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STV Targeted Observables Pre-print with draft figures 2021-04-15 Prepared by: A. Donnellan, D. Harding, D., P. Lundgren, K. Wessels, A. Gardner, M. Simard, C. Parrish, C. Jones, Y. Lou, J. Stoker, K.J. Ranson, B. Osmanoglu, M. Lavalle, S. Luthcke, S. Saatchi, R. Treuhaft Artwork by: Chuck Carter Suggested Citation: Donnellan, A., D. Harding, D., P. Lundgren, K. Wessels, A. Gardner, M. Simard, C. Parrish, C. Jones, Y. Lou, J. Stoker, K.J. Ranson, B. Osmanoglu, M. Lavalle, S. Luthcke, S. Saatchi, R. Treuhaft, 2021, Observing Earth’s Changing Surface Topography and Vegetation Structure: A Framework for the Decade, NASA Surface Topography and Vegetation Incubation Study. STV Incubation Study 20210-04-15 Preprint/draft figures i Dear Reader, The Earth’s surface is defined and shaped by forces acting on it from deep within the Earth to beyond its atmosphere. Tectonic forces, vegetation dynamics, weather, the sun, and humans change this interface between solid Earth and atmosphere or water. Understanding the structure of the surface, whether of geologic, vegetated, inundated, or built, is key to understanding a myriad of processes relevant to health and sustainability. Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, subsidence, and other natural geologic hazards reshape the solid Earth. Vegetation and its structure create habitats, provide food and natural resources, and are deeply linked to a changing Earth and climate. The cryosphere provides fresh water, yet is rapidly changing and affecting climate, impacting sea level and transportation routes. Hydrological processes move water across the land in rivers and floods while wetland ecosystems are key to carbon cycling. Coastal processes are impacted by sea level change and shorelines change as coastlines erode and sediment is transported and deposited. Threaded throughout all of these disciplines are a number of applications. A common measurement of surface topography and vegetation structure would address numerous processes related to these science disciplines. Lidar, radar, and stereophotogrammetry deployed on a wide range of platforms, bound together by information systems can be matured and applied to meet the measurement needs. In 2017 the Earth Science Decadal Survey recommended incubation of the Targeted Observable Surface Topography and Vegetation. In 2019, in response, NASA formed a Surface Topography and Vegetation Incubation Study Team to further identify related needs and gaps. This White Paper is the product of that study conducted in just over a year and during the worst pandemic in a century. In the course of our deliberations the study team drew from the decadal survey and related white papers, published literature, community workshops, and their own expertise. This entire incubation study occurred virtually and some team members have never yet met in person, yet the team discovered a common set of measurements could meet many of the community needs serving a wide array of disciplines. This White Paper provides the vision and framework to achieve surface topography and vegetation structure measurements in the coming decade to address key science and applications challenges for improved life on Earth. Sincerely yours, Andrea Donnellan STV Study Lead April 2021 STV Incubation Study 20210-04-15 Preprint/draft figures ii i. Table of Contents i. Table of Contents .................................................................................................... iii ii. Executive Summary ................................................................................................ vi Part I: STV Science and Technology Overview .............................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Background ................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Goals and Objectives of this STV Study ............................................................ 3 1.3 STV Study Process and Deliverables ................................................................. 4 1.4 Relation to NASA’s Program of Record and DS Observables ....................... 5 1.5 Relation to 2017–2027 DS Missions/Observables ............................................. 6 1.6 Expected Outcomes .............................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2: STV Targeted Observables ........................................................................ 10 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Surface Topography ........................................................................................... 10 2.3 Vegetation Structure ........................................................................................... 12 2.4 Shallow Water Bathymetry and Surface Height ............................................ 13 2.5 Summary .............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 3: Science and Applications Goals, Objectives, and Product Needs ....... 16 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Solid Earth ........................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Vegetation Structure ........................................................................................... 22 3.4 Cryosphere .......................................................................................................... 27 3.5 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 31 3.6 Coastal Processes ................................................................................................ 33 3.7 Additional Applications Needs ........................................................................ 37 3.8 Summary .............................................................................................................. 40 3.9 Summary .............................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 4: Sensors, Platforms, and Information Systems ........................................ 45 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Lidar ...................................................................................................................... 45 STV Incubation Study 20210-04-15 Preprint/draft figures iii 4.3 Radar .................................................................................................................... 48 4.4 Stereo Photogrammetry ..................................................................................... 50 4.5 Information Systems .......................................................................................... 52 4.6 Summary .............................................................................................................. 53 Part II: Activities to Achieve STV Objectives .............................................................................. 56 Chapter 5: Gaps and Potential Gap Filling Activities .............................................. 57 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 57 5.2 Science and Applications Knowledge Gaps ................................................... 60 5.3 Technology Gaps ................................................................................................ 67 5.4 Emerging Gap-Filling Activities Summary .................................................... 76 Chapter 6: Architecting an STV Observing System .................................................. 81 6.1 Science .................................................................................................................. 82 6.2 Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) .................................... 83 6.3 Data ....................................................................................................................... 84 6.4 Technology .......................................................................................................... 85 6.5 Architecting STV Conclusions .......................................................................... 85 Chapter 7: Key Findings and Preliminary Roadmap ............................................... 86 Part III: STV Expanded Detail ...................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 8: Science Detail .............................................................................................. 91 8.1 Solid Earth ........................................................................................................... 91 8.2 Vegetation Structure ........................................................................................... 93 8.3 Cryosphere .......................................................................................................... 95 8.4 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 96 8.5 Coastal Processes .............................................................................................
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