border,

’N)t 4. Jl N) 4 4 jj|

Margin (jl-o ^[.yAJI] ...... ,.5^ [3] Rev. Area, within cable border in form of quatrefoil, v:,!____ y ______■ ,.>! s'i)l lit. aSX« jdte Beneath, Lion passant to left. M argin ...... U^t Aw...... iil l-l 66 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 158 Baghdad, year 712. Obv. Area

» « M'j Margin «]j JL»ak~«a JUI *5)1 aJI Rev. Area Lion passant to left; above, Sun. Margin aXU a AJI jd i. ^^UaJL» ^[lafi *^1 i^U»JU])l Pi. in. M-»s 159 Same as (158). 160

Same as (158): but obv. area 3L^>mOfi AAshJI St

Lion to riffht, instead of left. iEl-O 161 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area *^1 a _ J I A™Ut A«Ut Margin illegible. Rev. Area Lion passant to right ; above and beneath, ornaments or doubtful letters. M argin ...... "itt ^UaLJI M -9S TOJAITir. 57 162 Sultdneeyeh, year obliterated, Obv. Area, within square, -^1 a ____II aJUt

Maj^n, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... I • t . . • I >. . ., I 3e3UaA«tf Bev. ^LbuLw

163 Mint obliterated, year 7a>aj. Obv. Area, within square, Sun radiate. Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, illegible. Eev. Area (as obv.) L-«U1 tjuik.

'Margin (as obv.) | I PL.m. iB-8

164i Mint obliterated, year [7]la;. Same as (163): but rev, m argin ...... ^ | |. , .. . .B-9 58 MONGOLS OF PEESIA. 165 Sult^neeyeh, year 71a>. Obv. Area, within square, AJUaJLi Between square and circumscribed circle, four doubtful words. Margin, outside circle, ...... aJJI all a JU) ^>3 Eev. Area, within ornamented hexagon, ^^Ua.X-w .iUU

*JXa

166 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within ornamented circle,

, ’^1

a—X.J! ^ Margin, divided by annulets, j O—a. j ...... rLJAITTT. 59 Rev. Area, within quatrefoil,

anUt c__ 1 Margin, in segments between quatrefoil and outer circle, 1 ,2 as (126): 3, 4t illegible. iBl-O

167 Sdweh, year obliterated. Obv. Area, within circle.

Margin (inner) dUI ,jXc a XM

a,. I3a [ ^ ] c

Margin obliterated. .33 9-£ 60 MONGOLS OT FEESIA. 168 Arzenjdn, year obliterated. Obv. Area, trithin circle,

O M jj* Margin ...... | ...... | Sw | Rev. Area, within square,

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, aO*!... I ------(Pierced.) lE-tS

169 Mint obliterated, year 7x00. Obv. Area, within cinquefoil, a JU l

a UI ^

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, I ..... I...... I • . I tJLJA ITtr. 61 170 Sheerfo, year obliterated. Obv. Area, within circle, dJLM -^1 4____ M ! ■ ’— — i ’ A.liii II

Margin obliterated. Eev. Area, within square,

aAII lAiiifc. i^ ju c Margin obliterated. JS I'cs

62 MOKflOXS OF PERSIA. IX:-ABOO-SA’EED. GOLD. LOOPED-SQUARE TYPE.* 171 Mint obliterated, year 719, Obv., In centre, A__)t

Around,t (I?ur. U. 131.) Beneath,

Rev. Area, within looped square.

^UaXJt SJjj ^

dtd.4 aIM jfcla.

Margin, in spaces between square and outer circle, irfU I 2^-15 \ j ^ I 2 **^ (Pierced.) jr -86, Wt. 47-3 * A regular order may be discovered in the modes of inoloeing the in­ scriptions on Aboo-Sa’eed’s coins, and the approximate date of a coin may thus be safely determined by its borders. After beginning with a hexagon type (no. 175, A.H. 717), Aboo Sa’eed adopted the looped-square on rev., which lasted from 717 to 722 (nos. 171,176—196); during the year 722 the rev. was inclosed in A pentagon (nos. 197—208); but in 723 we find ihe plain-square type introduced, and lasting till 728 (or possibly 73a, nos. 209 —214). About this time, several other types were employed—the lozenge, circle, octagon- hexagon, and two-octagon types, oaiTyin|; the series on to 733, whan a hilin- gual tyjpe with a square Koofee inscr. on the obv. was introduced, which lasted t® the end of the reign a .h . 737 (nos. 235—249), with the exception of an octagon type in 734 (no. 174). t This inscription is arranged round the central foi-mula in a very remark­ able manner. See Plate IV. no. 177. A500-SA EEDi 63

PLAIN-SQUARE TYPE. 172 • Yezd, year 723. Obv. Area, within- double sq-uare, • -^1 4,^i2bl -i)

di ■ ■ ilaiiJf Margin, iii segments between square and outer circle, 1 OWSe Rev. Area, within double circle,

^LL bX mJI a XL p jJa -

Margin Sj ’^H ^ Pt.IV . W -9, Wt. 184-3

SQUARE-KOOFEE BILINGUAL TYPE. 173 Eriwdn, year 33 llkhaneeyeh (=te a .h . 73|). Obv. fyf

i f i r e n w % & T n it s - 1 § i y y i y

(In Naskhee, I 9T*T(> 1 y '^14—...ji 61 MONGOLS OP PEESIA. Rev. j> u ji ^ u n

A ;l - 9. Obji a£U >.1^

(Pierced.) ^ 1-0, Wt. 12^-3

EIQHTFOfL TYPE. 174 Tebreez, year 734. Obv., within eightfoil,

fV .0 X Awl—M ..1^

Rev. Area, within ornamented octagon, >T>» ^Ua_L—Jt J.^V# •*«**>' rt^^wlw.0

Margin, in spaces between octagon and outer circle, a>U I ^ I _3 ^;«3 I liUj I 24>»^ I -85, Wt. 131'8 aboo -sa ’e e d . 65 SILVER.

HEXAGON TYPE, 175 Juqdn, year 717. Obv. Area, vfithin ornamented hexagon, a n 4__ H a UI ^

Margin, in spaces between hexagon and enter circle, I ^ I 13^3 I I »•*«# t I (Kwe. hcyil. 1.) RCv. Area (as obv.)

^3> ,4 iji«i V .»> ^ i.;d I

Beneath, arabesqu . Margin (as obv.) ^ | Am | | | I PI, rv. AU-16, Wt. 179-2

LOOPED-SQUARE TYPE. 176 Arzenjdn, year 717. A)U I 2^3 13 ^ I ^ ^ ^ ^ I Same as (I7l). S. 1-0, We, 56-5 R 66 MONGOLS OF PEESIA, 177 _ Jajerm, year 719. iLjL.0 j I J I I J I Same as (171). (Pierced.) Plu IV. M 1-26, Wt. 165 I 178 Sultaaeeyeh, year 719. I I I I I *6^U»^ i Same as (171). At -85, Wt. 53'4 179 Medeenet Kerman, year 719. .... I I I I AAm, j I I Same as (171). (Pierced.) At 1-0, Wt. 105-0 180 Kaaeroom, year [7]19. a>u • • I 1 f ^ f LS* I I Same as (171). At 1-1, Wt. 163-1 181 Arzenjan, year 71a>. 4jU I I jAe I .... j Am> I I I *r 0“^ Same as (171) : but instead of j-fludl (Pierced and ringed.) At 1-0, Wt. .54-0 ABOO-SA EED. 67 182 SeeWas, year 720. I I 2 I CHJ^ I I I (S) wr'W" I Same as (171): but lj«-» instead of ,>« j-aJt . w*> M 1-0, Wt. 64-3 183 Mint obliterated, year 720. I 2 ^ I CH \ j ^ 1 I LS* I • • • Same as (171). Ai'O, Wt. M’4 184 Arzenjan, year 720. I I CH i [ aA.*? I I Same as (171). (Pierced.) At -9, Wt. 48-7 185. Tebreez, year 721 i>U | | .J I 1 1 | | jj* Same as (171): but on obv. area first

pentag o n type. 197 Arzenjan, year 722. X)bv.

■ Nit A II

tr I . OVjjL)' A—1*11

Ornaments on either side of and of llev. Area, within ornamented pentagon.

«y>^ I l—l*» ^Ual*JI 2Jj> jt

A^C».l*rft a*,i*li.)t ^pl iffc Margin, in spaces between pentagon and outer circle, A>\io I ^^3 I 1 I .»-9, Wt. 6S-1 198 Snl^aneeyeh, year 722. Same fts (197): but mint < hi Pl.IV. AI-9S,WA64'0 199 Same as (19$) : but AJUxLf instead of Ihlif^i M -8, Wt. 617 70 MONGOLS o r PERSIA. .200 Saweh, year 722. Same as (197): but mint Sjlw M -85, Wt. 66’0 201 Shooster,* year 722. Same as (197): but mint j " ••■j ‘ -85, Wt. 54-1

202 Sheeraz, year 722. Same as* (197): but mint ; and Irf transferred to second line to join . AfS.Wt. 637 203 • KAsh^n, year 72{2 ?] Same as (197): but mint and unit of date pierced. Af96, Wt.63-3 204 Mdsil (sic), year 722. Same as (197) : but mint (sic) 41 -86, Wt. 4S-2

* The Mar4§id spells this naiue but there is not the least doubt about the reading here being and this appears to be the Per» sian form (Barbier d E M eynarp , Pift- (reoffr. de Ja Perse, p. 13(5). aboo -sa e e b . 71 205 . Tebreez, year 722. Same as (197): but mint on obv., and beneath rev. area. Aa -95, Wt. 46'5 206 Arzen, yeai’ obscure. Similar to (197): but mint ijjj\ Inscription barbarous. (Pierced.) JB. •», Wt, 48'8 207 Tdkdt, year 722. Similar to (197): but mint 01*^3; and V before (Pentagon more ornamented than usual.) A 1-0, wt. 6A3 208 Mint and date obscure. Similar to (197). (Barbarous work.) .a wt. 24-3 209 Wasit, year [7]2sc. Similar to (197) : but pentagon varied; mint • and only Aw and . .. Ae legible in margin. a -B, wt. 4£|-8 72 MONGOLS OP PBSSIA.

PLAI N -SQUARE TYPE. 210 Tebreez, year 723. Same as (172): but mint ; and

P i . r v . M - 9 ,V f t .U S

211 Yezdjt year 723. Same as (172): but 3f}i pointed thus ; and Sj '^ M '8S, wt. 53-0

212 Ba§rah, year 724. Same as (172): but mint S j^ (sic); and unit of date M ■», wt. 63-6 213 Baghdad, year 725. Same as (172): but mint ; and unit of date M -86, Wt. 66'2 214 Tebreez, year 725. Same as (172): but mint ; and unit of date . a -86, wt. 63-2

* The y of written Tery curiously:— : compare on no. 172. -|- It is often very difficult to distinguish between the names and j i / J on these coins; both consist of two curves, but the seodnd curve (the o) df is more angular than the second curve ( j i ) o f . aboo -sa ’eed . 73 215 Mint obscure, year 728. but obscure mint hetwem (instead of beneath) lines of rev. j and unit of date (Pierced.) M -9S, Wt. 83-0 216 Arz-er-room (?), year [7]3a: (?). Obv. same as (172). Eev. Area (as 172) C)UU— It •***“’ (V) Margin (as 172) ...... ^ (?) . . . M -8, wt. 42-0

LOZENGE TYPE. 217 Mint uncertain, year 725. Obv. Area, within ornamented lozenge,

* t ~ rtii I i ..luy (aJJI omitted) Margin, in spaces between lozenge and outer circle, j_5l 1 * I I I 1 * I I 5^' Eev. Area, within square.

Margin j \ ^.**4 | ornament M -9, Wt. 227 L 74 MOKGOLS OF PEESTA.

CIRCLE TYPE. 218 Half-dirhem. No mint, year 727. Obv. Area, within circle, - d____It aAH Am Xm JI Margin, outside circle, (sic) Eev. Area, within square, ^ * iHnil*..! I 1^ I.J I (?) •***" (sic) dJL« dJUt Margin, between square and outer circle, 1 I (sic) I 5^1 P l. IV. S, -6, Wt. 22-6

OCTAGON AND HEXAGON TYPE. 219 Mint obscure, year 728. ' Obv. Area, within ornamented octagon, dlM A__ n a ., a -DI

Margin, in spaces between octagon and outer circle, I I I I I aDI ABOO-Sa EED. 75 Eev. Ai’ea, within Ornamented hexagon,

OUaJUl ^3^1 i)33

A_Ul Margin, in spaces between hexagon and outer circle, **»*««< I I i • * • • I Pii. rv. ;r 1-3, wt. 180-0

220 El-Bdran, year [7]26 or 7 (?) Similar to (219). but rev. margin ...... | . . j-tft | . , «i | | | ... and beneath rev. area, .K ro, W(r. 66-2 221 Mint obliterated, year [7]2«. Obv., same as (219); but margin obscure. llev. Area ^UskXwJt ■ ■ ^e-b-el (>>hS ....

aBI ■ N)l A__ It c % tr —Ml ,—(I ^ ^ ^ I

Rev. Area, within ornamented octagon, 'r’>^ ^LkJLJt »*!>*«> A CAo aAJI «klL^ O'jW Margin, in spftCes between octagon and outer circle, Sj U I I _5 I j I 2Jm» 1 1 (Pierced.) in -86, Wt. 48-6 224 Baghdad, year 729. Same as (22.3): but mint >*i.^ «; M -86, Wt. 480 225 Tebreez, year 729. Same as (223): but mint M -se, wt. 46-6 ABOO-SA BED. 77 226 Arzenjan, year 729. Same as (223) : but mint “i^rg. divided ^ ^ 3 | Al -85, Wt. -M-5 227 Saweh, year 729. Same as (223) : but mint Sjlw M ’9, Wt. 48-8 228 Mint illegible, year 72 »j. Same as (223) ; mint and unit of date obliterated. (Pierced.) .» -7,w t. 24 0 229 Baibirt, year 731. Obv. Same as (223). Eev. Area (as 223), ■ OlixtJI oblaJUl

O j— -» ^ ' -«4.AM Margin (as 221), ] I 1 1 ^ I 1 * * A4I4 I . (Pierced.) At -8, Wt. 47-2 230 Same as (229) : but ornament instead of stars. Pi. IV. ja'8, Wt. 48-0 .78 MON0OI.S OF PEESIA. 231 Sheeraz, year 731. Same as (223): but a UI in second line instead of above obv. area; and'oruament above and beneath (instead of mint) rev. area, and margin, | | | «U~> | | | S^U M -9, Wt. 48'8 232 Tebreez, year 732. Same as (223) : . . . instead of and rev. margin | ^>*3 | I 1 ^ 3 M -9, Wt. 60-5 233 Bdibirt, year 732. Same as (223): but small Naskhee over second linejjfobv. area; Rev. Area

A..I ^11

Margin 1 I I j | *rir^ I ornament cbl« I .at -8, wt. 49 0 234 Sehzewar, year (733). Same as (223): ' but inint jigj ...;»> and rev. margin ChtJ I !5^M i I ^ l C All 0. wt. 146-9 aboo -sa ’eed . 79 235 Ankooreeyeh, year 7xx. Same as (233) but without Naskhee : and mint S ^ j^ t and rev. margin 4 j I ^ I I (S) I ^ I I *r>>» M 7, Wt. 49-2 236 Same as (235). JB -8, w t. 24 0 237 Sooreen (f), year obscure. Same as (235) : but mint S margin obscuie. Ai. -8, wt. 48-6

SQUARE-KOOFEE BILINGUAL TYPE. 238 Baibirt, year [733]. Same as (173): but rev. imperfectly engraved, and mint M '65, Wt. 18-8 239 Baghdad, year 733. Same as (173): but mint jl>Vi, ,».> (Pierced.) M 'SS,Wt. 43'3 80 MONGOLS OF PEESIA. 240 Tebreez, year 733. Same as (173): but mint Pi,. IV. M -8, Wt. 42-r 241 Same as (240): Varied. * '8, wt. 43-5 242 Half-dirhem. Same as (240) : but ^UJI and jily# omitted. Varied. ^ -6, Wt. 21-0 243 Sdweh, year 783. Same as (173): but mint S^lw M -8, Wt. 41-6 244 Sultdneeyeh, year 733.^ Same as (173): but niint (Pierced.) M 76, Wt. 39 8 245 Shooster, year 733. Same as (173): but mint -8, Wt. 44-0 246 jy^isn Kuffeh, year 783. Same as (173): but mint (Pierced.) M 7S, Wt. 39 0 aboo - sa ’e e d . 81 247 M6sil (sic),* year 733. Same as (173); but J ^ > « (Pierced.) J R -7 , Wt. 41'2 248 Same as (247). JR -8, Wt. 43-2 249 Hamadhan, year 733. Same as (173) : but mint O* iE -7 , Wt. S4-2 250 Wdsit, year 733. Same as (173): but mint !•> ..43 At -8B. Wt. 42-5 251 Uncertain mint, year 733. Small size. Same as (242): but mint (Pierced.) M -6, Wt. 191

* At first eight the jniht looks like and Soret { E U m e n t s cfe la m m , M u s u l m a n e , p. 131) has taken it so, and affixed a query. But a colnparison of the final letter with the dais of and jlt- shows that it is not j. buf J, and that the name is without the definitive Ji. M 82 MOKOOIiS OF PBBSIA. 252 Bekbek, year 737. Same as (173): but names of four Khaleefehs on obv. shifted, so that is at the bottom, and at the top; mint and around (sic) | 1 | (Pierced.) ' M -76, Wt. 42 2

TRIANGLE TYPE. 253 Tell Barus (?), year 7xx. Obv, Area, within ornamented lozenge,

^1 A II ^

J>*o Margin, in spaces between lozenge and outer circle, I pWifi l >*i* Eev. Area, within ornamented triangle.

Margin, in spaces betwerai triangle and outer circle,

(Bierced.) Pi. rv. M -9, wt. 49-6 aboo -sa ’eed . 83 COPPEE. 254* Tebreez, year- 720. Obv. ’i)! A__ It ^ I--\ ^ <0)1 1_J

Eev. I [m^mX l>r ’ f .J ?o jB 1'26 255 Same; but *^1 , and ^,yJafe*jl (Pierced.) X 1-15 256 (Same as 254): but rev. ^UaOw J>. V.rW ^..■ ■ g^iiiViii-^ a OJI (Pierced.) Pt.IV. ^1-2

* The inscription made out by a oomparison of the three coins nos. 254*6. 84 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 257 Mint obliterated, year 725.

Obv. •^1 a_ 11 J l y Jl J>—y ^1] Eev. 4^1— fcX»{^«-3UiW • • • • « . •

M '9

258 Hamadhan (?), year [72]5 Obv. Area, within square, l'^\ a ^ t ] *>J Aa4.Jt a_XJI ^5_«y Margin, between square and outer cirele, in reverse order, ... 1 C>lA |>»e I......

Rev. ( I l l 4jU J— >[H MLJ 3 ABOO SA’EED. 85 259 Tebreez, year 730. Obv., within ornamented lozenge,

’S)l A__II •5) ^ jL-ofw..o aJJI dmm

Eev.

V0 a: ■» 260 Hamadhan, year 731. Obv. Area, within hexagon, aJdt *^1 4____J i J i l.■■^l •> ..<1 AMHMXalt Margin, in segments between hexagon and outer circle, 1 oWi® I>0* l>^ 5^’ 1 1 [jr^J Rev. Area, within hexagon, ^^1 j I a ...fc Margin, in segments between hexagon and. outer circle, ^jA .t I Ai«» ^<9 t^a**** x l ^]jl.le.i.i>JI M •» 261 Same. (Struck over earlier coin.) X rn 86 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 262 Hamadhdn, year 732. Obv. Area, within quatrefoil,

A_XJI

Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle, ... I I ... I Rev. Area, within hexagon.

Margin, between hexagon and outer circle, ...... ^ ^UaXwJI M *93 263 Mint obliterated, year 7sa?. Obv. Area, within quatrefoil, <0)1 ’N)t 4---- II V Q AOJI ^

Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle, I A • • • I ...... I ...... Rev. Area, within hexagon. Peacock, to right. Margin, outside hexagon, jua..; ^ 1 j^Uxl~.])l

aSLXa <0)1 Pi.. IV. AS -95 aboo -sa ’eed . 87 264 Mint and date illegible. Obv, Lion, to left, surmounted by Sun and Star. Eev. Area, within ornamented hexagon,

J i ■ 1> ...... I 9 . j l rt 4*LJI Margin, in spaces between hexagon and outer circle, illegible. Pi.IV. .a m 265 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Lion, to left, surmounted by Sun : beneath, Star. Eev. Area (as 264). Margin obliterated. a -76 266 Mint and date illegible. Obv. Area, within square, N)l H ^ uf I 0 TTi t

Margin, illegible.

Eev...... A a AJI .it iliiiflfc ^ . . . Beneath, Lion, to left, stirmounted by half-sun. a '8 88 MONGOLS OF PEESIA. 267 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within ornamented triangle, Peacock, to right. Margin, illegible,

E.CV. Area, within ornamented lozenge,

jE •»

268 Tiflees, year Ixx. Obv. Area, within octagon, formed of two squares, a n •^1 ------M ^ Ji— e— a~wo XJI Margin, blundered.

Rev. Area, within circle.

Margin, outside circle, to*<«y ...... M -8B AEOO-BA EED. 89 269 Mint obliterated, year 723 (?). Obv. (S)rr ■N)! d____II aJUI

a ■ I I ^»l I

Uev, ^UaA>Jt eA-i-A-*V aJCJLo aJUI

^ -7 270 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. ’Nil A__II ^ ^ iA<| iii^ .A AvAII ’ A.A JI ■ wij V>*^ Rev.

M -78 271 Same as (27U): but jSij legible at right of obv., and aXA.4 j>X». beneath rev. ^ -f 272 Mint and date obliterate^. Obv., witbin ornamented lozenge, Peacock, to right. Rev., within square ■ I..- V jjLv-j •76 90 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 273 Mint obliterated, year hex. Obv., within ornamented quatrefoil, l ^ ( i ) (?) -ill A-JI V \

(?) OW:^ Eev. Area, within square, ^ |^UaA~JI t—» -«■

Margin, in spaces between square and outer circle, illegible. JE -9 274 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within double square, *^1

Mai^n, in spaces between square and outer circle, LS^i I I Ij^ s ] I [j^ ] (Ees truck.) Eev. Area, within ornamented petegon, Qi 1 - II y^,l....^1

Margin, illegible. ^ *8 aboo -sa .’eed . 91 275 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within square, <*______It N| I* 0 a_UI <»— >—)l j Margin, in spaces as before, ^ I 1 Rev. Area, within hexagram, Qi u 1___ It

o'— jJ*—W Margin, in spaces and interstices, illegible, except M 10 276 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within small circle, A

Margin ....

Margin, illegible. (Restruck.) a ; 1-1 92 MOWaOLS OP PEESIA. 276a Mint and date obliterated. Obv. Area, within hexagram,

JU Margin, in spaces, 4JL)I | J [ ^ j ] [jk.*oi~e] | dJUl | *i)l | <61 "i) interstices in inner spaces, obscure. Rev. Area, within ornamented octagon.

Margin nearly obliterated. iE'85 277 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. - " n

Rev. Area, within cinquefoil,

Margin, illegible. Eev. Area, within circle,

Margin illegible. (Restruck.) ^ -9

279 Shdkdn (?), year obliterated. Obv.

Rev.

(^) M 76 94i MONGOLS OF PEESIA.

XII.-MOHAMMAD KHAN.

SILVEE'. 280 Mint obscure, year 738. Obv., within curved border,

•^1 II •:) X A—nA—t} -

Ker., Within curved and looped border,

•1 ■ ^

Fi. V. ^'76, wt.87'5

281 Kebeer-Sheyfeh (?), year 738. Same as (280): but JjUJf instead of^UJI and rey. margin OeiU

In spaces between triangle and outer circle, I ...... I Eev., within square, jjh M I* o ■ *^ * ^ -8 286 Similar. Ft. V. .a; -8 90 MONQOI/S OP PERSIA. 287 Shdkdn (?), year 737. Obv.

Eev., within square, ^ \ h a - __ M a. »—n. ,1^ AmIAm

288 Hamadhdp, year 738. Obv., within looped triangle.

In spaces, between triangle and outer circle, xUI I a X)I I a AM All EeV, Area., within circle,

.... |fc

Malgin aCU aXJI Pi. V. ^ '86 MOHAMMAD Kh XN. 97 289 Mint obliterated, year 738. Obv. Area, within square, •nM a 11 ^

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, 1^5^ I I >0^ I [>^ 3^>]

Eev. Area, within lozenge,

aJUI

Margin, in segments between lozenge and outer eircle,

*65

98 MONGOLS OF PEESIA.

XII l.-TOGHA -TIMUR.

SILVER. 290 Amul, year [73]8. Obv., ■ within ornamented border,

V <

aSUX^ A-Ut fW

Margin I ^ I ^ ^

291 Same as (290) : but I j legible. (Pierced.) . M -95, wt. 74-3 t o g u A-t im u e . 99

292 ^eydan, year 739. Obv. Area, within hexagon, aJUl •Njl d_____ II ^

d— Awlt Margin, in spaces between hexagon and outer circle,* I 1 [>*®] I 3^M I Kev., within heptagon, ^UaJUJI ■

(Pierced.) jR 7 , Wt. 32 0

293 Keez (?), year 739. Similar to (292): but mint J ^ ^ (P) M -7, Wt 31-6

294 !^azween, year 739. Similar to (292) : but mint and inserted before iiw Pl. V. jB 7t. wt. 82-8

* This margin does not always read in the same direction on the following coins, but the variation is too inlmaterial to require separate notice in each instance. 100 'MONGOLS OF PEESIA. 295 Kdshan, year 739. Similar to (292): but mint and inserted before 3,^ M -8, Wt. 32-9 29G Similar to (295): but doubtful. M 7, Wt. 81-2 297 - Basrah (sic), year 741. Obv. ,r< fyT •^1 A II V

Rev. Area, within hexagon, 'T>r^

«xl&> IftJg Sj^j Margin, in spaces between hexagon and outer circle, .... I I j!^ I a»-l 1 . . . I . . . (Pierced.) M 7, Wt. 18-9 298 Bfighdad, year 74a;. Same as (297): but beneath rev., and unit of date obliterated. (Pierced.) 44 -6, Wt. 21-2 to g hA-timtjk. 101 299 Jajerm, year Ixx. Oby. as on (297). Eev. Area, witliin qualrefoil,

J a UJI ^U JI lAj» .tOo Margin, in spaces.

(Pierced.) Pi.v. ia-os, wt. 6S-7 299«. Mint and date illegible. Similar to (299): but Khaleefehs’ names differently arranged ; and on rev. omitted. M •85. Wt. 61 5 . 300 No mint or date. Obv. Area fyC >^1 ^

Margin . . . . j. ^5^ 1.5^

Rev., within quatrefoil, >r{^ A__)^A yol I I Jl {sic) Ull ^UM {sic) lo. {sic) Itte ----- '9, Wt. 45-0 B 7 5 6 0 102 MONGOLS OP PEBSIA.

XIV. —JEHAN-TIMUR.

SILVER. 300a Arzenjan, year 740. Obv. Area, within ornamented lozenge,

<011 Margin, in segments between lozenge and outer circle, I |>** \ j ^ Rev. Area, within cinquefoil, ^UaL»)t

a5X o aJOt jJU. Margin, between cinquefoil and outer circle, I I I I Pl. V. jB-7, Wt.27-6

3005 Khaldh year 740. Similar to (300«): but names of Khaleefehs round obverse facing outwards instead of towards the centre; and beneath rev. area, ; rev. margin i> | U*<»x | I | iw .at 75, Vft. 2B S 8ATI BEG. 103 XV.-SATI BEG. SILVEE. 301 El-Kheldt, year 739. Obv. Area, within quatrefoil,

A)t _ Jl— u

1(1^ Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle, I I I Rev., within sixfoil, 2m n JaUJI

dSLlc dJLM jJU X

M -76, Wt. 30-2 302 Arbuk, year 739. Same as (301): but on obv. area ...... / 4JI -N) N \ <*— 1— It J

and retrograde, and on rev., mint ; and ^ omitted. Pi.V. .B-S.Wt. 28-6 * The order of the Khaleefeh’s names varies on the follotving coins. 104 MONGOLS OP PEKSIA. 303 Similar: but mint reads and date is obliterated. M 76, Wt. 29-3 804 Hisn, year 739. Same as (301): but obv. area a UI

and on rev. mint and 3 instead of M 76, wt. 23-0 305 Same as (304): but A*w instead of 3 .31 '65, Wt. 23*6 306 Same as (305). Ornaments varied. 31 7, Wt. 15-6 '807 Same as (304) : but jt after ->j jB, -m, wt. 28-6 811 Same as (305): but on obv. at right side, a^ve, Jr^j at left, and j aJJI beneath. m. 7, Wt 2?-® 312 Same as (311). Slightly varied. .a 7, Wt. 24'6

313 Same as (304): but on obv. beneath, above, at left, and (sic) tj aJdl at right. M 7, Wt 24-6 314 Arzen (?), year [74]1. , Same as (313): but J of at right side before aUI ; and round rev. • • • ■ ■ I ■...... 3 I I .® 7. wt. 27-S 106 MONGOLS OP PEBSIA. 315 Toorkdn (?), year 74a;. Same as (304): but at top, at right side, at left, aud beneath [aJUI J] obliterated; and on rev. I • • • • I...... I (^) ^ -7, Wt. 29-2 316 Same as (309): but mint daO, and date illegible. M -76, w t. 84-3 817 ^ame as (309): but date nearly obliterated. Counter-struck, a AM .a '7, wt. 80-0 318 Baghdad, year obliterated. Obv., within quatrefoil.

aJUl

aw.*-e 1 ■ \ a WI J>«y ...

Kev. as (304) : but around, iw | >!,**,> Pt. V. M -75, Wt.' 32-8 SULEYMAS. 107

X V I.-S U LEY MAN, SILVER. 319 Kashan, year 740. Obv. Area, within ornamented square, -sjl ti)

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, 1 .^ I !>■«* 5^' Rev. Area, within circle, OUaJUl 0 ^ “I* AwII

Margin, divided by arabesque ornaments.

Pi . V. M -7 , Wt. 26 2 320 Baibirt, year 741. Obv., within eightfoU, 1 •^1 a _2^L —'ji V 4***X*I I

Rev. Area (as obv.) (sic) J>Uj»J a«Ut Margin, divided by stars, O-JWj' | A

B , -7, W t. 22-0. 108 Mo n g o ls on p e e s ia . 321 Hisn, year 741. Same as (320): but ; mint (Name of Suleyman written obscurely). JB, -66, Wt. 16 0

322 Nakhjewan, year 741. Same as (321): but mint ; and

823 Mint obscure, year 741. Same as (320): but mint J i y (?) ; and 3 inserted before and Pl. V. Al 76, wt. 19-9

324 Mint obscure, year 741. Same as (822): but mint . . >>l (?) M 7 , Wt, 20-6 825 Bardn, year [74]2. Same as (322) •• and rev. margin ...... I ...... I ^ I Ol>W (Pierced.) M 76, Wt. 21-8 btjleym An . 109 326 Keek (?), year [7]42. Obv. Area, within double square,

•ill I I y

I J> —j Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... 1 I I Rev., within sixfoil, ...te^r.. -Y

a CJU

M 'SS. wt. 27-8

327 Arzenjdn, year 743. Same as (326): but obv. margin | | 1 jS^ ; mint > and a marginal inscription added to rev., | Aw | ^ Aj 1 U# 1 I Pi. V. JB, -8, Wt. 26 6 328 Same as (327); but 3 before . 7, Wt. 25-8 110 MONaOLS OF PEESIA. 329 Mint obscure, year [7]43. Same as (320): but on obv. names of the four khaleefehs inverted; on rev., under Mongol inscription, .... and m argin ...... | iUw | ...... a '7, Wt. 22-3 330 Bardn, year 743. Obv. as on (320); but inverted. Rev. Area, within oval.

Margin I ^ 1,^9 0*jW wO-® ■ a -65, wt. 19-6 381 Sheerwdn (P), year 743. Obv, as on (320): but names of the four khaleefehs inverted. Rev. as on (330) : but mint (?) and^ after Pt. V. a -es, wt. 18-0 332 Hisn, year 745. Obv. Area, within leaf border, -:)i tu— Ji

.<1 0 II

(?) 4 -^ Margin (_5l* (sic) Uc j J^jls ^ STOEXMiir. 111 Eev. Area, within hexagonal border,

Margin, in six compartments, I s I jb 1 I I Piu V. -65, Wt. 197

333 Same as (332). -7, Wt. 20-4

334 Same as (332) : margin blundered. IB. -66, Wt. 20-6

335 Same as (334). M -75, Wt, 21 •»

336 Arzenjdn, year 747. Obv., within ornameilted circle, a n <^1 tt

^ ...... I .11^1 ■im.A 112 MONGOLa OF FEESIA. Rev. Area, within hexagram, V 1,1 y (sic) .kI * ^ ^ y and rev. margin I c^***** | 1 uo'^st-o | f P i. V. JR 'SS, w t. 27'« 339 Mint and date obscure. Same as (388) : but rev. margin obscure. M ‘8. wt. 26'8 S0IiETMi.N. 113 340 Mint and date obscure. Same as (336): but above rev. area, ; beneath, uncertain mint; Mongol inscription badly executed; rev. margin illegible. m. -a, wt. 27-2 341 Kebeer Sheykh (?), year 74a?. Obv. Area, within square, •s)! a— __ )l '5>

(% 111 lll.lll

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, • I ...... 1 • • * I

Rev. Area, within ornamented lozenge, * ^

J>L Jt p L k J __ II aO.0

Margin, in segments outside lozenge.

"SS, wt. 19-g 114 MONGOLS OF PERSIA. 342 Tebreez, year obliterated. Obv. Area, witbin circle, N)l 4_f£Ljl

Margin ^ . b A . . . jilf

Rev. Area, within ornamented hexagon,

^LkuL^Jt

a__ (LU «Jdt Jrij^

Margin | I ...... | ■* • • I ^ I i j ? M 66, Wt. 81-0

nushiew An . 115

XVII.-N USHIRWAN.

SILVER. 843 Sherwan (?), year 747. Obv. Area, within lozenge, dJUt •^1 4_____ M N)

da ■ Iwll II*J Margin, in spaces between lozenge and outer circle, I I I Rev. Area, within ornamented lozenge,

O bj------aO>« JiXi, Margin, in spaces, A)be .... I 1 I (s) oby^ Pi. V. m, -7, wt. 19-0 344 Same as (343): but - WJ dJUt Margin I I >•* I Kev. Area, within ornamented hexagon, o ' ______>< dCL« Margin | | f ^ | | . Pi. V. ® -ss, Wt.l6'S 347 Barda’, year obliterated. Obv, Area, within leaf border, dJU1 a__ _ JI ^ 0 .I .in»— ■<> J>- dill Margin Bev. Area, within ornamented hexagon,

J aL*JI pLkJL«.)l O hj------d'>— jl d__JCJL« dUl

Margin, in six compartments, only iw ^ legible. -8, Wt. 23-1 NTJSHIEWi.N. 117 348 Similar: omitting Varied. (Ringed in centre.)

349 Mint obliterated, year 756 (?). Obr. Area, within square,

“Ed iy

Margin, in segments I I [ ^ ] I Rev. Area, within ornamented hexagon,

o ' ----hi---->------It t dXJU jXim Margin . . . i. (^) Out) SJL. (Pierced.) Pi. V. jR ■ «, wi. u-2 ( 118 ) KHANS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE.

A. THE BLUE HORDE OF WESTERN KIPCHAK. a. Family of Batu. A.H., A.D. I. Batu Sain Eban . 621 1224 II. Sertak ...... 6541256 III. Bereke .... . ' 6541256 IV. Mangu Timur . . 664 1266 V. Tuda Mangu . . . . . 679 1280 [Tulabugha * . . . . . 686 1287] VI. Toktogu [Toktu] . . ' , . 689 1290 VII. Uzbeg ...... 7121312 VIII. Tinibeg . . . 741 1340 IX. J anibeg ...... 7411340 X. Berdibeg ...... 758 1357 XI. X!nlna ...... 7601359 XII. Nurusbeg , . . . . . 760 1359 b. Mival Families. XIII. K h iz r ...... 760 1359 XIV. Merdud ...... 7621361 XV. Timur Khojah . . 762 1361 [Kildibeg f . . 762 1361] XVI. Murid Khojah . . 762 1361 XVII. Kutlugh Khojah . . . . 764 1363 XVIII. Pulad Khojah • . . . 764 1363 XIX. ’Azeez Sheykh . . 766 1365 XX. ’Abd-Allah {contmnporary') . . 764 1368 XXL 33asan . . . 768 1367 XXII. Tulunbeg . . . . 772 1370 XXIII. Ilban ...... 7751373 XXIV. Khaghan ...... 7771375 XXV. Mohammad Bulafc . 771 1370 to 780 1378 * Acting but not titular Khan. t Porbaps identical with Kulna. BATXr OE BEEEKE EHA n . 119

l.-B ATU SAIN KHAN,

OR III. BEREKE-*

SILVER. 350 Bulghar, no date. Obv., within square, L3

(O of included in Damghah.) Rev. 5 ^ {sio) jl—iv Ti. VI. jR -m, vrt. 17-3

COPPER. 351 Similar to (350); but partly obliterated, and double-struck. .«-85

* Fraehn attributes these coins to Batu, but Mr. Howorth thinks they ■ were more probably issued by Bereke. The name of Mangu limits the period during which they could have been straok to 644— 54 a .h . 120 k h An s o f t h e g o e d e n h o b d e .

IV.-MANGU-TIMUR KHAN.

SILVER. ,362 !^rim, year 665.

Obv. A_____ U l a J\ -s)

T la

Rev. >laJI

PluVI. ,®-9, Wt.3l-2

353 No mint, year 675. Obv. AXi A n (? )

Rev. J jl— *— TVS M 76 MANGU-TIMTTa KHIn . 121 354 No mint, year 67®. Obv. A IjJt

Uev. j] Tv At -75

355 Mint obliterated, year 67x (?). Obv. 3f y t IrtV Eev., within square,

J i l ----«_JI In segments, between square and outer circle, AjVfliZwi I I Pi. VI. M -7

122 KHAjSS o f t h e g o ld en h o e d e .

V.—TUDA-MANGU KHAN.

SILVER. 356 Khuw^rezm, year 686.* Obv., within square, *^1 -< H 'j) 4JU1

Ruv. (as obv.)

In folir segments between square and outer circle, on both obv. and rev. arabesque ornaments. Pl. VI. 41 -7, Wt. 36-0

* There is no name of a Khan on this coin, and the atti'ibution to Tuda- Mangu is therefore founded upon the date. It may, however, have been issued by the acting regent, Tulabugha, for it was in 686 that Mangu* Timur retu'ed from the management of the State. TOKTU, OR TOKTOGTT, KHA n . 123

VI.-TOKTU, OR TOKTOGU, KHAN.

SILVER. 357 Khuwdrezm, year 706. Obv., within square, j ~ I------JC------^ J il— *—)l Arabesques outside square. Rev., within ornamented quatrefoil.

-^jrs------*• v.'i a Pt. VI. M 65, Wt. 26-8 358 Khuwarezm, year 707. Same as (357): but v. JR ‘6S 359 Krim, no date. Obv., within sixfoil.

\ f t Rev., within circle. 0^9

(S) M 75 124 kd Ans of th e golden horde . 360 Serai, year 710. Obv. oUaJL.[M] Jt ev JjUJI IJev., within square,

V! Arabesque ornaments outside Square. Pi. VI. .iE -65

361 Same. B, V

TJZBEQ KHAN. 125

V ll.-U Z B E G KHAN.

SILVER. 862 No mint, year 716. Obv., within eightfoil, n I) .0 duUI «y Rev., within square, o' ___ laJUl

.^1 ■ In segment outside square, at right, V | 1 M -6, Wt. 19-6 363 No mint, year 717. Same: but v i v M '65 364 Mukhshi, year 717. Obv. O'^^^ O ^ j J l 9 O M «iL.4j3' Ji'__*)l included in Damghah.) Rev., within square,

V | V iiw Arabesque ornaments outside square. M -7 126 k h I ns op th e golden horde . 365 Mukhshi, year 718. Same as (364): but v (* ; confused. P i,. VI. jR -7

366 Khuwdrezm, year 720. Obv., within square, Ul . li J>L iT II >si------Arabesque ornaments outsid.e square.

Jlev., within quatrefoil, [vlj^

V f, JR -7

367 Serai, year 722. Obv., within ornamented cinquefoil,

Rev. w J ;-....O 3, II vrr Aw Pt. VI. -65 xizBEa k h I n . 127 3(58 Mukhshi, year 72(3. Obv. .-.I----fcuJU

liev., within square. vn M -es 369 Serai, year 727. Obv., within circle. •v)J «u ±£1j I "i) 1 '0 —X -II

Kev., within looped square,

----- * t u '— ^ — 4)3' (sic) A Ta Pl. VI. uR '65 370 Same as (369): Date obliterated. M -65 128 KHlira OE THE 0OEDEN HOEDE. 371 Same as (369): Varied. M -65 372 Mint obliterated, year 730 (?). Obv.

A I I iiiii|1[) 4Jd[l] 1 4— X.JI

Rev., within square, O U s J U J I

In segments, between square and outer circle, bVP 1 ... 1 ...... I . . . ^*65

373 Bulglidr, year 781. Obv., within looped square,

ejulA. q U Rev., within square, jLJtJmi vri M nzBEQ k h An . 129 874 Same as (373). 41 -66

375 Serii, year 731. Obv. . . . . ' . . . A__ II ^

[^]JI

Eev., within sixfoil, ^-1^ C*jl (^1. hn^iuplj

vri S. '6

876 Khuwarezm, year 738. Obv., within square, (jLJauiL~..ll

Arabesque ornaments outside square. Rev.

Pi . VI. M -66 130 k h I ns of th e golden h oede . 377 Serai, year 734. Obv. >[^t] -« ti ^ 1 \

Hev., within square, (^UaJL~Jt .c— A ljf in segments, between square and^outer circle, vr’p I cUw I I M -m 878 Serai, year 737. Same as (375): but vrv M -6 379 Bulghar, year 737. Same as (873): but vr» M 7 380 Serai, year 740. Same as (375): but vi*. *6d TJZBEG KplN. 131 381 Mint and date obliterated.

Obv., within square, a_ _ J I ^ A—UI

Last 4JUI imperfectly executed. In segments, between square and outer circle, uncertain words. Rev.

jB -66

COPPER. 382 Bulghfo, year obscure. Obv., within looped square, jL*— eii* Rev. Hexagram. In centre, ; above, ^ -76 132 k h X n s of th b golden hobde .

lX.-JANI-BEG KHAN.

SILVER. 383 New Serai, year 742. Obv. C f vt=r Rev., within small circle,

around, Pl.VI. jB-6,Wt. 23'3 384 New Serdi, year 743- Obv., within looped square,

v F r a-iw Rev., within eightfoil, J>l__jUI oUal-JI ^-MS.

^^UxL.< M -66 385 Same as (884): .at -65 JANi-BEG k h I k . 133 386 Same as (384) but rev. J j l __ *JI pUaJL^JI (S)

387 New Serai, year 743. Same as (383): but word at left of obv. illegible, and date vpr. -66 388 KhuwArezm, year 743. Obv., witbin square, Jal—*—Jl

Arabesque ornaments outside square. Eev., within eightfoil,

Pi VI. 51 -7, Wt. 28-7

389 Khuwdrezm, year 744. Same as (388): but vi«(' ia -65 390 New Serai, year 744. Same as (384): but vi*i« Ft. VI. 51- 134 k h I n s of th e golden hobdb . 391 New Serai, year 745, Same as (384) : but vpa

392 New Serai, year 745. Obv,, within quatrefoil, -g l51>-...... ** eJL—

Rev. j> i— «ji O'__ i»JU[;i] j>-e-a~e O^jJ) o '— »*■ M -6

393 Same as (392). M '66

394 New Serai, year 745. Obv. l5'>- J l

Pe Rev. as on (392). JAI^I-BEG KHA n . 135 395 New Serai, year 746. Obv., within sixfoil,

V Rev. ii—i^ Pt.n. XV -e

896 New Serdi, year 746. Obv.', within sixfoil, p

f* A (sio) Eev. as on (395), but >4 )Lj. M -6 397 New Serdi, year [7]46. Obv., within sixfoil,

In segments, between sixfoil and outer circlb, .... I ... I • * * . I I I XUm ~ Eev. as on (392), but XV -6 398 Same as (397): but I O t^ 1 i* legible. M ’68 136 Kh X n S of th e GOI iDEN hoejde . 398a Khuwarezm, year 747. Obv., within square, vK*v

liev. ^LLlLJI ^ ______J) J il- Pl. VI. M 399 New Serdi, year 747. Obv., within sixfoil, {sid) Vt^V 3j^ Eev. as on (392), but ^)Lj. n‘ M ‘6 400 New Serai, year 747. Obv., within sixfoil, V 1 t f | > I Wl |fi (sic) jLjjksjJI V Eev. as on (395). M'65 401 SiittUar to (400). M-6 402 Similar to (400). but rev. Jl JA M -6 JANl-BEG KHilN. 137 403 New Serdi, year 748. Similar to (400): but a above obv. Rev. >iX^

Pt. VI. M -65 ■ 404 New Serai, year 748. Similar to (400): but a over instead of v at top.

405 Same as (404): but rev, tijl— *JI [o]Ua[l-«JI]

.U I ,1 [^ W -] M -7 406 New Ser4i, year 749. Obv., within sixfoil,

Vfcp Rev. as on (895). M -6S 407 Similar to (406); ■ but rev., within sixfoil, ^;jlLLJ[l]

f>. 138 KHIn S OS' THE GOLDEN HOEDE. 408 [Old] Serai, year 74a>, Similar to (407): but instead of ; and unit of date obliterated. M '65 409 [Old] Serai, year 74a:. Obv., within sixfoil,

Rev. JiU M ...... (_5jl VI® unit obliterated.

410 New Serai, year 750. Obv., within quatrefoil, [v]>-« lSI/-** v. ^ OB V Rev. fJiLxJI ^UaJUJt JB'6 411 New Serdi, year 751. Obv., within sixfoil, ...... (sie) Rev...... • • <»• V .® '66 JAHI-BIG KHAN. 189 412 New Serai) year 752. Obv.) within sixfoil,

mil vo r

Bev. J aLjUI (jUaJUIl O ti. >sLt-i -7

413 New Serai, year 752. Obv. as on (412): but 0 instead of « Bev. J it __ All oUaJUJt

ai'65

414 Gulistan, year 752. Obv., within sixfoil, (sic) vea_w r

Bev. J jL a J I ___ II

M -6, Wt. 23-2 140 KHIn S 01' THE GOLDEN HOEDE. 415 Gulistan, year 752. Obv., within sixfoil, (sie) var

Rev. . . UJI oUaJ__II

o ' ----^ -66

416 Similar to (415): apparently omitting

417 New Serdi, year 753. Similar to (412): but date vor M -66 418 Gulistan, year 753. Similar to (414) : but date vor Pi . VI. M -6

419 Gulistan, year 753. Similar to (415); but date var and o'— Pi . VI. m, -66 JANI-BEG KHIN. 141 420 Gulistan, year 754. Similar to (419): but date A -66

421 New Serd'i, year 754. Obv., within sixfoil,

Pav Eev. as on (419). M -n

422 Gulistdn, year 756. Similar to (414): but date vei -65

423 New Serai, no date. Obv., within sixfoil, SjujJUaJI Eev. bdl [^;,]lkl.[-JI]

M 7 142 KHiirS OF THE QOLHEH HOEDE. 424 Mint and date obliterated. Obv., within square, *^1

Between square and outer circle, uncertain words or ornaments. Eev. t

1 - r - y — r ^ Pi. VI. iB -68

COPPEE. 425 New Serai, year 752. Obv., within sixfoil, Vj"* ejL„-jJk— aJI v o r Eose ornament.Eev. ^ -7 426 Barjeen, year 753. Obv., within sixfoil, -4-^jW v c r . Eev. Eose ornament, varied. X-7 427 Similar to (426). /fi -7 BEEPI-BEa kh I h . 143

X.-BERDI-BEG KHAN. SILVBE. 428 New Serai, year 758* Obv., within sixfoil, 'r it^ * * '* VfiA Rev. fo) [ J i ] ^ »* .... .a -6, Wt. 20-6 429 Aza]^, year 759. Obv.*

i'jl

va<^

Rev., within sixfoil, {^>J“ •> i" l

Pi. VI. .a -6, wt. 18-6 430 Similar: represented by ornament. Rev. arranged <£> a -6 * The obv. of the coins of the Golifen Horde struck at A.za^ is , (except on the issues of ’Abd-AUah) divided by dotted lines as, on (429), and the peculiarity will therefore not be noted in the descriptions of future examples. 144 kh Ans or th e golden h o ed e . 431 Similar to (430). XI -6 432 Similar to (430): but cipher varied (vd^). M -6 433 (Beled) Gnlistdn, year 759. Obv., witbia sixfoil,

va*! ^ (_s*

Rev. J i l __ sJI o U a J U )

M -e, Wt. 23 3

434 Similar to (433). Pl. VI, M -6 435 New Serai, year 759. Obv., withia sixfoil,

vaq

Rev. J iL s U I

jjL i. M -6, Wt. 24 3 BBEDI-KEa KHAn . 145 -436, 437, 438. Similar to (435). -6 21 -e’66 439 Mint uncertain, year 759, Obv., within sixfoil, wdr*®

V6 “i

Eev. [J]iUJf oU*JUI

M -U

440 Az4k, year 760. Obv. Jljl v1. Eev., within cinquefoil, M i

441 (Beled) GulistAn, year 760. Obv. vt.

Eev, as on (433). M -65 146 k h I n s o f t h e g o ld en h o e d e . 442 New Serdi, year 760. Similar to (435):

VI . but date ^ ‘ M -6 443 Khuwdrezm, year 760. Otv., within dotted square,

»jjl5------VI . AJim Arabesque ornaments outside square. Bev. (as obv.) h q \&. iJij4 -B. ....aN)l M 7, Wt. 30'0 444 Similar to (443). itt 7 445 New il^lrim, no year. Obv., within quatrefoil, 'rit^ (w )

Rev. JiUJI

d-X—JU-o... Pi. VI. JK -65, Wt. 16-2 KTTLITA KHAN. 147

XI.-KULNA KHAN.*

SILVBE. 446 km\., year 760. Obv. i3'jl V i. Inscr. separated by dots, as before. Rev., within sixfoil, l_y> — 5 M '65 447 New Serdi, year 760. Obv., within sixfoil,

V i. Rev. JiUJI [^J]UsJ.[~J^] i,i,« ^ ^ lit ^ M -6, Wt. 2J D

448 (Reled) Gulistan, year 760. Obv., within sixfoil, oU-iUL— ja[;] VI • Rev. as on (447). Pi . Vi , a

* On tho confusion of the period immediately succeeding Berdi Khdn’s death, and an attempted identification of Kulna with EMi Beg, see Howorth, Hist, o f the Mongols, II. 181 ff. 148 KHIHS OS' THE GOLDEN HOEDE. 449 (Beled) Gulistan, year 761. Similar to (448) ; but date vi i. A *66

XI l.-NURUZ-BEG KHAN.

SILVER. 450 A z^ , year 760. Obv.

” v l . Eev., within saxfoil, cM - Jii Pi . VI. .«-6, Wt.S0-3 451 New Ser^i, year 761. Obv., within sixfoil, .. Vi I Rev. J>w»

M -66 452 Similar to (451): but rev. f [JhjjH

M -65 NTJEUZ-BEG KHIiT. 149 453 (B^Ied) OoHstdn, year 761. Obv. 'i>r^ OUU-JL5. VII

Rev. as on (451). JB, % Wt. 23-a

454 Similar to (453) : but oinitting on rev. iB -86

XIII.-KHIZR KHAN

SILVER. 455 Az4^, year 760.

Obv. v1. Rev. E /3"^

M *5 150 "' KBti.NS OV THE GOLHEH HOEHE. 456 New Serai, year 761. Obv,, within sixfoil,

. . ' vll - Rev. C)W

m-66, Wt.217 457 (Beled) Gulistdn, year 761. Obv., within sixfoil, ^ *fU-«

VII

Rev. as on (456). Pl. VI. M -65 458 Khuwarezm, year 762. Obv., within dotted square,

• [vijr Rev. (as obv.)

JaUJ[l] Arabesque oiHaments outside squares on obv. and rev. M -65, Wt. S2-6 KfilZa KHiN. •151 459 New Ser^i, year 762. Similar to (456); but date vir. M -66 =' ■ 460 . (Beled) Qulistan, yesur 762, Similar to (457): but date vi i*. XI -65

<10PPEE. 461 New Sef4i, year 762. Obv., within sixfoil, v i r Kev. JiUn [o]Ua[JUI]

XT-75 462 Gulistan, year 762. Obv., within sixfoil, V ir Eev. as on (461). 463 Similar to (462), but vti («c) M -8 464 Similar to (462), but no date. (Double'Struek.) x: -8 152 K H IN S o e THE GOEDEir HOBDE.

XV.-TIMUR KHOJAH KHAN

SILVEE. 465 New Serai, year 762. Obv., within sixfoil, Vj-*

v i r Eev. oU »JU I . . .

Pn. VI. .» VS, Wt. 24-3

ANONYMOUS COINS OF THE PERIOD.*

SILVEE. 466 Azd^, year 762. Obv., within Sixfoil, (3'jl v i r Inscriptions divided by dotted lines. Eev, ja jj C*] J>L*-_)[I] ^ -B * A s Mr. Howorth observes (ii. 198), Ordu Melik, wbioh appears on these coins, means simply King of the Horde, and may belong to any of the various rulers who succeeded one another at this time. KIliDl-BEa e h An . 153 467 New Serai, year 762. Obv„ within sixfoil, ■ «->>*» I ■ vir Eev. JiUJI j^UaJ—J) OU" >£U"« 3>J3[']

P i.V II. iB -65, Wt. 2i-l 468 Similar to (467) : unit of date obliterated ; I legible. M -65

IKI LDl - BEG KHAN].

SILYEB. 469 New Serai, year 762. Obv., within sixfoil, V ir Kev. [0 ]U»JU[l]

a O« j JL[».] 41 -66 154 k h I n s of th e golden h o ed e . 470 Azak, year 763. Obv. (3!jl vir Inscr. divided by dotted lines. Eev., within sixfoil, (jW.

JjUJl

Pl. VII. ® -66,Wt.l9-4 471 New Serai, year 763. Similar to (469) : but date vir ; and yikf, not ^Xti, on rev. Pi. VII. M -7

XVt.^MURID KHAN

SILVEE. 472 Gulistan, year 762. Obv., within looped square,

Eev. JjW I

Pi. VII. iB '66, Wt. 26'6 M UEID KHA n . 155 m Gulistan, year 763. Obv., within looped square, ^

v i r aiw Eev. as on (472). JR '66 474 Gulistan, i.e. Serai, year 763. Obv.

v i r ax- Rev. as on (472). ■ pp. VH. M '66, Wt. 23=0 475 Gulistdn, year 764. Obv., within looped square, ^1-a*wX.^D vipaiw Rev. as on (472). M -65 476 Similar to (475). .ai -7 477 Gulistan, year 764 ? Obv. as On (475): but decimal reversed (vr:*?) Rev. kuLwII J il— «—Jl JLJ . . ai -66 156 KHiNS OF THE GOLDEH HOEDE.

XVIII.-PULAD KHAN. (MIR OR KHIR PULAD, OR PULAD KHOJAH.)

S IL VEE. 478 New Gulistdn, year 766. Obv., within looped square, r ... 1 ^ ?.* ■’»* i> Jl v n Aiw EeV.

Ft. VII. . a -68, Wt. 23-«

479 New Serai, year obliterated. Obv., within cinquefoil,

Eev.

aXXe a -65, Wt. 237 ’a z e e z s h e ik h k h I h . 157

XlX.-’AZEEZ SHEYKH KHAN.

SILVEE. 480 (Beled) Gulistan, year 766. Obv., within sixfoil, >1.1 v n Rev. ijUaLJI

M -7 481 Similar to (480): omitting jd^ before Al -65, Wt. 23-4 482 New Serai, year 767. Obv., within looped square,

(sic)

Rev. JjUM oUaJU[l]

siSLX^ jda. Pi. VII. M -65, Wt. 23'7 158 Kh IN S o f THJB GOIDEN HORDE. 483 (Beled) GuHstan, year 767. Obv.

viv ^r*>i Rev. as on (482). JR. -7

484 Gulistdn, year 767. Obv., within looped square,

viv Eev. jU—la__ UJI J>U)I

aO« Pl. VII. M -65

485 Similar to (484) .« -65 486 Mint obscure, year 767. Obv. obscure, except date v i v Eev. sunilar to (480). .B -6 ’AZlEHZ SHETKH KHIN. 159 487 Guljstdn, year 76s.* Obv. .... o'__

A l v Rev. JiUsM oUaJU[l] O ^ j-ij^

[ aSCJU] M -65

488 Siiuilar to (487). M-6

489 New Gulistdn, no year. Obv., within looped square,

Rev., within eightfoil, Jm ifr ju Ia o '*^ 40« a il 51 -65

* The ciphers aiv read froih right to left would represent 768; but they may also be read from left to right, as 767, on the supposition that the first cipher * is inverted, for », as not seldom happens. 160 k h I n s of th e golden hoede . 490 Gulistan, year obliterated. Obv. similar to (487) : but partly obliterated. liev.

jJU. JR

491 Serai ? no date. Obv., within small eircle, (?)

Around LJjJt Eev. ^UxLJt J i l — * - J l ^ iiJl'

m 7

AZEE2 SBETKH EEiN. 161

WITH NAME OF “ THE DECEASED” JANI-BEG.

SIIiVSR. 492 New Gulistdn, np date. Obv., within looped square, o ' __ L-JU6» (sic) »)UjJUawll EeV., within eightfoil, QUal~)[l] J>LaJI

Oh^ M -65

493 Similar to (492): but rev.

•r>‘^...... O' I ■ ! > Ol-^ 4I-J ^ d5CJU Jkl^ Pi. VII. A -65

162 k h Ans of th e golden h o ed e .

XX.-'ABD-A LLAH KHAN.

SILVER. 494 Azdk, year 764. Obv.

Vlt® Eev. (sic) dJ dS>Xt» jJuit P u v n . ^ % w t . 20-7 t 495 A z^, year 765. Similar to (494): but date via za '6 496 Similar to (495) : but date (reversed) afv ’ABD-AII.AH KHAN. 163 497 Yangishahr, year 765. Obv. ^/■ >o a— , Cl *l»j ViB

Rev.

pl. vn. M % wt. w i 498 Ordu, year 767. Obv. J4 . . . ^ viv -• •

Rev. • • (S) >

<» a - ™ ^4

Rev., within eightfoil, JiUJI ^jUaJLJI aJUI jAa> P l. vn. M, '65, wt, 22-8 164 KHA n S OE t h e GOI iDEN h o e d e . 500 Ordu, year 770. Obv., within looped square,

^ II «' ■■■'> 3 5 t>—e—

Bev. as on (499). JR -7

UNCERTAI N. SILVEE. 501 Khuwdrezm, year 769. Obv., within quatrefoil, . v [> ^]

Kev. aJO ..iUUJI . . . 7E -66 k h I gh An -bes k h I n . 165

XXI V-KHAGHAN-BEG KH AN.

SILVER 502 New Serai, year 777. Obv. lS!/" v j -®

Eev. JiUll oUaJlI-JI]

(jls. jXi Pi. VII, M -es, Wt. 21-2

XXV.-MOHAMMAD BULAK KHAN.

S I LV E E. 503 Ordu, year 772. Obv., within looped square,

r iU -j— > V Eev., within eightfoil, J>UJ1 C*''^*^* l|* 0 Tfc.iO

a O o (pierced.) ■ ® ’85, Wt. 23-2 166 k h XN s o f t h e g o l d e n h o e d b . 504 Ordu, year 772. Obv., within looped square, J3t

V ,

Rev. similar to (503). P i . VII. M 'a 505 El-Ordu, year 773. Obv., within quatrefoil,

v v r Rev., within quatrefoil, [J]>LjUt oUJkJ__II

. . . .

.... ^ .» a».rO M-7 606 New Majir, year 774. Obv. *0 ''vi* t ,____, 1 r a I

Rev. Similar to (503), but obscure. Ply. VII. .® 66, Wt. 207 MOHAMMAD B0li.K-KHlir. 167 507 Ordii, year 777. Obv., within quatrefoil, . . -e. > . . . iUUI ^ ■ ■ J3 • Eev. • • • jR-45 508 No mint, year 786 (?). t)bv., within quatrefoil, 4 _ _ lt 'n) aJUI << iAiwi» Jf Tav (reversed.) Rev., within quatrefoil, ^LkJUM

[4]0<> ‘65 509 Ordu, no date. Obv., within quatrefoil,

3ij3^ Rev., within quatrefoil, JaUll ^^UaX«JI (sic) j>Qffc.o 41 -7 168. k h Atts op the golden hoede . 510 Similar to (509) : but rev., within quatrefoil, o ' __ ^ __ »

o '^ • • • • ai '66

511 Similar to (510): M 7

512 Obv. barbarous and very obscure. Eev. ..U)l o'^aJ^D] (sic) jJt o ^ ^ l dSlXc o '^ (Very barbarous.) M '66

( 169 ) B. THE WHITE HORDE OF EASTERN KIPCHAK. A. L i n e of O e d a . In Eastern Kipohah: A.H. A.D. I. Orda ..... 6231226 II. Kuchi . . . . 6791280 III. Bayan . . . . . 7011301 IV. Sasibuka .... . 709, 1309 V. Ebisan ..... circ. 715 1315 VI. Mubarak Khojah 720 1320 VII. Chimtai ..... 7451344 VIII. Urus . . . . . 7621361 IX. Toktakia .... 7771375 X. Timur Melik 777 1375 XL Toktamish .... 7781376 (who unites Blue and White Hordes in 780). B. R ival F am ilies .* In Western KipoJiak: XII. Beg Pulad .... 7931391 XIII. Timur Kutlugh . . . . 797 1395 XIV. Shadi-beg .... 8021400 XV. Pulad . . . . . 810 1407 XVI. Timur ..... 8141411 XVII. Jelal-ed-deen . . 814 1412 XVIII. Kerimberdi .... 8151412 XIX. Kibak . . . . . 8171414 XX. Jebbarberdi .... circ. 818 1415 XXI. Chekre ..... 8181415 XXII. Dervish ..... 8181415 XXIII. Seyyid Ahmad .... 805—822 1419 XXIV. Ghiyath ed-deen 825 1422 XXV. Kuchuk Mohammad . 827 1424 In Eastern Eipohah : XII. A. Koirijak . 793 1391 XIII. A. Borrak .... circ. 823 1420 (who again unites East and West in 827) In Western KipcTiale : XXVI. Devletberdi (in Borrak’s absence) . 830 1427 Kuchuk Mohammad (restored) . 831 1428 XXVII. Mahmdod ..... circ. 864 14(i0 XXVIII. A hm ad...... 864 1460 XXIX. Seyyid Ahmad t i., Murtaza, and Sheykh Ahmad . . . 886 1481 Submission to Kussia 907 1502 * On the confused history of the period succeeding the overthrow of Toktamish, see Introduction. 170 eh Ans o f t h e g o l d e n h o e d e .

V I I l.-URUS KHAN.

SILVEE. 513 Sighnak, year 77x. Obv., within eightfoil, li y ii> vv Eev.

M -65, Wt. 21-6

X L -T O K T A M ISH KHAN.

SILVEE. 514 New Ordu, year 778. Obv. v [> ^ ] SjkJ Jn^l vv Eev. ^ ■ oil J O'-i- lA Pi. vn. -65, wt. 20-8 TOKTAMISH EBAiT. 171 515 Kkuwarezm, year 781. Ob 7., within eightfoil,

VA| Eev., within square, oUsJUl

Pl. VII. ia -66, Wt. 23-1

516 Serdi (?) year 781. Obv. (?) VA| ai- Eev, similar to (515). a; '55

516a Mint obscure, year 781. Obv., within square, I *5)1 all ^^igfciO a D a1)I Eev. . • • • aJJI jdik > (?) X>amX) a CLo

Pl. VIL M -6 172 K H lsS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE. 517 New Serai, year 782, Obv., within sixfoil,

VAr Rev. similar to (514). M 7, Wt. 21-0 518 Similar to (517): but .® -6 519 Similar to (518). but ■ b— ^ VAr

Kev. similar to (514) : but P i,. V II. ^ 7 , wt. 21-0 521 (Beled) Serai, year 782. Obv.

r «y M t VAf Eev. ------II [ ij] ^ [y] [a 1XA_« iA—1-1*- M, 7 TOKTAMISH Eh An . 173 522 New Ser^i, year 782. Obv. similar to (517). Rev. [JaJUJI t:>UaJUI

PL.Vn. Al-65 528 (Beled) A.z^, year 782. Obv., within looped square,

vAr Rev. ' . thkUJt • . ■ [A]iX® JJU. M - 7

524 Azak, year 783. Obv., within looped square, (jdc) Jji\

vA r Rev., within quatrefoil, . UaX«JI 0 i*.a^ aSX« jdte iii *65 174 •KHIn S o f t h e aOLDEN HOEDE. 525 New Ordu, year 783. Obv., within quatrefoil,

Kev., within quatrefoil, JiW I

-lAV JR *65 526 Krim, year 783. Obv., within cin(juefoil,

vA r Rev., within sixfoil, OUaJUl

ilOo M *6, Wt. 21*7 527 New Serdi, year 784 Obv., within quatrefoil, Sa .t.l>t»ll t“AV Rev. U(2I ptJkJLJl . .. JjJ J3 . . Chr. A M-T TOKTAMISip KHIN. 175 528 Khuwarezm, year 785. Obv., within sixfoil, v E j^]

VAO

Efiv. as on (515). ‘65 529 IHajji Turkhan, year 786. Obv., within looped square,

CJ5* VAI Siw

Rev. J>UM oV-JbJUl ^ O—

Pi, VII. M -66

530 New Serai, year 786. Obv., within square, L$b*«'

VAI Rev. similar to (514) ; partly obliterated. iR '5 176 KHAn S op th e OOIEEN HORDE. 531 Azdk, year 786. Obv., within looped square,

VAT Rev., within quatrefoil, hi...itI

a CLo jJl^ B -66 532 Khuwdrezm, year 787. Obv. ^

VAV Hi . Rev. as on (515). M -66 533 Similar (o (532): but 0I—.53J! (s2c) '65 534 (Beled) Aza^, yeai’ 787. Obv., within looped square, ^ J!jt VAV

Rev. as on (531): but I over .2Et ‘65 t o k t a m ish k h An . 177 535 KhuwArezm, year 788. Similar to (532) : but date vaa -65 536 Shamakhi, year 788. Obv. iff f^y^] [ajt] ■ b)) A—Jl f™l S r — J , AweeiXJI OM Rev. Within circle inclosed in ornamented triangle,

III. pii<*> VAA In ovals around,

a UI I j M -75, W t 30-1

537 Shamdkhi, year 78J>. Obv. as on (536). Rev. Around central annnlet, and inclosed as (536), VAP In ovals traces of same inscr. as on (536).

A A 178 E H iN S OF THE GOEDEK HOEDE. 538 New Krim, year 789.

VA^ Kev., within quatrefoil,

’65 539 Great Ordu, year 789. Obv., within looped square, t (sic) s»^j VA^ Rev., within eightfoil, ^. . l*5t j^Usd-JI

St, ■ 540 (Beled) Serdi, year 789. Obv., within sixfoil,

v a P Rev. Jjl__ *JI . . —.ol— ...... Xa . jE-65 TOETAMISH EHIN. 179 541 ShamakM, year 790. Similar to (536); but date v p . Pl. VII, M -75 542 Derbend, year 791. Similar to (536): but rev. centre

V P I Pt. vn. » -7 543 Mint obscure, year 791. Obv.

( Eev.

M -7 544 New Serai, year 792- Obv. w>«=

r Rev., within square, ^3 (^LkLJI

(sie ) <1 iX. c (sie) m i Z U J I Outside square, arabesque ornaments. Ai '(55 180 k h I ns o p th e golden hoede . 515 No mint, year 794. Obv., within looped square, (s*c) ) '■ » (sio) } J ^ j

Eev., within octagon, (jUal~.lt o '

v P p

Bev. JaUtI o'Ja-JWt o i-^ cAt»*^>P3 a^l«j Sa. .® -7 547 New Serai, year 794. Obv., within square, ^ iJI . . . Eev., within square, I >3 JaU*4

Outside square, ornaments, or uncertain words. M -65 TOKTAMISH KHX tI. 181 548 New Serdi, year 7[9]4. Obv., within sixfoil, p Sju^Jua^JI Rev., within looped square, JaUJI

aCLe jSa . PL.Vn. M -65 649 Hajyi [Turkhdn], year 705. Obv.

vqa Rev. JabtM ijUxlLJt

10 I * WII|| M -66 550 (Beledet) l^rim, year 796. Obv., within looped lozenge, ^

v p T iUi Rev. OL_hu-l-J[l]

aO» ja [i.]' M -B 182 Eh Ans of th e golden h oedb . 55^1 New Serai, year 19x. Similar to (544): but date -7

552 (Beled) Serai, no date. Obv.

* liev,, within quatrefoil, (sic) li. I p]

... M '6 553 (Beledet) !l^m, year obliterated. Obv., within quatrefoil, . J S j ^

Eev. OUaJt— II

M -6 TOKTAMISH KHAn . 183 554 ShAbiran, year obliterated. Obv. as on (536). Eev., within hexagon, ^U x LJI

d.^X.4 jS ^

In sjiaees outside hexagon, M -7 555 Mahmoodabad, year (79]1 (?). Similar to (654): but above rev. j WI and beneath, vj-® and in spaces outside hexagon, ...... | l5* M -8

556 Mint obscure, year obliterated. Similar to (554): but above reV. M -75 184 KHAn S or XHE aOIiDEN h o e d e .

' A R A B - S H A H.*

S I LV E K. 557 New Serai, year 779. Obv.

vv^ E$v. OUaJUl

Pl. VIII. .at -es, w t. 22s

TASH-TI M U R.t SILVER. 558 Mint and date obliterated, Obv. o ' __ k —JUJI J j L Jl

Rev.

P l.v u i . .at-ee, wt. 19'o

* ’Arab-Sh41i ■ was a son of Ptilad, of the Horde of Sheyban, and ancestor of the Khdn$ of Khuwdrezm or Khiva (Howorth, ii. 979, where ‘ Bukhara’ and ‘Khuarezm’ ought to be transposed): he invaded Kipehak in the period of confusion immediately preceding Toktamish’s conquest. + Tash-Timur was at one time a general in Toktamisb’s service. He was (according to Howorth, ii. 449), a brother of TJlugh Mohammad, and father of Hajji Girai, and thus tbe ancestor of the Krim Khdns. BB9 PtIiAD Kh AS’. 185

XII.-BEG PULAO KHAN.

SILVEE. 659 New Ordu, year 793. Obr., within qnatrefoil, I

v ^ r

Eev. JiUull UaJUl

o u . Pi,. VIII. M -65, W i 22‘2

560 !l^rim, year 794. Obv., within square,

In segments outside square, ornaments. Rev., within quatrefoU, ......

Pt. Vni, M 66, Wt. 18-0 B B 186 KHiNS OF THE GOLDEN HOEDE. 561 Beled [sc. ?Iriin], no date. Obv., within orhamented square,

In segments outside square, ornaments.

Bev., within qUatrefoil, I JsuJ----II .il— W J>L*J [o]i— d. JR *6, Wt. 17 7

SHADMEG khan . 187

XIV.-SHADI-BEG KHAN.

SILVjEB. ' 562 Mint and date obliterated. Obv.

4WI Eev. (sic) ^^UaX«JI Itijof .....*»

(pierced.) Al -6, Wt. 17-1

663 Bulghar, year obliterated. Obv., within sixfoil, ....

Eev., within quatrefoil, •^1 ’ >«■ Ji,___ G l£ i Pi . VIU. Al -6 188 Kh Ans of the golden hoedb .

XV.-PULAD KHAN.

SILVER 664 Hdjji Tarkhan, year obliterated. Obv.

o u , Eey. • • ♦ • o'"—** << .iiBif 1.0 J iAA. (Pierced.) Pi. vin. .a -6S , wt. 177 565 Khuw»es5l», year obliterated. Obv. Vj-e

. . . Eev., within quatrefoil> a -6 SETYID AHMA» KftlN. l89

XlX.-KIBAK KHAN.

SILVEE, 566 Hajji Tarkh^in, year obliterated. Obv.

-it.j *> Eev.

Pl. VIll. M -es, Wt. 16-7

XXI I I.-SEYYID AHMAD KHAN.

S IIiV E E . 567 Ordu B^ar (?)> year obliterated. Obv. ^ J- 5 M Eev. .t ^ —K j. , Pi . VIII. M -m, Wt. 107 190 :KHi.lTS OF THE GOI.DEN HOBDE. XXVI.-DEVLETBERDI KHAN.

SILVER. 668 Hajji Tarkhdn, year 83a?. Obv.

t, M f

Rev., within circle,

■ around, .. . . (Pierced.) Pl. vm . M -a, wt. 9’2

XXV.-KUCHUK MOHAMMAD KHAN. SECOND REIGN?* SILVER. 569 Ordu Bdzar, year obliterated. Obv. (T U cro r e" JT Rev., within circle, ju O i around, (Pierced.) Pl. VIII. JR -6

* See Introduction* MANHOOD KHAn-, I9 i

XXVI l.-MAHMOOD KHAN.

SILVEE. 570 [Hdjji Tar]khdn, year obliterated. Obr. : W c ; $ f

Eev.

Ft. VIII. M -6, Wt. 9-5

ULUGH MOHAMMAD* KHAN OF KAZAN.

SILTEE. 571 Ulus Bulghar (?), year obliterated. Obv.

Eev. ^;,UaJLjl (JaWl (?) 4JUI jJU. ti,. VIII. M -66, Wt. 9-6

* See Introduction. ( 192 )

KHANS OF THE KRIM.

A.H. A.D. I. Sajji G-irai .... circ. 8231420 II. Nur-devlet . . . . 871 1466 III. Mengli Girai i. . . . 873 1469 Xur-devlet {restored) 878 '1474 IV. Jani-beg I ...... 882 1477 Mengli Girai I. (restored). 883 1478 V. MohaUimad Girai I. 921 1515 VI. Ghazi Girai i. . 929 1523 VII. Saadat Girai i. . 929 1523 VIII. Islam Girai i. . . *. 938 1532 IX. Sahib Girai .... 938 1532 X. Devlet Girai i. . . . 958 1551 XI. Mohammad Girai li. . . 985 1577 XII. Islam Girai ii. . . . ,992 1584 XIII. Ghazi Girai ii. . . 996 1588 XIV. Feth Girai i ...... 1002 1594 Ghazi Girai ii. (restored) . 1002 1594 XV. Selamet Girai !► . . . . 1017 1608 XVI. Jani-beg Girai ii. . 1019 1610 XVII. Mohammad Girai III. : 1031 1622 Jani-beg Girai ii. (restored) . 1036 1627 XVIII. Tnayet Girai . 1045 1635 XIX. Behadur Girai .... 1048 1638 XX. Mohammad Girai IT . . . 1052 1642 XXI. Isldm Girai in. , 1054 1644 Mohammad Girai i t . (restored) . 1064 1654 XXII. ’Adil Girai .... '. 1075 1665 XXIII. Selim Girai i. . . . . 1081 1670 XXIV. Murad Girai .... . 1088 1677 xxv. Hajji Girai ii. ' . 1094 1683 Selim Girai i. (restored) . 1095 1684 k h I ns of the k b im . 193 if A.H. A.B. XXVI. Saadat'Girai ii...... 1102 1691 XXVII. Safa G i r a i ...... 1102 1691 Selim Girai i, (restored 2nd time). 1103 1692 XXVIII. Devlet Girai . 1109 1898 Selim Girai i. (restored 3rd time). 1114 1702 XXIX. Ghazi Girai ill...... 1117 1705 XXX. Kaplan Girai i. . . . . 1119 1707 Devlet Girai it. (restored) 1119 1707 Kaplan Girai i. (restored) 1125 1713 XXXI. Kara Devlet Girai 1127 1715 XXXII. Saadat Girai iii...... 1127 1715 XXXIII. Mengli Girai II...... 1136 1724 Kaplan Girai I. (restored 2nd time) 1142 1730 XXXIV. Fet^ Girai ii...... 1149 1736 Mengli Girai li. (restored) . . 1150 1737 XXXV. Seldmet Girai ii. . 1152 1739 XXXVI. Selim Girai iI. .... 1156 1743 XXXVII. ArsMn Girai 1161 1748 XXXVIII. Hakim Girai ; 1168 1755 XXXIX. !Krim Girai ..... 1171 1758 XL. Selim Girai iii...... 1177 1764 Arslan Girai (restored) . 1180 1767 XLI. Makhsud Girai i ...... 1181 1767 Krim Girai (restored) . 11$2 1768 XLI I. Devlet Girai iii. . . . . 1184 1770 XLIII. Kaplan Girai ii. . 1184 1771 Selim Girai iii. (restored) . . 1184 1771 XLIV. Makhsud Girai ii. . . . 1185 1771 XLV. Sahib Girai ii* . . . . 1185 1772 Devlet Girai ill. (restored) . . 1189 1775 XLVI. Shahin G irai ...... 1191 1777 Ceded to Kussia 1197 1783

c c 194 k h Aks op th e k r im .

XH l.-G H AZ I G I RA I II.

S I L V E E. 572 Obv. Obscure. Eev.

Pi . V m . HI -4, Wt. 4-9

XXVI I l.-DEVLET GIRAI II.

SILVEE. 573 Baghchih Serai, date obliterated. Obv. m J 'r>J^ ......

Eev. A c .—

.....

(Pierced.) HI -76, Wt. 17-7 KBIM OIEAI. 195

XXXlX.-KRIM GIRAI.

SILVER.

574, Baghchih Serai, year 1172. Obv. m

I ivr Rev.

<____ Pi^ VIII. B. -8, Wt. 16-8

575, 576 Similar. (Pierced.) M-7- A '8 577 Similar. (Pierced, double-struck, and gilt.) M (gilt) '8, wt. l«-f 196 k h I ns of th e k e im .

XLV I.-SH A H I N G I RAI. {Year of Accession 1191).

S ILVE E . 578 Baghchih Serai, year of reign 2. Obv.

I n I Bev. ^ ii.a Ai

M -6, Wt. 8-8 579 Same mint, year of reign 3. Similar to (578) : but I" instead of r. M ’65, Wt. 21-6 580 Same mint, year of reign 4. obv. m

Eev.

J T l ^ 7, Wt. 23-2 . SHAHIN 6IBAI. 197 581 Same mint and year.

Obv. m

I Eev. Ttigbrd: c5l>^ 0«*^* A 1-4, wt. 237-7 682 Same mint, year of reign 5. Similar to (581) : bnt « instead of i® . P i. V ni. iE. l-OS, w t. 123-3 » 683 Similar to (582). M -66, w t. 22-7 584. . . Same mint, year of reign 6. Similar to (581): but i instead of i®. & 1-3, Wt. 218-7 585 Same mint, year of reign 7 (?). Obv. similar to (581) : but v (?) above , and over t;. Eev. (^li.

Pi. vm. .St -9, wt. 19-0 198 k h Ans of th e k b im .

C O P P E E. 586 Baghehih Serai, year of reign 4. Obv. as on (581). Eev.

^UxL> ^ 1-76

687 Baghehih SerAi, year of reign 5. Same as on (586) : but over b, ». .a: 1-1 588 Kaffah, year of reign 6. Obv. j | (, m i Eev. Tughra : as (581). SHAHIN GIBAI. 199

MEDAL.

S ILVE E. 589 * 6 I Obv. In centre, 4JU IU

I M I Around, interwoven, U (jUo W L (jla ^ L

Eev. Tnghra, nearly as on (581). (Thrice pierced for suspension.)

JR. (gilt) 2’3,'Wt. 476'3

( 200 ) JAGATAI MONGOLS.

A.H. A.D. I. Jagatai ...... '624 1227 II. Kara Hulagu . . 639 1242 III. Yissu Mangu « . 645 1247 Kara Hulagu (restored) . . 650 1252 IV. Organeh Khdtun (his widow) . . 650 1252 V. A lgu...... 659 1261 VI. Mubdrak Shdh • , 664 1266 VII. Bordk Khan , 664 1266 VIII. Nikpay ..... , 668 1270 IX. Tuka-Timur , 670 1272 X. Dawd Kbdn .... cire. 672 1274 XL Kunjuk Khdn . , • 706 1306 XII. T aliku...... «708 1308 XIII. Kebek Khdn • • 709.. 1309 XIV. Issenbuka . • . . • , 709 1309 Kebek Khdn (restored) . cire. 718 1318 XV. Ilchikadai .... . •721 1321 XVI. Duwa. Timur . . 721 1321 XVII, Termasherin . 722 1322 [His son Senjar, jointly (?) . . 730-4 1830-4?] XVIII. Jenkishey .... . 734 1334 XIX. Buzun .... . circ. 735 1335 XX. Yisun Timur circ. 739 1338 XXL ’Alee (of Ogotai stock) . cire. 741 1349 XXII. Mo[iammad . cire. 743 1342 xxin. K azan ...... • 744 1343 XXIV. Danishmendjeh (of Ogotai stock) . 747 1346 XXV, Buydn Kuli . 749 1348 Period of anarchy and rival chiefs until the supremacy of Timur in . . 771 1370 BANISHMEI^DJEH. 201

X X 1 V.- D A N I S H M E N D J E H.*

SILVER. 590 Bukhdra, year 747. Obv. -^1 ^ - Sr

Eev. dAJt J>SSt L . . T 1^1 iiifi^ / Pi. VIII. At 1-25. Wt. U6-2

• Although succeeding to the Jagatai throne in TraUsoXlana, Daaish- mendjeh came from the stock of Ogotai : Suyurghatmish, and Maiunood, the governors appointed to the Jagatai throne by Timur, were respectively the son and the grandson of Danishmendjeh. D D 202 JAGATAI MOHOOLS.

x x v .- b u y a n k u l i

SILVEE. 501 Otrdr(?), year obliterated.

Obv. 'ill ^ *t. ■ t n

Eev. Area nps

0^5-^ a J L X ^ <0Ut ‘

Margin illegible. P i. T ill, at 1-2, wt. lt2-7 691a ’Otr&r (?), year obliterated. Similar: but no words at sides of obv.; above rev. area, inverted ; between first and second lines jlpl betwoen second and third lines In margin, i>U legible. M 1-3, 'Wt. 112 -8 KEBTS, 203 KERTS OF HERAT (VASSALS OP JAGATAI MONGOLS).

[HOSEYN.]* [ a h . 732—771==a .p . 1332—1370.] SILVER. 592 (Beledefc) Herat, year 752. Obv. Area, within double square, aJUI -ill aJI !■ II 0 ^ Wn A L ) m m itii'J Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, in retrograde order, I OOp (««) .?#* I i

Rev. In centre, ornamented sixfoil within double circle. Around, within ornamented Uotagon, vsr a IM dIjA itUrf t ^ PL.Vm. All-is, Wt. J81 A 592« Same as (592) : but obv. area (as 592) in square Koofee

l O ^ Margin (as 592, but not retrograde) | I | 3vl At 1'3, Wt. 131-9 * See De QiiigneB, iii, 312 £f.; and D’Ohsson, iv. 737 f.

DYNASTIES

OP THE PERIOD

BETWEEN t h e DECAY OF THE MONGOLS OP PERSIA AND THE INVASION OF TiMUR.

1. JELAIES. 2. LINE OF MAHMOOD SHAH INCHU. 3. mudhafparees . 4. seebedarians .

206 JELAIBS. I. JE LAIRS. A.H. A.D. I. Sheykh Hasan Buzurg .... 736 1336 IL SheykhOweys ...... 757 1356 III. 9oseyn ...... 776 1374 IV. Sultan A hm ad ...... 784 1382 expelled by Timur 787 1385 V. $ultan Bdyezeed, contemporaneously in Per­ sian’M k ...... 784 1382 to 785 1383 Snl{an Ahmad, restored, at Timur’s death . 807 1404 deposed by !^ara Yoosuf 812 1409

l.-SHEYKH HASAN BUZURG.

SILVER. 593 Baghdad, year 755. Obv. I ^ 4 .1 ^ ^ a) N) li

Rev. In centre. Around, in square Koofee, forming square, alJ t ^ all I In four segments outside square, I O ^ S Pl. IX. M 8\ Wt. S9-8 -SHETKU OWETS. 207

ll.-SHEYKH OWEYS.

S I LVEE. 594 Tebreez, year 76®. Obv., witbin cinquefoil, •^1 V

4—J-JI (The first <*UI written I a JU.) Between cinquefoil and outer circle, ^ i I I y;-] I... Rer., within ornamented triangle,

J-iJ^ ■ In three triangular compartments outside central triangle, aBI I ^UaAwJI In spaces outside, . ^ . I J- { (-)Tr^ I ^ Pi. IZ. .»-76, tvt. S21 595 Tebreez, year [7] 6a;, . Similar to (594) : but a JJ) written correctly ; unit of date obliterated. M -7 208 JELATES. 696 Mint obliterated, year 7[®]3. Obv., within eigbtfoil, fyf NM 4 ^ 1 N)l

»> X 1 [o U ^ ] Eev. area, within square, ■fe'^l i^UaJUJI

aJUL c j JL^ Mai^in, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... I ...... I ^*iU aw I ...... itt-76 697 Tebreez, year 7[,]5. Similar to (696): but on obv., the names of the four Khaleefehs are written with the tops of the letters outwards ; and rev. margin (as 596), | ...... | jjij-iS M t 698 Sultdneeyeh, year [7]66. Similar to (596): the names of the four Khaleefehs as on (597) ; EeV. m^gin...... | 0 *^ 3 I I ■ M -7, Wt.83-I SKETKH OWETS. 209

599 Baghdad, year 770 (?) Similar to (596): but rev. margin I (?)0'S*««> I f

iB -7

600 Similar to (599) : but rev* margin ...... ( ...... | -r^J^ & -es

601 Irbil, year [7]x2. Obv. Similar to (597). Kev. Area (as 596)

aSC.L«

Around which, inclosed in crossed squares,

j ^UaXwJI Outside squares . . , . | ...... j ...... | iUw | |

M 7

604 Sheeraz, year ^Qx. Obv. Area, within looped square, aAII •ill

A-XJI

Margin, between square and outer cii cle, ^_ybs o U i t [j^e] >-1 SHETKH OWETS. 211 Eev. Area, within ornamented oval,

jl__ jjkJl 4l___ UJW

Margin, between oval and outer circle, inverted, I I , .... I 4ii»» P i,. IX. M 11, Wt. 64-7 605 Irbil, year obliterated. Obv. Area, within square,

* 0 — ■» J-0* A_UI Margin, between square and outer circle, ■ • • I ------I ...... Eev. Area, within hexagon, 4XM

[|a ]Ci I iiL^ fi\ n.iUI Margin obliterated. 212 JSLAIBS.

NO NAME OF SULTAN.

SILVER. 606 Baghdad, year £7]7a;. Oby. Area, within cinquefoil, aJUI

All I...1. U Margin ...... | Lw**** | .... | . Rev.

aUI ^tLR«*«iii.>

Pi.IX . ia 76, Wt. 183 0

POSEYS'. 213

II l.-HOSEYN.

SILVER. 607 Basrah, year 777 (?). Obv. Area, within ornamented square, *5)1 du±HL)l •<)

...— t Margin, in segment? between square an (•) I I [>»*] f Rev. Area, within square, ,0 -— h

0*!S**^ Z j ^

Margin (as obv.), []

JR-8S

GIO Baghdad, year [7]8aj (?). Similar to (607): but instead of S j^ and rev. margin ...... | (?) L • • • • ^ 76

611 Halab, year [7]8®. Similar to (607):, but instead of Sj,->a^ and rev. margin ...... | [ . . .. | M -5

612 Halab, year [7]8a:. Similar to (607): but instead of and rev. margin (sio) | UJ . | . . . Al 7, Wt. 64'2 90SETN. 215 613 Tebreez, year 7xx. Obv. ^ A tt -s)

^ ’I, 1 wllPBwH

Eev. Area, within eightfoi],

K— fe*^! ^^l.la.il ...)1 O'****^ d^S^ jSAk

Margin, in spaces between eightfoil and outer circle, (?) ^ 1 I ...... 1 • • • • I 1 pi. IX. M -65, Wt.:27-2

614 Tebreez, date illegible. Obv., within quatrefoil, similar to (613), but omitted. Eev., in compartments of ornamented cinquefoil, (jU. (>*.».». I I I I ^ In centre. 4—X-JL 216 j e i a i e s . 615 Shamdkhy, year 78a?. Similar to (614): but mint between compartments of cinquefoil, ^ I I I . . . I . . . Pl. IX. M -65

616 Hamadhdn (?), year 78a;. Similar to (614): but mint (?) and between Compartments of cinquefoil

m «5

617 Van, year 78a;. Similar to (614) ; but mint 1JI3 and between compartments of cinquefoil 3^ I l«Aw I -7, Wt. 20-2

A9MAD.' 217

IV.-AH MAD.

FIRST REIGN. GOLD. 618 Baghdad, year 78x. ObT. In centre, ,n

Around, in square Koofee, forming square, 4jjt a BI Alt ^ Outside which, Eev. _____ laun'ill f

Pi. IX. AT -SB, Wt. 110-6

SILVEE. 619 DbU, year [7]85. Oby. <^1 A-aJUt Jl N|

1 \ rti l.ll 9 ^ 0 P F 218 JELAIB3. Rev. Area, within square,

ye— la— 6*^1 t^iLtuLJt

^UaXw J0« 430U 4JU[I] jJU. O'*- Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, ...... I I | Aui> Pi . IX. M % Wt. 327

620 Baghdad, year 785. Obv. <^1A tt ^ f—1

\ <* ii II I

Rev. Area, within square,

_ j f...Ii.....(^UaJLJt V>^ j jl— (^UaXw

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, Chh U 1 M 7, Wt. 33-6 a :^mad . 219 621 Tebreez, year [7]85, Obv. as (620). Eev. Aj'ea, within hexagon,

rtwiiwC

Margin, in segments between hexagon and outer circle, • • • I • • • I I 1 ^ I tji* Pl. IX. jR-8, Wt.32‘8

622 Shamdkhi, year 786. Same as (621): but. £03 . instead of •?>«, and instead of and roT. margin, X) | | |

626 Hamadhdn, year 78a>. Same as (619): but instead of and unit of date obliterated. B-7

627 Irbil, year 78a?. ' Same as (619)-: but obv. as on (620), and unit of date obliterated.

M -7

628 Mint obscure, year 7a; J. Same as (620): but juXol instead of and rev. margin | ...... | . | ^

M -7

629 Wdsif, year 7a?a?. Same as (620): but iu dj instead of and only legible in margin. .K -76 AHMAD. 221 630 Baghdad, year (?). Similar to (619): but instead of J^jl, and only (S) iiLoJiw legible in margin. M. -46 631 Mdsil, year 7ane. Obv. [aJU]l a ^ ) l _ 0 111^ ^

Eev. Area, within square, ^0 Ue

1* n

iSl« a JUI j Sa - Margin, in segments, .. | ...... | . .. . | M -66

SECOND REIGN. 632 Baghdad, year [8]10. Same as (619): but instead of ; last line of rev. aCU and rev. margin .... | .... | jJie. | . .. .at ’6, Wt 267 222 JELAIES. 633 Baghdad, year Qxx. Same as (632): but rev. margin .... I I . . . . I ... -5 634 Mint obscure, year Qxx. Same as (620) : but instead of and rev. margin .. .. | 0 ^ 5 I • • • . I • • • M -45 635 ]|[alab, year 8

FIRST OR SECOND REIGN. 636 Baghddd, year afunl. Same as (632): but rev. m argin ...... 1...... | | M s 637 Mint obliterated, year

M ‘7 A9MAD. 223 638 Baghd^id, year a^5. Same as (620): but rev. margin M '83 639 Baghddd, year icai7. Same as (632); but rev. margin ...... | ...... | m '45

640 Bagbdd.d, year

644 year obscure. Obv» N|r a n ^

>«■ * Eev. Area, within square, i^UaLJI V><«

a£X« ^ [t] jJU> Margin, in segments, obscure.

645 Tebreez, no year. Same as (620): hut instead of jtjiAj; rev. inclosed in hexagon as on (621) ; no rev. margin. M -8 A^MAD. 225 646 Tebreez, no year. Same as (645) : but removed to top of rev.; and uncertain word beneath; no rev. margin. JR -7

647 Mint uncertain, year obliterated. Same as (621) : but obv. arranged as (620) ; mint (?). Al fi6

648 Tebreez, no year. Obv. as on (620). Rev., in three oval eompartments surrounding circle, OW jiV# I J^[l I Within circle, aJU(

At-66 649 Same as (648). M -65 G O 22& JELAIB8. 650 Armeeniyeh (?), no date. Obv. Area, within quatrefoil, ’i>l ^ II ^

- ‘j Margin, in spaces between quatrefoil and outer circle, I I \ j ^ Rev., within ornamented border, JiLaJI ol.la.,L.>JI ^UaX«> jL.i ti.

Pl. IX. 76, Wt. 27-0 651 Same as (650). M -7 652 Tebreez, no year. Same as (650); but instead of ; and viH ’ obscure. M 75 658 Mint obliterated, no year. Similar to (650) : but above rev. mint beneath obliterated. JB 75 ABOO-ISgAK. 227 II. LINE OF MAHMOOD SHAH INCHU. A.Hj A.D. Sharaf-ed-deen Shah Inchu cire. 719 1319 Aboo-Ishdk El-Mutawekkil . ciro. 743* 1342 to 754 1353

ABOO- ISHAK.

SILVER. 664 No mint, year 724. Obv. Area, within double square,

Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, 1 1 1 Rev. Area, within double circle,

^ till 1ft 1..J t aCIa J>\i 5#[l] Margin ^ Pi. IX. Al’86, Wt. «3-2

* The coins, however, show that Aboo-Isbak possessed some part of sovereign rights as early as 719. 228 LINE OF MAHMOOD SHAh INCHIT. 655 Mint obliterated or wanting, year obliterated. Obv. Area, within double square, [•Njl -5)] ■ Qi Bli III ft t 4—1—) I >j Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, obliterated. Eev., within double circle, 4JU1 J----

Margin obliterated. M -8, Wt. 53-6 656 Similar to (655): but obv. arranged as on (654). (Mueh clipped, anc( pierced.) M -6 657 Mint obliterated, year [7]45. Obv. 4jyi <^1

4---1— )t ^

Rev. Area, within sixfoil, ...... 4l—I—)l I* .1.3 «lSi Aj) afh A ^ I

Margin, in spaces between sixfoil and outer circle, »...... I Ft. IX. XI -8, Wt. 66-2 ABOO-ISglK. 229 658 Sheeraz, year [7J35 (?) Obv., within sixfoil, aJU) '!)l 4_±^bl

<< I 1 II

Eev., within eightfoil, ■.S> S A_U' % «T>« I

Al -85, Wt. 49 3 659 Similar: varied, much clipped. (Pierced.) JB -6 660 Mint and date obliterated. Obv., similar to (655), but inclosed in looped square j legible at right side, beneath, Rev., within quatrefoil,

a JUI

M -So , 1Vt. m. 2d& IHTE OF MAHMOOD SHXH INCHU.

661 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. aji

Jl Jj)...... fj

Eev., in centre, Around, [ [aUI] (Much clipped, and barbarous,) M -66

COFFEE. 662 Ko miat or date.* Obv. Area, within, square, similar to (654). Margin obliterated. Eev. Area, within circle, J l — [I] .W'

Margin JE, -8

* The occurrence of Aboo-Sa’eecVs name shows that the coin must have been struck before 736. aboo -ish X k . 231 663 No mint, year 737 (?)• Obv. Area, within triangle,

431aMit Margin, in segments between triangle and outer Circle, ...... I I (?) Eev. Area, within square, (sio) ^IfcuJI J — d— s>— «

664 Same as (663) : Unit of date obliterated. JS -8

665 Obv., in centre, within circle, Ibex, to left. Around .... ^jI

Eev., as on (668): but ULJLif[J!) ^ 7 232 MTOHAITAEBES. III. MITDHAFFAREES. A.H. A.D. I. Mohammad ibn El-Mudhaffar . 746 1345 II. Sh4shtga’ .... 788 1386 III. ’Alee Zeyn El-’Abideen . 789 1387 IV. Shdh Yaiiyd (Yezd) V. Sultan Ahmad (Kerman) contempora­ VI. Shdh Man§oor (Isbabdn) neously . 789 1387 Ejected by Timur, 795 1392

l.-M OHAMMAD.

SILVER. 666 Kfehan, year [7]87. . Obv. ‘‘ (Af fyC •^1 a n

v | © 1 %

Rev. Area, within sixfoil,

Margin, in segments between sixfoil and outer circle, > ^ I I Pi. IX. M -8, Wt. 41-0 MOHAMldAB. 233 667 Mint and date obliterated. Obv. •Nil

Rev. a IUW * * J^. ■ «„«, ,|„T.^..)I

.... ciUt M -9

668 Mint and date obliterated. Obv.

a - •»« • • . 4-A—M Rev , within quatrefoil, . . * . . . j , [k>^] C* J.— L«_^

at 7 H H 234 MCpHAFFABEES.

669 Yezd (?), year obliterated. Obv. similar to (668), but I jSii legible around j and . jj ( = ajj ?) after Eev., -within sixfoil, [O lU a—

AiJJt j-A-Jak»lt

JB7

670 Mint and date obliterated. Obv.

Eev.

M -6 SHAh shttj I ’. 235

II.- s h a h SHUJA’

SILVEE. 671 Eydej, year 762. Obv., within eightfoil, iyf aJLII 4 ____ It N)

C Q| I .nii « ^ r-*i) 1 4iAJt I ..ij

Eev., within ornamented eightfoil,

. f

A i^aJt L^ ■ ^ fTt • ** *^1 M '8 236 MUDHAEFABEES.

672 Sheeraz, year 762. 6bv., within curved border, fyC 4____ M N)l V \ 4 Mil Mini !

Rev. as on (671) : but I between lines; and | | ii«» around. Pi . IX At 1-0, Wt. 66-4

673 Similar to (672): but SAw (Pierced.) 3 ro6

674 Eydej, year 763. Similar to (671) : but obv., within circle, has instead of *r>^ > and round rev. iw legible. Al 76 SHAh SHTXJi’. 237 675 Eydej, year [7]64. Obv. similar to (666), but arranged round instead of circle. Eev. Area,

diAlt

Margin •I ---- I Oa^S I fo ' I ^ -86 676 Kashdn, year 768. Obv. Area, within square, ■ iM , H -s)

4|»I Xwii lit Margin, in segments between square and outer circle, I I >■ 0'® I Eev. Area, within ornamented hexagon.

otw

■ Margin, in segments, I ^ I I I ^ I ^ JR ‘85 238 MUDHAPFAEEES. 677 Sheeraz, year 771. Obv., within double square, •5)1 A__ )l

Rev.

C. ^LkoJt |jUa,l....M r j \ j ^ i r Aju. t aSXo Pl. IX. JE 1*0, Wt. 437 678 Yezd, year [7]72. Obv., within ornamented border,

Rev., within ornamented eightfoil, [ji Vj-« aJCJL« 4-Ut .xl.^ Around ; I I • jR '76, Wt. 32'7 s h Ah s h u j A’. 239

679 Same as (678): but between first and second lines, and between third and fourth lines, of rev. Ji. -66, Wt. 29-8

680 Shdb'irdn, year 773. Same as (677): but in segments round obv., | \ j ^ \ j ^ V* 5 and on rev., removed to second line, instead of and instead of '85, Wt. 38-3

681 Kashan (?), year obliterated. Obv., similar to (677) : varied. Rev. V.2«e tjUbJLJI

. . . . [•x3«A.e»

(Pierced.) '9, Wt. i5V 240 MTJDHAITAEEBS. 682 Similar to (678) : but obv. r f ■ ^1 -N) "ir

mint and date obliterated on rev. M 7, Wt. 31'2 683 Lar, year 7xx, Obv. Area, within quatrefoil, AJJI *^1 4____ )l N)

0 aAmJ I tpJ I

Margin, in segments between quatrefoil and outer circle, jjfbft I I I ...... Rev. Area, within hexagram, O IbutJI

^La .-w dlw 2U^-A*4 u»LJt Margin, in segments between hexagram and outer circle, A iU I ^ I i>> • I • • • I I (Pierced.) iU •», wt. 43-4 sh Ah man §ooe . 24,1 683a Kazeroon, year obliterated. Same as (683): but rev. area, [

eU£i ^1.....h i»ill

AaXM Margin obliterated. (i*ierced.) M rO, Wt. 47‘4 6835 Similar to (682) : borders varied, mint obscure. iR 9, Wt. 37-0

VI. SHAH MANSOOR.

SILVEK. 684 Sheerdz, year obliterated. Obv. Area, within square, <:)l a__ n pX .»aipA A pI pM ApXppJI ^^PM^ Margin obliterated. Rev. Area, within octagon, jl« ^ Margin [a£A.« aAll .xhk] (Pierced.) jR •8,Wfc 33 -2 I I 242 MTJ1)HAFFAEEES. 685 Kazeroon, year obliterated. Same as (684) : but

OijJ P l . IX. XI -8, Wt. 33-6

686 Suk (f), year obliterated. Obv. as (684) ; but in segment above square, legible. Eev. Area, within square,

(?) J ------Margin ( S ) ......

B, 76, Wt. 177

( 243 )

IV. SERBEDARIANS

IN KHORASAN.

A.H. A.D. I. ’Abd-Er-Eezzak...... 736 1335 IT. Mes’ood ...... 736 1335 III. Ey Timur Mohammad 743 1342 IV. Kalu Asfendiyar . . . . . 745 1344 V. Fadl-Allah . . . . . 7471346 VI. ’Alee...... 7481347 VII. Vahy^ ...... 7531352 VIII.' Ehaheer-ed-deen . . . . . 7601358 IX. Haidar Kassab -. . . . . 761 1359 X. Eataf-allah ...... 7611359 XI. El-Hasan Ed-Damigh^nee . . . 762 1360 XII. ’Alee El-Muayyad . . . . 7661364 Abolished by Timur, 783 1381

2*4 SEBBEBABIA.K.

X II.-’ALEE EL-MUAYYAD.

S 1 L V E E. 687 Asterabad, year 775. Obv. Area, •within sixfoil,

>■> Qi iiin..i.-.o Am i iiH - aJJI Margin, between sixfoil and outer circle,

1,5^3 (>**^13 ^,^^3

•*‘*®*^ L5^3

Eev. Area, within looped square,

Margin, between square and outer circle,

I ^ I 3 c^***^^ A w I Pi. IX. Xll-l.W t. 660 ( 245

I. INDEX OF YEARS.

A.a. Metal. MINT,DYNASTY. PElNCE. NO, Page 642 M Tiflees Great l^adns [Turakina] 1 5 „? yy Kenjeh ¥ yy yy yy 2 6 662 M 3e yy yy Mangtt 7 7 ty yy El-Mdsil Mong. of Persia Hulagu 1 0 9 »? y^ 1 1 ,1 2 9 653 M Tiflees Great !l^adns Maiigu 3 6 M SC Mong. of Persia Hulagu 13 9 658 aH as 15 10 Mdrideen 16 11 65a; yy C5 Abaga 42 18 661 yy EI-M5sil yy yy Hulagtt 17 11 yy M Irbil 32-4 15 yy yy El-Jezeereh 38 16 662 yy Jurjdn 35,36 15,1 663 M M^rideen 18 11 665 yy EI-Mubarakeeyeh yy 19,20, 11,1 yy yy Krim Golden Horde Mangu-Timur 362 120 666 yy a? Mong. of Persia Abaga 89 17 668 yy as 40 17 669 yy El-M5sil yy yy Hulagu 2 1 ,2 2 12 y* yy w yy ' yy Abaga 43-6 18 6H yy Tebreez ' 41 17 6? 3 M El-M6sil 62-4 21 673 yy »? yy yy yy 65 22 675 M OG Golden Horde Mangu-Timur 353 120 676 yy 35 Mong. of Persia Abaga 46 19 678 yy Tebreez 48 19 9y iE Irbil yy yy 56 22 yy yy BaghdM 57 22 67x M 35 Golden Horde Mangu-Timur 354 121 „ ? yy 35 yy yy 356 121 680 yy Tebreez Mong. of Persia Abaga 45,60 20 683 M Baghdad yy yy Arghun 82 30 684 M yy yy 3»» yy 60 25 yy yy Tebreez yy yy yy 61 26 246 INDEX OF TEAES.

A.H. Metal. MINT. dynasty . PEINCE. NO. Page 684 M Sheer^z Mong. of Persia Arghun 62 25 )9 99 Mdrfdeen 99 99 63-5 26 685 Tebreez 99 99 66 26 99 99 Baghdad 99 99 99 67 26 99 99 Marideen 99 99 f f 68,69 26 99 MosU 99 99 70 27 99 99 0? 99 99 f t 71 27 686 Arr^'dn ? 72 27 99 99 Baghdad 99 99 f f 73 27 99 99 99 74 27 99 99 Khuwdirezm (ioiden Horde Tuda-Mangn 356 122 688 M Baghdad Mong. of Persia Arghun 83 30 689 M Tebreez 75 28 99 99 Kdshdn 77 28 9 9 99 cc 99 i f 78,79 29 99 M X 84 31 68a; /R Kfishan 76 28 691 99 Marideen 80 29 99 99 El-Jezeereh 81 29 Tebreez Gaikhatu 85,86 32 693 99 99 87 32 694 Baidu 88 33 696 00 Ghazdn 95 36 697 99 Baghdad 99 99 96 36 698 Sheeraz 89 34 99 99 Kerman ? 90 34 9 9 M Bar da 97 37 99 M Sheerdz 121 42 691 Tebreez 98,99 37 69iv 99 Sinjdr 100 37 99 99 Mdsil 101 37 99 99 Arzeajdn ? 102 37 700 AT Sheeraz 91 35 9 9. M Tebreez 103 38. 99 99 Sheeraz 104 38 99 99 Uamadhdn 105 38 99 99 Arnieeniyeh 106 38 99 99 X 107,108 39 99 JE Sheeraz 1218 42 701 Baghddd 99 i f f f 92 35 99 M 99 109 39 99 Tiflees 110 39 99 99 Kdshdn 99 I f 111 39 9* 99 Hamadhan 91 99 112 40 702 99 Kashdn I f 99 f t 113 40 99 9> Baghddd f f 99 ff 114 40 703 Kerattazdr t1 i f 93 35 704 M Wasit ■ f f f f V Ijaitu 129 46 IKDEX OE TEAKS. 247 A.H. Metal, AtiirT. DTIfASTT. PEINOB. NO. Page 704 .n Samsoon Mong. of Persia Uljaitu 130 47 „? 99 Irbil 99 I t 131 47 70o? El-Basrah 99 126 44 706 M Khuwarezm G-olden Horde Toktu 357 123 707 99 19 19 358 123 709 N Sultaneeyah Mong. of Persia Uljaitu 127 45 If aR Marideen » 99 133,184 43,4 710 99 El-M6sil 99 135 49 99 Sheeraz 99 31 99 136 49 ff 99 Samsoon 99 9i 99 137,138 49 >i 99 Tebreez 19 139 30 99 Serai Golden Horde Toktu 360,361 124 711 99 Med. Tebreez Mong. of Persia Uljaitu 140 50 99 99 El-Hilleh 91 99 19 141,142 50, t 91 99 Med. Kashan 9 t 19 143 51 99 99 a? if » 11 144,145 51 99 99 Kara-G-fadj 99 39 99 146^ 51 712 M £C 157 53 f t 99 Baohddd 99 99 158,159 56 99 99 El-Hilleh 99 19 99 160 56 714 a? 128 45 I f M Damigh^n 99 99 99 147 52 if 99 X 99 f t , . 148 53 X 149-131 53 71a; 99 Med. Samsoon 19 152 54 Tifiees 19 I f 133 54 i f M 99 11 19 164 57 „ 99 Sultaueeyeh 99 99 19 165 58 716 M X Golden Horde Uzbeg 362 125 717 99 Jurjan Mohg. of Persia Aboo*Sa’eed 175 65 i l 99 Arzenjan 19 91 99 176 65 31 X Golden Horde Uzbeg 363 125 91 Mukhsbi 99 364 125 718 >1 3G5 126 719 X Mong. of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 171 62 3) JR Jajerm 99 99 I f 177 66 13 99 Sultaneeyeh 99 91 91 178 66 11 99 Med. Kerman f t 179 66 9 9 Kazeroon 11 180 66 71® 99 Arzenjan 91 11 I f 181 66 720 19 Seewas 11 182 67 11 11 X 99 19 11 183 67 11 99 Arzenjan 99 99 11 184 67 39 M Tebreez 39 11 254-6 83 >» JR Khuwarezm Golden Horde Uzbeg 366 126 721 99 Tebreez Mong. of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 185 67 722 99 99 99 99 31 186,205 67,7 99 99 Arzenjan 99 99 11 . 197 69 24S INDEX OF YEARS.

A.H. Metal, MINT. DYNASTY. PRINCE. NO, Page 722 M Sultaneeyeh Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 198,199 69 Saweh 200 70 ■ Sbooster 201 70 99 Sheeraz 202 70 99 Kdshan 203 70 99 Mdsil 204 70 Tdkat 207 71 99 99 Serai Golden Horde Uzbeg 367 126 723 Tebreez Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 210 72 Yezd 172 63 99 ‘M 211 72 99 9• M w 269 89 724 M Hasrah 212 72 99 99 it? LineofMahmoodShih Aboo-Islhd^ 654 227 725 99 Baghdad Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 213 72 99 99 I'ebreez 214 72 99 99 it? 217 73 99 M it? 258 84 99 Hamadhan 259 85 726 JR Mukhshi Golden Horde Uzbeg 368 127,9 72?? El-Bdrdn Mongols of Persia Aboo-Saeed 220 75 727 X JJ M 218 74 99 99 Serai Golden Horde Uzbeg 369-71 127 728 it? Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 215,219 73,74 729 Baran 223 76 99 99 Baghdad 224 76 99» 99 I'ebreez 225 76 99 99 Arzenjdn 226 77 99 Sdweh 227 77 12ce 99 Wdsit 209 71 99 99 X 221,222, 75,77 f228 ll«> JR cc 263 86 730 99 Tebreez 259 85 »? JR it? Golden Horde Uzbeg 372 128 731 99 Baibirt Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 229-30 77 99 99 Sheeraz tf 231 78 99 JR Hamadhdn « 99 260-1 85 99 M Bulghdr Golden Horde Uzbeg 373-4 128-9 99 99 Serfi 99 375 129 732 Tebreez Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 232 78 99 Baibirt 233 78 99 M Hamadlidn 262 86 783 JT Briwan 173 63 99 M Sebzewar 234 78 , 99 Bdibirt 238 79 99 99 Baghdad 239 79 99 99 Tebreez 240-2 80 INDEX OP TBABS. 249

A.H. Metal. MINT. DYNASTY. p r i n c e . NO. Ease 733 M Saweh Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 243 80 Sultaneeysh 244 80 S booster 245 80 Hisn Kuffeli 246 80 M6sil 247.8 81 Hamadhan 249 81 Wasit 250 81 X 251 81 Khuwdrezm Golden Horde TJzbeg 376 129 734 .AT Tebi’eez Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 174 64 Serai Golden Horde Uzbeg 377 130 7&? Sheeraz Line of Mahmood Shdh Aboo-Ish&]k 658 229 737 Bekbek Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 252 82 M Sheeraz Mohammad 282-4 95 Kebeer-Sheykb ? 285.6 95 Shakan ? 287 96 Serai Golden Horde Uzbeg 378 130 Bulghdr » » yy 379 130 X Line of Mahmood Shdh Aboo-IshSk 663 231 738 ./R X Mongols of Persia Mohammad 280 94 Kebeer-Sheykh ? r> 281 94 iE Hamadhan yy yy 288 96 if ce yy yy 289 97 M Amul Togha-Timur 290,1 98 739 Zeydan 292 99 Keez ? 293 99 Kazween 294 99 Kashan 295.6 100 El-Khelat Sati-beg 301 103 Arbuk 302 103 Hi§n 304-13 104,5 73;r X Line of Mahmood Shdh Aboo-IsM^ 664 231 740 Arzenjdn Mongols of Persia Jehan-Timur 300a 102 Khaldt yy yy yy 3006 102 Kashan yy yy Suleyman 319 107 Serai Golden Horde Uzbe^ 380 130 741 Basrah Mongols of Persia Togha-Timur 297 100 Arzen ? Sati-beg 314 105 Baibirt Suleyman 320 107 ^isn 321 108 Nakhjiwdn 322 108 X 323,4 108 742 Bdran 325 108 Keek? 32f) 109 » New Serai Golden Horde ■ J ani-beg 383 132 743 Arzenjan Mongols of Persia Suleyman 327.8 109 X 329 110 Baran ■ 330 1 10 K K 250 INDEX OF YEARS.

A.H. Hetal« MINT. DYNASTY. PRINCE. NO. Page 743 M Sherwdn Mongols of Persia Suleymdn 331 110 99 New Serdi Golden Horde Jani-beg 384-7 132,3 99 Khtiwarezm 99 99 99 388 133 744 99 99 99 *9 389 133 99 New Serdi 99 99 99 390 133 745 99 99 99 391-4 134 9f 99 Hi?n Mongols of Persia Suleymdn 332-5 110,11 (Line of Mahmood ) 99 w ( Shdh Inchu ) Aboo-Ishdk 657 228 >5 99 Sheerdz 99 99 99 658,9 229 746 99 New Serdi Golden Horde Jani-beg 395-8 135 747 99 99 399402 136,7 >9 99 Kbuwdrezm 99 99 99 398a 136 99 Arzenjan Mongols of Persia Suleymdn 336,7 111,12 99 Sherwdn Nushirwdn 343-5115 99 BakMrd Jagatai Mongols Danishmendjek 690 201 748 99 New Serdi Golden Horde J ani-beg 403-5 137 749 99 99 99 99 99 406,7 137 74x 9 l Serdi 408,9 138 » 99 Baghddd Mongols of Persia ToghavTimur 298100 99 99 Toorkdn 99 99 Sati-beg 315 106 )) Kebeer-Sheykli ? 99 99 Suleymdn 341 113 760 99 New Serdi Golden .Horde Jani-beg 410 138 751 99 Seewds Mongols of" Persia Suleyman 338 112 99 99 New Serdi Golden Horde Jani-beg 411 138 752 99 9i 99 99 99 412,13 139 99. M 425 142 99 M Gulistdn 414-16 139,40 »f 99 Beledet Herdt Korts 9oseyn 592, [592a 203 763 99 New Serdi Golden Horde Jani-beg 417 140 99 99 Gulistdn 99 99 418,19 140 }9 M Bdrjeen 426,7 142 754 M New Serdi 421 141 99 Gulistdn 420 141 a? Mongols of Persia Nushirwdn 846 116 755 Bagbddd Jelairs Sheykh Hasan 693 206 756? X Mongols of Persia Nushirwdn 349 117 91 Gulistdn Golden Horde Jani-beg 422 141 767 K.dslidn Mudkaffarees Mohammad 666 232 758 New Serdi Golden Horde Berdi-beg 428 143 759 Azak 99 99 i9 429-32 143,4 Beled Gulistdn 99 99 99 433,4 144 New Serdi 99 99 99 435-8 144,5 >> Selmds 99 439 145 760 Azak *9 99 99 440 145 5> Beled Gulistdn 99 99 99 441 145 99 99 New Serdi 91 99 99 442 146 INDEX OF YEARS. 261

A.H. Metal. MINT, DYNASTY. PRINCE. WO. PagQ 760 M Khuwdreztn Golden Horde Berdi-bee 443,4 146 Azak t> 99 Kulna 446 147 New Serdi 99 99 99 447 147 Beled Gulistaa 99 448 147 Azd^ 99 99 Nuruz 460 148 99 99 Khizr 466149 761 Beled Gulistan 99 99 Kulna 449 148 New Serdi 99 *9 Nurnz 451,2 148 Beled Gulistan 99 453,4 149 New Serdi 99 99 Khizr 456 150 Beled Gulistdn 99 99 9 9 467 160 762 Khuwdrezm 99 458 150 New S6rai 99 99 99 459 151 iG 99 99 19 461 161 Beled Gulistdn 99 99 460 151 M Gulistdn 462-4 151 M New Serdi 99 99 Tinnlr Khojah 466 152 Azdk 99 99 Anonymous 466 152 New Serdi 467,8 153 99 99 Kildi-beg 469 163 Gulistdn 99 Murid 472 154 Eydej Mudhatfarees Shah Shuja’ 671 235 Sheerdz 672,3236 7& Azak Golden Horde Kildi.beg 470 154 New Serdi 99 99 99 471 154 Gulistan Murid 473 166 Gulistdn li-s-Serai 99 99 474 165 Eydej Mudhaflarees Shdh Shuja’ 674236 764 99 99 675237 Gulistdn Golden Horde M\arid 475,6 155 »? 99 99 99 477 155 Azdk 99 ’Abd-Alldh 494 162 106 99 99 495,6 162 Yaiigishahr 99 497 163 761 Tebreez JelaiiB99 Sheykh Oweys 694 207 766 Sultdneeyeli , 99 598 208 New Gulistdn Golden Horde Mir Pulad 478 156 Beled Gulistdn 99 99 ’Azeez Sheykh 480 167 Gulistan 99 99 99 481 157 767 New Serdi 99 99 99 482 167 Beled Gulistan 99 99 488 168 Gulistdn 99 99 99 484,5 168 X 99 9* 99 486 158 Ordu 99 99 ’Abd-Alldh 498 163 1 0 1 Gulistan 99 99 ’Azeez Sheykh 487,8 159 768 Kdsbdn Mudhatfarees Shdh Shujd’ 676 237 769 Khuwdrezm Golden Horde ' Anonymous 601 164 lOx )) Tebreez Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 595 207 252 INDEX OE TEAKS. %• A.H. Metal. ^ MINT. DTNASTT. raiN C E. NO. Page IQx 7R Sheeraz Jelairs Shevkh Oweys 604 210 770 Oidii Golden Horde ’Abd-Allah 499,500 163,4 Baghddd Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 599 209 771„? Sheerdz iVI udhaffaiees Shah Shuja’ 677 238 772 l\‘ew Serai Golden Horde Mohammad Bula^ 503,4 165,6 Yezd Mudhalfarees Shah Shuja’ 678 238 773 El-Ordu Golden Horde Mohammad Bulak 505 166 Sbabiidn Mudhaffarees Shah Shuja’ 680 239 7?3 £C Jel.drs Sheykh Oweys 596 208 774 New Mdjir Golden Horde Mohammad Bulak 506 166 775 Astarabad Serbedarians ’Alee Bl-Muayyad 688 244 7?5 Tebreez Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 597 208 77? New 8erii' Golden Horde Khaghan-beg 502 165 Ordu Mohammad Bulak 507 167 Basrah Jelairs ^oseyn 607 213 778 New Ordu Golden Horde Toktaniish - 514 170 779 New Serdi ’Arab-Shah 557 184 ll x Baghddd J elairs Anonymous 606 212 Hosevn 608 213 » Wdsit 99 609 214 )» Sighna!^ White Horde Urus 613 170 781 fj KhuwareZm Golden Horde Tok tarnish 615 171 9) Serdi ? 516 171 »J 99 X 516a 171 782 New Serdi 517-19, 99 [522 172, >> 99 Little Serdi 520 172 99 Beled Serdi 521 172 99 Beled Azd!^ 523 173 783 Azak 524 173 New Ordu 525 174 !^iim 526 174 784 New Serdi 527 174 785 99 Nhuwdrezin 528 175 » 99 Irbil Jelairs Ahmad 619 217 5> 99 Baghddd 620 218 99 Te&eez 621 219 786 99 HaiB Tarlthdn Golden Horde Toktaniish 529 175 5} 99 N ew Serdi 530 175 JJ 99 Azak 531 176 99 X Mohammad Bulak 508 167 99 Shaiiiakhi J elairs Ahmad 622-4 219 787 99 Khuwarezm Golden Horde Toktamish 532,3 176 JJ 99 Beled Azdl^ 634 176 99 Baghddd J elairs Alimad 625 220 788 Khuwarezm , Golden Horde Toktamish 635 177 »» 99 Shamaklii 99 » 99 536 177 789 99 99 99 99 99 537 177 INDEX OF YEARS. 253

A. H. Metal. MINT. DYNASTY. PRINCE. NO. Pftga 789 New Krim Golden Horde Toktamish 538 178 >> Great Ordu 99 ' 99 539 178 f f Beled Serai 99 99 540 178 78o:P 91 Baghdad 99 99 Hoseyn 610 214 99 Ha lab Jelairs 611,12 214 99 Shamakhi 615 216 99 Hamadbdn 99 616 216 91 Van 99 617 216 Baghdad 99 Ahtnad 618 217 M Hamadhdn 626 220 99 Irbil 627 220 790 99 Shamakhi Golden Horde Toktamish 541 179 791 99 Derbend 99 542 179 99 00 543 179 99 Mahmoodabdd 555 183 792 99 New Serdi 544 179 793 99 New Ordu Beg Pulad 559 185 794 99 00 Toktamish 545 180 99 Ordu 546 180 99 New Serdi 547,8 180,1 Krim Beg Pulad 560 185 795 99 Hajiji Tarkhan Toktamish 549 181 796 Beledet Krim 550 181 79a: New Serdi 99 551 182 810 Baghdad Jelairs A^mad 632 291 83a; Hajji Tarkhan Golden Horde Devlet-berdi 568 190 1172 Baghchih Serdi Krim Khans Krim Girai 674-7 195 1191 [Medal] 99 Shahin Gimi 689 199 1192 Baghchih Serdi 99 99 » » 678 196 1193 99 99 It 99 99 99 679 196 1194 99 99 99 99 ^99 580,1 196 aE 99 99 99 99 99 99 686 198 1195 ail 99 99 99 682,3 197 aE 99 99 99 99 99 99 687 198 1196 aR 99 99 99 684 197 M 99 99 99 99 99 688 198 1197F 99 99 » 99 9 f 99 585 197

Imperfect dates on nos. 9,47,156,163,169, 187,188,190, 285, 236, 263,268, 273, 299, 601,613, 628, 629, 633-641, 681. ( 251 )

II. INBEX OE MINTS.

MiiirT. Ketal. A.H. BTNA8TT. PBINCE.NO. Page M 738 Mongols of Persia Toghd-Timnr 290,1 Amul

Al X Jagatai Mongols Buyan-Kuli 591, 202 Otrar ? [591a

M 739 Mongols of Persia . Sati-beg 302 103 Arbuk

? 99 X 99 99 99 303 103

M 661 Mongols of Persia Hulagu '32-4 15 Irbil 99 678 f) 99 Abaga 56 22 M 704? Uljaitu 131 47 99 7x2 Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 601 209

99 X ' 99 99 605 211

99 785 99 Ahmad 619 217

99 78!P 99 99 • 627 220

S o V ji M 686 Mongols of Pei’sia Afghan 72 27 A i'rey4n ?

M X Mongols of Persia Grhdzdn 123 43 Arz-er- room ? M 73* 99 99 Aboo-Sfe’ecd 216 73 rSDEX OF MINTS. 255

MINT. Metal, A,H. DTNASTT. PEINCE. NO. Page a? Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 206 71 ArzenOJu' »> 741 99 99 Sati-beg 314 105

69a! Mongols of Persia Ghdzan 102 37 Arzenjan M X 122 42 99 X 99 99 Uljaitu 168 60 JR 717 Aboo-Sa’eed 176 65 71x 99 99 181 66 720 184 67 722 99 99 197 69 729 226 77 740 Jeh^n-Timur 800« 102 99 743 99 99 Suleyman 327,8 109 99 747 99 99 99 336,7 111

M 700 Mongols of Persia Ghdzan 106 38 Arnieeniyeh 99 a; Jelairs Ahmad 650,1 226

jsr 733 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 173 63 Eriwan

B J ljt M 759 Golden Horde Berdi-beg 429-32 143, Azak 99 760 99 99 99 440 145 99 99 99 99 Kulna 446 147 99 99 99 » Nuruz 450 148 99 99 99 99 Khizr 455 149 99 762 •> tr Anonymous 466 162 99 763 99 99 JK.ildi-beg 470 164 99 764 99 99 ’Abd-AlRh 494 162 99 765 99 99 99 495,6 162 {Beled) 99 782 99 99 Toktamish 523 173 99 783 99 )» 99 524 173 99 786 99 99 99 531 176 99 787 99 99 \Beled) 99 534 176 256 INBBX OF MINTS.

MINT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. P r i n c e . NO. Page Al 775 Serbedarians Alee El-Muayyad 244 Astambdd (^Medeetiet)

Al 0! Khdn of Kazan Ulugh Mohammad 571 191 Ulus Bui- gh^r

M 7icaj Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 235,6 79 Ankooree- yeh

Al 767 Golden Horde ’Abd-Allah 498 163 Ordu 770 17 J> 77 499,500 163,4 772 » « Mohammad Bulak 503,4 165,6 773 77 77 605 166 t) 777 >7 77 77 507 167 f f X 77 77 509-11 167,8 f> 794 77 ' 77 Toktamish 646180

Al a? Golden Horde Sayyid Ahmad 567 189 569 190 » 07 77 77 Kucbuk Mohammad

Al 778 Golden Horde Toktamish 514170 Sju JL aJt New Ordu 783 77 77 525174 793 77 7 7 Beg Pulad 559 185

Al 789 Golden Horde Toktamish 539 178 Great Ordu INDEX OF mints . 257 MINT. Metal. A.H. PXNASTT. FBINCE. NO. Page 762 Mudhaffarees Shah Shuja’ 671 235 Eydej 763 »> 674 236 >> 764 -tt 675 237 w ^ b M 731 M ongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 229,30 77 Baibirt 732 » it tt 238 78 733 tt it tt 238 79 tf 741 tt t) Suleynlaii 820 107

O'jl# M 698 Mongols of Persia Gha 2dn 97 37 ( m 72? »» ii Aboo-Sa’eed 220 75 729 tt tt it 223 76 742 tt Suleymin 325 108 >> 743 tt ti tr 330 110

M 753 Golden Horde Jaui-beg 426,7 142 Barjeen <9

.31 747 Jagatai Mongols Danishmendjeh 590 201 Bukhara

M X Mongols of Persia Ghfcdn 115 40 Barda’ if X tt tt Nusbirwdn 347,8 116, I, L 258 INDEX OF MINTS.

Jtw . Hetal A.H. DYNASTY. PBINCE. m. Page M Mongols of Persia Hulagu 14 10 ET 705? Uljaitu 126 44 (no El-) JR, 724 Aboo-Sa’eed 212 72 (no El^) 741 Togha-Timur 297 100 (no El-) 777? Jelairs IHoseyn 607213

M Kriin Khans Devlet Girai ii. 573 194 'asjlichili Ser&i 1172 Krim Girai 674-7 195 » 1192 Shahin Girai 678 196 9> 1193 579196 1J 1194 580,1 196 M 586 198 M 1195 682; 3 197 M 587 198 M 1196 584 197 JB 588 198 M 1197 585 197

57 22 Baghddd M 678 Mongols of Persia Abaga »>683 Arghun 82 30 684 60 25 685 ” 1 67 26 686 73 27 688 83 30 M 697 Ghazdn 96 36 JT 701 92 35 JR 99 109 39 99 702 114 40 JE 712 Uljaitu 158,9 56 725 Aboo-Sa’eed 213 72 729 224 76 733 239 79 74« Togha-Timur 298 100 X Sati-beg 318 106 755 Jelairs Sheykh Hasan 593 206 770 Sheykh Oweys 699 209 INDEX OE MINTS. 259

MINT. Metal. A.H. DTNASTT. PniNCE. NO. Page

X Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 600 209 Baghdad a 77x 99 Anonymous 606212 {continued) 9> 99 99 Hoseyn 608 213 7Sx 610214 785 Ahmad 620218 787 625220 N 78c» 618 217 M 7xx 630 221 810 632221 Sxx 633222 xxl 636222 xx5 638 223 xx7 639, 40 223 xxl 641 223

)9 X 99 99 648 224

JR 737 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 252 82 Bekbek

X Golden Horde Beg Pulad 561 186 Beled

Beled, See J ljl, Beledet I

jliW M X Golden Horde Batd or Bereke 350 119 Bulghar M X 99 99 351 119 M 731 99 99 Uzbeg 373,4 128 99 737 9 9 99 370 130 X 99 99 382 131 X 99 99 Shadi-beg 563 187 (and see jl*X# Ulus Bulghar)' 260 IHBEI OF MINTS.

MtNT. A.H. DTITASTX. FBINCE. NO. P»g-a M 6?1 Mongols of Persia Abaga 41 17 Tebreez ti 678 48 19 f> 680 49,50 20 ff 684 ff ff Arghun 61 25 » 685 66 26 ff 689 75 28 >> 691 Gaikliatu 85,86 32 )} 693 87 32 )» 694 Baidu 88 33 » 692 Ghazan 98,99 37 ff 700 103 38 M 00 94 35 M 710 ff ff Uljaitu 139 50 (Med.) ff 711 fi 140 50 JS) 720 Aboo-Sa’eed 254 6 83 41 721 185 67 tf 722 186,205 67,' ff 723 210 72 ff 725 214 72 ff 729 225 76 M 730 259 85 M 732 232 78 ff 733 240-2 80 734 174 64 (Med.) M 7xx 187 67 X ft ff ff Suleyman 342 114 ft 70\ Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 594 207 ff 76* 595 207 ft 7?5 597 208 7 ff XX ff Hoseyn 613 215 ff X 614215 ff 785 Ahmad , 621 219 (645,6) ff 648,9 224- X (652 )

41 642 Oreat Kaans [Turakina] 1 5 Tiflis

ff 653 f f ft Mangu 3 6 ff X ff ff ff 4,5 6,7 701 Mongols of Persia Ghazan 110 39 ff 71* h ff Uljaitu 153 54 ff 7xx f f ff Aboo-Sa’eed 268 88 INDEX OF M in t s . 261

MINT. Metal. A.H. DTNASTSr. -PBINCE. Na Page Vcr->) M 7i»a; Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 253 82 Tell Lams P

M Mongols of Persia Sati-beg 316 106 Toorkan ?

O ls^ M 722 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 71 Tdkat 207

M 719 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 177 66 J ajerm » Ixx » 7> Togha-Timur 299 101

M 662 Mongols of Persia fiulagu 36,36 16,] J uij^n .(51 717 » it Aboo-Sa’eed 176 66

je: 661 Mongols of Persia Halagu 38 16 El-Jezeere\f JR » ft it 30 14 691 f t ft Arghun 81 29 (no El-) l> i*r »> » Gh^an 116 40

M 786 Golden Horde Toktamish 629 175

795 f> ft tt 549 181 Tarkhan 5> Pulad 664 188 X Kibak 666 189 83a; Devlet-berdi 668 190 ft X *t tt Ma^imood 670 191 262 SCITDEI OF MUTTS.

MIHTi Metal. A.H. DTNASTt. PEINCB. NO. Page M 739 Mongols of Persia Sati-beg 304-13 104,5 Hisn 741 Suleyman 321 108 745 332-5 110, yy yy yy [in

M 733 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 246 80 Hi?n Kuffeh

M 78* Jelairs Hoseyn 611,12 214 Halab 8«o; Ahmad 635222

M 711 Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 141,2 50,1 JBZ-Hilleh M 712 yy yy yy 160 56

t. X J elairs Ahmad 647 225 HiiUf ?

M 740 Mongols of Persia Jehan-Timur 3006 102 Ehalat

' S^ILsUI M 739' Mongols of Persia Sati-beg 301 103 m K halat INDEX OP MINTS. 263

MINT. Metal. A.H. DTNASTT. PRINCE. NO, Page 686 Golden Horde Tuda-Mangu 356 122 Khuwarezm 5» 706 Toktu 357 123 >J 707 99 99 358 123 J) 720 99 99 Uzbeg 366 126 733 99 99 376 129 » 743 99 99 Janibeg 388 133 744 389133 » 747 398a 136 99 760 Berdi-beg 443,4 146 99 762 >9 99 Khizr 458 150 99 769 99 99 Anonymous 501 164 99 781 Toktamish 515 171 99 785 528 175 99 787 632,3 176 99 788 99 99 535177 99 X 99 99 Pulad 565 188

M 714 Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 147 52 Damighan 99 99 99 99 155 64

791 Golden Horde Toktamish 542 179 Derbend

M 7xx Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 188 68 EayyCSj

M 739 Mongols of Persia Togha-Timur 292 99 /eyclan

704 Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 130 47 Samsoon 99 710 99 99 99 137,8 49 {Med.) 99 71a; 99 99 99 152 64 99 7x0! 99 99 99 166 55 264 INDEX OF MINTS.

MINT. Metal. A.H. DXNASTT. FSINCE. NO. Page M a Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 167 69 Sdweh M 722 99 99 Aboo-Sa’eed 200 70 }9 729 99 99 >« 227 77 99 733 99 99 9t 243 80

M 733 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 234 78 Sebzewai'

M 710 Golden Horde Toktu Serdii 360,1 124 t> 722 99 99 Uzbeg 367 126 99 727 99 369-71 127, i i 731 99 99 99 375 129 99 734 >» 99 99 377 130 99 737 99 99 99 378 130 99 740 99 9 9 99 380130 99 74o5 99 99 Jani-beg 408,9 138 f> X 'Azeez Sheykh 491 160 P 99 781 Toktamish 516 171 (Seled) 99 782 99 99 i9 621 172 (Beled) 99 789 99 99 99 540 178 \Beled) 99 X 99 99 9t 552182 c

M 742 Golden Horde J ani'beg 383 132 New Serai 99 743 384-7 132, 99 744 390 133 745 391-4 134 746 396-8 135 747 99 399-402 136, 748 99 403-5 137 749 99 406,7 137 » 760 99 99 99 410 138 INDEX OP MINTS. 265

MINT. Metal. A.H. d t n a s t t . PEIKCU. no . Page iR 751 Golden Horde J ani-beg 411 138 752 412,3 139 New Serdi M )> 425 142 {continued) 753 n 417 140 754 » 99 421 141 X )> 99 4SS 141 758 » 99 Berdi'beg 428 143 759 99 99 99 435^1 44,6 760 99 99 99 442 146 99 99 99 Kulna 447 147 761 99 99 NuiUz 451,2 148 >9 Khizr 4501 50 762 99 459 161 M 99^ 99 461 151 .ai 99 9* Timur Khojah 465 152 99 99 Anonymous 467,8 153 99 99 Kildi-beg 4 ^ 163 763 99 99 471 164 X 99 99 Mir pulad 479 156 767 99 99 'Azeez Sheykh 482 157- 777 99 99 Khaghan-beg 6021 65 779 99 ’Arag-Shah 657 184 517-9, •) 782 Toktamish 522 j 172,3 784 99 527 174 786 99 99 If 680 176 792 99 99 644 179 794 99 647-9 180,1 79;r 99 551 182

» .ai 782 Golden Horde Toktamish 620 172 Little Serdi

M 77* White Horde Urus 513 170 sShnak

; M MudhalFarees Shah Mansoor 687 242 Suk? M M 266 INDEX OP MINTS.

MINT. M6tai. A.H. DTNA8TT. PEINCE. NO. Page

41 DO Mongols of Persia Ghazan 117 41 Sultan eeyeh 709 9 9 99 Uljaitu 127 45 M a? 162 57 9) 7U 165 58 41 719 Aboo-Sa’eed 178 66 9} 722 198,9 69 99 733 244 80 99 766 Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 598 208

M 759 Golden Horde Berdi-beg 439 145 Selfnds

jtftMW 41 6 9 o ! Mongols of Persia Ghdzdn 100 37 Sinjdr

41 on Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 237 79 Sooreen

41 720 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 182 67 Seewds 99 751 99 )) Suleyman 338 112 ~ f

41 773 Mudhaffarees ■ Shah Shujd’ 680 239 Shdbirdn » a? Golden Horde Toktamish 554 183

ii.il J l l i or Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 279 93 Shdkaii i9 737 >* 99 Mohammad 287 96 IKDEX OF MUiTS. 2«7

MINT, Motal. A.H. DYNASTY, TBTNCB. NO. Page 78s Je lairs Iloseyn. 615 216 Sliamdkhi 786 Ahmad 622-4219 788 Golden Horde Toktamish 636 177 789 ff 637 177 790 ft ff ff 641 179

M 722 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 201 70 Shooster ff 733 ff ff ff 246 80

M 743 Mongols of Persia Suleynain 331 110 Sheerwdn ? (? tf 747 ff ff Nushirwan 343-6 115

M 684 Mongols of Persia ArghUn 62 25 Sheeraz 698 Ghdzdn 89 34 121 42 700 91 35 M 104 38 M 121fl 42 M 710 » ff Uljaitu 136 49 a? 170 61 M 722 Aboo-Sa’eed 202 70 731 231 78 M 737 Mohamjnad 282-4 95 1 Line of Mah- 7 M 745 mood Shah ) Aboo-Ishdk 658,9 229 ' ff 76b Jelairs Sheykh Oweys 604210 762 Mudhalfarees Shah Shujd’ 672,3236 771 ff 677238 ff Shah Mansoor 685 241 268 WDEX o r MXSTS.

MIITT. Metal. A.H. BTKASTT. PEINCE. NO. JR 711 Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 146 51 jglafa-Gh^j

.iil 663 Golden Horde Mangu Timur 352120 ^rim X Toktu 359123 783 Toktamish 526 174 794 Beg Pulad 560185 {Beledet) „ 796 Toktamish 550181 (Beledet) „ 553 182

M X Golden Horde Berdi-beg 445146 K w j^rim 789 )» >• Toktamish 538 178

M 739 Mongols of Persia Toghd-Titnur 294 99 Kazween

M 725 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 217 73 ^ust- mooneeyeh M 719 Mongols of Persia Aboo-SaVed 180 66 eroon X Mudhaffarees Shah Shujd* 684 241 X U Sbah Manjoor 686 242

689 Mongols of Persia Arghitn 77 28 Kashan 68a! 76 28 701 Ghazdn 111 39 702 » if ff 113 40 (Med.) 711 tf f* Uljaitu 143 51 722? >) >’ Aboo-Sa’eed 203 70 739 » » Toghd-Timur 295,6 100 740 - j> ft Suleyman 319 107 757 Mudhaffarees Mohammad ~ 666 232 768 Shah-Shuja’ 675 237 681 239 INDEX OF MINTS. 269

MUfT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. VRWCK NO. Page

M 737 Mongols of Persia Mohammad 285,6 95 Kebeer- Sheykh ? 738 99 281 94 74x 99 99 Suleyman 341 113

N 698 Mongols of Persia Ghazan 90 35 KermanO W ^ (Jferf.) M 719 99 99 Aboo-Sa’eed 179 66

} \ j ^ N 703 Mongols of Persia Ghazan 93 35 Kemnazar -

^ M 642? Great Kadns [Turakina] 2 5 Kenjeh ?

739 Mongols of Persia Toghd-Timur 293 97 Keez P

M 742 Mongols of Persia Suleyman 326 109 Keek P

139 i_'>UkJL£3 M 752 Golden Horde J ani-beg 414-6 1 Gulistan c 140 753 418,9140 754 99 99 99 420141 756 422141 (JSeled') ti 759 99 99 Berdi-beg 433,4 144 (^Seled^ l> 760 )) 99 - 99 441 145 {Jdeled) f9 99 99 Kulna 448147 270 INDEX OF MINTS.

MINT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. PEINCE. NO. Pago

1^* Gulistan {continued) (Seled) M 761 Golden Horde Kulna 449 148 {Seled) 99 99 » 99 Nuruz 453,4 149 {Jilted) 99 99 n 99 Khizr 457 150 {Seled) 99 762 99 99 460 151 M 99 19 99 462-4 151 M 99 Murid 472 154 99 763 99 99 473 155 *) 99 99 99 99 99 474155

99 764 99 99 99 475,6 155 99 ? 99 91 99 477 155 {Seled) 99 766 19 99 ’Azeez Sheykh 480157 99 »> 99 481 157 {Seled) 99 767 91 99 »> 483 158 99 99 99 99 484,5 158 99 76\ 99 99 487,8 159 99 X 99 99 99 490160

M 763 Golden Horde Murid 474155 Gulistan,*.e. Serdi

M 766 Gblden Horde M ii' Id 478 156 New Gulistan 99 X 99 99 ’Azeez Skeykh 469,492, 159, ^ [493 161

7sex Mu^hafFarees Shah Shuja’ 683240 H r

m M X Mongols of Persia Ghazan 118 41 Lu-hieh

M 774 Golden Horde Mohammad Bulak 506 166 New Majir INDEX OF MINTS. 271

MI2fT. Metal. A.H* DXNASTT. PEINOE. NO. Page

658 Mongols of Persia Hulagu 16 11 ' Marideen 663 99 99 » 18 11 9f X 99 99 99 [27, 28 12-14 ti 684 99 99 Arghun 63-65 26 fi 685 99 1) 68, 69 26 99 691 99 99 9> 80 29 y) 709 99 99 Lf Ijaitu 133, 4 48,9

M 665 Mongols of Persia Hulagu 19,20 11,12 ^/-M uba- rakeeyeh

ilvoxc**-* M 79] f Golden Horde Toktamish 555 183 Mahmood- • abdd

A . ^ - (^*~*~* M 717 Golden Horde Uzbeg 364 125 Mukhshi 99 718 365 126 99 726 99 99 368 127

iXjJuC 1 See Medeenet. J

M 652 Mongols of Persia Hulagu 10 9 ^Z-M6sil M 661 99 99 99 17 11 99 669 99 99 21, 22 12 iE 6 '3 99 99 Abaga ? 52-54 21 99 673 99 99 99 55 22 272 IKDEX 07 UIKT8.

MEfTT. Metal A-H. DTNASTT. PEINCE. jro. Page

M X Mongols of Persia Ahmad 59 24 (continued) (no JSI-) M 686 99 99. Arghun 70 27 n 686 74 27 9 f » Ghdzdn 101 37 9) 710 U Ijaitu 135 49 (no JSI-) >9 722 AboO'Sa’eed 204 70 99 733 247,8 81 >> 9^9 7xx Jelairs Ahmad 631 221 99 X 9» 99 644224

o*>**»^ 741 Mongols of Persia Suleyman 322 108 Kaktijewdn

SUa M 752 Herdt Korts H osejn 592, (Beledet) [592a 203

M 700 Mongols of Persia Ghdzan 105 38 Hamadhdn 99 701 >9 91 112 40 M 725 *9 >9 Aboo-Sa’eed 258 84 i i 731 >9 99 260,1 85 99 732 99 99 . 262 86 JR 733 249 81 m 738 Mohammad 288 96 JB. 78a; Jelairs Hoseyn 616216 99 99 99 Ahmad 626220

704 Mongols of Persia Uljaitu 129 45 W asit 99 72x Aboo-Sa’eed 209 71 99 733 ^9 99 260 81 99 77x Jelairs Hoseyn 609 214 99 7 XX 99 Ahmad 629 220 » X 99 99 642223 INDEX OF MINTS. 27a

m in t :- Metal. A.H. D IN A Sir. PEINCE. NO. Page O 'i .<51 78a; J elairs Hoseyn 617 216 Van

723 Mongols of Persia Aboo-Sa’eed 172 Yezd M »» *} 211 72 X Mndhaffarees Mohammad 669234 772 Shah Shujd’ 678,9238, >> 239

M 765 Golden Horde ’Abd-Allah 497 168 Yangi-shahr

Uncertain mints ISHa Slaxa Ls , nos. 11,12; 107; , 132; aj O , 316; Jij»>,323;jj I,324; ,516«; 548; ^U,556; jJLot, 628.

N N ( 274 )

III. INDEX OE NAMES.

151^1---

( s i c ) U^t 5l ^jyufc»)1 C)tMr» 15W1 52—56 ISW».«,WI 0 ^ 1 57, 58 j. i*t 48—50

s e e (^1)

JiaMit ^1 s e e (^ I)

s e e (^1) 59 JL»«wt — j^,»l oUaJUl 631, 644

OU. j ^ \ o U x U ^ N )! oUaJUt 618 -630, 632— 643, 645—647 O U . ^;,UaJL, JaU )t o^ia3U r648—653 OUaJL- JSs- 567 •>■ «*•* (Ov) see ^>4*IS»

s e e

O^ijl 60—81, 83 _,gJaiLeJt ^v-iiaZeLu. Jj-0uHLi ^^Luuui^ 60, 67, 71, 73, 83 jALilUji 61—66, 68—70, 72, 7 4 -8 2 INDEX OF NAH eS. 275 85—8"^ ^j^r_M-.r, ^7 V r 7 v y .. 85—87 JU»«;! (^t)— ^1 654, 662—665 »»t AAM 655,6 56 658—661 4>OM>t j}jl *^ tjMl^t 657 ^*licl see (>^0 j «A»a«i-« see t, cA«^V> j>o^ oV^> O’iS*^? •***-< (^0> OW*-** W», o!j^>

^lyel see see Ohj^S^ ^3J5’ 466 j XU 3 ij 3 l JiU )l oUaJUl 467, 468 OU--JJ 3 I JjUJl 513 j^jU. — 382 ^UsiX*tf 368 J>l*H oUaJUt 366, 376 ^UalwJt 381 362, 363 O U . > iX ij5\ j^'^ \ O'M JI 372, 377 OU. 367, 373, 374, 379 OU. -»*a^ oUaJUl 369—371, 375, 378, 380 Jil* )) i^Ual»«, 364, 365 276 INDEX OF NAMES.

OUaJL- 168 i^UaJUf 162 ^ILuJI 158—160 ■ y^^>45lv^Ua»JI 157 OU»l->y;iUJ^) C«jJ|5V j JI o6al~)t 139 A ^UskX*wJI 129*— 132,146 ^leja.Li» ^UaX*)l J^ )-^ 186 0«ai>..e ^*^1 4^11*1*3 165 (^UaI w 0-i'3i^3 ^*>41 ^UaX~Jt ^jU^teXEw 152 ^Ualw «sUt* i^UxLJI «»io,8fc.< cWiiJJtj w>t*i 126, 127, 133*- 138,140-145,155,156 W*aM ^U ftX—Jt 0 6 aJl- 128, 147—151,153,154 n- aA ^ 126,127,'133—137,139,140—145 c>Hi' OU . ^ yM '^^ 594—603, 605 ^ iIa * ^ ijjiwf 604 see ISl^it,

_5>jl^ 88, 89 irA 3 * -^^ i5>‘“ ~*‘^ 88, 89 INDEX OP NAMES. 277

see ^ lo -, l5 * ^ > J ijy see jiiyj see jk«xw (3^0 «>e**<» 5(#') «ee 5 (^))

.<,lac':^l JiW t 591, 591» yikj — OU. ^A>!rf 429—432, 440 (l?A>^) JiWt 428, 433, 434, 439, 441,445 (Ja Ix II ^UaX~Jt 435—438, 442 yiXj ^J)Ji tl»UaA-J! 443, 444 ^ see i’iljJ, ^yW-,

«U,a U see

— 564 565

— ^:,U. JiUjt ^^UxJUl 478 CM- 479 -- ^j\am 560 J>la)t ^lU-Jl 559, 561 278 IlTDEI OP NAMES

J a V*3I 558

j> ^ t e e s e e ^ ^ J

s e e j ^ s l * 'C)\^ yS-«Uiy — , 558 OU. cA W 1 oUaXJt 616,616, 628, 632,636, 539,547 534 CjU. JiU ji ^2,UaJUM 625, 626, ^ 537, 6 4 0 - 842,548 OU. 649, 652 ^;,U. cA *^ y JiUJI oUaJUl 631, 646 OU. (s»c) J;,U}I o UaJUI 533 OW < • JiUl) oUaJUJI 622 0'<&- tAJl5 (^UaLJI 653

OU. JU\23^ j^\j j^ u il oUaJUl 620, 629 o w 04^1 j-eVj JjUJI 614,617—519,530 OU. cAW jAV oUaJUt 564—656 («w) u S ^ y O^iaJUl 644, 651 C ) W ^ y — JaUII li# >3y5 367, 358. U iyJ aUJI 359

JaWI y-e&^-Zus-^ yoll 860,361 j>»e3see 3 ^

A>«3 JaUJI oUaJUl 466 J>*«3 (OV) ««« 0«a~« I1^DEX OP NAMES. 279

j X i ^ V 492 4^)1*. jAi ,_5iV 424 "iW 398a, 402 ^ ^UfliXiwJl 403 q \s . ^ ^:,lkJUt 407, 408 >sW JaWI oUsJWI 388, 389 (^ ) vO# J>WI o UaU I 400, 401, 404, 406, 409—412,414,417—423 j!!^^ JiUJl ^;)UaLJI 392—• 894, 397—399, 405, 413, 416, 416 A i j_5»W> O^W-' Ch!**^* JaWI 'jjliUJI 383, 387 jjU#A«> lyeaw* ^^VJaXtJI 884,386,890,391 CWJ^Jb WijJI OUWU 491 i^Ja . jk> 493

LjjJI J!5>^ s e e y i X i s e e ^ v.y V O*^ J3^ OW 300«, b 280 INBEX OP NAMES.

see

(^UxLJI 607, 609—617 .... ^U aX**J| 608

^;)^i. ^ ^;)Vftlfc CWJJI JiW I ^^Usd-JI 502

s e e I . jL*6i4i3lj

(jlSlaJt s e e ^

^^jU. s e e u*»3ji'> O ^ jiW> J 3 ^ OW> O*"®*' >"®^> ’'^3i> j^^i-StaJp, a U) iXe*«*» **^!>«> Jijy> <4^ O W ^ «jM^tj^ see jJaim — ^UaA*iJI 455 jrfoA* ^^bOI ^U aX mII 456—464 a ^ t^ see j^<«3 S 6 6

L . jU*A5lj t^^U> 590 \Ji3i 568 ^Sif^ .... C rJjj 573

c J ^ i (^:^) see tjyU,i j f j ^ ^ j S INDEX OF NAMES, 281

J>W OUaXJ) 301—318 u UO j ) >«*-’ (>#')— 267, 278 j>'vi •*«*-' 272, 279 _^| o^aJUl 217, 259, 274 JUJU. 254—256, 270, 271 oUaJUl 171, 176-196, 262—265 C,\6. j>g oUxUt 172, 210—215, 253, 260, 261, 268, 275—277, 654, 662 ^vJaluJI 269 OU- jaV Jssa*- 174, 197—209, 216, 223—228, 231, 232, 234, 257,273, 276« ( ^ c l) OW jiVs! '*«*-' 0^^=^' C«C'] oUaJuJI 218, 229, 230, 233, 235—237 >*»-> ^ • i ) l 0'4aJUJ> 175, 219, 220, 222 OliaJUl 221 JaU)! ^UJI oUaJUl 173,'238— ,24^, 243—252 - JaWI oUxUI 242 ^U al-' see o«o.t, il.jjl,^ls^J3»,^ (^ t), see

,*1^ -*> k>«~^> 4lj JUJU. (^1), i^a^> j>*#3 UJa, *JL)t juc, J.jj^, 282 IKDEX OF ITAMES.

^UaLJt ^2)UaX-JI s e e Ot —* ^UaX«JI 319, 341 ^IkkLJt 342 V l.A^ 326—328, 338, 339

^ * * ^11 336, 337, 340

^lUaliwJi 330, 331 1 ^ JjUJ[t] o 'J^ '320—325,329,332—335

s e e

OU. 562, 563

s e e

OU-^^ljXuAli 578-580 (jU. C>**^ 0" Tughrd) 581—684,589 ^Ual*i# ^tj>^ 585—588

»IS. ^IL*JI oU a^l 671—680, 682—684 .. . (5) ^UkoJt ^UsJUf 681 s e e o U . J , ^ Ul» ^W l oUaJUl 290; 291 OU. jy»«3 UJb JjU JI C)Ual~JI 292—296 INDEX OF NAMES. 283 OU. lit JiWi ^U)| 299, 299a, 300 Ui» ^c-^1 ^;,lkJUl 297, 298

J jl*)l s e e { J > ^ ,

^ |^loi„X«.r, J5««S UU»,a UI Jii^> 0 " S , u ^ , ^Lts, \SlCjy», JSL)9^> O 'i o ^ y

s e e 0»a

^lx)t s e e (>i0> «*‘»°*-* 4AJ t ‘— jjU . (sic) ai 494—496 ^j\A. <411 jiU M o UaJUI 497, 499, 500 oU, J>lst)| ^jUaXJt 5 5 7 — Jii^. 40 3 ii>e JiUll o UaJUI 492 oU .jjj.ft JiUJl oUaJUJI 484, 485, 489

OU. ^ j 4 j » JaUull 480--483, 486 — 488, 490, 491

(jUJ-|l OljU — ^v«ALyi4 89—119, 121,121a, 124 OljU 89—119,121, 121a, 124 ...... 125 .0 0!i^ 122 o^ oli^ 123 OUaJL, o !i^ CiUJL, 120 284 IKBiEX OF NAMES.

see o * i^ >»>lj}Csee jXjj^\, ^.A3t w>Ufi see ^ l:> J jt wHJJ' JL«\2Jj3,

OHs 15—37, 51—56, 59, 84 Ci^\3 39—47 *u,>u o"« 57, 58 O ^ eee 3^>3, WXJ^ $e^ (>^0 j;,U. cjji Cyi M ? 57 4-57 7 Uj5 — U^S 446 OU. WjS J^UJI oUaJUl 447—449

4> C)U. o^aJUl 566 see cJjj,o^\^, \Jj^> m A jdS» — OW 4l# ^jJL& JjUJI c>l«^- 470 OU. 4 ^ ^Jg^i£o ^^U»X~JI 471 OW ^j£jJ^£o jjUaX~)l

.*-’i>t see 4^6 see ^Ukwl (>^0 , 233, 234 IITD^EX OP NAMES. 285

282—287, 289, 663 ^U JI 280 jiU Jt ^;,UaJUl 281 Jtiao.iO (sic) 288

Ji'*” 503, 504, 506 (sic) ^U aX mJI 508 OU. ji*=^------M3 ^l*c JiUM oUaJUt 505, 510, 611 OW ...... JI5 i>iJ^M JiU M 512 3 ^UaXwJl 509 ...... 04->Jt J>UJ| 507 Jki»a»-a J>txM o0al~J* 571 J>«5 >Xoa»-o (^UaX«JI 669 jAjaall tXios^'fC ■— . . . kX«a>~« ^Ua .... «^U 670 j.iiJ^a'M ^UsbUt 666, 668 3ftJa^M ^UalMtJl 667 3,ftin»M ^ ,* )|3 JiaJI tj^ ^,«iaa'^l ^UaJUJI ^■ osa 0 see '* 1^ 31, 3^U ^ 3 t, J ^ ^ ( v > /) see )>ee»-6 570 aUi 33a*>-« ( ijj) *ee (3 ^!) fc?^l \j^ see sse ^:^U. J;»UJt oOaJUJ 472—477 ^UaaJ) see (♦ Is) ^^jlaaJI see (»ls) >*la>*M see 33,au.a 2 8 6 INDEX OP NAMES.

A«l, 666—674, 678, 679 see l»W', >i)Xe see _$3ij_si jAla-oJI 686, 687 see

— 353 JjkJt j>«*3 ^ 355 j>*3 354 J a WI ^;,lj 352

s e e .**»«, (^1) oU5 lCO>A — ^US 0 J a UJI ^ - s» u c O ^ 7 («*c) J a UI ICCj^ 3—5 ^:,U9 M tiys 4^,115 8—13 C)\S IsO^o^N)! 14 q \ S ^ 350,351

04*>^> >«»Vi «ce (^ V x ip (^)^U JIsee '^J S ^y — ' ^ J 3 j y 450 ' ^ J j j y J a WI 451, 453

O ^ J 3 j y J a UJI oUaJUl 454

J ^ j y o«a~«J a UJI 452 C)^3j^y —-

0 ^ 3 / ^ y 346 INDEX or NAMES. 287 juLeXlyCA ^UaJUl 349 OUPyt JiUJI 343—345, 347, 348 see

8,10—14, 32—34 (sie) 9 15—31^35—37 „o**^*^" ^l«i~Ljl 38

>v (3^0 jlijJ I >£U«Ji^ jM iyisee

( 288 )

i i I a . In d e x o f Mo n g o l a n d b a sh p a INSCRIPTIONS.

48—50 * rii*ii .Mill » ff 91 99 60, 67, 71, 73, 83 n iti lUit I 9f 9} f 99 99 61—66, 68—70, 72, 74—82

85—87

99 99 88, 89 y j^ c A ijsC ^ v.xiy 89—119,121,121», 124 v^iA^Cy 126, 127, 133—137, 139—143, 155, 156 (reversed), 166 ^‘"Avv. y ^ 173, 288-252

j I ^29—-325, 330—335 ^ V A-i.1. », ,nA ^ - y 326—329, 338, 339 INDEX OP MONGOL INSCEIPTIONS. 28.9 V— 336, 337, 340 N Y„rw.ii 349 e> .^ 360, 361 384, 385, 390, 391 . . 522

BASHPA.

n ) ^ I 89—119, 124

p p ( 290 )

IV. INDEX OF DAMGHAHS, ORNAMENTS, Etc.

^ 352,354,355,359 . cga . 622—624 I (£ ( 129 j;^ 353, 373, 374 • I (®I 131 190, 342, 552 304,365,382 * * 229 ^ 308 ©0 ) 666 y 567,569 O 648, 649 W 568,570, 571 o 157, 537 4,5,350,351 Trefoil, 154 Rose ornament, 425—427 > ~^ c 350,351 Arabesque ornaments, 148, 149, a-e 6 ,7 2 153, 175, 196 — 209, 319, aiE 6 356—358, 360, 361, 364— 366, 376, 388—390,443,444, 458, 544 Xn 573—577,580—588 Ornaments, 126, 130, 133—138, 570,571 140—142,144,145,147,150— 152, 155, 156, 161, 217, 230, T 590 231, 233, 430, 547, 560, 561 ( 2^)1 )

V. INDEX OF MARKS OF GENUINENESS, DENOMINATION, ABBREVIATIONS, E tc.

y.jo- 15,17,21,22,29 iJjA 121, 121«, 165, 170 (^) M. 332 21—24 88 «

ft ft I (over an U) 589 j (after aJU) J>«y 311, 312 \) (» )> ” »> ,) ) ^ (under 148 jt (over 307 V (before Jss*^ >^*) 207

( 292 )

Y a . index of figures .

Dragon (?), 82? Eagle (?), 57 Eagle, Two-headed, 56 Figure seated crosslegged, bolding crescent mopn, 52—54, 59, 84 Hare to left; beneath, crescent moon, 32-^34 Head facing,, within square, 35 Head to left, within square, 10—13, 35, 36 Horseman to left, drawing bow, 1,2 Ibex to left, 282—284, 665 Lion passant to left, 157 Lion passant to right, 160, 16.1 Lion passant to left; above. Sun, 158, 159, 162 Lion to left, surmounted by Sun, 264, 265 Lion to left, surmounted by Rising Sun, 266 Peacock to right, 263, 267, 272 Peacock surmounted by Kising Sun, 75, 76 Sun, 125 Sun radiate, 163, 164 ( 293 )

VI. MISCELLANEOUS INDEX.

a J All ’5> 3—5, 7, 43-47, 57, 352, 593 a JUI J > - j a JIM A ll ^ 1, 2, 6, 14, 32—34, 38—42, 48-50, 60—81, 85—88a, 108,122,123,146, 161,171, 172,174,176—216, 218, 223-237, 253—259, 268— 271, 273 - 281, 289—300J, 319-349, 356, 362, 363, 369—372, 375, 377—381, 424, 508, 516a, 536, 537, 545, 662, 590—592, 594—657, 660-662, 666—682, 685—688 a DI (s?V) '5)1 A ll 'i) 2 1 7 a UI a U) '5)1 a II 3 0 1 — 3 1 8 ,x ^ t^ lt a IJ! a DI *5)1 a ) I '5) 2 7 7 Aift a JDI J > ~ y a U ) '5)1 A ll "^l 260, 261

A J l * a JUI ^ U > a J J I a U-I '5)1 A ll '5) 55, 82, 83, 129, 169,173, 238—252, 288, 606 a JIc a JUI a XII J > wj a HI '5)1 A ll '5) 8, 9, 56(?), ,, 89—107, 109—120, 130—182, 175, 219—222, 262, 683, 684 a UI' a ) a UI '5)1 All *5) 15— 31, 37,51 . A,hl£ a UI a HI ^ p gfci. a a J *5) a HI '5)) All 10—13, 58, 84, 593 AgXfr a 11 I a HI a 1 '5) a III '5)1 a II *5) 36, 52—54, 59

a I I I a UI a ) *5) a UI '5)1 (s**') a 1 "n) f a ,.!^ 35 294 MISCELLANEOUS INDEX. f j i l5^ 126—128,133- 145, 147—160,162, 165—167, 170, 263(?), 266, 668, 659, 689 1^ ^^in.afcill a 4M 606 L.5^.5 C^ji****^l ^^>***®*J[5 ,^<1^5 «A

a j^ l 136, 142 V„5^3 1.5^3 U>«*"*^!3 l5 ^ (2>*~^t3 (_5l*3 139,166 3^’ (>!j!3^I 3i (>«^3 J3J^*>»^3 3^><• l29 (jlA ^.^J J«ijUM 677 l3*^3^ C^J3^ 3^' (33J^ ^j I 592 (szc) lAfi <353^ 3^*^ 4p^3««d ^ \ 332— 835. 847, 348 ^ 3 0 ^ 3 3^®3 3^' 131.132, 274, 593 3 ^ 3 ^ 3^< 171—174, 176—216, 223 -262, *273, 275—277, 279—281, 288—299, 300a—325, 327—331, 341—346, 349, 372, 377—380, 536, 537, 590; 592a, 694—605, 607—654, 656, 657, 666, 669, 671—676, 678—680, 682—685 ^ >0^ >>1 130, 217, 270, 271 >**!P j n ^ .U-o-J jUOl ^>r! jj lj a UI J > wj «A«a»« i_59 ^•3-^'j 5 a UI i>« C3*^ tjka—» U&j Cy> 129 MISCElLAlfEOTJS INDEX, 2 9 5 vov**^^*****!>' Ol»JUa)l (^sie) i^p) ^^JJt a JJI »^3 ^*vJ w»A*nw I ^ v*v* v^jJ'v«v^a 129 ^ a l l ^ ^ 1 <0)1 >ni:«i5Cs~s 171,176—196 >Aj ^1^11 (^JJt ^jt3 176, 219, 220

,01^1 1 ^ C y ^ ,OXo)l ^^>5 <4lX*ll ^UIa ^1* j„i)^i UJ 0 ^ 3 O ^ J*^3 ^ 15— 34, 66 ^UaL»> b (jU»-w b ^|jb> b b )jUa» !,> ^ <0)1 ^ b 606 (S) <0J 353 (^>e^UJI a D «Xe*-)l 129 v>-J J ^ k>« j>®'i)l -*J0 126, 127, 183—138, 140—145, 155, 166 a U 57 4JU 4UUJI 9, 609 OOk . . . aB-iyt a U oiUL*)t 601 a U aJL»JI 122, 123 a UI i>- >-=^> ^ 171—180, 183-196 a UI U - o - 219, 220 A)l*li*»U» U 58& Obscure formulas, 354, 355

<011^9,21,22 <0)1 ^ 126, 127,142 A l)t^ 133—138, 140, 141, 143-145, 155, 156, 170 298 MISCEIiLANEOirS INDEX. 373 jSXo j JU. 57, 58, 155, 157, 172, 173, 210—215, 238—252, 254, 255, 259 -261, 268, 271, 274, 276«, 277, 278, 282—287, 292-299«, 319, 322, 324, 325, 330, 331, 341, 343—346, 349, 433, 434, 447—449, 451,- 456, 457, 459—465, 467—469, 472-477, 479—488, 490, 493—496, 498—500, 509—512, 519, 521, 523, . 524, 526, 531, 534, 545, 546, 548—550, 553—556, 564, 596—600, 603, 607-618, 620—630, 632—640, 642, 643, 645—647, 650- 654, 663, 664 a UI j JU* 51, 126—154, 156, 158—160, 162, 165, 166, 171, 174—209, 217, 237, 256, 263—266, 269, 275, 289—^1 , 300a—318, 320, 321, 323, 326—329, S82— 337, 340, 342, 347, 348, 489, 503, 564, 516a, 536, 537, 571, 590, 594, 595, 601, 602, 604, 605, 619, 631, 641, 644, 648, 649, 666—669, 671—688 a SOU ajt jJU. 280, 281, 288, UeJip Jju 52—54, 59, 84 4WI t»3U 5t«, 592a

18, 251, 360, 361, 367, 373, 374, 408, 409, |97, 523, 531, 560

>1^1 ^ 152 128, 141, 142, 147—151, 153, 166, 167, 175, 219— 222, 613—617 ^ 126, 127, 133—138, 140, 143—145, 154, 155, 171, 176—209, 300 MISCELLANEOUS INDEX. 297 173, 238—252 91, 121 ^r, 128, 219 104, 105 7,20 ' 46 3 44 jiy s, 43 45

j-«l ^>e 592, 592a 1,2

( 298 ) TABLE EELATIVE WEIGHTS OE ENGLISH GRAINS and FRENCH GRAMMES. Grrains* Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. 1 •064 41 2-656 81 5-248 121 7-840 2 •129 42 2-720 82 5-312 1-22 7-905 3 •194 43 2-785 83 5-378 123 7-970 4 •259 44 2-850 84 5-442 1-24 8-035 5 •324 45 2-915 85 5-608 125 8-100 6 •388 46 2-980 86 5-572 126 8-164 7 •453 47 3-045 87 5-637 127 8-229 8 •518 48 3-110 88 6-702 128 8-294 9 •583 49 3-175 89 5-767 129 8-359 10 •648 60 3-240 90 5-832 130 8-424 11 •712 51 3-304 91 5-896 131 8-488 12 •777 52 3-368 92 6-961 132 8-553 13 •842 63 3-434 93 6-026 133 8-618 14 •907 54 8-498 94 6091 134 8-682 15 •972 55 3-664 95 6-156 135 8-747 16 1036 66 3-628 96 6-220 136 8-812 17 1-101 57 3-693 97 6-286 137 8-877 18 1-166 58 8-758 98 6-350 138 8-942 19 1-231 59 3-823 99 6-415 189 9-007 20 1-296 60 3-888 100 6-480 140 9-072 21 1-360 61 3-952 101 6-544 141 9-136 22 1-425 62 4-017 102 6-609 142 9-200 23 1-490 63 4-082 103 6-674 143 9-265 24 . 1-555 64 4-146 104 6-739 144 9330 25 1-620 65 4-211 105 6-804 145 9395 26 1-684 66 4-276 106 6868 146 9-460 27 1-749 67 4-341 107 6-933 147 9 ^ 5 28 1-814 68 4-406 108 6-998 148 9-590 29 1-879 69 4-471 109 7-063 149 9-655 m 1-944 70 4-536 110 7-128 150 9-7-20 31 2-008 71 4600 111 7-192 151 9-784 32 2-073 72 4-665 112 7-267 152 9-848 33 2-138 73 4-729 113 7-322 153 9-914 34 2-202 74 4-794 114 7-387 154 9-978 35 2-267 76 4-859 115 7-452 155 10044 36 2-332 76 4-924 116 7-516 156 10-108 37 2-397 77 4-989 117 7-581 157 10-173 38 2-462 78 5-054 118 7-646 158 10-238 39 . 2-527 79 5-119 119 7-711 159 10-303 40 2-592 80 5-184 120 7-776 160 10-368 ( 299 ) TABLE 07 TBS RELATIVE WEIGHTS OP ENGLISH GRAINS and FRENCH GRAMMES. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. 161 10-432 201 18-0-24 «41 15-616 290 18-79 162 10-497 202 13-089 242 15-680 300 19 44 163 10-562 203 13-154 243 15-745 310 20-08 164 10-626 204 13-219 244 45-810 320 20-73 165 10-691 205 13-284 245 15-875 330 21-38 166 10-756 206 13-348 246 15-940 340 22-02 167 10821 207 13-413 247 16-005 350 22-67 168 10-886 208 13-478 248 16-070 360 23 32 169 10-951 209 18-543 249 16-135 - 370 23 97 170 11-016 210 13-^8 250 16-200 -380 24-62 171 11-080 211 13-672 251 16-264 390 25-27 172 11-145 212 13-737 252 16-328 400 25-92 173 11-209 213 13-802 253 16-394 410 26-56 174 11-274 214 13-867 254 16-458 420 27-20 175 11-339 215 13-932 255 16-524 430 27-85 176 11-404 216 13996 256 16-588 440 28-50 177 11-469 217 14-061 257 16-653 450 29-15 178 11-534 218 14-126 258 16-718 460 29-80 179 11-599 219 14-191 259 16-783 470 . 30 45 180 11-664 220 14-256 260 16-848 480 31-10 181 11-728 221 14-320 261 16-912 490 31-75 182 11-792 •222 14-385 262 16-977 500 82-40 183 11-858 223 14-450 263 17-042 510 83-04 184 11-922 224 14-515 264 17-106 520 33-68 185 11-988 225 14-580 265 17-171 530 34-34 186 , 12-052 226 14-644 266 17-236 540 34-98 187^ 12-117 2-27 14-709 267 17-301 550 35-64 188 12-182 228 14-774 268 17-366 560 36-28 189 12-247 229 14-839 269 17-431 570 36-93 190 12-812 230 14-904 270 17-496 580 37-58 191 12-376 231 14-968 271 17-560 590 88-23 192 12-441 232 15-033 272 17-625 600 38 88 193 12-506 233 15-098 273 17-689 700 45-36 194 12-571 234 15-162 274 17-754 800 51-84 195 12-636 235 152-27 275 17-819 900 58-32 196 12-700 236 15-29-2 276 17-884 1000 64-80 197 12-765 237 15-357 277 17-949 2000 129-60 198 12-830 238 15-422 278 18-014 3000 194-40 199 12-895 239 15-487 279 18-079 4000 259-20 200 12960 240 15-552 280 18144 5000 324-00 ( 300 )

TABLE POB CONVERTim EIsr&LISH IlfCHES INTO MILLIMjiTRES AJICJ> T S H •MEASURES OP MIOENET’S SCALE.

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