The Problem of Evil in Early Modern Romanian Literature. Antim

CEU eTD Collection Second Re Super The Problem of Evil in Early Modern Romanian Literature. visor: Professor Matthias Riedl Matthias Professor visor: Antim Ivireanul, Miron Costin and Ion Neculce ader: Professor Gyorgy Szonyi Gyorgy Professor ader: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of thefor degree the requirements of fulfillment partial In Central European University European Central History Department History Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Mast

to Submitted Alin Vara Alin 2009 er of Arts

CEU eTD Collection

Author the of permission written the e without not be mad may instructions such with accordance in made copies Further made. copies formof such any a part must Thispage librarian. the from beobtained may Details Library. European Central in the and lodged Author the given by instructions the with accordance be onlyin may made part, in or full either with process, Copiesany theby Author. rests this thesis of text the in Copyright

1 CEU eTD Collection of towardsthe roots totalitarianattitude the experience of 20 intellectual the establishing at aims conclusion as The people responsible agents. involves which civilized, free and prosperous rule, regardingof as history andas category a moral responsibility, of political moral their investigate discern concernstheir analysis of definition politic evil, of anintervalspans history which 1750.Themainthread Moldova in roughly1650to the of from ofbeginning 18 the theat of Wala Neculce.chia Thefirst andIon was Ivireanul,metropolitan Antim MironCostin this whether is The question The Abstract ed

thesis reconstructs reconstructs thoughtthesis the threekeyof in figures earlymodern Romanian culture:

between rightandwrong

C. and left a series of sermons - political projectspolitical andto

questioning the authorities concerning authorities questioning the

elite shared in the affairs of temporal of affairs rule the in

the radical proble radical the s, disobediences, trace any signs of i anyof signs trace -

Didahii, next the chroniclersoftwo were th century m of questioning political evil and evil political m questioning of andhistorical experience. their willingness willingness a their to establish .

. This would mean to wouldmean to . This ntroducing ntroducing ofthe idea something

2 CEU eTD Collection Conclusion 3: IonChapter report Neculce’s Mi 2: Chapter the and 1: AntimChapter evil problempolitical of Ivireanul Introduction Table ofContents The chronicler and his his Conclusion and The chronicler society. of The picture His attitude Costin’sConclusion. solution Miron Life of the world (Viia Punishments signs and Hubris backgroundPersonal and context historical beyond. not … but Conclusion To the furthest limits… symphonia evil disobedience and as Byzantine ofmanDefinition sin original and A first so Historical context

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CEU eTD Collection by the community- by the yourto neighbor as a to threat everybody’s freedom something and which should notbe tolera distinguishing interest,for commongood,of and a between private ofpublic regarding culture has some of sort reaction to evils such as murder, is that the political culture offighting established. A second answer, and a possible counter values madebasic which possible thebetween distinction goodand evilwere firmly not raised by so many years of passivity under totalitarian Romanian on burden fore ofcontext TotalitarianismRomanian history. brought has the problem of political evil to the givenit. to solutions theofconcerns problem analysis of evil history the of Moldova ofbeginning 18 the Antim Ivireanul, Miron Costin and Ion Neculce. The first wasmetropolitan ofWalachia at the The nec My thesis reconstructs thought reconstructs thesis the keyMy in of modern figures early three Romanian culture: Introduction - front of reflection. With it comes the idea of responsibility, of how to ju

society towards evil is timely society towards is evil A long duree analysis of the attitude of ofattitude involved. analysis the Aduree long the offactor shoulders each essity become inquiry of this

th all of thesewere again not firmly established. Ever since the earthquake in

C. and C. left of aseries sermons

in an interval which spans roughly main spans1750.The intervalwhich an roughly fromin thread 1650to

s - for the fact that response worthy the that it to question fact is for the

visible intowhen longertime put visible theframe in and namely how they defined evil and which were the which and the hownamely were they evil defined -

- Didahii reaction to the claim that vi rule .

A quick answerA would quick that be the , the next two were chroniclers of dge the moral r tually every evil done done evil ted ted 4 CEU eTD Collection on the Evil of the Banality on distinctions can no longe 3 2 1 of hypostases thehistorical European context. (in fact for all three great monotheisms)makes this type of inquiry somorally specific and t relevan the as forguilt rendering history and of existence Christianity of “metaphysical” concept the frommoral and different assessment is both and historical guilt, wasguilt is noindividual guilt. mean there that would simply this saying that guilt, idea aboutof the , althoughcollective wasskeptical tyranny HannahArendt injustice done against choose to power howe metaphysical. ofcriminal, bynamingfourguilt: political, types and GermanThe Questionmoral of Guilt Karl Jaspers has summarized accountable concepts events.Modernity, new therefore,historical the with evil Moral was from category ona bywhich now people designa Lisbon Dem. Zamfirescu, (Bucuresti: Editura Politică, 1986), p. 37 Bruno Wurtz, GeorgePurdea, 2004), p. 4 andeven to condemn are trends, or whole groups of people happier agreement than that no one has the right to judge somebody else. What public opinion permits us to judge

“Justice, but not mercy, is a matter of judgment, and about nothing does public opinion everywhere seem to be in Karl Jaspers, translation: Romanian In Cf ., Susan These fine nuances are among the bestaccounts ver, in 1755, basic a distinction was developedin Western thought: andnatural evil.moral

exactly whymade Jaspers thesedistinctions. Still, justice, by looking for the individual Neiman, Neiman, may also refer to the in front of its subjects, also introduces the crucial idea of political responsibility. 2

Poli

Evil in Modern Thought their own government. Lastly, metaphysical guilt metaphysical passivity ownis their the the against government. Lastly, , (New York: Penguin Classics, 1992 (1962), p. 296 p. (1962), 1992 Classics, Penguin York: (New , tical andmoral guilt refer first to the whole bureaucra r be made, names no longer be named.” Hannah Arendt, the others. the others. Traducere din limba germană şi note: George Purdea, Controlul traducerii: Vasile

almost complet

responsibility of people as the citizens who always have the Texte filosofice Texte : An Alternative History of of Philosophy Alternative History An , Prefaţă: Purdea,Selecţia, Ghişe, textelor: DumitruGeorge main the of problem ely tyranny

the larger the the larger better 3

But to reject the idea of collective German

and prescriptions on judging guilt under on guilt prescriptions and judging

of civil society of society civil government and ted theirown responsibilityfor -

in short, something so general that Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report timely and relevant for any , (Princeton University Press, Press, University (Princeton , tic system; political, in hisin 1946text 5 1

CEU eTD Collection and heardand by others, to deprived be things essen ,Human would it, Condition “ put . As for needs in ofhousehold the commongood,beyond HannahArendt, theaction, a his on man rested of humanity a very the premises were already sown in Classical and Christian culture . For ancient the the Greeks, its actuality hardly p is historic modernity. This is noveltyofindeed absolute an theory would mean that political responsibility under only can true be assertion half of the 19 effective influencevoluntaristic m increasedand foreign only becomes that it obvious moral m is ofthattheconsequence idea this of responsibility political was on process and. The of its destructioncultural entity began total political ofcommunity as the the further one gets from its origins process necessary a of second,not geographicalposition, becausemodernity itselfis because havepremises not the did nor inority. inority. My theory My is thatwhat But might it be replied that, precisely because this comes up world,mode Romania,borderland a In ofcivilized the - political problem could not be the present political the be problemnot could . ally circumscribed, that it the is Time itself was also a problem, as the beginning late of modernization in the tial to a truly human life: to be deprived of the reality th

century m century ossible other in times andplaces. eant a reform a but 1947, until eant above, fromonly when Communism changes in

the the integrated.time Thepremises fully be to lacked

t o entirelyprivatelive an lifemeans allto above be of deprived the circumstance: following -

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the the of an "objective" relationship with them that comes from

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so late in public discourse, the publicdiscourse, in the late so

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regions literature. Th - praxis, while

first, easures are easures are beral orde -

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CEU eTD Collection and all the lay faithful on Christian lay faithful all the and love.”, 25 december 2005, available from CARITAS EST CARITAS Christian life: “We have come to know and to believe in the love God has for us”. “ the resulting image of mankind and its destiny. In the same verse, Saint John also offers a kind of summary the of

are reborn in Christ and and reborninanticipatedpartially Christ bytheare . bodyofChurch the ephemeral cityof man worldly futile and a ambitionsand city of who God composedbythose r relevant. ToAugustine the allthis,St. wouldadd morally est_en.html http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents of Letter John First 5 4 is that from now on the sacralization of politics here What soul.crucial is ofreborn the innerreality bythe only infrastructures,institutional but how crucial and revolutionary thistask is becomes theexercise of. It other lovebe towards the onearth cannot sufficiently emphasized youshall onearth bewhatever loose heaven.” loosed ( in God him.”( in Christ, the incarn other, the loving first,ofthe namely recognizingequal the otheras theandcreation ofin figure likeness God its . Second, specific ethics rests on the consequences Christianity comes specific anthropologyeveryequal a which humanin of with in is virtue its of possibility of deprived be the to being of Chicago Press, 1998 (1958), p. 58 p. (1958), 1998 Press, Chicago of

“ ‘God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God, and God abides in him’ ( Hannah Arendt, In this way related separated and to from intermediaryof them the through , accessed on 4 June 2009. 4 on accessed ,

of the supreme pontiff XVI Benedict y a polity, by material and visible polity, bya realm,, created be invisible an Heaven, cannot TheHuman Condition 1 Jn. 4:16)1 Jn.

express with remarkable clarity the heart of the Christian faith: the Christian image of God and image of and theGod faith: Christian the Christian of the heart clarity remarkable with express ated Son of God. benefiting from 5

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“God is love and love remainsGod love in remains whoever in and is “God the example and actual presence

achieving something more itself. life permanent than something achieving -

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CEU eTD Collection convincing literary analyses literary onMironCostin convincing dealt explicitly with how theseauthors viewed theseissues. Nicolae Manolescu No divineorigin. as a book interpreted having be tended to thatworldly authority distinction based man Godcontrast, and between was,in on traditional Christian tenets with the crucial the relationship while engagement, than for ethical for evasion rather problematic tended and Romanian hi man deal with negative historical experience? How disobedience? a What is should What authors? politics? evilforis these is what questions: attitudes the of 17 the patterns of totalitarian experience how period much by tosee wasmade to that and it ofpossible reasonsecond for t it how deal with to was, at be problem can even ear the ofraised in responsibility seeneasily as result a of ofchange terminology praxis and now are rights freedomuniversal responsibility, accountability political contract, ofand rulers, which could calledalways beupon in a certain context. Concepts such society ascivil politics are already established remembered, while Christia skepticism regarding the legitimacy of rulers will be laid. abuses asbeing th The theoretical approachbody the The theoretical to of modernityAs begins such, in culturewhich a in the classical model ofpolity still the is

least in theory, thoroughly So,theory, againeviland in problemleast Christian. theory, the in political of gh culture timeof that between the the relationship individual and history e result of divine will , has all the premises of being present for authors thetime. the , haspremisespresent of all that ofAnd being the he he relevance of problem possibilitythe is the of tracing back the mentality th - 18 th centuries. n anthropology, theof ethics sacrifice -

not always as dominant models, but surely as basic elements

will possible be thenot and for the permanent basis

sources willtherefore be established by some key

With these question mind, in will argue I that,for and Ion Nec Ion and ly modern Romania: because modernRomania: regionly the

in politicaltheory. ulce. He deconstructs the theory of the theory He deconstructs ulce.

and the desacralization of It is also clear why

(1990) , social social ,

was was has has has has 8 CEU eTD Collection Antim is his attempt to legitimate certain pieces of advice or contemporary situations, Erich withauthors, balanced a of a analysis medieval, humanist Mazilu has disparities. Danon social Horia (1997)some also frameworks onthese general critical ofOttomans adversary the avoice and worthy was a towards internal affairs, especially critiques are always vague regarding temporal rule, while Strempel, in contrast, beli inspired him. Negrici observes quite accurately that in the end, with all their apparent force, his researcher into Antim’s pe main theological and philosophical references. Gabriel Strempel investigating thought, mortality. regarded this humanist portraysofto accurately response the she Miron Costin pessimism,end which one Newtonian modelcosmological shatteredthebelief had which ancient inAxis Mundi the revolutionary the respondedto ofwhich one sensibility theage, Baroque the synonymous with Costin’s Miron discourse. moral and grandeur lack of his Ionnarrative For Neculce,highlights he existence. fearing medieval motifs of the of vanities th e world (1972) Ivascu literature modern Romanian baroque influenceheavy onearly For the theoretical framework regarding typology and figural approach, techniques by used approach,techniques typologyfigural framework and regarding theoretical the For Eugen Negrici

wisdom, moral behavior, faith and written culture as the key instruments of overcoming instruments overcoming key of the as culture written and faith moralwisdom, behavior,

Ioana Em. Petrescu(1981), howeverconvinced is bythe idea of baroque influence in ,

and remarks Miron Costin’s reliance on traditional classical, Christian and work, stating that the cosmological pessimism cosmological thatthe work, stating

(1972, 2004)(1972, everything from stylistic features to the useful contextualizations of his rsonal background patristic and rsonal andtexts major had the biblical which

is probably the best probablythe is

and and the onthe stating necessitythe of living a God

observer of the main patterns of Anmainpatterns tim’s ofobserver the nd baroque influences nd baroque , supported especially by George byGeorge especially supported

of the Life of the world the of

(1972)

also acareful eves that heeves that . I n the n the is is 9 - CEU eTD Collection es approach the initial divine harmony for all creatures which TzouramaniEugenia believers. theonly idea of collective, irrespectiveof the deeds, salvation for the community of rite Eastern andRomanian the Orthodoxy that,until surprise comesconclusion the 19 at 6 he views sin, disobedience and the political, external, internaland actors Thesecond ofday. his world different historical and intellectual contexts context and literaturefortheological secondary the mentioned whilehistorical, literary above, using communist culture medieval and modernRomanian early are lacking. andintmore investigation comprisingan author encompassing than andbackground theological sensibility the of icons, respectively. Orthodox ( Auerbach modernization. common the attempt to explain totalitarian experience by tracing back

By contrast, there are substantially more studies on the modernization of Romania, most inthem of Romania, having modernization the more studies on there are substantially By contrast, The first chapter will deal with Antim conception Ivireanul’s of evil,with political the way The method is thus to classify the main ideas of their writing However - view view external ofinternaland influencesontheirand the ideas. is is

s (2004)

in order to make better use of the personal interpretation; situating these authors into consubstantial hiswith own i To

tomoral the ) and Paul Evdokimov Paul and 1946) legacy in Romania in legacy

his theoretical opening, theoretical his the main problemthe is -

which comes chance notin by an academic career also focused the post with

regarding - political problem ofRomanian society

- , aims theportray at Maximus to response theory ofOrigen’s Confessor’s God a the one canone add the article written by mperfect Creation and of the

only occasionally touched upon, while syntheses syntheses touched upon,while occasionally only (1989) .

is useful in order to better draw the picture of their Besides him

provide provide Daniel studyBarbu’s medieval Romanian in al ofresponsibility ofal the individual idea in

there the paradoxesand structural problemsof classic explorations into the figural . 6 are

s little systematic, long

according final universal restoringof

o the political ideas of Dr. Christos th

century, wasthere to theto questions

Terezis and - duree, 10

CEU eTD Collection attitude his and of passive witness moral of commitment lack preserve values and to teach the future readers. The chapter third aboutis Ion Neculce’s curious Chri Ecclesiastes, concerning worldly ambitions and his project, partly derived from traditional antiheroic aboutconvictions, his Miron Costin’s is chapter stian et hics and

partly written from derived the wordtoHumanism’s commitment of using -

with the exception of his call for obedience theofcall with exception his to problems the day. his of skepticism, heavily inspired by the bythe inspired heavily skepticism,

towards the authorities 11 -

CEU eTD Collection 1997); Fanny Djindjihasvili, 7 understanding exploration into categoriesthis of of basic reflection in context the of Christian personal,his intellectual hist and of the campaign Communization 1950’s of not altogether different contexts: the revitalization of Romanian legacy after the systematic countries. approach scarcelyis encountered. contribution works to tend most ofother the workofdo a value restoration, signaling ofthe his by nature,cannot, their encompass problematization a of certain a aspect of author’s an thought finallywhich culminated the in pro rediscovered have somecontextualOrthodox useful research; did and theologians works gradually by Antim Ivireanul in his religio and Dan Mazilu Horia provided serious analyses of and thestyle the intellectual references used preserveto restore itsor of gallery figures and inspiring works. In literary studies, Eugen Negrici personality Introduction to the work work to Antim the of Ivireanul Introduction

Monographs or different thematic investigations have been made in these works in Romanian: Dan Horia Mazilu, In this chapter I will There has been substantial research in Romania on Antim and Ivireanul almost none Chapter Antim 1: Ivireanul

7 (Bucuresti: Minerva, 1971); Gabriel Ştrempel,

In t In ; an investigation of this type, e.g. the idea of evil, is seldom attempted and analytic and attempted seldom is of evil, idea the ofe.g. investigation thistype, an ;

his his contribution contributed,yearand by year, an in act which sawthey justice as he last 40efforts last he been memoryyears, have deedstwo made his and in restore to Antim Ivireanul, Humanist Intellectual Humanist Ivireanul, Antim analyze

the concept of evil in his Didahii us discourses;us In histo orical background; itwill be clear that this attempt implies an

clamation ofclamation 1992. sanctitudein his (Bucureşti: Minerva, 1999); Eugen Negrici,

and the intention theand intention of R the

and problem the ofpoliticalevil Ivireanul Antim ry, Gabriel

(Iaşi: Junimea, 1982). (Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Romane, Romane, Academiei Editura (Bucureşti:

(“Sermons”) Ș trempel omanian Orthodox Churchomanian Antim.Logos and While theWhile monographs

edited his complete

while referring

in other

12 to to , CEU eTD Collection of arts and culture and martyr confessor of the Christian faith; his policy was Brâ Constantin ruler the by were cutoff, therefore strangling the small economy of the Romanian territories. Commercial Empire principalities under Ottoman sovereignty. After some initial brave resistance Paradise. W Andrei) was therefore a part of this policy. della Valachia, Venice,Istoria 1718);Antim ModerneRivoluzioni della (originally called being secretarynotable the AntonChiaro who del alsoMaria wrot scholars from the Ottoman Empire (mostly Greeks) and the West (mostly from Italy; the most engraving; Greekprinting, spends he the next with the thatthiscritiquesins condition not did social touch political onthe and structure. anthropologyand responds to needsthe sanctification of world’s structures, preaching that disobedience is a g re , Christology anthropology, Europe: Antim elaborates on the Byzantine model of the modelof the Byzantine Antimonthe that Myelaborates andligion is hypothesis politics. Antim wasborn in Ivireanul Georgia,1650. c. prisonerTaken in his youth by Ottomans,the context Historical took

alachia 1512,respectively since1476and andbeen had Moldova its toll; with the Black Sea ports captured,

years i

, ncoveanu, the one who was to become in collective memory whobecome one ncoveanu, wasto collective pat the a in n Constantinople, learned he were Arabic , . He was He . Turkish

theodicy, the understandingtheodicy, ofand sin

of an audience which toler

Fromthe start, it has to be said that

brought around the year 1690 the year around in brought the trading rou trading the the arts of drawing, sculpture, e e a ofjourney, his chronicle ated the harshest critique of rave sin, while his theology tes from Leipsig and

, the might of the , the might the of

he didn’t arrive in relation between relation between

meant to attract autonomous Walachia

Lviv Lviv ron 13

CEU eTD Collection But the the But work: the regular tax in 1804 Constantinople. thirds two to went century, 9 8 lo the frequentlyintervened in also existence mobilize. physical peril. their in they Onlyin lattercasewas not did the administration. Theboyars of collection much taxeswithout the too for permitted armyautonomy,which expense and gradua administration in Romanian territories; B Europe of heart Central the provinces because their strategic impor 1947)Universul, wellvery direction or the other. A certai n type of cohabitation Romanian aristocracy remainedmore or less in power w Ottoman Empire, autonomyEuropean for the provinces of theillusionexchange ofinternal other the the unlike ; monopoly wasinstituted autonomous regions autonomous Europeagainst wasnot They possible. replied by increasing on the pressure the provinces and Ottoman lostbattle ofbythe the became Lepanto it Empire, a parent that ap large offensive between 1581 and 1590. and 1581 between 1977), p. 126

Romanian historican A.D. Xenopol says that, from approximately 600 000- Sugar, F. Peter The situation quickly degraded. Already towards the end of16 end degraded.Already towardsthe the The situationquickly , (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), p. 123 There is also some valuable statistical data in Sugar’s Sugar’s in issomestatistical data There also Press, 123 p. valuable 1977), of Washington University , (Seattle: peskes lly engulfed high the society in Walachia

( , Romanian Interpretations: StudiesRomanian Interpretations: onEconomic andSocialHistory, Bucharest, the total amount of bribes to the sultan and different Ottoman officials even amounted to 650 000 Southeastern Europeunder OttomanRule, 1354-

that the Ottoman creased, in Walachia from 3000 ducats in 1417 to 130 000 in 1700 and 42000 in Moldova.

here the local elite was with increased financial burdens with increased financial 8 , and heavy taxation started to be collected by the Ottomans in Ottomans to taxationcollectedbythe be in heavy started , and

(aristocrats) were content with this type of domination and there was no need of a heavy military presence and expensive military and presence expensive of wasnoneed heavy there a and

weren’t interestedweren’t in transforming into theseregions ordinary cal affairscal , encouraging simply or changing Cf . Peter. F. Sugar, tance was the esides that, appeared it the that exterminated and Moldovaand secondary; their road lead through Serbia into lead through Serbia secondary;road their SoutheasternEurope under OttomanRule, 1354- 9 . In Romania (as a geographic entity), they entity), Romania geographic . In a (as developed: 1804

and , (Seattle: University of Washington Press, Press, Washington of , (Seattle: University

after the the lossafter of independence

able to shift the balance in one in balance the shift to able

800 000 ducats of revenue in the was in favor of alax regime of

Petre Panaitescu demonstrated th

, mostcentury lack lack of resistance which the local rulers

likely after as long as long as 17 , the , the th 14

CEU eTD Collection the sultans sultans the and viziers the 11 10 Walachia power wars. Moldova, and the defensive In of fight would only the Ottomans earlier; S virtually cholera, p last some wars were fought on these territories; also the Tatars e p th raided Turks the for exploitation, just or throne source of income was available); his ruling period would try in vain subjectto the peasant population to serfdom labor(as noother heavy and becominggradually the main sourceof and power wealth in the Ottomanempire. try enemythen and keep throne his to his bribes, bypaying taxesor were diverse which themselves. consequence in the context of an almost intolerable situation intolerable of context almost an the in consequence ruling class. by organized Theuprising whichnobility, turn hadin to exploit their subjects for favors political or for mere survival as a serfdom; was there no rich habitations

“Istanbul was already sinking into a morass of corruption.”, Sugar, F. Peter A hundr laces inthelaces toplague a epidemic,beginningof19 Europe around have the “ - visits

did exc not

and and til the the l, Ottomans the wouldinheritlong a in permanent a cycleof moving settlingin and effort an es to ed years later, thesituation was ” The candidate would usually pay at Constantinople, secure the exile or execution of execution or the secure exile at pay Constantinople, wouldusually The candidate wars; the villages could hardly be only only case of opposition radical . Life was painful:short and serfdom, drought, famine, plague op. cit op. eed three years. ., p. 1 17

(rulers of provinces) (rulers peasantry

Bribes were or small nobility Mihai ViteazulMihai (“the Brave”) in 1595 came alogical as unchanged; after the desperate of Viennasiege

after the subjugation which oc had rincipalities, killing, burning and enslaving; M burningenslaving; rincipalities, and killing, -

term distrust of Romanian rulers. as well called like that paid paid -

and usually life expectancy Ibid , Poles, Austrians, Russians

because property was a luxury of the great was luxury a ofgreat because property the not not ., p. 119 p. ., . Time again, and incontext the of threat but to the to but sultans; only the to - 11

they were more like temporary ; killed

in wouldbe 1601,he

(probably of one the cape taxation and taxation and cape

after , Cossacks

curred decades winning thewinning

The winner th

century), wiv

es of , the paid any any 15

CEU eTD Collection Style, 1997), 8 p. 1997), Style, Italy; however, StrempelItaly; Antim responsibilityfor says, life greater showeda the offlock his G a Iliewhoin waspreaching Miniat, Ioan again Maiota, Abramios,Gheorghe and rhetorics experiences great flourishing Bourdaloue, Fle artistic value, they are comparable to othercontemporaries of thereligious rhetorics: Bossuet, 13 12 characteristics used, they were listened to and not read. certain occasions. at Church Literary analysis sh the in to transmitted memorized be and order notesin taken the rather They are published. Didahii was he Constantinople, sympathy of ofparts several the elite managing andwelfar printing the his ofCarpathianwork he south the mountains),where (westcontinues of Valcea Bucharest, booksseveral wouldbe Romanian, in printed Greek, Slavonic. 1705he appointed In is of bishop mo vernacularlanguage. the promote in Atthe Orthodoxy pressure and protestant “danger” in Transilvaniamakes and him the ruler a and AntimRomanian culture. language Ivireanul knows how to fit into this context: external H Brancoveanu concernedis with the diplomatic balance between Ottomans, andRussians a introductory study by Gabriel Ştrempel (Bucharest: Minerva, 1972), ristocracy

absburgs; most ofabsburgs; the revenue was Eugen Negrici, Gabriel Ştrempel, “Introductory study”, in Antim Ivireanul, Discovered 19 the in Discovered , wo be formulated formulated be speech. uld in increased and fiscal burdens were Antim Ivireanul. Logos and personality (Antim Ivireanul. Logos si personalitate) Logos Ivireanul. (Antim Logos personality Ivireanul. and Antim chier, Masillon, Ilie Miniat

In this context, this sermons, In Metropolitanhis ofcontext, elected Ungrovlahia. th

century, it soon turned out that that theynever intendedit turnedout were century, soon be to

church. e oflocal the

used forused culturalinitiatives, church- , especially through the performances of Notarra, Hrisant

and, and, in 1708, with approvalthe of the Patri . Otherwise, this was atime when Eastern religious even higher. ows that, by the tone, style tone,grammaticaland ows style that, bythe Complete works (Opere) works Complete 13

p. 7. 7. p.

Gabriel Strempel states that, by their His efforts attract the attention and nastery of Snagov, near Bucharest, of Snagov,near Bucharest, nastery

The current ruler, Constantin , Critical edition and edition Critical , building, building, ware of the need to to ofneed ware the

(Bucharest: Du Du (Bucharest: reek church inreek church affirmation of archate of and and 16 CEU eTD Collection Center Romanian Studies for Center John, the clarity, exegesis, harmony clarity, the - John, Chrysostom oftenJohn very and Basil the Great, Theophilactus, archbishop of Bulgaria, Eusebius of Caesarea, John of Damascus 19 18 17 16 15 14 influence baroque are there even that Jeremiah, more analytical: fo Solomon, patristic literature: Athanasius, Prophets; Dionys The New Genesis, TestamentExodus, is obvious Wisdoman answer; Job, Kings, Psalms, of stoppedof rhetoric, never .” flourishing Eugen Negrici, “despite its Orthodox isolationism, religious rhetoric, in contrast with other form long a the- identity through preserving Therefore, it can be said that the modern Orthodoxy”,Byzantium not Hellenism. or “obstinate wasan for identity reference bythe Churc course forcefullyintegrated, or not, into the economic and administrative Ottoman system in the Ottoman Empire occurred among that was tried to address more concretely the problems ofhis time. articole) Ivireanul

Eugen Negrici, G. Strempel, Eugen Negrici,“ Ibid Iorga, Nicolae G. Ştrempel, The references h

a time of a shift of identity, from of the of Byzantium nostalgia the to appraisal Orthodoxy ., p. 191. p. ., , Ramnicu , ”, in”, Ioan St. Lazar (ed.), the taste for grand images in simple touches-

., cit p. 47 op. 43. p. ., cit op. Byzantium after Byzantium after Byzantium Antim Ivireanul… Antim - Baroque suggestions in Antim Ivireanul’s Didahii (Sugestii de baroc in Didahiile lui Antim lui in baroc Didahiile (Sugestii de in Didahii Antim suggestions Ivireanul’s Baroque Valcea, Conphys, 2004, p. 34. p. 2004, Conphys, Valcea, gs, the prophetic harshness the Son gs, of from Song taken the is grandeur him, the r e uses are worth mentioning for the analysis of the style and main themes. mainthemes. and analysis mentioning forofstyle worth the the are uses e h itself.

Iasi, 2000), pp. 26 pp. 2000), Iasi, Antimiana. A Antimiana. 15 , p. 45.

So in the 17 the So in

as well assomeas

refining of religious rhetoric

, Introduction by Virgil Cândea, Translated Cândea, Virgil by Introduction ,

Basil the Great,Chrysostom John the Basil s in s in thesesermons, meaning a taste for violent antitheses, 17 nthology of studies and articles (Antimiana. Antologie de studii si -

term cultural - 27.

the the century, so close to the time of Antim, the main time the closeto so Antim,century, the of surviving Byzantine Byzantine surviving apocryphal texts. apocryphal religious battle.

Luke 14 ius the Areopagite, Ephrem Syria of

In In fact, , the sense of mystery sensedrama ofand , the

was a part of this program of part was a 18

as Nicolae Iorga shows, this

Eugen Negrici is is somehow Negrici Eugen aristocracy . 19 “Even in Greece”, says

by Laura Treptow (Oxford:

However, he later says

(but otherwise ) and of of and )

17 of of 16 s - - ,

CEU eTD Collection but the religiousbackground the but 23 22 21 20 stratified, zeitgeist feelings of exploitation the situation,to social attention to audience.the G. Strempel byhim.methods employed of e tension onethe who, after all, was not native a Romanian therefore and didn’t know exactly is what the sensibilities of hisaudience. mysteries craftsmen and isolated from the outer world;mentioned I earlier the effort to attract for because canhint it encompass a would whichto culturalanfurther it research, have as the is needs issue program agenda or approach. ornament, imagery,counter tension, refined but polymorphism, Costin, the Moldovan chronicler and an anonymous contemporary chronicle.

G. Ştrempel, Idem, Idem, Idem, It wouldbeIt somewhat thisWhether the signifies influence of general a European onlytrend not style, in but also in , p. 37 p. , suggestions… Baroque Ivireanul… Antim 34 p. , suggestions… Baroque 23

of Antim’s contemporaries. safe is It to say, though, thisthat apatriarchal is ; it will become clear later that this is not the exact nuance. impoverished, deeply traditional and impoverished, traditional Orthodox deeply 20 were staged thecourt,at ther

ach word; interrogation and repetition are probably interrogation word; are ach the repetition and mostcommonrhetorical ., ., cit op. comprehensive history of ideas in early modernEurope. early historycomprehensive in of ideas

intellectuals; there is also evidence some that events resemblingmedieval the

to numerousno to influencesonhiswas thought. Fore court sure, th Walachian passim , p. 9 .

6. This is further confirmed by del Chiaro, the ambassador mentioned earlier, Miron

unprofessional to attempt aspirat asketch of education, the 21 22 confused be not should

But the B But the

However, the adaptation firstforemostHowever, the and needed process an

sees, somehow exaggerating, a constant attention t the peasants and frequent expressions of anti aroque feats can also be owed to a certain uneasiness of ting to to possible a ting hin efore with the highest forms of Eastern theology forms Eastern of highest the with society, with virtually no capitalism

- balanced by thedidactic

awareness or dramaticawareness or This ideais eign representatives,eign significant - Ottoman ions and ions , highly highly o the the o 18 ;

CEU eTD Collection paradigm. the scientific revolution resulted in existence ofmotif the of death seen through a Christian rates,onemark; the mortality onthe and hand, high images; “the visual is sovereign.” tendencyto constant transform abst 26 25 24 He imagines being hisflockas form perhapsand even the nature of Romanian languagewhich wasonly starting discoverto high shift from abstract to concrete. It cou instance ofAnother influence something is which permeates the entire work, namely the constant otherwise, overwhelmed mobilizing Negrici priesthood. Orthodox asserts: yelling “Used of to the hoarse drunkenness writings other sermons and directed precisely to leve the c and 95 Antim Ivireanul

Cristina Dobre Cristina Idem, Eugen Negrici,

Ever since doesn’ttruth. since the time hiding Ever inaugurationspeech, the Antim waste with Ivireanul rulers foreign evil: of source first A s ulture; theological education was lacking, culturalexchangeswere waslacking, ulture; education theological

of expression and, in fact, was barely beginning to become a true literature. There is to true become a and,beginning wasbarely fact, a in expression of Antim Ivireanul Antim l of the ordinary parish priest where 26

in function

)” - Bogdan, “ estions… sugg Baroque , in Ioanin , St. Lazar, …, p. 198 p. …, orders orders Antim’s hisin and fantasy intrigues, be was,and listener not could Hypostases of Deathin AntimIvire

by the pathetic and refined and tone pathetic by the

Antimiana. Antologie de studii şi articole şi studii de Antologie Antimiana. , p. 34 p. , 25 ract idea (mainly moral teachings) into powerful and familiar

ld ld be apersonal preferen Finally, the historical conditions cannot but lay a decisive a lay but cannot conditions historical the Finally,

the situation was

wards gap separating this world of from Europe separatingthis gap the anu’s Didahii (Ipostaze ale morţii în

the backwardness of theRomanian

and by its powerfulsymbolism.” byits and ce or

dire. Antim himselfhas several , Ramnicu, need to adapt to the audience the to audience need adapt to

limited and especially at - Val cea, Conphys, 2004, p. p. 2004, Conphys, cea,

Didahiile lui lui Didahiile , exerting his , exerting 19 24

CEU eTD Collection and salvation of everybody, teaching and taking you to the right path. everything brought by the times, a thing for which I have a duty to guard you unceasingly, day and night, for the use God interesting is theassertion “shethat theoneis which reconciled earth with Heaven an conquers which morning beautygoodness Creation, and whole themselves the 29 28 27 God- the ofDormition (Mary, Theotokos political- excessivelywith careful the sultan. s could hierarch Church have reported this to Constantinople, where thePatriarchate was them. anti meant the internal rulers. He regards “the of denouncing Iorga, theChurch. Catholic against themselves the to radicalize learn with and Muslimwould coexist rule people of God asand Joseph, the11 come, without ceasing, from the rulers of this land Minerva, 1972, f.5. I will refer from now on the papers of the manuscript and not to the pages of the published boo

In the 16 Ibid Antim Ivireanul, This directionThis much comesmore back powerful - the G. Strempel voice…thinks that prophetic go? howhe with but fardoes Humble servant So that I can be your comfort for the sufferings of the Babilonic captivity of this world as, to Jeremiah th It appears Surrounded between the borders of the foreigners and besieged by ”. ”. Ottoman is hatred a . Byza

The cause may lie in the restrictive political conditions he was facing historical realm th ntium…

century it was even the case that, out of fear or in order to preserve their tradition, the Orthodox clerics

that a first source of evil is , pp. 67 Complete (Opere works rulers of this land”. - 68 , second, to to second, the ofeven outside and ofki , e individual th the

constant feature in Antim’ still there work,but s is no

the darkness of sin

son of the patriarch Jacob, to the Egyptians. 29 ), Critical edition and introductory study by Gabriel Strempel, Bucharest, Strempel, Bucharest, by study Gabriel introductory and ), edition Critical himself as a humble, unworthy servant ofhimself servant God humble,unworthy a sent as

In any case,his inauguration In speechplacesevil first in the Yet Yet bearer). In the first hepart says that she theis holiest (

st the Ottomans. his bravethe officea Antim begins with nturi) pămâ acestor ăpânii I wouldn’t goI so to faras assert thathe may have , fountain of, fountain goodness ly

; th in a sermon given with sermon a with in given the occasion of the e sun, the brightest sun sun the sun,in sky, e brightest the the 28

s o many needs and illnesses which always . 27

Andto suffe

(f. 17- r together with you in ; rival nobility or clear mention of 18); even more even 18); Cf ngdom. . Nicolae d man with

20 of of k. e

CEU eTD Collection surrounded by sorrow, need, wickedness and trouble. guard your legacy, donot abandon us sinners, but guard and save us from situation. more radical, concretely naming moresins and ma 32 31 30 Gabriel Christian anthrop Hope love. is to trust in the of power God, not but in the of power man. may rule wit giv “flock h wisdom the creatures. God’s of holiest and most faithful of and example the the protection need the both people of accident:

Antim Ivireanul, Antim Ivireanul, Gabriel Ştrempel, Antim Ivireanul, men is at risk. External, historical dan

As As sin original and man of Definition The sorrow of world this seems to be so great, that the very existence (spiritual, most likely) , Mary hope Adored of the sinners, comfort of the ones be Antim’sIn sermon, invocation of the power Mary’s to reconcile man by not God and is here the the a

31 Gabor spots very well some vital features for Antim’s definition of evil and man. features for some Antim’sand veryvital The of well spots evil Gabor definition The speech would end with a prayer for the ruler, “elected by Providence” so that he he that so byProvidence” ruler, for the “elected prayer a The with wouldend speech

year The battle becomesmore internalized and spiritual. s ., cit f.21 op. ., cit f.19. op.

., cit p. 52 op. pass by,pass around 1710, is he the heightof his influence ology ology supremenosignrules is there and yet of influenceWestern from Europe.

en to him”. to en Thefamous ger adds to the invisible fight against the devil Help us! We are perishing! We Helpus!

king however vague allusions to the social the to vague allusions however king aten by the waves of sins, look hasenter to symphonia the scene.

Devil we the as of schemes the Christianity is hope, faith andhope, faith Christianity is 30

and words his become It is clear here that the uponyour people, and the

are are 21 CEU eTD Collection fallen Butthe angel, not havinga body, angels, for the followingangels, reasons: God.as However,man is the only which one receive beings, the angelman, and privileged through both because and sinned pride they wanted beto original account of and, Creation by onricochet, iswhat man. He says that God had created two 35 34 33 responsibilit individual of19 the in beginning only which Medieval Romania Orthodoxy drifted differentwithhad on a path, results. Daniel Barbu unusual r rather is It inspiration. him the Antimmay taken have as casethat that no evidence Romanian of and - ofcorruption ofworld total doctrine grace Augustinian the the mercySon offeredhas his and help to him. There astrange is resemblance with the body predisposes him to sin and he states devil, inspired bythe is whoone sins deceived by the snake. than man to avoid sin. Antimiana

DanielBarbu (ed.), Antim Ivireanul, Gabriela “AnGabor, emblem of brâncovenesc time: image the of the prelate (Sacerdotium)”, Ioan in Lazar, St. 2.

The t 3. The Interestingly enough, it appears from this quote that man does not have total quotehave will fromfree appears thatmannot this it Interestingly enough, does 4. The f 1.

for for the sin the of first.

The first reason The s The every Orthodox wouldbe every Orthodox …”, p. 85 p. …”, . sin to easily more him pushed which body, the of econd man of reason… weakness trespa out has ssed ourth reason ourth hird reason… is that the angel has trespassed through his own free will, but the wicked man wa Didahii

TheCharacter ofthe Romanians 34

…

… is that the angel was a higher being than man and therefore he was more responsible the Orthodox hadChurch de is that the angels did not perish completely and some of them didn’t, but men have all - 122 …, pp.

y and this was probably due to Western influence. The influence. Western and alien to due wasprobably y this and

hastrespassed because of hiswicked

124

century did the Church change this doctrine towards the idea of did century doctrine idea the towards changethe Church this

that the source of evil is outside (the snake) and therefore God saved, excluding of excluding course saved,

(Bucureşti: Nemira, 2004), p. 25. very simply.very veloped enduringan according doctrine to d God’s mercy, in contrast to the fallen

character.

33 heretics,

Butmore is there t

schismatics

trange because there is o this, a quite a o this, eveals in that and pagans his , thathis 22 ; 35 s

CEU eTD Collection 332 dience au his to turns he life. that, Christian Afterdoing his understand Walachia? he does mission 1710 in developments of Orthodoxy? does How go he far the with idea of individual responsibility? conscience to save itself. cannot it finally God with free will, free it iswith also say to pivotal act of that the Creation followed is withdrawal bya 36 co apokatasthasis wouldwhich eventuallyin end a salvationuniversal or restitution oforiginal the harmony, choices because of their free will, entit 7 the nature dangerous beyond created essence. Origen and Maximus the Co

Dr. ChristosDr. Terezis, Eugenia Tzouramani, “The Dialectic Relationship between God and Human Beings in nsubstan Let’s return names to he which in sermon the Byzantine symphonia and disobedience as evil as disobedience and symphonia Byzantine , leaving the world the , leaving a with totally different substance, free wholly wholly and responsible; ies with he which had livedin harmony When consubstantiation. and theseentities make bad th

century in his in argumentOrigen.century against Forthe latter, tial

. Maximus introducesfundamental a opposition: it cannot be true that God is with

be the case of apokatasthasis as every soul has to rely on its free will and of this idea wasof this idea however spotted much by Maximus earlier Confessorin the

his ownimperfect creation nfessor”, in in nfessor”, 36 Coming to Antim, back could it be thecase hethat feels theselocal

And

, Maximus says, The Greek Orthodox Theological Review, Orthodox The Greek they are punished bythey God live to

(therefore with evil too) faith, hope and love as the cardinal attributes of cardinal attributes the as love and hope faith, whi

le itle is true that His creatures are endowed -

one can even imagine his gestures imagine even his can one

God Vol. 44, Nos. 1

created spiritual,rational a materiala existence, but

simply becausehe is - 4 (1999), p. 330, p. 330, 4 (1999), - How How

and and

23 of of CEU eTD Collection world”, world”, him For ms paradig 39 38 37 theologicallyrelevant; Yet or inidentity case any blurred inpolitical his theology. influence regard would not them Rather alien. as Eusebian- the alien Jesusthrough Christand effort an as of de the Godof , defined the as Church an alignment the in springof the service of God for humanity ofgroup humblepilgrims, ofearth” the “salt deification, in rule detachedits becomecosmopolitan, involved to worldly from rediscovery of the ofecclesiology Ignatius of “thief duringthe night”;the fully a envisages which eschaton, transcendent kingdom approaches the which li Heaven of monks, boyars parents, and do respect not audience theSacraments, fasts and significantthesomething in highly portrayal of his idea of evil- . Church the eventheSacraments holy everything, about of about says that all of them, Galax

Hans Ursvon Balthasar, Ibid Cf In contrast, Antim Ivireanul . ia Guttenberg, 2008), pp. 30- pp. 2008), Guttenberg, ia Antim structures. , f. 24 , f. , salvation hangs not only on the New Testament statement: “My kingdom is not of this on hangs only New“My not the Testamentkingdom statement: of not this , salvation is not even

- Ivireanul,

from invisible to visible, from. profane, political visible, to to to fromtheology from sacred theology invisible 39

to to the as Church the formula ofapostolic times, the t op. op. cit. Living in the service of the service of in God Living ( “we”) , f. 23

it is not is it

Andrew in Louth, recent a lecture at CEU,made for the case the

rulers. lack these attributes; “We are worse than pagans

structures are he but changeable, thesestructures perhapssay that wouldn’t ; the the

The distinction between Church and State is very close to just 38 world’s structures are sanctified

The order of this enumeration goes through different goes order through different enumeration The of this any but action, only expressed one through obedience; . Hans Urs von HansUrs in Balthasar, his Living in the service , Translated in Romanian by Marius Ivaşcu (Bucureşti: i fication of souls a in world unchangeable with

Antioch

ceremonies, but but disobey priest they also ceremonies, Byzantine -

to become of “out this butworld”

not onlynot do symphonia , publicaction

he discrete However, next comesHowever, next the members of the members the exertsdecisive a !” , to reemerge as 37

organization organization “We” curse

becomes becomes

and and 24 ke ke s , CEU eTD Collection 41 40 the, uncriticalcombination between paradoxically literal and, reading of the Bible and the explanations. rational had obviously eventswhich for those compensate to need the arose there soon that showing throughto reference interpreted the Bible modernity ( in and medievale Europ early Revelation in its visible, historical form, is closed. bodycoming Messiah even the not “prophet” the and in of of unknown an butshadow ofHolySpirit, only the t in complet idea final Christ most keptthe the and long to they that is as as time the ofFathers in the sin theChrist; escapefrom Egyptian the ca anticipations of thecoming of Christ;thesacrifice of could Isaac mean thefuture sacrifice of usedFathers thisapproach extensively to comment onthe OldTestament order in find to willinclude signifysecond, second while completeevent the will and the thefirst. first way, the this In Providence. common of reference: eventsthroughvertical, a point disparate ht thoug aselement Church Scripture. vital a the identity besides its in historical r ly T

radition, as a set of values, knowledge and rules born in a specific context and context therefore bornspecific a in knowledge ofrules and as values, set a radition, Erich Auerbach, Eugen Negrici, , and on so . Erich a for approachthe byAntim. figural Typical used the very well spots Eugen Negrici

e instancee of service God’s for mankind; from on,history now woulddevelop in the , also called typology, approach,also called Ages, this of Middle the

Auerbach, Mimesis in , detected this tension inaugurated by the figural interpretation elative, becomeselative, as Tradition Antim Ivireanul… Antim But there a is crucial distinction to be made: the typologicaltechnique Mimesis 41 , translated in Romanian by Ion Negoiţescu, Iaşi, Polirom, 2000, p. 71.

However, for Antimfor and Ivireanul many medieval thinkers a other , p. 199

ptivity meancould future the escapefrom bonds the of he shadow not the and influenceunder of a spectacular .

unmovable, unquestionableunmovable, Romania

) However, arethere several examples in

when contemporary events would be events wouldbe contemporary when

calls for the connection of two calls connection for the

entity, one referred to by by to referred one entity,

from

Na 40

The Church The Church zareth. zareth.

ed function historical The The 25 ,

CEU eTD Collection infusion of freshness.” infusion 42 Israel and the Apostles. aristocrats, theruler, the priests n Revelatio going and of intervening which still is conception of Providence theological a a and perspective same freshnessan withrelation people contemporary fully not and unknowable B representable; perspective potential thanWestern similar representations becaus AIcon: Theology of sacred texts used are for legitimating also present but Christ, be regarded as already anticipated in the Bible; not just an elegance of the allegorical interpretation resulted in the possibility that virtually everything could same an questioningand paradigmnot political ofrule

Eugen Negrici, The sermons ofThe sermons Antim To thefurthest limits… vigor to sin ever since apostolic times. In an environment of uneducated priests apostolic times. ever since environment an sin In uneducated to of vigor , their ahistorical Antim Ivireanul… Antim d even T sanctity. lead to a vagueness in which legitimizing of political power is possible. The lead towhich vaguenessin a legitimizing possible. ofis power political

Beauty 42 -

day politics or threats against the established order.

Indeed, but it can also be said that the rulers will receive in turn the Ivireanul seemIvireanul bythismarked between tension be to , Paul Evdokimov tha argued , p. 200

details and their for respect Divine the is which rendere

become contemporaries orshare the same register as the kings of

he ahistoricalhe thinking, incapacitythe to think in historical a likeruler the -

contemporary valuesThe his of In contemporary kind. any Art of the ut side of the other coin is the here visible obstinate Orthodoxy reacted had which withobstinate the

the legendary figures of theBible receive an e of their modest lack of corporeality and t internal battle against sin or the life of Byzantine icons have more mystical In other words, the the other words, In the Byzantine the : “placed in , chaoti an on- an d as d as 26 c

CEU eTD Collection me that He will take you. you. me He take will that so that I guar except the pagans and those which do no t that I have something to do with every single man in Walachia, from the puny to the great and even to the infants, more or less significant disregard for historical existence. Cf. Mir Cf. existence. historical for disregard less significant more or the and nature whole the mysteryto Christological the of projection the in resulting and beliefs, symbols Christian go University of Chicago Press, 1972. 46 45 44 43 of for or express thehere need house to robber are invoked the and action just contemplationnot . burning examplesthe of the popular other; each help people to asking byhim, appropriated body needs food, but soul doesthe not need wickedness.” his profound has onunderstanding butideaof it influence and simplistic, evil free will take and the good ofother. the man, him let thatand about threaten him know his keep to mouth finally and shut, desire “we” plea mockliturgical celebrations, beat and “our” parents, kill or offend “our” like distorted a people, in mirror: everything, listswith he the ten c affairs, he says: too being reactionof possible a some In accusations rules. to unwritten characterized the Romanians governance, historical turmoil and that “cosmic Christian

Ibid Ibid Antim Ivireanul,

According to him, the Christianity of So of to Christianity him, the According with his priestly things and things hispriestly with

le thanHismay ones. seem le spiritual thought sins are morethe him,For excusab bodily pictureThe he And not one of you should think in his heart: but what does the priest has to do with our lives? Why doesn’t he , steal and rob in the open, oath wrongly and insincerely, desire the wife of another wife of the desire another insincerely, and sures open, wrongly rob and the oath , steal in ., f. 34 f. ., f .30 .,

d your souls as the shepherd guards

., cit f .25 op. paints 44

bothers is Again bleak. the using

43 45 , Antim plays the role of, Antim shaking a role establishedprophet, the long plays

will know know you will as now behold now, by know didn’t if you Well ours? with “we” praise name mockinjustice, the God, Church of the

share our law; for it is to my care that the Lord Christ has entrusted you, entrusted has Christ Lord the that my it to is care for law; our share ommandments and finds and ommandments exact the opposites bythe done uth -

Eastern Europe, being profoundly rural, inherited significant pre his sheep

and because on my neck ha

rhetorical technique of associating himself oftechnique himself associating rhetorical cea Eliade, ity” ofity” which Mircea Eliade says 46

The lesson of fully love is Zalmoxis. The Vanishing God preoccupied withpreoccupied wor neighbors, liveneighbors, a of life ng your souls and it is from : “For the l dly dly 27 - ,

CEU eTD Collection 48 47 concep Antim, a bit more clearly than Eastern Europe than in theWest . Unclewait, Vanya,wait. known but was; youhaven’t joy what life your .In caress. sweeta as tender, grow peaceful, allour will inmercyfill drowned evil, the world. that whole will are sufferings, Andlife the our “We shall hear the angels, we shall see the whole sky all diamonds, w which in whichthe quietness resettles after the climax gentlyinterrupted is bySonya’s final line: corruptness of existence. indiscovery world a in Christwhich love ofHis discourses confession. courage follow closely the main precepts Apostles Peter and Paul, he praised their steadfastness when confronted of the ofFeast occasion the Christian Ononthe a sermonlife. a supreme for having argument and happy life and in the next one He will lift and put us among the righteous. should guard and do all these things, have undoubted hope towards God that here, in thi Let uspraise listenfathers. and rulers. piousl our Let us

Ibid Ibid

A Let us do good to our enemies, as Christ teaches us. Let us bear sorrow and wickedness, let us obey to ethical and conception mystical The profoundly ofis invoked therefore Godlove as as a For love is God alone and the one who re , to believe and confess Christ. His thought hangs in a fragile balance, as if in a road of balance,road self a if in as fragile a in hangs thought His Christ. confess and believe , to ., f. 66 f. ., 35 f. .,

worthy comparison canworthy made be with the here ending of Anton Chekhov’s “Uncle Vanya” tion of deification manof acts for which the once Church a not losingthe but awareness

Sonya We rest.”shall , seems to inform ianity , has some hope in this life also mains inmains love ideals are confronted with the paralyzing effect of the y listen our priests and monks, as God likes it[…] And we The same of sense tragedy, still more vivid in

remains in God and God in him.

Antim’s thought fiction. Chekhov’s and Antim’s 48

, resembling von Balthasar’s von Balthasar’s resembling e shall see how all earthly -

to avoid doing evil, to evil, doing avoid to with suffering and sufferingand with the s life, we will lead a good good a lead will we life, s 47

our our 28 - , CEU eTD Collection stormy and creative character trying to ending with a prayer for all those criticize down, quiets tone the drama and climaxthen a and reaches harshness of usually sermon Every the to oftragedy the famous 53 52 51 50 49 dramatic. enjoyment ofthe lingering i and flowerings linguistic voicedown winds under moments also prophetic when are the There deemeddoing and man,ofunlawfulgain.” is he liar out shameor a sly fear, a it that thegreet enemi environment, the times the or Ottomans and respected obeyed. the faith in mostsituation and even keeping thesestructure acute which,s be for Antim, should on the immovability of worldly structures. Sodomites? ( Sodomites? And how, better said, does he bear so long, how does he allow and suffer rather than punish us all, like the rightly. judge to wants nobody your tongue speaks wrongness; your feet run on the evil way; nobody speaks rightly, nobody advises properly, reach before the throne of his divine glory. For your hands are soile

Antim Ivireanul, Antim Ivireanul, Ibid Eugen Negrici, Ibid Ibid Your too many sins are the ones which reject hismercy There passages are of heavy attacks on the character traits of hisaudienceBla . ., p ., 73 f. ., 72 f. .,

mechanism the of otherby undermining to hiddenreferring his ormotives background. 126 .

Glory to You, God, glory to You!) to glory God, You, to Glory Antim Ivireanul… Antim es ofGod”, he says, ., cit f.148. op. Nemo patriasua in profeta

And how, then, can God listen to you? How would he save you from your trouble?

nto a rhetorical technique. , p. 115. p. ,

and “if there is someone who would show love to the other, other, the to show love who would someone is “ifthere and

, is not tolerated by him justification the of in sin. adapt to the limits ofdidactic limits the ofsermon. the adapt to needs the 53

But thetension stillisvisible between the necessityof d. E. Negri d. E. is acutelyis ex

and they are the ones which donot let your prayers 52 ci observesci ther that

d with blood; your lips whisper unlawfulness; Still, the tone is at time pressed, asAnti e might well be a m points s

remarkably ming the ming the exactly 49 50

“We The The 29 51

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 of and conditions violent society, subjugated patriarchal, a traditionof Eusebian “Give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar” and of theadvicegiven by Pa ifof famous not very be idea the the that this rulecan rule, mistaken. reading Conventional th on trust ofGod’s based in the in hope sin lack mercy. mercy, God’s wor of love pride, hatred, sins: for the ruler. only their whichit deeds makes of The themworthy praise. sermon with however prayer a ends praise himregarding to will himselfbut the Providence, equals for not as Constantine and Helen, he does say what expected is that he lists disobedience against worldly rule a rule worldly disobedience against lists he that their hand, for it is only righteousness the one that brings the praise of the people. boasting their power to the human eyes, draped in expensive clothes, with the crown in the head and their scepter in

Gabriela Gabor,., cit p. 86 op. Ibid e disobedience against thelaws excludes from thebeginning This is the highest beyond. not but … Therefore, the emperors and the rulers of the earth should not think that God has enthroned themonly for emperor ofholy feasts the Atthe attacks. with powerful audience his confronts He thus

., p. 86

Gabriela Gabor byAntim definition highlightsrather a unusual Gabriela deadly ofseven the

point he reaches in his life as a metropolitan: the warning to the rulers that (as developed later in Byzantium)

Conclusion

l dly values, disobedience against the laws, intrigue, persistence in

mong seven mortal the sins.

, Constantinethat was him by elected from political theologypolitical contemporary and direct

the idea of contesting political political idea ofthe contesting such such influencean onAntim 54

It is clear from here that

bishops and priests. and bishops

(Rom. 13) , the ., the

30 s , CEU eTD Collection and wickedness and instead of loving them rulers, clerics and laity, nor to God do we give the required praise, nor do we obey 57 56 the sultan, heConst was taken to In 1714, ruler. the against after schemes ofhisadversaries and accusations of infi those veryto separate from the state, but rather the traditional identification of the two ofabuse power, of nor ecclesiological an whichtheory in Church the be could imagined as the ruler that ithis righteousness that matters political tradition as evil. voice public a originalas an contribution thus to integrated Hecontemporary range ofChrist, is farbeyond the events. associations structures are sanctified. He achieves tha sins seven among deadly labeled the political rule, can be, as was sho denounce concretely a vice of the establishment. warning givenexcept the “the rulers to of thisearth” names orconcrete examples. historical-

Eugen Negrici, Antim Ivireanul, , would fall prey the rulermostly is him,Brâncoveanu that whofavored , wouldfall The irony Constantin no be disobedience becan that,with can doubt There drawn. point, some conclusions At this W Christ says “Give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar and to God what belongs to God”, while us ith all their apparent harshness, Antim’s sermons are always vague and never provide any any provide Antim’s never alwaysand vague are harshness, sermons apparent their all ith

Rom intrigues which Antim intrigues which Antim Ivireanul Antim anian society of18 society the anian ., cit f.73 op. His critiqueHis are at some powerfuland on warns, points occasion,one

…, p. 118 p. …,

57 wn, labeled as a grave sin

antinople, and They fully the roleof cannot play

and piously respecting them, we gossip and insult them. insult and gossip them, we respecting piously and , the political theology political worldly which , the of in one Antim in was denouncing, thatverywas denouncing, to attitude of raising the voice th

century t byt using the technique of typology, but extends which - . Nevertheless, isthere no

after a final refusal to convert to Islam into theological a -

context which labels the break from social and and social whichfrom the labels break context Any attempt, legitimate or not, or toAny question attempt,legitimate , they remain in a general register and never .

Romanian- Orthodoxy to them sincerely prophetic voice asprophetic as, long . instance of accusing an 56

delity against but with slyness but with

neither toour neither , beheaded , with with ,

and and 31 ;

CEU eTD Collection documents, the truthfulness of which is sometimes doubtful, lay as witness to their guilt. 58 were all sent prayer and philosophy “Thecalled Burning aimedBush”, which providing at - founded byhim monastery does notmodernity appearbyorganic development Brâncoveanu Constantin of secretary sermons civil society in this betrayal and of disobedience village, betrayedrobbed the friend, new ruler ofWalachia. was of roval Patriarchateapp ofthe Constantinopl Antim himself, after that, before wasforcedhe toA byone. one lookexecuted were assons his four As could he and he what do,sometimeswas allowed to with courage, sometimes hesitation. with were the cause of their unhappiness living in peace and nothing made them long for a more complete happiness; but their uneasiness and internal discord (Venice: 1718). (Venice:

Anton Maria del Chiaro, Maria del Chiaro, Anton

In other words, Antim had to deal with what he had at hand, with a type of society in which with in words,he hand, what type deal a which at of Antimto had with other society In had The Walachians wereautonomous underthe Hungarians,and th anks to the wealth of the

a taken to exile to SinaiMount on but, the way there, isbyhe assassinated the orderof the n epilogue, it may it n epilogue, at worth be thementioning that 20 middle of the , appears different a in lightAnton, appears itscontext. the del when placedinto Maria Chiaro, prison. to

Available fromAvailable

lace and further perpetuatedbyAntim symphonic further his and with time place and supporting supporting Istoria della Moderne Rivoluzioni della Valachia -

Year byyear,day, day Year every with behe a private alternative to the dark times http://cimec.ro/Carte/delchiaro/index.html group ofmovement priest monks intellectuals, and founded a group , a . Therefore, might what seem as impossibilitythe of the existence

and they triggered the desire of their neighbors to rule the the Habsburgsthe against Ottomans wasdeposedthe with

Walachian and Moldovan societies andWalachian Moldovanconfirmed societies fear Antim’s , wrote:

e (11 metropolitans (11e signed, but

only byexternal influence. , accessed on May on 20 2009. accessed ,

, Translated , Translated through discussions, literature, of totalitar of aded ruler, tortured aristocrat, the Patriarch didn’t) Patriarch the 58 by S. Cris S. by

ianism. 1958,they In m. theirand past Their th

country the few few century, at the the at century, - Cristian Cristian

He did whatHe did

year s y were

later, . He He .

32 of of

CEU eTD Collection according to thespecific context. the important to have in mind is that the large body of literature on him prevents from assessing it in identity. 19 somewhat typical medie her ofBaroque, representative in figure, the philosop history culture Romania, humanist Romanian literature has omitted him, hailing him as a pivotal figure in the formation of high altogether and history th to MironCostin chronicler bythe given interpretation the with concerned is chapter This Chapter Miron 2: Costin

beg and 20 and inning therefore and itwiser wouldbe use to this literature throughout chapter the However, in the context of this analysis, this should be noted as a marginal note; what is is marginal note;what a as should noted be analysis, ofthis this theHowever, in context

No history of of byNo history treated posterity. measure with was he which different the storyin heterogeneous, contradictory list is likely to be the result of the cultural battles of the th with

val writer, charming chronicler centuries inRomanian publi the

With him, there is an is With success. understanding political and his him, there of goodlife

and the fleeting life and valuable c arena for the construction of an ever unclear

witness for troublesome times. This

33 , CEU eTD Collection Dan Horia Mazilu (Bucure Horia Mazilu Dan production isand it that more that likely alate Renaissance influence manifested is in his work case, as this college Jesuit was ra also received some ofBaroque the influences of the time. Nicolae Iorga says that cannot is be the 62 61 60 59 accumulated in a assassinated theorder at offather of the Dimitrie Cantemir,Constantin tensions between aristocratic families, aspiring rulers and foreign powers. In 1691, he was though historical context has been more described fully Poland to envoy or even officerin an as the Ottoman the siegeof The armyduring Vienna. offices, categories of hisworld the timethisshould the being, For asidedebate left be willapparent resumedasbe and that it later, ingreateducation the ancient ratherregionof poor townthe Podolia, thein whereBar, in Polish ofhe receivesschool, an all wealth, they through nobleand became, their soon family. Polish a - long

Cf Ibid Manolescu,Nicolae . Ed. Ed. Dan Horia Mazilu, “Introduction” Neculce in Ion . Miron MoldovanChroniclers.Grigore Ureche, Costin, Miron CostinMiron was context historical and background Personal ., Nicolae Manolescu, Manolescu, Nicolae ., problem of Humanist/Baroque or other elements is important to understand the main elements to important the understand other is problemHumanist/Baroque or of . standing tradition; his father, an uneducated but practical man, became rich very rapidly man, anvery practical father, but uneducated standing rich his became tradition;

that he became involved inunpredictable the involved became that he being appointed in differentinhierarchybeingbeing of in appointed positions the Moldova, sentasan life Istoria critică a literaturiiromâne a critică Istoria

of of ști: Humanitas, 1997), p. 119. op. cit op. born - view. view. wa ., p.., 11 g and rope walking nderin thin on a in 1633 in His 1633in in Moldova. did not come from noble a family with a

and humanistand figures His career would evolve to and to political encompass diplomatic wouldevolve career His

ther isolated from the

(Bucure

in the preceding worth the chapter; it in is mentioning . 61 ști: Minerva ști:

Mazilu further affirms he that may have internal affairs of the Moldova, in the the in ofMoldova, internal affairs the

main European centers of cultural main centers of European cultural . , 1990), p. p. 51. 1990), , The object of this ofThe object this investigation 60

, for some unpaid debts, for some unpaid He trained is in a Jesuit

34 . 62 59

CEU eTD Collection Poland and and Poland the Ottoman Empire. 63 Romanian the weresay, drained so of andbyof principalities population wealth centuries of beginningofanddecadence vanities”.Atthe the 19 “vanity all - long the which on of bloodshed,principality instability would,onwould againsent spiral violence, be a Tatars,the and, Poland With uprising apocalyptic terms. CossacksPoland the ofUkrainian in their and the however, the situation deteriorated ndingsta tradition of Romanian way of surviving, “resistance through culture.” After Lupu, bes at eachfighting otherand gameplaying the dangerous mercy ofat the being ofOttomans, the with Walachia (1632 short Romania.in made Instead, encountered possible or out ofown experience. writes his supposedly, he 1591between a also has a moldovenilor neamul are political life by the noble by life the families. noble political

Peter F. Sugar names the namesthe Sugar F. Peter After the failed uprising of Viteazul Mihai (1593 the works, the written in 70’s: the - lived rulers t diplom , term , Moldova of History atic contacts with other foreign strangle which, and w forit Costin, strangle - 1654) a 1654)

nd 1661, a with placed accent considerable the years,in last which, in in a a in context whichin thiszone becomes buffer battlegroundbetween the and -

On the MoldovanPeople On the 17 consequently, Moldova hit heavily would be nd VasileLupu, prince of Moldova ( th

C. C. as the “century of the toboyars” coin the stateweak and domination of the 126 p. ., cit op.

63 a poem written in Polish.

The twonotable of figures thisage, Basarab, Matei ofprince Letopise

and it would it paintedand be byMiron Costinalmost in țul Ță țul

and the poem the and powers andpowers with what was to become along rii Moldovei- what one can find in Moldova is a series of is series a Moldova find in can one what ould imprint a long a - imprint ould - 1601), no clear opposition would be opposition 1601), noclear

The The 1634- Viia

The Chronicle of , Moldova Chronicle th ț

a lumii- 1653) wouldspent their time century, somecentury, commentators ; ; the unfortunate Romanian lasting impression of

Life of the World describes theevents

allia nce with ; he he ; De De 35 - CEU eTD Collection becomes attemptunrestrained and unaware of the things the future in ia vodă Mihai ye mete,ye it measured shall be to you again Basta as he had previously 66 65 64 with his enemies. enthusiasmthought. Costin’s in a figure with a lo principalities after courageous wars against hubris that it is of little wonder that the one of the main political and cultural communities. Ottoman rule - 1774 Romanians Hitchins, Keith and sales.” forced requisitions through wealth their of countries agricultural the drained sultan appo “The Principalities. of is takingWesternization place after 1770, but only after the boyars become aware of the serios crisis of the istor Gramar, 2007), p. 16.

Ibid Miron Zeletin, Ştefan Unaware is the character of man of future dangers, as not long after, Mihai voda had the same fate Mihai Viteazul is described as And as the first victories were thein end the source of downfall for many men, thein same itaway punished,frequent so of attempts any rebellion were So swift Hubris ic , p. 19 p. , ), (Bucuresti: Humanitas, 1991 (1925), p. 20. Keith Hitchins is more moderate, showing that a steady process

of therulers. Costin, Costin,

[ specific

, Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei. De neamul moldovenilor. Viiaţa lumii Viiaţa moldovenilor. neamul De ŢăriiMoldovei. Letopiseţul Romanian bourgeoisie. Its origins and historical role (Burghezia romana. Originea si rolul ei 1866 int Again

ernal passi , (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 2 form used for nami ng career in subsequent historiography as “hero”, does not spark much not historiographyng careersubsequent “hero”,does in as Mihai Viteazul,Mihai the man for the who first time unitedthe three Romanian done to Bathory Andrei

inted and dismissed princes as it suited him, imposed unprecedented taxes, and s vitydissolution and to do things which surpass his power . Because for a thing or two which appear according to his will, the poor man

desiring armies and war, .” 64 ng theng ruler] 66

. For rightly it is written in the Holy Gospel: “with what measure measure what “with Gospel: Holy the in written it rightly is For .

the Transylvanian and Ottomans, Poles princes character is is For humancharacter later. clear plainly as, itbe will

that they close were beingto wiped out as

sources of Costin’s downfallin sources vision courageous

and there he will find his end. end. his find will he there and

were thedisasters in Moldova, , edited by Liviu Onu (Bucureşti: (Bucureşti: Onu Liviu by edited ,

as a“lion” in battle, cruel

from Giorgio 65 The The

happened to

is the , and 36 CEU eTD Collection these lands lands were these contemporaries of deed heroic his of doubtable instead the ofspirit virtues the the Miron prefers Costin century, 70 69 68 67 thatforconcludes Costin divineProvidence doe and behavior moral the orpunishment ofGod. Nicolae destiny Manolescu abitis rash when he lax the and behavior. moral andof peace prosperity.However,he essentially a person with anti their to which downfall leads men error of hidden the character the discovering in above. underlined sameparagraph the to work,pointing Costin’s and the Old Testament tradition Histraining in the classics, with their leitmotif of the cyclical envisages a Providence whichmen punishes immediat one.was the execution whothe gave orderfor Mihai’s It is clear from passage this that Costin who allied had with Mihai hisin war with princethe of this region.

Miron Costin, Costin, Miron Ibid Ibid Ioana Em Petrescu, . The same lack ofmeasure brings disaster, ashistory seems aseries of causal chains between time it from was those And waskilled Andrei bythe Szekely,Bathory Hungarian a

, p. 60. p. , ., p. 61

., cit p.48. op. unrestrained. […] And this leads to sin and sin leads to the punishment of God. .” 68

Configuraţii For him, it is important to reveal the moralmechanism of the tragic history,

when the cup -

(Cluj: Societatea Culturală “Lucian Blaga”, 2002 (1981), p. 58 p. (1981), 2002 Blaga”, “Lucian Culturală Societatea (Cluj: war feelings.

are visible here. Ioana Em. Petrescu detects this motif in

and his foll his and

of God was beginning to change to other more terrible times. For 69

The time ofVasile Lupu is for him the last period s nots play role,buta owers fall prey to the desire for more power ely, in this life - speaking minority Tra in history and ofdanger of the hubris Not long after, Giorgio Basta 67

, “Living in an anti an “Living in for lack their measure. of

he is certainly true that 70

, thus being being , thus nsylvania, - heroic 37

CEU eTD Collection enemy troops were visible. vodă Răzvan with 74 73 72 71 responsibility lies externalin factors, namely the Cossack however, huge a cosmic a with disintegration; compared Lupuvividly, described Vasile is has built mo night. middle the of the in icons the prayingbefore say, rumors wasseen, is responded), Moldova”, he (“sweet Poland,Barnovschi, whoin wasliving , althoughhe love of becauseof wealth. their theofcountry to “downfall” the who led had rulers, peacefully, than engage to heroic in contrast actsand thiswith behaviorthe of many Moldovan recalls with amazementand admiration vodă Ieremia criteria centeredFor of exception onthe wisdomambition. lack without and complex explanationsofthe phenomenaare - “the is unstoppable destiny (Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1997), p. 148.

Ib Ibid Miron Costin, quoted in Manolescu,Nicolae id Quoting Plutarch, he says that it is more import give rule to goodadvice and forruler a ant willi not man everything, in wise a was He throughout visible is fear His

., p. 162. p. ., ., pp. 149, 151.

re churchesre monasteries and than , when he didn’t want to come out of the church before the end of themass

., cit p.51.op. Proud in his public display, but righteous and modest in his ambitions, he ambitions,he his in modest and display, righteous but public his in Proud MoldovanChroniclers. Anthology (Cronicarii moldoveni) 72

fruit of the accumulation of subjective human temptations” and that that and human oftemptations” ofaccumulation subjective fruit the

his ofchronicle Moldova. The portraits he buildingis are an unusual episode: unusual an ng to shed blood or steal, kind, faithful economic, psychological.” political,

any other in the same short time. had accepted accepted despitehad the warningsthrone uprising against uprising

, ed. Dan Horia Mazilu Dan Horia ed. , Poland. Poland. -

it is proven by his war war by his it proven is 71 , even though the

The fall of of fall The 73

Miron Miron , he , he 38 CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 75 to deeds. according their wealth. building, andterrible almighty sweep which not does give mercy to anythingor anyone assignedwere different in pointsonNevertheless, this line. in imagination, attack his the is like a continuous a have Costin’s imaginary is worthexploring: clear itis from military tacticsthat itis impossible to beginning theriverroughly 400km. with line from Carpathiansthe Prut, endingsouth, and the at divided with senseaccumulation detail, a ofslow isbya which .Thearmy tragedy prepared wealthy is bookarethe still vibrating emotion with .” Nicolae Cartojan says that “the shiver of tragedies still is felt.” boyars. families of and enslaved prisoners of a lot They took country. the filled had up time until that which cattle, their with the lands after left. after Tatars the lands the Academiei,1975, p. 237 pentru literatura literatura pentru

Ibid Costin, Miron Enache Puiu, Cartojan, Nicolae The wrath of God does not strike with only one reproach, as a lot of people died in my town and in the rest of life this in ultimateresponding the judge, God that,foris Costin, clear also is And it …and When VasileLupu makesthe provoke mistake to Tatars, the hellis released on Moldova. Punishments

., p. 59 […] The villages and th The […] villages in two parts and then, arranged in line formation, sweep the whole country country fromto formation,whole the north sweep line in arranged then, and twoin parts the wings of the line line we the of the wings

The Life and Works of Miron Costin (Viaţa şi opera lui Miron Costin) Miron lui şiopera (Viaţa Miron Costin of Works and Life The și artă, 1942), p. 172 ., cit p.59 op. The History of Old Romanian Literature (Istoria literaturii române vechi) române literaturii (Istoria Literature History of The Romanian Old

line

and signs and of troops on that length; rather it c 78

Disease, famine, and again wars struck the Moldovans after

e cities were all burned and sacked re stretching to the mountains[…] Throughout the land, they struck every home,

The attack of the Cossacks and Tatars is described in -

this wasthe degree ofthe ould be the case that raiding partiesthat raiding case the be ould 75

For Enache Puiu, “ Puiu, Enache For

(B ucureşti: Editura Editura ucureşti: Tatars

(Bucure -

’ enmity. enmity. ’ man, animal, this attack: ști: Fundația Fundația ști: the lines of 77

CEU eTD Collection omens for omensthese for lands. nobody against Polesthe Tatars thosea few years sky events terrible before Poland and which brought the perishing of Vasile voda’s royal family. 80 79 more interesting, after this a personal confession more millennium a informedfor medieval than thoughthistorians of the chroniclers. and (beingPoland aware fully of forreverence the “elders and the astronomers” of the countryhe loved most Moldova, after medievalfully attitude. Theidea which mere(a convention) under the weight of the. connection punishment/reward. and deed But there are also anticipations, as if time itself is made irrelevant make connection: the mysterious burnedHe wothus thousandsofwere downfire. immediately and uld bya houses happened according and, thathisto theyevents is becamediedCostin, said It famous. horse situations. unexpected in signs of God, ever praying passionately.

Ibid MironCostin, quotedin Dan HoriaMazilu (ed.),

Undoubtedly and indifferent of the debates on Costin’s humanist and baroque motifs, a is baroque and this humanist onCostin’s ofdebates the Undoubtedly indifferent and Ther Retroactive reflection on ofthe part thechronicler builds an almostmechanical pat happened events These [ God, through and H 180 p. , bends vertically into the Beyond bendsinto the vertically unit and

had in heard interpretedthe allelders centuries, the astronomers came. by were and signs as these And e never were such signs from 80 -

a terrible in darkness the Lent, a on Great inFriday; the and same year

…] because God pointed to the shedding of innocent blood, as Barnovschi wasman a im, the world’sstructures follow closely man’s wanderings, sending 79

its superior development)its superior indicate to attitude an had which

After Barnovschi was assassinated in Constantinople, strange heaven as those which happened before all those evils of our country and of of a sign anticipatingof sign a event great a ; the sun was darkened in the year of the uprising of Anthology… es es

dispar follows, , p. 162 p. , ate events of

And this is achieved is Andthis A comet, the star with a tail with star the comet, A in he which whyexplains didn’t he . immanent the world

and perhapsand even the

Khmelnitsky the locusts the arch through arch an ,

appeared on appeared ,

of which which of tern of

and the

Even

bad bad the the 40

CEU eTD Collection remain. immovable cloud.[…] They fallingwere at times, leaving a dark correspondence and revelation. and correspondence game of ahidden animal in tree, leaf, every participates which in acosmic in background place taking anything[…] They were flying be a major source of inspiration for Mihail Sadoveanu (1880 Costin’s contemporaries. mystery dramamystery 83 82 81 Costin? for Miron meaning this the of is what all question: the focusedon be investigation should (ViiaLife world the of ț after wave. seen one year before the Cossacks’ while uprising, was he Bar,still in WavePoland: locusts. map supernaturally ofconstruction events a of decide whether thisfog of doubt, hypothesis Vasile Lupu: mention these signs before in the chronicle, as thepassage already is placed after th human weakness, because of the waves and the terrible times and think about wrote. I thewhich in period

Miron Costin, quoted in Dan Horia Mazilu, Mazilu, Horia Dan in quoted Costin, Miron Ibid These Romanian chroniclers and this vague atmosphere of sunset lit upby bursts of transcendent meaning would

the point,of when of his the history idea MoldovaAt this recent is relatively the clear, A scream and darkness came upon us, as some were flying higher and some near us The connecti Forgive me,my beloved reader, for not mentioning those signs in the proper place. Believe that it is because of

In theIn poem

reachable in a scientific inquiry. One can never penetrate to the actual period and

is just text on madeis afterwards, after the signs are “confirmed” Life of the world, written, world, the of Life ashe says, asaliter 82

2 What clear, is however, is that the ofacuteness sufferingtriggers the or was, in fact, real in terms of ageneral feeling spread among a - 3 spears[unit3 measurement] of above our height, and traveling like a thick,

lumii). uneasinessfear, and Anthology

… con , p. 181 p. - nected. He thus recalls a strange phenomenon 1961), Romanian writer who often depicted life stories life stories depicted Romanian often writer who 1961), , filthy ground. No leaf of grass or straw would

this narrative resembl - ary meant experiment to

or or at leastat thesafest this , without ing amedieval

being afraid of of afraid being 81 e fall of

41 CEU eTD Collection this edition. this (2008) (2008) temptations. temptations. divine mission in man’s life and he should have mind both the uniqueness of life’s joys and the danger of worldly a life accordingstandards to mosbecamefleeting justiceour of and place one of righteousness abruptly ended by a worldly event, in a seemingly unjust way. But it was only God who saw the by murdered Cainhis means brother and “fleeting”. 85 84 overcome “garland”their bydarkness, taken being down. themselves, alt wicked.”and of uniqueness life. the makecan [that] straight,whi resignation when confronted with the world’s structures (“ everything else vanity, is analysisor asarecent shows, everything “fleeting”.is The life. this of works the oriented towards is it of and God for [there is] a time there for every purpose forand every judgment favorable God’s view of existenceor asan invitatio motto, the Ecclesiastes. dangerswith in ofthe almightyyou can God.Andthe world’s help our quotes, Amen.” he the he“ in introduction, says “Read goodhealth”, philosophy of in history. of his Romanianfindsynthesis a forcan the fit poetry,one demonstrate languageis that

Miron Costin, Costin, Miron The word “hevel”, originally translated as “vanity” is in fact the same as the Jewish form of “Abel”, the one “Abel”, one the form of Jewish the as same the fact is in originally “vanity” as “hevel”, word translated The e meant for the terrible e Ar terrible the meant for of heavens the masterful jewels stars, You CostinMiron sings famousThis bookof the Bible passim.

Cf. EthanCf. Dor

Life of the world (Viiaţa lumii) (Viiaţa world the of Life 85 ough created by the almighty God, are meant to disappear, with their lights with disappear, their to meant God, are almighty bythe hough created

Life is “smoke”, “shadow”, “dream”, “opinion”.

“with “with - Jewish BibleQuarterly “Ecclesiastes. Fleetingtimeless”,Shav, Jewish and trump . “ I said in ch he he ch madehath crooked? sorrow the terrible life of the world”, a world which is “treacherous

and drum

n more and towards wisdom, prudence has been known, according to each reading, as

mine heart, God shall judge the mine and the wicked: Godrighteous heart, judge the shall .

, in in , op. cit

Abel’s life is exactly synonymous with this word, as itlife a is word, this with synonymous exactly is life Abel’s ., pp. 110 pp. ., - 115. Al quotes from the poem will be taken from ” Ecc. work. Consider Consider the workof God:for refore, one should remember should one refore, 7:13) ”

(Ecc 3: 17) There is a t valued by God. Therefore there is a

for

generosity and overgenerosity joy The heavenl

just life the of in hope just be aware asmuch as 84 , Vol.36

It is a call for a pessimistic y bodies judgment , No. 4, 4, No. ,

who who that 42

CEU eTD Collection Mikolaj Rej. However, he would concede that the moral meditation pattern is taken from the authors of antiquity. is takenof fromauthors antiquity. the moralpattern concede that meditation the he would However, Rej. Mikolaj themodel of verse structure is taken from P subject of meditation, meditation, oflamentation.ifsubject not “crisis of conscience” took place in early modern Romanian thought and in which time became a in living, the into consideration times easilywas rather explainablebytaking he 91 90 89 88 87 86 day the for provocative andmore even Thetheoryis interesting ofworld. form the the in demonization, irony, of heavendiscussing assertion aboutCostin’s “the mocks which our andthoughts”, a about time’s of power er worlds the bornwhich die, and are the and cosmic is corruptible and substance it is subject to associatio motifs of medieval the spotting illustrate to able (the the Ecclesiastes, quoted in Slavonic, but aliterary creation which can be enlisted poem Costin’s “Miron not traditionalrepresent a product,in of spite does motto the taken from bydeceived the wheel treacherous of fortune

Ibid Ioana Em. Petrescu, Cf Dan HoriaMazilu, Ioana Em. Petrescu, Istoria literaturii romane literaturii Ivascu, Istoria George Could this be strongest case in the Could this favorof the ba IoanaFor Em . inthat age Ubi sunt Ubi sunt Elvira ., p. 52 n: “The crumbling worlds[…] are close to the cosmologic vision of the baroque, in in n: cosmologic worlds[…]visionofbaroque, the the crumbling closeto “The are

Sorohan,

motif), feeling, literary im , and the of birth t

. Petrescu, “Costin’s world is born only to live its own agony Introducere the most recent definition of literary baroque. The Book of Chronicles. Anthology (Cartea cronicilor) (Cartea BookAnthology The Chronicles. of ., cit p. 52 op. 48 p. , cit op. association between the Newtonian osion.” 90 …, …,

She about the speaks series temporality ., cit p.op. 5 vanitas vanitatum,vanitas sunt ubi he so he , Vol. I (Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică, 1969), p. 190. He would add that add would He 190. p. Ştiinţifică,(Bucureşti:1969),Editura I Vol. , oland, whilemajor a source of inspiration would be the Polish poet -

ages in the European poetry ofbaroque,being and the poetry European the in ages called baroque world- 87 The theme of crushing destiny Thethemeis destiny almost obsessive. crushing of -

the cruelthe game” of death. roque influenceFor theory? roque George Iva

cosmologica , the wheel of wheel fortune , the view , Ia 89 și, Junimea, 1986, p. 370 370 p. 1986, Junimea, și, l model, the big shock of the shock big of model,the the l

91 Ioana Em Ioana : the: disappearance of the - fall- 86 divine

His perspective is . , fulfilling , makes thesame

Petrescu, whilePetrescu,

with its theme theme its with

which a real irony

, while -

while ș cu, cu, 88 43

CEU eTD Collection generation andgeneration c modelcosmological his creationist,means builds bynoa but although seductive problematic. Aristotle, is theory 94 93 92 t of theheavens a is relative translation of theancient fortunalabilis sunt, the of motifsee de ofuniversality the can one Costin in death ,while Miron with anguish whenbackground confronted for individual characterized by a “decadent Classicism”. literature thesisthe of influence Baroque isolated in rather poor, a trained argumentsbeing Iorga’s Costin commonsense about Nicolae mentioned he worthy ofturned into that the representative in Baroque close theschool to end civiliof “the all this said, itis still unclear howmuch of these complex issue modernity. With trustfulearly a may thein imagesensibilities build influenced to ofhave reality, true Newtonian how the illusions and the to Mundi Axis hat death does not choose is also taken from Latin poets and Christian writers. frompoetsChristian and also taken Latin is choose not death does hat

Ibid Nic Ibid

that the scientific revolution, with the olae Manolescu,olae . ., p. 189

Polish region. Nicolae Manolescu further argues that, in fact, there is few evidence for it isfrom only 1800thatyou substantial see Westernence, influ thewith 18

, theinstable image the Universe of which is perpetuated lead orruption. Cyclical time is the dominant motif of antiquity ., cit pp.op. 11

motifs are taken from Ovid, John Chrysostom, Francois Villon; the mockery the Villon; Chrysostom,John Francois takenOvid, frommotifs are

cosmological modelcosmological would spread the idea of i picture of perpetual t on the idea of the eternity of change, of an unending cycle of movement, of cycle of the idea eternity ofthe unending change, an on

- 12 -

Italy is by this time in a cultural decline, while in Romanian zed world”,zed deeply so influenced Moldovanofa son boyars ath, moreath, often

93 radical doubt it sheds on the capac sheds onthe it radical doubt ransformation specific to this cultural period.

He points to to theHe points fact that

enc ludit intheludit divinapotentia humanis idea; ountered in Medieval literature; a poor borderland borderland already poor region.I a s

may permeated have in Jesuit nstability; it would rather be

Baroque is frequently theBaroque frequently is , while it is unclear unclear itis while , ity of human senses s

to the game of theto game of th 94

C. being C. being

Nicolae Nicolae The The 92

The The ubi ubi 44 CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 kindness: that he always has to think about the afterlife wisdom, with justice, life, inof works the this not man is sparedfromrighteous universality What of man the death. know, is to in end, has the troublesome times. The themes oftheEcclesiastes seem, indeed, the most answer. likely audience, his himperhaps, inspires which and, Slavic (especially Polish) literature. Ovid and Horace, also finds resemblances with the medieval macabre poem,with Byzantine and Ecclesiastes which exerts theheaviest influence. Manolescu thus ends with saying that Costin’s poem thoroughly is (Bucuresti:Minerva, 1985), pp. 134

Miron Costin, Costin, Miron Alec Hanţă, Ibid It appears that even wisdom is vanity. But itis merely a warning that even the mostwise and All these debates are important in order to dra

., .,

Escape fromthe world, nor didtheology Neither did you, wise men of the world, with your philosophy And our ageis like Followin Under the times we live, under the times we move our life

But brought bitter death to some of you. S pare

Ideas and literary forms Titu Maiorescu forms Ideas literary until and d

., p. 109 p. ., cit op. you from trouble, holy fathers of the Church g

the deceptive

that now. that face of the world the face of

- 137 97

(

95 and on and Idei şi forme literare până la Titu Maiorescu) w a more precise picture on the wor

Alec Han

the patterns of interpretation of his ță , while again linking himwith Christian

andit rather is the

, ld - view view 45 CEU eTD Collection Minerva, 1976, p. 85 merciful. 99 98 build to tradition a order ofnobledescent the of theRomanians. Scarlat good,climate, honest people open and begins by describing Italy, seen as the“center of theworld”, sparked by claims He Dacia. theycolonize that to Romans in factare bythe convicts brought everyash objectivedust is and that worldly sayers.sooth me bywise to interpreted happening,be ready are benevolence wrath or This supernatural element further is “proven” by ageneral, cosmicfeeling of anxiety, as signs of do, as man should was exactlythe decisiontaken.heroic be is most to opposite Thehubris the unwise of a what

Ibid rcea Scarlat,Mircea Introduction to the work of Miron Costin (Introducere în opera lui Miron Costin) In In The chronicler’s idea of evilis heavily influenced bya time which in it thatbeingappeared solution Costin’s Miron Conclusion. ., p. 109 On the People Moldovan

As a a floating As Only your deed is your deed Only Bear in mind, in therefore Bear Andin heaven liftsyou foreverin believesthat this This epilogue This is concerned with his other solutio

vanitas vanitatum the situation,Costin vanitas recovers this In

foam, are left you nameless. Providence always, is almost

the one that remains and makes you great is is , you human, what you are in this world the firstthe Romanianutopia in culture.

, he engages in a debateabout the origins ofRomanians, the happiness. , with cultural treasures and material wealth.

and and

mechanically that heavenlyreward that

ns for escape.

, intervening 99

paradise on Earth, with mild Costin

He has times at achildish, of theEcclesiastes, to show

await the wise and the needed to show that in showthat to needed . punishreward to or n, astronom , Bucureşti, Bucureşti, ,

Mircea Mircea ers, ers, 46 CEU eTD Collection Western Historical Thought Thought Historical Western urban owners, also broughtby th e emperor. And he brought in here, cities,the a family rulers of 104 103 102 101 100 the developmentsees as history ofchronicle, written the perspective”,“from singular often a on teaching evilgood and that, that the chronicle is merely forand reading happenedknowing what thein past some his and think, because moral“Nobody ofshould say assertion: his portraits rulers people (and hence affect co historiography “designedcontemporary narratives is shape activelypolitical past to about the own time, afundamental is insight of theRenaissance”. strong a fact, thought.in evidence favorofinfluence of this the in Humanism historical consciousness of change in time. This latter feature worthis exploring as it could be, in inparadise the beginning. most hadcivilized in timecolonists lost ofhabits the their that Moldova and was passed a decades happened andago not in the II century A.D. from aninsufficiently mature historical sense: of understandingitgenealogies ofor aristocratic organic may origins; from tradition come the

MironCostin quotedin Dan HoriaMazilu (ed.), Ibid Ioana Em. Petrescu, Costin, Miron Paula Findlen,Paula „Historical in Thought the Renaissance”, According toFindlen, “valuingfor past Paula According the pastness, its utter its difference from one’s “We” are urban owners; afamily was brought “here, in the cities” - It is true that Trajan the emperor of Rome had brought 104 p. , ., p. 102 p. ., cit op. ., cit p. 54 op. ntemporarypolitical life (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), p. p. 100. 2002), Blackwell, (Oxford: , onwhat to avoid and follow” to what 101

The effort to The effort to atrace descentnoble by blood is intermingled with a

Anthology… )”

103 -

colonist in in Costin and

Lloyd Kramer, Sarah Maza (eds.), to Companion A , p. p. , 184 However, he doesHowever, show that those Roman s, owners of land and not convicts; and we are 102 also also meets the latter criteria with

Further, one of kind humanistFurther, 104 . Moreover, humanistMoreover, culture

as if these ev

( casă , also forbut

) domni de ents had . 100 47

CEU eTD Collection Theory, if his age. age. if his influenced by classical, Christian an can Costin conclusion a more that drawn be was work.Finally, encountered Costin’s in nations the ofgenealogies, birth ofdiscover seen national the 106 105 earth and in the heavens. Em. Ioana P people and futureevery makes writing it possible, just like the Bible engagewriting.thought” to written in finally Godletthe has enlightenment wordfor the of the everythingbe can forgot whenthat thinking ofheart” the “pain time, of the passed stretch long a such with when confronted the thought” “frightened doubts, People Moldovan ofOn the his of beginning time. the against erosion In cul high through written, past’s for testimonieslessons, fighting and for reading events, time interesting combination between andtradition innovation, awarebeing of the change through causation.” supernatural or divine from of affairs human epochs, ofindependence historical the ofsuccession distinct of a events, thoughtWestern the new historical concepts that represent its most lasting contribution to the developmentof historical thought: “I define the humanist historiography of the Italian Renaissance first of all by referring to recent history

Paula Findlen, Findlen, Paula Eric Cochrane, “The Cochrane, Eric Transition from Renaissance to Baroque. The Case of Italian Historiography.” Life of the addscall warningthe adviceofLifeTo and of World,Costin the the for the

but still keeping human affairs under the sign of Providence. The human ofalso the keeping humanisthas sign Providence. under age affairs still but

1980, Vol. 19 Issue , p. 26 p. , Issue 19 Vol. 1980, , of the habit of finding moral and political and pastmoral lessons the , ofhabit in the finding

., pp. 104 pp. ., cit op. -

t he of concepts change through time, ofcontingency the of historical single . 105 - 106.

Eric Cochrane wouldoff Cochrane Eric

106 d Renaissance culture thanmore by recentthe developments

It is clear from this definition that Miron Cos etrescu: “Unshaken“troubles of bythe time”,etrescu: opposing er a comprehensive definition of humanist definition comprehensive a er y and of ofdistinctiveness peoples the ten and the “victory of the and “victoryten of the the ,

to knowto everything on -

all of thesebeing , he confesses his

recording recent tin presents antin

History & History ture 48 to to CEU eTD Collection 107 Romanian culture.” old word in buildsCostin t existence and judges, which from perspective the ofunbalanced the order, hubris, the Miron time and the deceits of fate dimension thoughtacknowledgesthe which the stable tragic of

Ioana Em. Petrescu,

hrough his entire work most the be ., cit p. 62 op.

107

autiful praise of the dignity

of the spirit and the 49 CEU eTD Collection 108 1733. in writing He begins forgiveness. of withpromise back which the called after being years for few a 1710- t in promoted He been Ottomans. had Stănile of battle the in s withRussian the Moldovan armytogether the in Polish, Ukrainian positionstheRussian, important had in and hierarchy, being political officer an with importantaristocrat connections a and lot of stories inkilled 1677me byso Polish raiders. Ion Neculce was raised byhis wealthy grandmother, a inspireswhich i theand ethics envisaged reconstructing Neculce the synonymous project with byIon political hypostases his and attitude towards evil,as it will be clear thatthis type of inquiry is moderni early in Romanian society hypostases concerning scholarly bias, sources used last great writer of old Romanian literature chronicleHis of Moldova

“Biographical table”, Ion Neculce, “Biographical table”, He came - Neculce (1672 Ion Chapter Ion 3: Neculce’s report 1711 108

inquiries. Nobody, however, has taken up the challenge to challenge des taken upthe has inquiries. Nobody, however,

and had also from a noble noble was a from family. Thefather t. t.

. Literary critics critics his disputed . Literary have

1745) among is, investigated the authors evil in his work the chance tomeet Peter theGreat. Neculce will take refuge in Russia

covers the events between 1662 and 1743.He is consideredbe to the

Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei. O samă de cuvinte ty. his position by Dimitrie Cantemir, ruler of Moldova in

The purpose of this chapter to is investigate these and and . Debates were raised by the issues of beyond that, moral that, the beyond

a treasurer

alue, historians have used him in their him used value,have their historians in

and legends t legends and the , the at the court of was Moldova but latest ,Chişină - political situation of the o tell. He learned

ș in chronological order. ti (1711) against the (1711) ti against u,Litera, 1997, pp. 3 cribe and sort the the and sort cribe his his objectivity, objectivity,

Greek, Greek, 50 - 6

CEU eTD Collection 110 109 gap between theindividual andhistory as amoral category is increasing. a is introduction good i funny eventsare mixed in a single text, with no reference, no critical stance, no attitude. This horrifying, the the grotesque, the personally events.Theheroic, record to chance the had he Ottomansmassacre to the boyars. over three times by the sultan and hishorse. Alexandru Lapusneanu was instructed by the ruler,Another Petru Rares, waspromoted bythe Ottomans after only he accepted being jumped hedeathbed, his instructed son obeyto to Ottomanthe s, because they are “wiser and stronger.” after that.Themonastery Ottomans fled.Oncehe some put prisoners on Polish the plow. On his him He fight. to back beheaded. At another time, Stefancame back from adefeat by the Ottomans. was arrow:he Stefan’s ofman’s ahead went arrow the A in future. young places, those in each arrow fell, Stefan gave ordersthat different elementsmonastery ofafuture would be placed They contest a boyars. held form of this summary: account on different rulers, simply the in mainpattern, listed in is order.Thisthe chronological cuvinte) forgotten. be not m forin call bearing usual need a foreign a need historian[…] everything waswritten my because in heart.”

Ibid IonNeculce…., p. 12 This is the introduction to his chronicle, the one presenting the events which happened which before presenting one the events the tochronicle, introduction his the is This Thetextitself is not inspired bytoo many and not certainly rces, sou foreign ones. ., pp. 14 , that the grandeur and philosophical taste of Miron Costin is lost. These are short are These lost. Costin ofis Miron taste philosophical and grandeur the , that - 27 It is clear from the introductory chapter, Awords(O handful of sama de

then to went a ndicator of the entire work Once, in the 15 the Once, in i nd the lessons of this chronicle so chronicle that of this lessons nd the -

which one shoots arrows the farthest. They began to shoot and, as as and, shoot to Theybegan farthest. arrows the shoots one which

VasileLupu was removedby God. from power

secluded secluded monk. him Themonk told build and fight to a th

century, Stefan the Great was taking a stroll with his , as it will be clear that, with Ion Neculce, the

the mistakes of thepast would

109

There is also the Hissent mother 110

“I didn’t didn’t “I 51 CEU eTD Collection villages (Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1978), p. 328 p. 328 1978), Enciclopedică, şi Ştiinţifică Editura (Bucureşti: thanked the guests and everybody went to his own land. they they finished, after […] And town. the in people all the with and ladies and boyars all the with streets the in 112 111 paragraphdevoted whole a usually is the to list. afairy is rule spell cast,is ane corners whopaysvizi the and isboyar in the whispering here, as this type of accountrepeats itself.Every chapter is ritual.a First, the man, from petty a nowickedness.with And, capturing the Greeks, killed he man, kind goodand a He was riches. with fought,cameback and they They went, rulers. and

Ion Neculc Manuela Tănăsescu, “Ion Neculce”, in Neculce”, “Ion Tănăsescu, Manuela

And then he went to his land in the countryside where he s he endscelebrationscountrysideFinally, with… his the break a in And there, after arriving in Ukraine, he offered a celebration to the cossacks. The prince ks two wee celebrated for They with all sorts of music, dances and guns. And they were dancing What strikes t Hi . . Once he calledwas by anda boyar they drank and celebrated for 2 days. s attitude e, e, .,, cit vol.op. 1, p. 81 - decides , however, tale and, as- and, tale fairy any he reader from thefirst pages o w chapter thein chronicle begins, fairy the

- 82

it is notit enough: Romanian writers. dictionaire writers. Small Romanian tale, it is stereotypical”.

f the chronicle is the schematic picture of events

pent 2 e them all. - rs and sultans, becomes The ruler. a 3 weeks, hunting and travelling in travelling and hunting 3 weeks, 111 - tale machinetale is turned on. “Every

Next, he promotes some boyars promotes he Next,

112 ( Scriitori romnâni. Mic dic romnâni. Scriitori Citations are of relative use :

in the yard and his other ționar) 52 - ,

CEU eTD Collection something highly interesting, that his power of observation is sometimes superior to his to capacity issuperior sometimes interesting, something thathis of highly power observation thronewomanizers on the mixed onMoldova in a rather in banal fashion with sinister events. was replaced with a warmfamiliarity with no moral amplitude.” selection of sources which makes a difference. For Nicolae Manolescu “the grand Costinian to 115 114 113 like motif, thisisstory: the cause fundamental for the the , heexistence ofchronicle. Obviously his Tănă described in few detail inbut charming with an touches, undisputed talent.writing Manuela Z.” Y boyar and boyar were which there only chapters whole contained of this type “Stefan X, cutsentence: voda boyar chronicle The good news at that is this least like it context, still looks murder, even that but in express ruler. abandonedbe the. Also

Tănăsescu, Tănăsescu, Neculce, Manolescu,Nicolae

How exactly, then, does Ion N Ion does then, How exactly, “Cut” the is ex And in the second year Duca partgathering ofAnother the ofritualtaxes of the was power s

sescu rightly states that “For Neculce it is not the truth which is the ultimate reality, but the to write.” to And it isonly not stereotypical the form chapters, but the also of it is the the style, -

op. cit op. the first notablethe first historicaland in writing whichMoldova one MironCostin precedes - 328 p. , cit op. 115 ., p. 80

iat”. The word is not used anymore in Romanian to TheRomanianiat”. to tă notin anymore word is used “a of translation act ., cit p.59op.

metropolitan would make occasional appearances for blessing the new appearancesthe formetropolitan blessing make occasional would

The mix thus contains cel contains The mix thus

vodă

cutthree boyars. eculce position himself to the world? Another scholar Another world? himself the to position eculce report is integrated into a larger chapter; in 114

ebrations, killings

a report on the most ordinary thing. thing. on mostthe report ordinary a - 113

so so

Gossip about drunkards and drunkards about Gossip high , betrayals, vices- that villages started to Grigore Ureche’s

observes

53 all ne ne

CEU eTD Collection dominated the local collective consciousness: 117 116 disasters are the also manifestations of divine wrath: sins. for their wife pay his and voda lives. BothDuca their with him betrayed pay also life. inBrâ Constantin this intervenes namesfrequently devi the stable contact with reality. Extraordinary events require extraordinary explanations, as he of thecausal connection between events, for the common sense explanations which come froma ofdecoration Chinese a porcelain. What doe he for terrible, t integrate and supernatural events record to dois can he understanding. Thebest for better distance allowinghimselfsome and connections when comes it to describing because inhea written needeverythinghis historians is foreign doesn’t too consult many And letus books. also remember what saidhe in the thathe introduction, Cos of understanding. on that those places were marked by more and more evil and bitterness f perishing of many Christians in Poland and the beginning of the pain and ruin of our country. those tears tears the on were flowing and Mary shed

Ion Neculce, Introducere Cristea, Valeriu în opera lui Ion Neculce

He seems to have a taste for disparate events, often extraordinary, amazing, supernatural, of castle. atThe the Icon agreatHotin, miracle,appearance asmall in monastery there thatyear was an near In tin or Dimitrie Cantemir; not surprisingly, it might be added, given the fact that he didn’t

intricate descriptions of the private lives of important men , cit vol.op. 1, p.50 116

No attempt for synthesis is No is cases attemptformade synthesis work,unlikethe of his in Miron l asl the master of rulers cruel an

people, battles, habits ncoveanu pays with his life for his behavior. The men behavior. payswho hisfor his ncoveanu with life icon so that the people saw them. […] It was truly a sign of the

, (Bucureşti: Minerva, 1974), p. 194 s hem hem n’t

have is theconsciousness of history’s flow, which paradigms anticipatory into -

but not when it comesbut whendrawing it not to or the Christians. the or d God as the judge whichGod the as judge always rt. His craft is put to work 117

For it is from that year it is from year For that as in thepatient Natur still still 54 al al CEU eTD Collection soon He turned his wrath away and delivered us from those wild beasts. But the people were frightened. bread was missing, the wolves ate people you, poor country! poor you, he when prophetMoses, the with Israelites, the

120 119 118 waythis lifeparadoxically, is, more the as mystery “profound”, of the of storyand existe in and pages intoofchronicle the life bringing his is with content rather anything,he prove to feeling. loses itsautonomy,flosubjective timeand w its expands certainly ” folklore. ratherbut to peasants well servant a with princess runs which noble the with of from back boyar, fora cowardice) the fur” (expression people, with the screams of the tortured boyars, with the affairs of some ruler, with the “rabbit onlyjudgement the explanation andso as insists much details the with mind.What wouldbe into

ManuelaTănăsescu, Manolescu,Nicolae Ion Neculce,

That everything is written is the heart is clear from the occasional lamentations But even in these cases what Manuela Tanasescu wrote abo Oh, oh, oh! Poorcountry! Whatterrible t God 7240, year this in And - p laced: “The scale of everything that happens[ in Neculce’s work] does not pertain to kings, kings, to pertain work] not does happens[ Neculce’s ofthat in everything laced: scale “The 120 the chronicle resembles, at times, a modern novel in which thatwhich chroniclein resembles, times, the modernnovel observes a whenat right she 119

However, she isshe However,

Neculce feelsNeculce an like artist, but interprets asan ordi ., vol. 2, p. 70 p. 2, vol. ., cit op. , with a hunchback a with 118

., cit p.61op. op. cit op. [.. .] The borders between thegreat and the petty are erased, just like in , p. 331

showed his anger to anger his showed only the meaning of repeating that “oh!” of meaning repeating the

partially right with the following statement: or or , at the bottomof the mountains, in the lands Neam of a vizi imes separated the waters of the Red Sea. The same He should do with with do The same separated of Sea. Red should the waters He the e

have come upon you. God alone can be merciful, as he did with r enslaved r bythe devil

Christians for our numerous sins and and sins numerous our for Christians

being now dictated by the “intensitybeing bythe of now dictated nary man.nary ut his pleasure of writing comes pleasure of his comes ut writing ? Perhaps ? ? Why does he prefer divine Why prefer he does ? , wolves the thateatwith Manuela Tănă Manuela

Manolescu’s irony is “[He] does want not trespasses ț

and Suceava. And :

. While even even While .

sescu nce is 55

is is CEU eTD Collection the curse of Antonie voda t voda of Antonie curse the beheading at Roman[…] He was yelling out loud that he is not guilty with anything but he perished rightly. It is only Buhu had supposedlybetrayedTheirhad end ruler. swift a is churches. In adramatic effect, he observes the end he clear it is that draws good, andpraises princes, high kind whoraise taxes donot famous Romanian proverbs 124 123 122 121 reader the of the has opportunity recollection something,the events, with neutral prove different of synthesis,tendencies what philosophical with Manuel priori deeds. actual the with simple contrast and lines mothers”; “ obedience. left intact.” God[…] And then again, I

Ibid Ion Neculce, Ion Neculce, quoted by Nicolae Manolescu, Ibid

But peculiar in this style ofNeculce’s work aprecious is there advantage. With those few times his of picture The So it would be right, my brothers, that you do not hurry to betray your rulers Neculce is convinced of guilt their and accountthis indeed achieves an artistic effect in its But the boyars who betrayed him ’s sons and house, as it is clear to our days. The same with Miron Costin Miron samewith The days. our to it clear is as and house, ș’s sons , and it seemsmore andmore of asquintessentialforthistime understanding place: and . ., p. 334

121 The obedient head head by The obedient is cut not the sword.” “A good watch prevents danger.”; “The kind lamb feeds gets milk prevents danger.”;lambfeedsgets from kind “A “The goodwatch two

., cit p. 77 op.

And this is because he still has a view on what is to be done in his time: haven’t seen anyone gaining something from this type of deed. he one which was haunting him and it for his betrayal and lies that he perishes

. He expect doesn’t much too from

nothing remained out of their families. Nothing remained out of Alexand . The external factor , cit p. 64 op. The lesson is exactly what he

of some boyars, including Miron Costin, who includingwho MironCostin, boyars, of some a T 122

ănă

These, especially t

sescu spotted as a lack of willto the rulers .

a because they are rulers theybecause rulers are s Constantin Cantemir ordered his ordered Cantemir Constantin s - 124

from the portraits

was looking for, a was looking he last who build anointed . 123 ,

are all are

56 he he by by r u CEU eTD Collection Christians and buried to the Chalchi monaster injustice such by terms ofmoral and political responsibility. 126 125 Thesay not thedoes chronicler to sultan. ofboyars complaints the the is the victim of things” memory, four sons shared the same fate. Constantin Brâ always an trigger and to different enough to the rulers w creativitytheir in hospitality putremarkable lighta into the Theyproved ofvividly observation. these times. the of Ottomans the see to way second what and in much know to has one Ultimately, to what extent these three writers represent their tim whichmatters, but itisthe also the historical context w to see what was actually happening in his timeopportunity not- the is only . And it crowds gathered

Anton Maria del Chiaro, Maria del Chiaro, Anton Ion Neculce, cran noi vodă Antonie certain A After the tragedy the Sultan left and their heads were moved through the city, being displayed on poles. Large There few are instances in which

, in in fact, was Romanian society prepared to

., cit p. 18 op. around the bodies and the Vizier, the fearingarebellion and Great bodies the around ho lost the support of the local boyars. It seemed that the words of the boyars were ofboyars words the the seemed boyars. It that oflocal the support the ho lost - ncoveanu, as it was stated earlier, was beheaded after being forced to watch as his , ordered that their bodies be thrown into the sea ith his moral attitude of praising obedience and long and ofobedience - moral praising ith his attitude op. cit op.

, praised by, praised Neculce for Ion building doing and churches “godly .

125

He had refused to toconvert Islam chance to end this thesis with a general picture of that time. y, not farfrom Constantinople.

the Ottoman wasrule more clearly sketched and more

To this aim, it is useful first to reconstruct the image special greeting for thesenew guests in Istanbul.

accept the challenges ofmodernity

local society

where they were secretly retrieved some by theywerewhere secretly retrieved - 126

because even wereappalled Turks because the

(and Ion Neculce) Ion(and . As a gift for his everlasting established tradition to compare - e and how how and e

react mainly in ed

57 to to -

CEU eTD Collection soul. and Moldova. But God did not hel monastery in Consta Turks the of elite the all significant, ma was a rabid [ arabid was and Lupuand vornicul, Brâ took it all. took pillagedand burned. T 128 127 in Romanianterritory nocontribution principality,vassal a with these events: the to Walachia Habsburgs from the the lattermanage the expel Ottomanwar, to neutrality.and call I for reader’s the attention of following the lineof In events: Haba sburg sorro Ottomans or their allies, the Tatars His body eaten by is birds. Meanwhile theannual tax increases by by boyar becauseanother Damadsaid wasa only thathe questions of Ali, friend t Damad Ali pasa, whoamongBrâ is who also decided those head was sentto Istanbul. Ottomans themselves. defeated The commander from thesiegeof was Vienna strangled and his willingness to ing against anyth had him. the Ottomanswhether Nevertheless actually they show aremarkable They even made him swallow muslins which they were pulli

Ibid Ion Neculce, țele pe gură ncoveanu together with his children. He killed Stefan voda and his father Constantin stolnic field, On the wild a in middle of nowhere And at Varadin [Petrovaradin] also perished the filthy [ At least the Romanians cannot complain that wasit only them who suffered, but also In this way did the boyars thank him, that the Turks imprisoned him, beat him and put him to dif 128 And the Turks did a lot of evil and robbery to Walachia w is unleashed ., p. 25

turbat

] 127 ., cit p. 77 op. please theboyars:

[stolnic,spă ] ntinople and Christian and the metropolitan seat of seat Tâ the metropolitan sacked hey -

Ion Neculce records these events with his usual combination of amazement . And his plan was to defeat the Habsburgs and appoint governors [

tar, vornic tar, There is which is figure one There triggers Neculce’s adversity: Grand Vizier -

blood blood p him and he got his punishment

so that the Empire was left without good leaders. He also destroyed a , - devouring devouring

spend winter here, a series of abuses, violence, robberies robberies seriesand a violence, spend of winter here, abuses, official positions] positions] official . He didn’t accept gifts or gifts accept pagan didn’t He . , Lup spurcatul] […] […] ng back so that he threw up his

and manyothers. He also killed around 40 rgovi u vornicul is beheaded anyor is u vornicul without trial And wher ș te and found a lotthe of wealth of boyarsand

ncoveanu’s execution. ncoveanu’s Gin Ali pasa [Damad Ali]. This Gin Ali pasa pasa Ali Gin This Ali]. [Damad AliGin pasa because his father, the devil, had taken his ever they found they ever

4 times. Whenever theWhenever 4 times. pleads forpleads mercy. He killed is is . This

refugee settlements, they settlements, refugee intestines , and Mihai sp Mihai and ,

pasi]

what they did did they what he Russians. ferent tortures. . [

in Walachia Walachia in de governors, - i scoteau i scoteau ătar the the 58 ul ul -

CEU eTD Collection belonging monasteries, finding a lot of wealth. The prince was not able to do anything to prevent came back looting and burning. And they struck in Bucharest, the prince being there, looting the whole town and the before victims. are campaignvicious of looting; even thepeople poor who had escapedfrom invadingarmies the 131 130 129 religion and state thein name of a plurality and with a religion which has forbidden diversity 18 the . poverty ofeternal backwa people into bandmillions a degenerated ofkeeping into looters, civilization with other nations. Fund for Economic and Social Development, th Maa’moun’s the Caliph since books translated of total cumulative time (the ninth century) almost 100,000, about is the Modern Modern State”, the that the O the that e average that translates Spain in one year (Galal, S., 1999)”. United Nations Development Programme, Arab

Ibid Cf “The Arab world translates about 330 books annually, one fifth of the number that Greece translates. The Undoubtedly, Romania was confronted with a failed civilization, an empire which had civilization,anhad Undoubtedly, with which Romaniafailed wasconfronted a empire The Turks were also tempted to cross into Transylvania. This was the second series of the Ottoman campaign of sharing the benefits of their With no justification, the territory which is supposed to be “liberated” is subjected The Turks again pillaged Bucharest. And the metropolitan seat in Bucharest was transformed into a mosque, so . Salim Ayduz, “The Role of Translations in the in the 18 Translations Role of “The Salim. Ayduz, ., vol.2, p.100 th

ttomans were praying in it. in praying ttomans were century came in to the boyars the to boyars The level of innovation was reduced and late efforts to borrow Western knowledge in Western in borrowknowledge effortsto ofThe wasand innovation late level reduced Foundation for Scie n , the Ottoman empire has left a durable and mainly negative markmainly- andonSouth negative Ottomanleft has durable , the a empire - 101 But there is more: umma -

- not or runaway

a , erasing any distinction between constructsParadisewhich distinction any onEarth, erasing non-

And this And this systematic and prudent way. nce, Technology Innovation and Technology nce,

they took it all.they took , 2002, p. 78. Report Development Human Arab is the third,is in a time 129 th

century:Transfer of Modern century:Transfer of andTechnologyScience to

But the Germans held fast[…] Unable to cross, fast[…] Unable held the Germans But , , December 2006, pp. 3, 10. 3, pp. 2006, December , innovation - frame offew weeks: a 130

With no capitalism or political

and individualand freedom them. What they found there,

rdness and and rdness

to a to they they 131 59

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 tha everything forgives which God kind friendly a nature, fantasy ofshepherds, world peaceful escapehistory their to in hoping sources show and as Ion Neculce confi for impactyou or move prepare from and falls window, a you societies, an modernization attempts be to had led from against the passivity above hostility even or of the in whi and state stagnation a brutality drainage Europe,Eastern cutting it off from development. European And it not the case that he doesn’ thathe case the not And it 288 Books, 1963 (1934), p. 127 127 p. (1934), 1963 Books, - 1821 and 1714 between Walachia, more eloquently expressed in a few bald statistics. Between 1714 and 1821 there were 41 changes on the throne in changes on the throne are far too numerous to serve as landmarks. The incredible nature of the regime is are sunk in ignorance and stupor. The chief landmarks are the periodical foreign invasions and occupations: for the thename for the rulers], boyars class is degraded and subservient, there is virtually plainly visible in the 19th century and these are probably the bigge was the of elite moralbackwardness responsibility the and more trade importantly, inindustry, terms of However,

“[Inthe 18 Peter F. Sugar shows that agricul t for Ion Neculce the foreigners But, as a But, as Conclusion society. his and icler chron The 133

of economic human and capital

th have contributed to the contributedto preservationhave of

effort which further led toviolent reactions of political extremism. C. Romanian principalities]”, there are no really outstanding figures even among the hospodars [new Romanian intellectual said, makes it ahuge difference whether, in the case abrick

and an old wine drank in a garden at sunset. Itis immediately sunset. at garden a in drank visible wine old an and

ch the societies were simply absent from own their history. Later 36 in Moldova.”, R. W. Seton

ture and a certain bureaucratic education was not worse than in the West. t - notice the deeds of his compatriots, but rather thenotice but deeds ofcompatriots, his that simply he

Ottomans, Greeks rms, the Romanians were mutilated bybricks mutilated Romanianswere rms, the ,

combined with theseoutbursts of barbarism and - -

Watson, Watson, st problemsof Ottoman legacy.

are responsiblemostly for the upheaval. a

despotic politica despotic A history of theRomanians 132 continue to walk careless. As

no middleno class at all, massesthe The

steady, asphyxiating, l culture, economic culture, l

Op. Cit Op. , (Archon , while still still while , perhaps ., pp.., 282 60 -

CEU eTD Collection time, a tragic hero: convinced of thelegitimate cause of thewar. The episode describes aman who was, for ashort andfamilies simplyed abandon humbly.go back The boyars, whenMoldovan hear they remembered south Moldova) and retreat and Moldova) change they battle, middle the of Polish forgotten lands beenfor these have better or Russian Ottomanwould otherdomination any besides clear is that commentators, when it for today’s seems only so anymore. riches all the enjoy wouldnot he and removed wouldbe Ottomanrule that the afraid 138 137 136 135 134 the soles that he remains cripple for therest of his life. summoney. of defeated some vizier the about to complain Ottomansand the quarrel to fought started alongside the habit of beating the boyars to the soles of their feet. not make is to or want not able does cursing Miron [Costin] and others

Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ion Neculce,

Petriceiu leftAnd alone,voda was the only with hetman Halabasescu andc family. he his started And ., vol. 1, p. 62 p. 1, vol. ., ., p. 94 ., p. 86 ., p. 98 but they needed ofthe help Wa - Ottoman war. Romanian The 135

On the way back from the battle of Vienna, the the two of from waybattle Vienna, Romanian back the On that his Constantinople familywould wasin that it wiser and be ., vol. 2, p. 106 p. 2, vol. ., cit op. 136

A boyar is envied by the ruler for his wealth byfor his ruler envied - the is A boyar

ed hastily to hastily the Danube

for what they did to him, passing through the forest to meet the Poles.

Petriceicu voda, th d

sides; the Ottoman lost forces were initially fighting with the Ottomans, but, in the lachia andlachia GrigoreMoldova. vodă

a connectiona t in . The now Poles had e e Moldovan ruler, onlythe one who was erms of Grigorevodă sponsibility. re 134 137

At the same time, he was also deeply

d Incredible chances spoiled are

about this, also remember the battle (somewhere in northern

he is imprisoned and to imprisonedand is he beaten the chance t

fromWalachia suddenly to - , as it , as it the case with a drop his weapons and and weapons his drop o

princes who had had who princes strikedeep to 138

ed rying and -

their

or it

had had the the 61 CEU eTD Collection and deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to establish relations and create ne where words are not empty and deeds not brutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose realities, empire. their Christian kingdoms wrote to the sultan and the vizier to leave the Poles alone, otherwise they would all rise against 140 139 tragedy of Romanian society is that t relations and political action which form a public space political communities wrote: a comm difference fromradical own capacity land, his ofcommunity the tofor political a act responsibly a defense even with a weak material basis. He senses s to in thePoland, internalstrifeprevented electionwhich ofplanned TheOttomans new a king. “heart”, bu story.Therethe an is interesting passage in which Neculce again spots something with his weak but stupidman”“kind, and the fight with chronicler, riches cannot compensate for this loss. Power is Power actualized loss. this cannot compensatefor riches is actualization. power examplesactualized, material Where away,it historythatgreatestnot and isof the full passes cannot be storedand keptin reserv its exists in but only of likeviolence, thee instruments for emergencies, 200 eize But opportunity andeize the decisively. the attack Poles

Hannah Arendt, Ibid In other words, this is not a material power, but the immaterial network of constant human and power impotence; final and power of loss is communities political kills then and undermines first What He senses that there was something … forests the beyond land the Thus in ., p. 68 sent envoys to envoys sent on goal. Hannah Arendt, in her theory about action about theory her in HannahArendt, goal. on 139 t unable to is of makemore out it.

TheHuman Condition

the whole of Christianity, the Habsburgs, Russian the Habsburgs, the Christianity, of whole s

a mere gam

, while Grigore , second edition, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 (1958), p. his common goodwasunknown, that - e ofphysical survival. For Ion Neculce, Petriceicu was a

and this is not Transylvania is only this and extraordinary in the Polish mobilization Polish provided which extraordinary the in , familythe He recalls a difficult moment in the history of

only where word and deed have not parted company, -

but with no intellectual reflection

and idea the of commongood.The - lover, is lover, is the courageousreal man in

and and s , French, Venetiansand the pope. All the actualization of power in w realities. w - the local elite, together

fundamental values 140

the the 62 CEU eTD Collection

only of accomplice is an thethis disobedience against rulers, situation. with AndNeculce, destroy. and Ion his identification of evil in the foreigners those were mere survival and personal i

words usedwere to veil intentions and to nterest, that words were enclose realitieswhile , in fact, , in

empty deeds and brutal,

deeds were used to violate

and his distrust of hisand distrust that 63 CEU eTD Collection Eusebius of of Caesarea”,Eusebius in accountto have their for actions at the final judgement. order which, although good, may be again disrupted by human weakness. Everybody, including the emperor, wi 142 141 Eusebius. in even togiven theis as ruler not unusual, was Byzantine it commona in politicalfeature theology, the even warning manifested; is the ofworld pattern structures of the Byzantine sanctifying sins.With seven deadly the however,counted byhim among is hethis provesrule, that acertain thatonly doesaware being deservedisobediencerighteous he respected; be worldly to towards be to indeed needs ruler the Antim For bythree as seen Ivireanul, authors. itthese is history, guaranteeing freedom astate does deserve beto respe historical personal and the with histogether studies, thatofownUndoubtedly, with time. his compared even Romania, but arguments. He was thus avoice of adifferent world compared to that of t an wide contested increasingly Communist ownerprison and of Ph. a D. in constitutional law, wasamong the few who radically Commentary onLuke coming of Christ does not disappear. Thielman shows that, in w lift nationalthe flag, sellwe our andcoat buy a sword, we fordress a funeral, facewe the danger. justice and intelligence[…] But when there is no ot be no doubt for a Christian[…] Christianity does not call us only to blind obedience, but also to tolerance, wisdom, is aconflict bet there doing piracy under a foreign flag: as soon as the enemy ship was opening fire, the national flag was lifted[…] When

Nicolae Steinhardt, Nicolae A The stake of this thesis was to trace some patterns of the relationship between indivi When politics is confiscated by the Other [Mammon/Devil], you apply the rule of the English ships which were 1972,NicolaeSteinhardt, aIn Romanian who converted had to Jew Christianity the in Conclusion

s Frank S. Thielman points out, in Eusebius's later thought, the problem of the eschatology and the second ween divine commandments (natural law) and human commandments (positive law), there can 142 , the the ,

The Journal of Happiness (Jurnalul Fericirii)

Miron Co Vigilae Christianae Vigilae Theophany Theophany - mystical experience,made had himof aware thefact only that by

stin lives a in stin time when nobodybelieves heroesanymore,in as or the Proof the of theor Gospel - spread attitude of resignation which even used Christian , Vol.41,, No. 3, Sep. 1987, pp. 226 herchoice or chance to escape, any skillfulness is excluded: we

Cf. Cf. Frank S. Thielman, “Another Look at the Eschatology of cted. , Eusebius shows an uneasiness with this present

(Iasi: Polirom, 2008), pp. 333

orks such as the Extracts, Prophetic - 237 141 he 17 he

334 th

dual and and dual century century the the 64 ll

CEU eTD Collection questioning political evil, with Antim being the voice Ivireanul of long a di slow Romanianthe principalities were dragged well into the 18 moral the between are. anointed they as be Rulers, byGod, should good, wise Godand - believe does themselves- talented literary decorations. H moraland for teaching frommennations and from perishing damnation.Neculce sacrifices Ion the taste for synthesis Ecclesiastes relativization and judgement of warning divine bythe Inspired ofworl ambitions dly is frequentlyputbeyond, byglimpsesandexistence into intothe brackets through signs miracles. of and prudence, rulers praises wisdom, in faith God. product Historyis the of divine will, whi disasterswerethe foreign and any to raids oftenas so crush ambition.hubris He denounces the only the question the ofonly courage,but Christianity the which preferspeaceful Church a within thenot authorities. cohabitation Itis so characteristic for life under communism already present are here. Christianity of these parts of hadthe fewmouth feed” they to think of “lunatics”family” their “the whodidn’t and “neglected privatein life, family warmth intellectual and pursuits, of the future derision and blame on put of others the common ofthe goal establishing decentpolitical a community, Thus the general picture is that ssolution

, he believes that only believes, he that theculture, written - . missing believe is I , which that the seeds of the parallel existence, of taking refuge and they truly they and speak things terrible

and he expresses this in a few occasions has never been wider. - political project of the elites and an increasingly desperate situation in which

a schematic, stereotypical approach to merely history, using events hisin e is the bestfor issuited actuallye letting the events for the speak

also also of elite an does which not state

the the one ofone right discerning between wrong, and of having -

but hisbut attituderemains problematic. What he -

is that itis better to conform, to let things word, th

wisdom and fear of God can save wisdom of fear Godsave can and century with of feeling responsible fatefor the fearing. Withfearing. him, gap the

the radical problem of

the same inertia and - lasting trend

of the 65 i le le n CEU eTD Collection which theseforgotten politicallands.and theological shaped ideas politics asbeing succumbed m too religions, is dangerous.In equally words, problem the other is Christianity thatit Eastern of or paradise theology,Islam on Earth, as in thecaseofpolitical Byzantine irrelevant is, for me, the premise for inert as and worldly deeds ethics history, philosophical renders which or Adoctrine religion divine. variants,“direct”connection philosophical a the contemplation or with inmystical through the worldthe has taken too much from pagan/ orientalattitude the of avoiding his

sacred. Future research would have to exploit this direction, of analyzing sacred. researchdirection,of wouldthe exploit analyzing Future to this have uch to to uch combinationa of thesetwo trends ia andia tyranny. The attempt transform to in history -

politics as irrele vant moral category/ tory and achieving, modern political 66 CEU eTD Collection Onu, Bucure 1718), byS. Cris , Venice, translated Valachia HistoryHistoriography.” Theory, & pentru Fundaţia literatură Bucureşti, 2004. T December 2006 Technology to Modern State”the (1958). 1998 Press, Hannah. Arendt, Ş trempel, Bucharest, Minerva, 1972 Minerva, trempel, Bucharest, rans del Chiaro Ţ Miron.Costin, Letopiseţul Cochrane, Eric. “The Transition from Renaissance to Baroque. The Case of Italian Nicolae.The History ofCartojan, Old Romanian Literature (Istoria literaturii româ DanielBarbu, (ed.).The the Character of Romanians(Firea românilor) God) of service the in (Living Dumnezeu lui slujba în Balthasar, von.Hans Urs Trăind Ayduz, Salim Erich. Mimesis Auerbach, Antim Ivireanul, Bibl lated in Romanian by Marius inlated Ivaş Romanian byMarius iography ști, Gramar, 2007. ști, ,

. Anton Maria

. “The Rol“The

Complete works (Opere Critical), edition study introductory and by Gabriel , The Humansecond edition, Condition Chicago, University of Chicago e of Translations in the 18 the in ofe Translations , translated Iaş , translated Negoiţescu, Romanian byIon in . Revoluţ ării Moldovei ne . De ării 1980, Vol.19,pp.21-

ş , i artă, 1942. artă, i cu, Bucharest, Galaxia Guttenberg, Bucharest, cu, 2008. Foundation for Science,Foundation for Technology and Innovation iile

Valahiei - Cristian; In

amul moldovenilor. Viiaţ moldovenilor. amul ( th Istoria della Istoria Moderne Rivoluzioni della

century:Transfer ofModern Science and troduction byNicolaeIorga, I 38. , Bucharest, , Nemira, i, Polirom,i, 2000. a lumii , ed. Liviu , ed. Liviu ne vechi), aşi , Vi , aţ 67 a , ,

CEU eTD Collection (eds.), A Companion2002 Historical Thought,(eds.), Western to Oxford, Blackwell, Oakwood Publications pp.4, (2008), 211- articole morţ 2009. May Românească, 1929, Laura Treptow, forLaura Romanian Studies Center Oxford, Maiorescu) Antologie ( ” ebe a ipli rnoeec iaie peauu”, n on t Lază St. Ioan in prelatului”), imaginea brâncovenesc: timpului a embleă O Findlen, Paula. „Historical Thought in the Renaissance”, Paula.Thought „Historical the Findlen, in Lloyd in Kramer, Sarah Maza Evdokimov, Eliade, Mircea Dor Dobre Cristea, Gabor, Gabriela Gabor, Ivaş Nicolae.Iorga, Byzantium Byzantium after Keith. TheRomanians,Hitchins, 1774- Hanţ ii în Didahiile lui Antim Ivireanul - , Râ cu, George.cu, Istoria literaturii române Shav, Ethan. “Ecclesiastes. Fleeting and timeless”, Jewish Bible Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. ă, Alec. , Râmnicu- - Bog , Bucuresti, Minerva, 1985. Minerva, Bucuresti, , mnicu Valeriu dan, Cristina dan,

Paul. Paul. ( Maiorescu Titu forms until andliterary Ideas - , University of GodPress,. Zalmoxis.,University Chicago TheVanishing 1972. 221. Valcea, Conphys, 2004,pp.99- Introducere in opera. Introducere in Neculce Ion lui . Valcea, Conphys, 2004,pp.80- Valcea, Available from “An emblem brâncovenesc of The of Art the Icon: A TheologyBeauty of , 1989. .

“Hypostases of Death in Antim of“Hypostases in Death Ivire http://cimec.ro/Carte/delchiaro/index.html )” i Ia S. Lază St. Ioan in , 1866, Oxford,1996. Clarendon Press, , Vol. I, Bu, Vol.I, cureşti, Editura Ştiinţ 1969. ifică, , Introduction by Virgil Câ by, Introduction Virgil 103.

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Iasi, 2000. Iasi, , Bucuresti, Minerva,, Bucuresti, 1974. r, r, niin. nooi d sui ş studii de Antologie Antimiana. Idei ş , Translated by Steven Bi anu’s Didahii (Ipostaze ale i forme literare până la Titu pânăla literare forme i

prelate (Sacerdotium) ndea, Translated by .

, accessed on 20 r, r, . Antimiana

gham, 68 i

CEU eTD Collection Chicago Press, 1977. Chicago Costin) Bucureş 2004. Press, University personalitate articles ( Didahiile lui Antim Ivireanul moldoveni… Vasiletraducerii: Dem.Politică, Editura 1986. Bucuresti, Zamfirescu, Pur George note: şi germană limba din Traducere Purdea, George Wurtz, Bruno Southeastern Europe 1354- OttomanRule, under PeterF. Southeastern Sugar, TheBook Elvira. AnthologySorohan, Chronicles. of (Cartea cronicilor) Scarlat, Mircea. - Setoon Enache.Puiu, The Petrescu, Ioana Em . Neiman, Susan Eugen. Negrici, Eugen . Negrici, Moldovei. Ion. O LetopiseţulTarii samăNeculce, de cuvinte, Chiş Moldovan Grigore MironCostin,Neculce Moldovan Chroniclers. Ureche, Ion Manolescu, Nicolae. Jaspers, Karl. , Bucure ti, Academiei, Editura 1975. Antimiana. de Antologie studii Watson, of R.W.the Books,History Romanians,Archon 1963. A ) ) Ed. Dan Horia Mazilu, Ed. Dan Horia Bucureş , Bucharest, Du Style, DuBucharest, Style, 1997 (1972) , ști, Minerva, 1976. Texte filosofice . Introduction to Introduction to the work of (IntroducereMiron Costin în opera lui M Evil in Modern Thought in Modern Evil “Baroque de suggestionsAntim in Didahii(Sugestii in Ivireanul’s baroc Antimnality Ivireanul. Logosandperso (Antim Ivireanul. Logos

Life Configuraţ Istoria critică aromâneIstoria literaturii

n Wrs f io Csi (iţ ş (Viaţa Costin Miron of Works and , n on t Lază St. Ioan in ”, Peaă Dmtu hş, ere uda Slci textelor: Selecţia Purdea, George Ghişe, Dumitru Prefaţă: , ii, Cluj, Societatea Blaga”, Culturală 2002(1981). “Lucian ș i articole)i : ti, Humanitas, 1997. ti, Humanitas, An Alternative History of Philosophy . r (ed.), , Râ , mnicu Antimiana. Anthology of and studies , Bucureş - Valcea, Conphys,Valcea, 2004,pp.33- ti, Minerva,ti, 1990. i operai lui Miron Costin), , Seattle, University of1804, Seattle, inau, Litera, 1997. Litera, inau, , Iaş i, Junimea,i, 1986. dea, Controlul . ( , Cronicari P

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CEU eTD Collection Christianae Review, Human Origen in Beings Ma and Enciclopedica, Stiintificasi Editura 1978)Bucuresti, Critical edition and Thielman, Frank S. “Another Look at the Eschatology of Eusebius of in Caesarea”, Vigilae of Eschatology Eusebius the Look at S. “Another Thielman, Frank Dr. Terezis, Christos, Eugenia Tzouramani. “The Dialectic Relationship between God and Tănă Ş Steinhardt, trempel, Gabriel. Vol. 44, Nos. 1- cu, Manuela sescu, , Vol.41,No. 3,Sep.1987,pp.226- Nicolae. introductory study introductory Ş byGabriel The Journal of Happiness (Jurnalul Fericirii), The of (Jurnalul Happiness Journal Polirom,i, Iaş 2008. . “Introductory study”, in Antim Ivireanul, in AntimIvireanul, study”, “Introductory 4 (1999), pp.4 (1999), 329-

Romanian Small writers. dictionaire ximus in Confessor”, TheGreek the Orthodox Theological 339 237. trempel, 1972. Minerva, Bucharest, .

( Scriitori romani.Scriitori Micdictionar) Completeworks (Opere)

70 , ,