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Lapin Koulutushistoria - Lassila JUHANI LAPIN KOULUTUSHISTORIA - LASSILA KIRKOLLINEN ALKUOPETUS, Kasvatustieteiden ja opettajankoulutuksen KANSA-, PERUS- JA yksikkö, Oulun yliopisto OPPIKOULUT, OSA 2 OULU 2001 JUHANI LASSILA LAPIN KOULUTUSHISTORIA - KIRKOLLINEN ALKUOPETUS, KANSA-, PERUS- JA OPPIKOULUT, OSA 2 Esitetään Oulun yliopiston kasvatustieteiden tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Linnanmaan Kajaaninsalissa (L 6) 21. syyskuuta 2001 klo 12.00. OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2001 Copyright © 2001 University of Oulu, 2001 Käsikirjoitus vastaanotettu 20 elokuuta 2001 Käsikirjoitus hyväksytty 27 elokuuta 2001 Esittäneet Dosentti Seppo Lohi Emeritusprofessori Veli Nurmi ISBN 951-42-6463-0 (URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514264630/) ALSO AVAILABLE IN PRINTED FORMAT ISBN 951-42-6453-3 ISSN 0355-323X (URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn0355323X/) OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS OULU 2001 Lassila, Juhani, The history of education in Finnish Lapland - Elementary education carried out by the Church, primary schools, comprehensive schools and secondary schools, Part 2 Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 2000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 2001 Oulu, Finland (Manuscript received 20 August 2001) Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the history of elementary schools held by the Church as well as the history of primary schools, comprehensive schools and secondary schools in various municipalities in Lapland up to the end of school year 1998-99. This is a basic research. The examination proceeds from the founding of the first educational institution of each school type. The first itinerant catechists of Finland began teaching in Utsjoki in 1751. The first primary school was founded in Rovaniemi in 1870. Lapland changed over to comprehensive school system in 1972. The Tornio Pedagogium was granted founding permit in 1630. The schools held by the Church were either permanent or itinerant. The importance of permanent schools was insignificant in Lapland. Itinerant school system consisted of two categories; catechist schools and itinerant schools. Their educational aims were uniform. Catechists received their salary from the state whereas itinerant schools were maintained mainly by parishes. Catechist schools were founded only in the parishes of Northern and Eastern Lapland. In other parishes instruction was given by itinerant schools. Even in the beginning of the 1920’s the amount of school-aged children in Lapland was higher in itinerant schools than in primary ones. The last catechist school was closed in Inari in 1954. The history of the primary school and comprehensive school can be divided into four periods. The starting point was the year 1866 when the Regulation on Primary Schools was issued. This first period came to an end in 1898 when each municipality of Lapland became obliged to divide its area into school districts. The Regulation on Primary Schools didn’t oblige rural municipalities to found schools but made it possible for them. In school year 1897-98 only 24 schools gave instruction in Lapland. The obligation to form school districts brought schools even to the biggest villages in peripheral areas. In school year 1920-21 there were 96 schools in Lapland. The Compulsory Education Act was issued in 1921. The inhabitants of Lapland were active and hence in the autumn 1929 there were already 205 primary schools. The years subsequent to the war meant rapid progress in society with the result that more than 160 new primary schools were founded in Lapland. In school year 1957-58 the amount of schools was at its highest, 425. The fourth period in the history of the primary school and comprehensive school comprises the school years 1958-99. At that time the Primary Schools Act and Comprehensive Schools Act were in force. In the 1960’s Finland and first of all Lapland were met by a severe crisis. Until now the increase of population had been strong. Now, however, it began to decrease. The inhabitants of peripheral areas began migrating to towns, Southern Finland and Sweden. In 1974-75 the amount of lower levels of the comprehensive school was no more than 313. The situation improved to some extent for 15 years due to the measures taken by the state. Consequently, in 1989-90 there were still 281 schools. In the 1990’s Finland was shaken up by depression. In Lapland, then, unemployment increased, which resulted in migration. In autumn 1998 there were 200 lower levels of the comprehensive school. The only secondary school in Lapland was for a long time in Tornio. The next secondary school was founded in the town of Kemi in 1897. In autumn 1939 there were three educational institutions in Lapland enabling the students to continue their studies at university. After the war, especially in the 1960´s, plenty of secondary schools were founded in Lapland. Keywords: Lapland (the Province of Lapland in 2000), permanent schools, itinerant schools, catechist schools, the Regulation on Primary Schools (12/1866), the Regulation on Division into Districts (20/1898), the Compulsory Education Act (101/1921), the Primary Schools Act (247/1957), the Comprehensive Schools Act (476/1983) Lassila, Juhani, Lapin koulutushistoria - Kirkollinen alkuopetus, kansa-, perus- ja oppikoulut, osa 2 Kasvatustieteiden ja opettajankoulutuksen yksikkö, Oulun yliopisto, P.O.Box 2000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 2001 Oulu, Finland (Käsikirjoitus vastaanotettu 20 elokuuta 2001) Tiivistelmä Tavoitteenani on selvittää Lapin kirkollisten alkuopetuskoulujen sekä kansa-, perus- ja oppikoulujen historiaa kuntakohtaisesti lukuvuoden 1998-99 loppuun saakka. Kyseessä on perustutkimus. Tarkas- telu alkaa kunkin koulumuodon ensimmäisen oppilaitoksen käynnistymisestä. Vuoden 1750 tienoil- la aloittivat Utsjoella Suomen ensimmäiset kiertävät katekeetat opetustyönsä. Ensimmäinen kansa- koulu avattiin Rovaniemellä 1870. Lappi siirtyi peruskoulujärjestelmään 1972. Tornion pedagogio sai perustamisluvan 1630. Kirkolliset koulut olivat kiinteitä tai kiertäviä. Kiinteiden koulujen merkitys Lapissa oli vähäi- nen. Kiertävät koulut ryhmitellään katekeetta- ja kiertokouluiksi. Niiden opetustavoitteet olivat yhteneväiset. Katekeettojen palkat maksoi valtio. Kiertokoulujen toiminnan rahoittivat lähinnä seu- rakunnat. Katekeettakouluja perustettiin vain Pohjois- ja Itä-Lapin seurakuntiin. Muissa seurakun- nissa opetuksesta vastasivat kiertokoulut. Lapin kiertävissä kouluissa oli vielä 1920-luvun alussa enemmän kouluikäisiä kuin kansakouluissa. Viimeinen katekeettakoulu suljettiin Inarissa 1954. Kansa- ja peruskoulujen toiminta-aika jakaantuu luontevasti neljään jaksoon. Lähtöpiste on kan- sakouluasetuksen syntymävuosi 1866, ja ensimmäinen etappi päättyy 1898 piirijakoasetuksen anta- miseen. Kansakouluasetus ei määrännyt maalaiskuntia perustamaan kansakouluja, mutta teki sen mahdolliseksi. Lukuvuonna 1897-98 oli Lapissa vain 24 koulua. Piirijakoasetus toi kouluja myös suurimpiin sivukyliin. Lukuvuonna 1920-21 kouluja oli 96. Oppivelvollisuuslaki annettiin 1921. Lapin asukkaat olivat aktiivisia, ja syksyllä 1929 kansakou- luja oli jo 205. Väkevästi elettyinä sodanjälkeisinä vuosina Lapissa käynnistettiin vielä yli 160 uut- ta kansakoulua. Lukuvuonna 1957-58 kouluja oli ennätysmäärä 425. Neljäs tarkastelukausi käsittää lukuvuodet 1958-99, jolloin kansa- ja peruskoululait olivat voi- massa. Suomea ja ennenkaikkea Lappia kohtasi 1960-luvulla suuri murros. Väestön voimakas kasvu pysähtyi kääntyen laskuun. Muuttoliike suuntautui maatalouskylistä kaupunkeihin, Etelä-Suomeen ja Ruotsiin. Ala-asteita oli 1974-75 enää 313. Valtion toimenpitein tilanne tasoittui 15 vuodeksi, ja kouluja oli 1989-90 vielä 281. Lama ravisteli 1990-luvulla Suomea. Lapissakin työttömyys kasvoi aiheuttaen poismuuttoaallon. Syksyllä 1998 ala-asteita oli 200. Torniossa oli pitkään Lapin ainoa oppikoulu. Kemistä tuli oppikoulukaupunki 1897. Syksyllä 1939 oli Lapissa kolme yliopistoon johtavaa oppilaitosta. Sodan jälkeen, erityisesti 1960-luvulla, perustettiin Lappiin runsaasti oppikouluja. Asiasanat: Lappi (Lapin lääni v. 2000), kiinteät koulut, kiertokoulut, katekeettakoulut, kan- sakouluasetus (12/1866), piirijakoasetus (20/1898), laki oppivelvollisuudesta (101/1921), kansakoululaki (247/1957) Sisältö 16 Posion koululaitos . 471 16.1 Posio – vesien, vaarojen ja tunturien pitäjä . 471 16.2 Katekeetta- ja kiertokouluopetus nykyisen Posion kunnan alueella . 472 16.3 Posio kartuttaa emäkunnilta saamiaan leivisköitä mallikelpoisesti . 474 16.3.1 Posio saa perintönä kolme kansakoulua Kuusamosta ja yhden Taivalkoskelta . 474 16.3.2 Itsenäinen Posion kunta toteuttaa oppivelvollisuutta nopeasti ja tehokkaasti . 476 16.3.3 Koulutuksen tavoitteeksi asetettu tasa-arvo toteutuu myös Posiolla . 481 16.3.3.1 Muutoksen vuodet ennen peruskouluun siirtymistä . 481 16.3.3.2 Peruskouluun siirtyminen Posion kunnassa ja sitä seuranneet vuosikymmenet . 484 16.4 Posion nuoret saavat kotikunnassa oppikouluopetusta . 486 16.5 Kunta ja koulutus kehittyvät ja muuttuvat käsi kädessä . 487 16.6 Yhteenveto: Posion koulut . 488 17 Tornio 1: Alatornion koululaitos . 490 17.1 Alatornio – koko Tornionlaakson emäpitäjä . 490 17.2 Alatorniolla on kiertokoulujen lisäksi kiinteitäkin seurakunnan kouluja . 491 17.3 Alatorniolle rakennetaan tiheä kyläkoulujen verkosto . 494 17.3.1 Alatornion ensimmäinen kansakoulu aloittaa Yliraumolla . 494 17.3.2 Alatornion rantakylät saavat kansakoulunsa . 498 17.3.3 Kouluverkko rakentuu myös sisämaan maatalouskyliin eli “mettäperälle” . 502 17.3.4 Elinkeinorakenteen muutos vaikuttaa
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