DOCSLIB.ORG

Sinus Venosus Embryology > Cardiorespiratory System > Cardiorespiratory System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Sinus Venosus Embryology > Cardiorespiratory System > Cardiorespiratory System NOTES Key points • Between days 24-56 (approximately), asymmetrical heart and vascular remodeling ensures that all systemic blood flows into the right atrium. • Ultimately: - The left sinus horn becomes coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium - The right horn is incorporated into right atrium, forms venous valves. FEATURES ON DAY 24: • Primitive left and right atria and ventricles • Outflow tract arises ventrally, and the singular orifice of the pulmonary vein drains into the area of the left atrium. The sinus venosus bilaterally drains the following veins: • Common cardinal veins - Common drainage vessels for the anterior and posterior cardinal veins. • Umbilical vein - Drains blood from the placenta • Vitelline vein - Drains the developing gut FEATURES ON DAY 50: • Outcroppings of the atria, called auricles, are forming. • The outflow tract has separated and formed the pulmonary trunk and arteries, which delivers blood to the pulmonary 1 / 3 circulation. • The aorta sends blood into the systemic circulation. • The orifice of the pulmonary vein now comprises four separate entrances; recall that two right and two left pulmonary veins return blood to the adult heart. Sinus venosus and tributaries: • The left vitelline and proximal portions of both umbilical veins are obliterated (the distal portion of the left umbilical veins persists and anastomoses with the ductus venosus to bypass the liver). • Both posterior cardinal veins, and the left anterior cardinal vein are in the process of obliterating. • As the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates, its branches (the thymic and thyroid veins) form anastomoses with those of the right anterior cardinal vein. FEATURES ON DAY 56: • Left horn becomes the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium. • Inferior vena cava comprises remnants of the right vitelline vein; for reference, sub- and supra-cardinal veins also contribute to this section of the inferior vena cava. • The right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to the superior vena cava, and, via anastomoses with the left anterior cardinal vein, the left brachiocephalic vein. - Each brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the jugular veins, which are also derived from the anterior cardinal veins, and, the subclavian veins, which drain the upper extremities. SUMMARY OF EMBRYONIC VEINS AND THEIR ADULT DERIVATIVES.  • Sinus venosus is incorporated into the heart as the sinus venarum of the right heart; in the adult, it is identified by its smooth surface. • Right vitelline vein gives rise to a portion of the inferior vena cava, and the left vitelline vein has no adult derivatives. • Right umbilical vein degenerates. • After birth, the portion of the of the left umbilical vein that connected with the ductus venosus degenerates to form the ligamentum teres hepatis. • Via anastomoses, the anterior cardinal veins give rise to the superior vena cava, left brachiocephalic vein, and the jugular veins. • The posterior cardinal veins have no adult derivatives. Bear in mind that the venous circulation is even more variable than the arteries: • A common variation in the sidedness or number of superior vena cavae results when the left anterior cardinal vein persists: 2 / 3 - If the right anterior cardinal vein also persists, double superior vena cava result; - If the right anterior cardinal vein degenerates, the superior vena cava will form on the left from the left anterior cardinal vein. FULL-LENGTH TEXT Here we will learn about the development of the sinus venous and its incorporation into adult cardiac features. To begin, start a table, and denote the following key points: Between days 24-56 (approximately), asymmetrical heart and vascular remodeling ensures that all systemic blood flows into the right atrium. Ultimately, the left sinus horn becomes coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium; the right horn is incorporated into right atrium, forms venous valves. Now, let's show the venous return to the heart on day 24. In dorsal view, draw the primitive left and right atria and ventricles. Indicate right/left orientation, and, show that the outflow tract arises ventrally, and the singular orifice of the pulmonary vein drains into the area of the left atrium. Next, show that the sinus venosus bilaterally drains the following veins: Common cardinal veins, which, as their name implies, are common drainage vessels for the anterior and posterior cardinal veins. Medial to the posterior cardinal veins, label the umbilical vein, then, the vitelline vein. Recall that the umbilical vein drains blood from the placenta, and the vitelline vein drains the developing gut. Over the next few weeks, venous blood flow shifts to the right. To show this, we'll draw the heart on day 50. First, re-draw the atria and ventricles. Indicate that outcroppings of the atria, called auricles, are forming. Next, show that the outflow tract has separated and formed the pulmonary trunk and arteries, which delivers blood to the pulmonary circulation, and, the aorta, which sends blood into the systemic circulation. Also, indicate that the orifice of the pulmonary vein now comprises four separate entrances; recall that two right and two left pulmonary veins return blood to the adult heart. Next, let's show what happens to the sinus venosus and its tributaries as venous blood return shifts to the right: The left vitelline and proximal portions of both umbilical veins are obliterated (the distal portion of the left umbilical veins persists and anastomoses with the ductus venosus to bypass the liver). Both posterior cardinal veins, and the left anterior cardinal vein are in the process of obliterating. As the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates, its branches (the thymic and thyroid veins) form anastomoses with those of the right anterior cardinal vein. Next, let's see how reorganization of venous return gives rise to the adult form. Re-draw the atria, auricles, ventricles, openings of the pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, and aorta. Then, show that the left horn has become the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium. Indicate the inferior vena cava, which comprises remnants of the right vitelline vein; for reference, write that sub- and supra-cardinal veins also contribute to this section of the inferior vena cava. The right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to the superior vena cava, and, via anastomoses with the left anterior cardinal vein, the left brachiocephalic vein. For completeness, show that each brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the jugular veins, which are also derived from the anterior cardinal veins, and, the subclavian veins, which drain the upper extremities. Finally, let's make a summary table of embryonic veins and their adult derivatives. First, write that the sinus venosus is incorporated into the heart as the sinus venarum of the right heart; in the adult, it is identified by its smooth surface. Next, the right vitelline vein gives rise to a portion of the inferior vena cava, and the left vitelline vein has no adult derivatives. Similarly, the right umbilical vein degenerates. After birth, the portion of the of the left umbilical vein that connected with the ductus venosus degenerates to form the ligamentum teres hepatis. Via anastomoses, the anterior cardinal veins give rise to the superior vena cava, left brachiocephalic vein, and the jugular veins; the posterior cardinal veins have no adult derivatives. Lastly, bear in mind that the venous circulation is even more variable than the arteries. For example, a common variation in the sidedness or number of superior vena cavae results when the left anterior cardinal vein persists: If the right anterior cardinal vein also persists, double superior vena cava result; If the right anterior cardinal vein degenerates, the superior vena cava will form on the left from the left anterior cardinal vein. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 3 / 3.
Recommended publications
  • Coronary Arterial Development Is Regulated by a Dll4-Jag1-Ephrinb2 Signaling Cascade

    Coronary Arterial Development Is Regulated by a Dll4-Jag1-Ephrinb2 Signaling Cascade

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Coronary arterial development is regulated by a Dll4-Jag1-EphrinB2 signaling cascade Stanislao Igor Travisano1,2, Vera Lucia Oliveira1,2, Bele´ n Prados1,2, Joaquim Grego-Bessa1,2, Rebeca Pin˜ eiro-Sabarı´s1,2, Vanesa Bou1,2, Manuel J Go´ mez3, Fa´ tima Sa´ nchez-Cabo3, Donal MacGrogan1,2*, Jose´ Luis de la Pompa1,2* 1Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; 2CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; 3Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain Abstract Coronaries are essential for myocardial growth and heart function. Notch is crucial for mouse embryonic angiogenesis, but its role in coronary development remains uncertain. We show Jag1, Dll4 and activated Notch1 receptor expression in sinus venosus (SV) endocardium. Endocardial Jag1 removal blocks SV capillary sprouting, while Dll4 inactivation stimulates excessive capillary growth, suggesting that ligand antagonism regulates coronary primary plexus formation. Later endothelial ligand removal, or forced expression of Dll4 or the glycosyltransferase Mfng, blocks coronary plexus remodeling, arterial differentiation, and perivascular cell maturation. Endocardial deletion of Efnb2 phenocopies the coronary arterial defects of Notch mutants. Angiogenic rescue experiments in ventricular explants, or in primary human endothelial cells, indicate that EphrinB2 is a critical effector of antagonistic Dll4 and Jag1 functions in arterial morphogenesis. Thus, coronary arterial precursors are specified in the SV prior to primary coronary plexus formation and subsequent arterial differentiation depends on a Dll4-Jag1-EphrinB2 signaling *For correspondence: [email protected] (DMG); cascade. [email protected] (JLP) Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist.
  • Abnormal Embryonic Lymphatic Vessel Development in Tie1 Hypomorphic Mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E

    Abnormal Embryonic Lymphatic Vessel Development in Tie1 Hypomorphic Mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E

    © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2014) 141, 1417 doi:10.1242/dev.108969 CORRECTION Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E. Batts, Mira Puri and H. Scott Baldwin There was an error published in Development 137, 1285-1295. Author name H. Scott Baldwin was incomplete. The correct author list appears above. The authors apologise to readers for this mistake. 1417 RESEARCH ARTICLE 1285 Development 137, 1285-1295 (2010) doi:10.1242/dev.043380 © 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu1, Kevin Tompkins1, Lorene E. Batts1, Mira Puri2 and Scott Baldwin1,3,* SUMMARY Tie1 is an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for development and maintenance of the vascular system; however, the role of Tie1 in development of the lymphatic vasculature is unknown. To address this question, we first documented that Tie1 is expressed at the earliest stages of lymphangiogenesis in Prox1-positive venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors. LEC Tie1 expression is maintained throughout embryonic development and persists in postnatal mice. We then generated two lines of Tie1 mutant mice: a hypomorphic allele, which has reduced expression of Tie1, and a conditional allele. Reduction of Tie1 levels resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and in dilated and disorganized lymphatic vessels in all tissues examined and in impaired lymphatic drainage in embryonic skin. Homozygous hypomorphic mice also exhibited abnormally dilated jugular lymphatic vessels due to increased production of Prox1-positive LECs during initial lymphangiogenesis, indicating that Tie1 is required for the early stages of normal lymphangiogenesis.
  • CCM2 and CCM3 Proteins Contribute to Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Human Placenta

    CCM2 and CCM3 Proteins Contribute to Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Human Placenta

    Histol Histopathol (2009) 24: 1287-1294 Histology and http://www.hh.um.es Histopathology Cellular and Molecular Biology CCM2 and CCM3 proteins contribute to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in human placenta Gamze Tanriover1, Yasemin Seval1, Leyla Sati1, Murat Gunel2 and Necdet Demir1 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Summary. Placenta as an ideal model to study Introduction angiogenic mechanisms have been established in previous studies. There are two processes, The placenta is a multifaceted organ that plays a vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, involved in blood critical role in maintaining and protecting the developing vessel formation during placental development. fetus. Normal development and function of the placenta Therefore, blood vessel formation is a crucial issue that requires extensive vasculogenesis and subsequent might cause vascular malformations. One of the vascular angiogenesis, in both maternal and fetal tissues. malformations is cerebral cavernous malformation Vasculogenesis is the formation of the primitive vascular (CCM) in the central nervous system, consisting of network de novo from progenitor cells, and angiogenesis endothelium-lined vascular channels without intervening is identified as the extension of blood vessels from normal brain parenchyma. Three CCM loci have been preexisting vascular structures (Demir et al., 1989, 2006; mapped as Ccm1, Ccm2, Ccm3 genes in CCM. In order Geva et al., 2002; Charnock-Jones et al., 2004). Many to investigate whether CCM proteins participate in blood factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor vessel formation, we report here the expression patterns (VEGF), angiopoietins (Angpt-1 and -2) and their of CCM2 and CCM3 in developing and term human receptors are involved in the molecular regulation of placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and these diverse developmental steps.
  • The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration

    The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration

    REVIEWS The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration Konstantinos Klaourakis 1,2, Joaquim M. Vieira 1,2,3 ✉ and Paul R. Riley 1,2,3 ✉ Abstract | The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The circulatory system of vertebrates is composed of two after MI. In this Review, we summarize the current complementary vasculatures, the blood and lymphatic knowledge on the development, structure and function vascular systems1. The blood vasculature is a closed sys- of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature, with an emphasis tem responsible for transporting gases, fluids, nutrients, on breakthroughs over the past 5 years in the study of metabolites and cells to the tissues2. This extravasation of cardiac lymphatic heterogeneity in mice and zebrafish.
  • Development of HEART 4-VEINS

    Development of HEART 4-VEINS

    Development of brachiocephalic veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein is formed by cranial part of right anterior cardinal vein and 2. Left brachiocephalic is formed by cranial part of left anterior cardinal vein and the interant.cardinal anastomosis. Development of superior vena cava 1. The part up to the opening of vena azygos develops from caudal part of right ant.cardinal vein and 2. The part below the opening (intrapericardial part) is formed by the right common cardinal vein. Development of azygos and hemiazygos veins A. 1. Vena azygos develops from right azygos line vein and 2. The arch of vena azygos is formed by the cranial end of right postcardinal vein. B. Hemiazygos veins are formed by the left azygos line vein. Development of Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava is formed, from below upwards by: 1. Begins by the union of the two common iliac veins (postcardinal veins), 2. Right supracardinal, 3. Right supra-subcardinal anastomosis, 4. Right subcardinal, 5. New formation (hepatic segment) and 6. Hepatocardiac channel (terminal part of right vitelline vein). Congenital anomalies • Double inferior vena cava • Absence • Left SVC • Double SVC DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL VEIN 1. The portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesentric and splenic vein to the left vitelline vein. 2. The part of the portal vein which is behind the Ist part of duodenum is formed by middle dorsal transverse anastomosis. 3. Part of portal vein which is in the free margin of lesser omentum is formed by cranial or distal part of right vitelline vein.
  • The Placenta

    The Placenta

    The placenta Learning module Developed by Carolyn Hammer Edited by Fabien Giroux Diagrams By Dr Julien Yockell Lelievre where indicated The placenta – Learning module Table of content 1) Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3 2) Anatomy and Physiology………………………………………………………..6 3) Roles and Functions……………………………………………………………17 4) Development and formation…………………………………..…………….…27 5) What happens after birth……………………………………………….……...34 6) What happens when things go wrong.……………………………………….36 7) Interesting facts about pregnancy………………….…………………………46 2 The placenta – Learning module Introduction 3 The placenta – Learning module What is the placenta? •The placenta is a “vascular (supplied with blood vessels) organ in most mammals that unites the fetus to the uterus of the mother. It mediates the metabolic exchanges of the developing individual through an intimate association of embryonic tissues and of certain uterine tissues, serving the functions of nutrition, respiration, and excretion.” (Online Britannica encyclopaedia) •As the fetus is in full development, it requires a certain amount of gases and nutrients to help support its growth. Because the fetus is unable to do so on its own, the placenta provides these gases and nutrients throughout pregnancy. http://health.allrefer.com/health/plac enta-abruptio-placenta.html 4 The placenta – Learning module What are the main roles of the placenta? •The placenta provides the connection between fetus and mother in order to help carry out many different functions that the growing baby is incapable to do so alone. During pregnancy, the placenta has 6 main roles to maintain good health and a good environment for the growing child: •Respiration •Nutrition •Excretion •Protection •Endocrine •Immunity 5 The placenta – Learning module Anatomy and physiology 6 The placenta – Learning module Structure •A placenta is an organ of round or oval shape that is relatively flat.
  • The Structural Heterogeneity of Chorial Villi Phenotype Determined by Angiogenesis

    The Structural Heterogeneity of Chorial Villi Phenotype Determined by Angiogenesis

    Rom J Leg Med [19] 197-210 [2011] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2011.197 © 2011 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine The structural heterogeneity of chorial villi phenotype determined by angiogenesis. Implications in legal pathology Gheorghe S. Dragoi*, Petru Razvan Melinte, Daniel Zimta, Mohab El Din Mohamed _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Micro anatomic phenotype of chorial villi can be achieved only by means of a rigurous evaluation of its structural elements: trophoblast, vascular and mesenchyme. The authors proposed themselves to study the reciprocal relations between syncytiotrophoblast, fetal sinusoid capillaries and argentic collagen fiber fascicles inside chorial villi depending on angionesis process. The research was carried out on human biologic material using placenta fragments during 28-37 weeks of gestation. The authors consider that the collagen IV stereo distribution inside the vascular pedicle of the terminal villi, contributes to the stability, biodynamic and biokinematics of villi phenotype that is determined by branching or non branching angiogenesis. The personal results have a great value for stating the variability limits of terminal villi phenotype in ortology as well as in general or forensic pathology. Key Words: terminal villi, angiogenesis, collagen IV, villi phenotype he chorial villi phenotype is determined either by vasculogenesis either by angiogenesis. It Tis considered that until the end of gestation, the blood capillaries network reaches 550 km in length and 15 m2 in surface (Burton and Jauniaux, 1995) [7]. Angiogenesis plays an important role in formation and remodeling of blood vessels inside human placenta terminal villi. In the second half of gestation there is a growth acceleration and an increase in number for mature intermediate and terminal villi and for sinusoid blood capillaries (Mayhew, 2002) [22].
  • Azygos Vein System Abnormality: Case Report

    Azygos Vein System Abnormality: Case Report

    Gülhane Týp Dergisi 2006; 48: 180-182 OLGU SUNUMU © Gülhane Askeri Týp Akademisi 2006 Azygos vein system abnormality: case report Necdet Kocabýyýk (*), Tunç Kutoðlu (**), Soner Albay (*), Bülent Yalçýn (*), Hasan Ozan (*) Summary Introduction Variations seen in the thoracic vein system are Abnormalities related to the azygos system are not rare (1). In a series related to the development of these veins. of 200 cases, Bergman et al. have reported the incidence of this anomaly During the dissection from the posterior medi- astinum of the 60-year-old male cadaver, it 26% (2). These abnormalities are generally explained by the embryolog- was observed that there was no complete ical development. Venous branching of the azygos vein varies (3). There accessory hemiazygos vein, and both posterior are two origins of the azygos and hemiazygos veins. By union of these intercostal veins and hemiazygos vein (above origins and regression of some parts, azygos system comes into its final T10 level) drained bilaterally to the azygos vein. Considering these types of variations is status (4). Different types of structures may occur when these veins important during imaging this region and surgi- develop. Abnormalities about azygos system and especially the variations cal operations. of the hemiazygos veins are not clearly described in the literature. In this Key words: Azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, superior vena cava, venous anomaly presentation absence of the accessory hemiazygos vein and possible causes of these types of variations are discussed in view of the embry- Özet ological development. Azigos ven sistem anomalisi: olgu sunumu Toraks ven sisteminde görülen varyasyonlar, embriyolojik olarak bu venlerin geliþimiyle ilgi- Case Report lidir.
  • Cardiogenesis with a Focus on Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

    Cardiogenesis with a Focus on Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

    Received: 27 August 2019 | Revised: 4 February 2020 | Accepted: 20 February 2020 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12549 SPECIAL ISSUE Cardiogenesis with a focus on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis Katrin Borasch1 | Kenneth Richardson2 | Johanna Plendl1 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Abstract University Berlin, Berlin, Germany The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, School a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subse- of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia quently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and Correspondence Johanna Plendl, Department of Veterinary haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly ex- Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, panding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Email: [email protected] vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of Funding information Freie Universität Berlin the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
  • Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development

    Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development

    Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development In human embryos, the heart begins to beat at approximately 22-23 days, with blood flow beginning in the 4th week. The heart is one of the earliest differentiating and functioning organs. • This emphasizes the critical nature of the heart in distributing blood through the vessels and the vital exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes between the developing baby and the mother. • Therefore, the first system that completes its development in the embryo is called cardiovascular system. https://www.slideshare.net/DrSherifFahmy/intraembryonic-mesoderm-general-embryology Mesoderm is one of the three • Connective tissue primary germ layers that • Smooth and striated muscle • Cardiovascular System differentiates early in • Kidneys development that collectively • Spleen • Genital organs, ducts gives rise to all subsequent • Adrenal gland cortex tissues and organs. The cardiovascular system begins to develop in the third week of gestation. Blood islands develop in the newly formed mesoderm, and consist of (a) a central group of haemoblasts, the embryonic precursors of blood cells; (b) endothelial cells. Development of the heart and vascular system is often described together as the cardiovascular system. Development begins very early in mesoderm both within (embryonic) and outside (extra embryonic, vitelline, umblical and placental) the embryo. Vascular development occurs in many places. • Blood islands coalesce to form a vascular plexus. Preferential channels form arteries and veins. • Day 17 - Blood islands form first in the extra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 18 - Blood islands form next in the intra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 19 - Blood islands form in the cardiogenic mesoderm and coalesce to form a pair of endothelial heart tubes Development of a circulation • A circulation is established during the 4th week after the myocardium is differentiated.
  • Endothelial Cell Dynamics in Vascular Development: Insights from Live-Imaging in Zebrafish

    Endothelial Cell Dynamics in Vascular Development: Insights from Live-Imaging in Zebrafish

    fphys-11-00842 July 20, 2020 Time: 12:10 # 1 REVIEW published: 22 July 2020 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00842 Endothelial Cell Dynamics in Vascular Development: Insights From Live-Imaging in Zebrafish Kazuhide S. Okuda1,2 and Benjamin M. Hogan1,2,3* 1 Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2 Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3 Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia The formation of the vertebrate vasculature involves the acquisition of endothelial cell identities, sprouting, migration, remodeling and maturation of functional vessel networks. To understand the cellular and molecular processes that drive vascular development, live-imaging of dynamic cellular events in the zebrafish embryo have proven highly informative. This review focusses on recent advances, new tools and new insights from imaging studies in vascular cell biology using zebrafish as a model system. Keywords: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, anastomosis, endothelial cell, zebrafish Edited by: INTRODUCTION Elizabeth Anne Vincent Jones, KU Leuven, Belgium Vascular development is an early and essential process in the formation of a viable vertebrate Reviewed by: embryo. Blood and lymphatic vascular networks are composed of a complex mix of cell types: for Anna Rita Cantelmo, example smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, pericytes and immune cells are intimately associated and Université Lille Nord de France, even integrated within mature vessel walls (Rouget, 1873; Horstmann, 1952; Nicosia and Madri, France 1987; Fantin et al., 2010; Gordon et al., 2010). The inner lining of the vasculature, made up of Jingjing Zhang, endothelial cells (ECs), is the earliest part of the vasculature to develop in the embryo and is Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China instructive in recruiting other lineages and cell types as the vascular system matures.
  • Development of the Vascular System in Five to Twenty-One

    Development of the Vascular System in Five to Twenty-One

    THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM IN FIVE TO TWtNTY-ONE SOMITE DOG EMBRYOS by ELDEN WILLIAM MARTIN B, S., Kansas State College of Agriculture and ADolied Science, 195>U A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Zoology KANSAS STATV: COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND A PLIED SCIENCE 1958 LP TH Ooco/*>*Tv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO IXJ CTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ^ OBSERVATIONS 6 Five-Somi te Stag© . 6 Seven-Somite Stage 8 Eight-Somite Stage 9 Ten- and bleven-Somite Stage 12 Twe 1 ve-Somi te Stage • \\i Fifteen-Somite Stage 18 Seventeen-Somite Stage 21 Eighteen-Somite Stage 2$ Twenty- and Twenty- one -Somite Stage 27 INTERPRETATIONS AND DISCUSSION 30 Vasculogenesis • 30 Cardiogenesis 33 The Origin and Development of Arteries \ 3lj. Aortic Arches •••« 3I4. Cranial Arterie s ...•• 36 The Dorsal Aorta 37 Intersegmental AAteries 39 Vertebral Arteries 39 Vitelline Arteries }±q The Allantoic Artery \±\ Ill IITERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION (Contd.) The Origin and Development of Veins •• kl The Anterior Cardinal Veins . I4.I Posterior Cardinal Veins k2 Umbilical Veins U3 Common Cardinal Veins kh Interconnecting Vessels Ui> SUMMARY kl LITERA°URE CITED $1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 53 APPENDIX 5U HTmDUCTIOW AND LITFRATORF. rfvibw While the dog has been employed extensively as a labora- tory animal in various fields of scientific endeavour, the use of this animal in embryology has been neglected. As a con- sequence, the literature on the circulatory system of the dog was represented only by an unpublished thesis by Duffey (3) on oardlogenesis and the first heart movements.