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Melawan Bolshevik.Pdf i MELAWAN BOLSHEVIK KRITIK KOMUNIS KIRI TERHADAP LENINISME DAN BOLSHEVISME HERMAN GORTER, SURAT TERBUKA PADA KAMERAD LENIN, 1920 Tanggapan atas: ‘V.I Lenin, Komunisme “Sayap Kiri”, Suatu Penyakit Kanak-kanak’ ii MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME MELAWAN BOLSHEVIK KRITIK KOMUNIS KIRI TERHADAP LENINISME DAN BOLSHEVISME HERMAN GORTER, SURAT TERBUKA PADA KAMERAD LENIN, 1920 TANGGAPAN ATAS: ‘V.I LENIN, KOMUNISME “SAYAP KIRI”, SUATU PENYAKIT KANAK-KANAK’ Penerjemah: Reyhard, Yerry Niko Penyelaras Akhir: Tim Daun Malam Ilustrasi Sampul: Tim Daun Malam Edisi Pertama 2017 Dicetak 2017 Penerbit Daun Malam Hak cipta bebas dan merdeka. Setiap makhluk dianjurkan dan dinasehatkan untuk mengkopi, mencetak, menggandakan, menyebar isi serta materi-materi di dalamnya. Email: [email protected] iii MELAWAN BOLSHEVIK KRITIK KOMUNIS KIRI TERHADAP LENINISME DAN BOLSHEVISME HERMAN GORTER, SURAT TERBUKA PADA KAMERAD LENIN, 1920 Tanggapan atas: ‘V.I Lenin, Komunisme “Sayap Kiri”, Suatu Penyakit Kanak-kanak’ iv MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME v Daftar Isi • Kata Pengantar — 1 • Catatan Istilah — 3 • Bagaimana Lenin Menggiring pada Munculnya Stalin — 7 • Memahami Pemberontakan Kronstadt — 29 • Perlawanan Pekerja terhadap Bolshevik & Lenin: G.T Myasnikov dan Kelompok Buruh Bagian 1 — 103 • Perlawanan Pekerja terhadap Bolshevik & Lenin: G.T Myasnikov dan Kelompok Buruh Bagian 2 — 143 • 1919-1922: Oposisi Pekerja — 170 • Komunis Kiri di Rusia Setelah 1920 — 181 • Memori Jan Appel — 245 • Otto Rühle 1920 Laporan dari Moskow — 268 • Herman Gorter, Surat Terbuka pada Kamerad Lenin, 1920 — 287 • BONUS: Nestor Makno dan Lenin — 478 vi MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME KATA PENGANTAR 1 Kata Pengantar ahun ini kita melewati 100 tahun per- Tingatan Revolusi Rusia 1917-2017. Banyak hal yang terjadi selama revolusi yang berlang- sung singkat hingga waktu kegagalannya. Revo- lusi ini ditutup dengan berdirinya rejim fasis antiproletar, Stalinisme. Kini, kami mencoba menghadirkan suara- suara dan arsip dari pandangan yang berbeda, yang banyaknya diselewengkan, ditutupi atau bahkan dikubur sekian lama di dalam gerakan kiri. Jika Soviet dan Eropa telah mengalami apa yang disebut masa-masa De-Stalinisasi, di benua Asia tidak terjadi hal semacam ini. Kami sangat menyarankan agar pembaca membaca pula buku terbitan Daun Malam ber- judul “Kaum Bolshevik VS Kontrol Pekerja karya penulis beraliran Trotkyis, Maurice Brinton agar dapat memahami lebih dalam pergulatan soal Kontrol Pekerja, cek https://daunmalam.tumblr. com untuk informasi lebih. 2 MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME Semoga bacaan ini membantu menumbuhkan sedikit pertanyaan di benak kaum kiri dan semoga banyak hal bodoh tidak terus berulang. Sebab mengulang-ulang kesalahan adalah bebal, dan bahwa generasi baru seharusnya membuat kesalahan baru dan bukan kesalahan dari 100 tahun yang lalu. Semoga. Jogja, akhir 2017 CATATAN ISTILAH 3 Catatan Istilah Bolshevik adalah kelompok militan yang tumbuh dari perpecahan di tubuh Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat Rusia (PBSDR). Bolshevik kemudian berhasil menjadi arus utama di dalam partai dan meraih kekuasaan dominan. Bolshevik setelah 1917 berganti nama menjadi Partai Komunis Rusia (PKR). Kelompok Buruh (CWG) di dalam Partai Komunis Rusia alias The Workers Group of the Rusian Communist Party dibentuk 1923 untuk melawan Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru (NEP) yang diperkenalkan di Rusia setelah Perang Sipil usai. Tokoh terkemuka dari Kelompok Buruh adalah Gavril Myasnikov . Partai Pekerja Komunis atau Communist Worker Party (CWP) merupakan kelanjutan dari Kelompok Buruh atau Group of Revolutionary Left Communists (CWG). Oposisi Kiri adalah sebuah faksi di dalam Partai Komunis Rusia (PKR) yang bekerja antara 1923 hingga 1927, secara de facto faksi ini dipimpin Leon Trotsky. 4 MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME Oposisi Pekerja dipimpin Alexander Shlyapnikov, yang juga ketua Serikat Buruh Metal Rusia. Para pemimpin lainnya adalah Alexandra Kollontai dan sejumlah pimpinan serikat buruh lain seperti Sergei Medvedev, Mikhail Vladimirov, Alexander Tolokontsev, Genrikh Bruno, Mikhail Chelyshev, Ivan Kutuzov, Kirill Orlov. Kelompok Demokratik Sentralis kadang disebut juga sebagai kelompok 15, Decis, Decemis adalah sekelompok kader yang kritis di dalam Partai Komunis Rusia (PKR). Mereka berkumpul mulai awal tahun 1920-an. Para pemimpin awal mereka adalah kaum Bolshevik tua seperti Valerian Obolensky-Ossinsky, Vladimir Smirnov, Timofei Sapronov, V. N. Maximovsky, M. S. Boguslavsky, A. Z. Kamensky and Raphail. Mereka kemudian bergabung dengan Oposisi Kiri-nya Leon Trotsky tahun 1923. Front Persatuan alias United Front adalah gagasan Lenin dan jajaran pimpinan kaum Bolshevik yang di-gol-kan dalam Internasionale Ketiga. Intinya adalah memaksa kelompok-kelompok Komunis di Eropa Barat (khususnya) untuk membentuk satu kelompok perjuangan dengan partai-partai Borjuis, Serikat Buruh kuning dan kelompok sosial demokrat untuk revolusi Komunis. Gagasan yang kemudian dijadikan kebijakan resmi gerakan komunis CATATAN ISTILAH 5 dunia ini ditentang habis-habisan kalangan revolusioner Eropa Barat terutama kelompok- kelompok Komunis di Jerman di bawah KPAD, kaum Bordigis di Italia dan sejumlah kelompok lain yang awalnya merupakan kelompok-kelompok revolusioner utama di Eropa Barat. Konsep United Front ini sendiri diubah-ubah kemudian sesuai kepentingan dalam negeri Negara Soviet dan kebijakannya terhadap negeri-negeri satelitnya. Cheka atau GPU merupakan polisi rahasia yang bertugas untuk melakukan kontrol ideologi dan penindasan terhadap lawan-lawan partai Bolshevik secara rahasia. Aktivitas Cheka/ GPU kemudian melebar dan juga dipakai untuk memusnahkan suara-suara dan kader- kader kritis di dalam partai Bolshevik/ Partai Komunis Rusia sendiri. Cheka/GPU akhirnya memiliki kekuatan tidak terbatas, karena memiliki kewenangan penyelidikan, penangkapan sekaligus penghukuman. 6 MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME BAGAIMANA LENIN MENGGIRING PADA MUNCULNYA STALIN 7 Bagaimana Lenin Menggiring pada Munculnya Stalin agi kaum kiri-jauh Leninis (komunis sayap Bkiri –ed), ambruknya Republik Sosialis Uni Soviet telah melontarkan lebih banyak pertanyaan ketimbang yang terjawab. Kalau Uni Soviet benar-benar merupakan sebuah ‘negara pekerja’, mengapa para pekerja tidak mau membelanya? Mengapa pada kenyataannya mereka menyambut hangat datangnya perubahan? Apa yang terjadi pada “revolusi politik ataukah kontra-revolusi berdarah”-nya Trotsky? Organisasi-organisasi Leninis yang tak lagi me- mandang Uni Soviet sebagai negara pekerja ju ga belum bisa lepas dari kontradiksi-kontra- diksi tersebut. Kalau memang Stalin merupakan sumber permasalahan, mengapa ada begitu ba- nyak pekerja Rusia yang menyalahkan Lenin serta pemimpin-pemimpin Bolshevik lainnya? Mitologi “Lenin, sang pencipta dan penopang revolusi Rusia” kini sekarat. Demikian pula yang 8 MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME akan terjadi pada semua kelompok Leninis karena, seiring arsip-arsip Soviet makin dibuka, akan semakin sulit untuk mempertahankan warisan Lenin. Sampai saat ini, kaum kiri di Barat telah menghindari dan memalsukan perdebatan tentang Lenin selama 60 tahun. Bagaimanapun, sekarang ini marak bermunculan artikel-artikel dan pertemuan-pertemuan oleh berbagai ke- lom pok Trotskyis yang berusaha meyakinkan pa ra pekerja bahwa Lenin tidak menggiring pada munculnya Stalin. Sayangnya, banyak dari perdebatan ini masih didasarkan atas fit- nah dan pemalsuan-pemalsuan sejarah yang telah menjadi gejala Bolshevisme sejak 1918. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan kunci mengenai unsur- unsur apa yang membentuk Stalinisme, dan kapan “Stalinisme” pertama kali muncul dalam prakteknya, dihindari demi mempertahankan re torika dan kepalsuan sejarah. Stalinisme didefinisikan oleh banyak ciri, dan sesungguhnya beberapa dari ciri-ciri ini sangat sulit ketimbang sebagian ciri lainnya untuk ditempatkan di kaki Lenin. Poin-poin panduan kebijakan luar negeri Stalin, misalnya, adalah ide tentang ko-eksistensi damai dengan Barat sembari membangun sosialisme di Re- BAGAIMANA LENIN MENGGIRING PADA MUNCULNYA STALIN 9 publik Sosialis Uni Soviet (“sosialisme di satu negeri”). Lenin sering dipresentasikan sebagai lawan ekstrem terhadap Stalinisme seperti itu, Lenin dipresentasikan sebagai orang yang mau menempuh risiko apapun demi terwujudnya revolusi internasional. Akan tetapi, cerita ini, sebagaimana juga banyak cerita lainnya, tidak- lah sepenuhnya seperti apa yang terlihat. Poin- poin lain yang akan dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai ciri Stalinisme mencakup pem- bentukan sebuah negara satu partai, tidak ada kontrol terhadap perekonomian oleh kelas pe- kerja, kekuasaan diktatorial individu-indi vi du terhadap massa masyarakat, pelibasan secara bru tal terhadap aksi-aksi pekerja, dan penggu - naan fitnah serta penyelewengan sejarah ter- hadap kelompok-kelompok kiri lainnya. SOSIALISME DI SATU NEGERI Perjanjian Brest-Livtosk tahun 1918, yang menarik Rusia keluar dari Perang Dunia I, juga menyerahkan sebagian sangat besar wilayah Uk- raina kepada bangsa Austro-Hungaria. Jelaslah, ketika itu tidak ada potensi untuk meneruskan sebuah perang konvensional (khususnya setelah kaum Bolshevik menggunakan slogan “ke da- 10 MELAWAN BOLSHEVISME maian, roti, tanah” untuk memenangkan du­­ku- ngan massa). Namun demikian, hadirnya ge- rakan Maknovis di Ukraina jelas menunjukkan se buah potensi revolusioner yang sangat besar di kalangan petani dan pekerja Ukraina. Tidak ada upaya yang dilakukan guna mendukung atau menopang kekuatan-kekuatan yang memang berusaha untuk melakukan sebuah perang re- volusioner melawan bangsa Austro-Hungaria. Mereka dikorbankan demi mendapatkan sebuah interval untuk membangun “sosialisme” di
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