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Table of Contents Table of Contents Secondary Fiber Recycling 01993 TAPPI PRESS Atlanta. Georgia iii Preface v List of Contributors vii Table of Contents ix List of Figures and Tables Chapter 1 Recovered Paper and the U.S. Solid Waste Dilemma I 1 by Rodney Young Introduction and Overview ............................................ 1 Paper Industry Response to the Solid Waste Issue ................................ 2 U.S. Recovered Paper Consumption ..................................... 2 U.S. Trade in Recovered Paper ........................................ 3 U.S. Recovered Paper Recovery ....................................... 3 Recovered Paper Supply and Cost ...................................... 3 Bibliography .................................................... 4 Resources ................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Recycled- Versus Virgin-Fiber Characteristics: A Comparison 1 7 by R. L. Ellls and K. M. Ssdlachsk Introduction ..................................................... 7 Literature Review ................................................. 8 General Effect of Recycling ......................................... 8 Effect of Furnish .............................................. 10 Effect of initial Beating of Virgin Pulp ................................... 10 Theory for Tensile Strength of Paper .................................... 10 First Assumption ............................................ 11 Second Assumption .......................................... 12 Theory Verification ............................................. 12 lnleractions Between Fiber Properties and Process Variables ......................... 14 Reformulation of the Page Equation ...................................... 15 Approach .................................................. 15 Results and Discussion ........................................... 16 Fiber Strength ............................................. 16 CoarsenessiPerimeter .......................................... 16 Freeness Change of Recycled Fibers ................................. 18 Conclusions .................................................... 19 Bibliography ................................................... 19 Literature Cited ............................................... 19 vii Chapter 3 Print Quality of Recycled-Fiber Papers: A Review 1 21 by Joseph S. Aspler Introduction ....................................................21 Changes in Fiber Properties and Their Influence on Sheet Slructure ..................... 21 Changes in Printing Properties .........................................22 Newsprint and Mechanical Grades ..................................... 22 Coated and Wood-Free Grades ....................................... 23 Fines and Ink Holdout ........................................... 23 Optical Properties ................................................ 24 Linting and Picking ............................................... 24 Water Absorbency of Recycled-Fikr Paper .................................. 25 Dimensional Stability .............................................. 25 Web Breaks .....................................................25 Summary and Conclusions ............................................26 Acknowledgements ...............................................26 Bibliography ................................................... 26 Literature Cited ...............................................26 Chapter 4 The Impact of Secondary Fiber on the Paper Machine 1 29 by Wllllarn E. Srnlth and Unds Brooks Bunker Introduction ....................................................29 Machine Runnability ............................................... 29 Buildup of Suspended Solid? ........................................29 Suspended Particulate Materials ......................................30 Microbiological Deposits .......................................... 32 Buildup of Dissolved Solid? ........................................ 32 Fikr Fragments and Suspended Wood Tissue ...............................33 Sheet Properties .................................................34 Residual Contamination ...........................................34 Effects of Dried Fibers and Higher Fines Content .............................35 Bibliography ...................................................36 Resources ..................................................36 Chapter 5 Fiber Reactivity Versus Chemical Use I 37 Introduction .................................................... 37 Background ....................................................37 Discussion ....................................................38 The Handling of Noncellulosic Particulate Materials from Waste ....................38 Potential Problems Relating to Those Chemicals Coming with Waste Fibers ..............38 Carry-Over hom the Preparation of Recycled Fibers ...........................39 The Use of Strength Additives. Sizing Agents. and Retention Aids in Furnishes Containing Large Amounts of Recycled Fiber ...............................39 Conclusions .................................................... 40 Bibliography ...................................................40 Literature Cited ...............................................40 viii Chapter 6 Characterization of Wastes and Emlssions from Mills Using Recovered Fiber 1 41 by Reld Miner. Arun Someshwar. Paul Wlepnd. Robert Flsher. Herbert Berger. Dennis Baton. and Jay Unwln Introduction .................................................... 41 Wastewater Characteristics ............................................ 41 Wastewater Loads ..............................................41 Wastewater Treatment Technologies ....................................47 Specific Chemical Constitueds of Wastewaters .............................. 48 PCBs in Wastewaters ............................................ 48 Bioassay Responses ............................................. 50 AirEmissions .................................................. 55 Repulping and Deinking Operations .................................... 55 Bleaching Operations ............................................ 56 Manufacture of Paper and Board ...................................... 56 Volatilization in the Waste Treatment System ...............................56 Burning of Recovered-fiber Wastes and Fossil Fuels ........................... 58 Solid Wastes from Recovered-fiber Paper Mills ................................ 60 The Origin of Solid Wastes .........................................60 Pulper ..................................................60 Contaminant Removal Prior to Deinking ............................... 60 Deinking ................................................ 60 Contaminant Removal Afier Deinking ................................ 60 Factors That Influence Solid-waste Characteristics ............................ 60 Quantities of Solid Waste Produced .................................... 61 Sludge Dewatering ............................................. 62 Physical Propeflies of Recovered-fiber Sludge ..............................62 AshConlent ..............................................62 Other Physical Properties .......................................64 Chemical Properties of Recovered-fiber Sludge .............................. 64 Constituents of Sludge Extracts ....................................... 65 PCBs in Deinking Sludges .........................................65 Sludge Disposal Alternatives ........................................ 65 Current Practices ............................................ 65 Research into Alternative Disposal Methods ............................. 65 Summary ..................................................... 65 Bibliography ................................................... 67 Chapter 7 Nonpaper Uses for Recovered Paper 1 69 by Thomas Frlberg Scope and Opportunity .............................................. 69 Description of Raw Materials .......................................... 69 Products ..................................................... 70 LooseFiber .................................................70 Fuel ................................................... 70 Insulation ................................................ 70 MoldedPulp .............................................. 72 Animal Bedding ............................................72 Fillers ..................................................72 Bonded Systems (Composites) .......................................73 Chemical Derivatives ............................................ 73 Processes .....................................................73 Collection ..................................................73 Soding ....................................................73 Wet Processing .............................................73 Dry Processing .............................................73 Chemical Processing .......................................... 73 . Recyclabll~ty ................................................... 73 Economic Considerations ............................................ 74 Summary .....................................................74 Bibliography ................................................... 74 Chapter 8 Sourcing and Grading of Secondary Fiber / 75 by Danlel 8. Mulllgan Introduction .................................................... 75 Considerations ..................................................75 EPA Guidelines .................................................. 76 Sourcing .....................................................76
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