Il Discorso Politico Culturale Del «Deutscher Geist

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Il Discorso Politico Culturale Del «Deutscher Geist Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna in cotutela con Bergische Universität Wuppertal DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN CULTURE LETTERARIE, FILOLOGICHE, STORICHE Ciclo XXVII Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 10/E 1 Filologie e letterature medio-latina e romanze Settore Scientifico disciplinare: L-Fil-Let/09-Filologia e linguistica romanza IL DISCORSO POLITICO CULTURALE DEL DEUTSCHER GEIST IN GEFAHR DI ERNST ROBERT CURTIUS Presentata da: Annamaria Bercini Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore professoressa Luisa Avellini professoressa Patrizia Caraffi Relatore Prof. Dr. phil. Earl Jeffrey Richards Esame finale anno 2015 2 Un caloroso ringraziamento va ai relatori di questa tesi, la professoressa Patrizia Caraffi dell’Università di Bologna e il professor Earl Jeffrey Richards della Bergische Universität Wuppertal, per la cura sollecita e le preziose indicazioni di ricerca. Un sincero grazie a Francesco Rosa che si è occupato di tutto. 3 4 Indice Introduzione p. 7 1 La posizione nazionale di Ernst Robert Curtius nel Deutscher Geist p. 15 in Gefahr 2 Lo schieramento neonazionalista 2.1 Le tendenze principali p. 31 2.2 La rivista «Die Tat» (1932-1934) p. 36 2.3 La rivoluzione conservatrice p. 53 3 La posizione liberale e conservatrice di Ernst Robert Curtius 3.1 Ordine e ragione p. 59 3.2 Liberale e conservatore p. 60 3.3 La posizione sovranazionale p. 77 3.4 Il pensiero conservatore europeo p. 98 3.5 La scelta politica di Thomas Mann p. 108 3.6 Bilanci p. 112 4 Oswald Spengler, Il tramonto dell’Occidente p. 121 5 Il carteggio tra Ernst Robert Curtius e Friedrich Gundolf p. 141 6 Hans Naumann, Deutsche Nation in Gefahr p. 155 7 Il modello di Hugo von Hofmannsthal p. 173 8 La controversia con Karl Mannheim 8.1 Letterati radicali di sinistra p. 187 8.2 Il relazionismo p. 195 8.3 Ideologia e utopia p. 201 Bibliografia p. 219 Traduzione del Deutscher Geist in Gefahr p. 231 Criteri di traduzione p. 233 Ernst Robert Curtius, Lo spirito tedesco in pericolo p. 235 Indice p. 237 5 Prefazione p. 239 1. Demolizione della Bildung e odio per la cultura p. 241 2. Nazione o rivoluzione? p. 255 3. Crisi dell’università p. 267 4. Sociologia o rivoluzione? p. 287 5. Umanesimo come iniziativa p. 305 Postfazione p. 325 6 Introduzione Nella situazione di pericolo Ernst Robert Curtius vede una straordinaria opportunità di rinnovamento. Con le parole di Friedrich Hölderlin, ma dove è il pericolo, cresce / anche ciò che dà salvezza,1 poste in apertura del Deutscher Geist in Gefahr, Curtius chiarisce immediatamente al lettore quale sia il suo atteggiamento di fronte alla grave crisi in cui versa la Germania nel 1932. In questo modo intende prendere le distanze da tutti coloro che rispondono con il rifiuto, la negazione e la paura ai mutamenti iniziati alla fine del XIX secolo. Questi sentimenti dominano il fronte ideologico neonazionalista, di destra e della rivoluzione conservatrice. Esso è segnato in profondità da quell’atteggiamento di pessimismo culturale descritto da Fritz Stern nel saggio The Politics of Cultural Despair.2 Il denominatore comune del neonazionalismo è rappresentato dal totale rifiuto di tutto ciò che costituisce un legame con l’Europa occidentale: liberalismo, razionalismo, Illuminismo, cultura classico-mediterranea, modernità, democrazia, confronto politico e società di massa. Si tratta di una posizione radicale e stereotipata che Curtius non riconosce come propria e da cui vuole nettamente distinguersi. Curtius investe certo di significative riserve l’Illuminismo, il razionalismo, la politica democratica e la società di massa, ma non si tratta di un rifiuto categorico, quanto piuttosto di operare delle distinzioni e di chiarire i problemi nelle loro diverse sfaccettature. Egli si pone sempre il proposito di distinguere e di mostrare i molteplici aspetti di un fenomeno in apparenza semplice ed univoco. Avverte come proprio compito quello di combattere i luoghi comuni e i giudizi facili e generalizzanti. Rifiuto, negazione e paura di fronte al pericolo si trovano anche nelle posizioni rivoluzionarie, nelle quali Curtius non vede altro che la volontà di distruggere quanto si è consolidato nel corso del tempo e l’incapacità di elaborare qualunque «iniziativa» per il futuro. Queste posizioni sono proprie sia del neonazionalismo sia degli schieramenti marxisti. Rifiuto e negazione dominano infine agli occhi di Curtius gli atteggiamenti, da lui ritenuti nichilisti, di numerosi intellettuali come Karl Mannheim, che usano il 1 F. Hölderlin, Patmos, in Id., Tutte le liriche, Milano, Mondadori, 2001, qui pp. 314 s., vv. 3 s. 2 F. Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair. A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology, Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1961. 7 razionalismo come arma per distruggere ogni sincera «fede» nell’idea del bello, del giusto e del buono. Si tratta per Curtius di un razionalismo esasperato, costrittivo e deleterio. L’intero capitolo 2 del Deutscher Geist in Gefahr è dedicato ad una serrata condanna delle posizioni neonazionaliste, programmaticamente rappresentate, tra gli altri, dalla rivista «Die Tat». Nel periodo compreso tra aprile 1932 e marzo 1933 questa rivista non controbatte altrettanto estesamente alle osservazioni polemiche di Curtius. Solo in due occasioni vi si fa riferimento. In entrambi i casi la sua posizione intellettuale è qualificata come «liberale». Per la «Tat» le idee liberali sono vecchie e sorpassate. Vengono rintracciate in ampi settori della vita pubblica, culturale, politica ed economica, come il parlamentarismo, il socialismo, il conservatorismo, le aperture internazionali, il sistema bancario e l’individualismo. In ambito artistico-letterario l’atteggiamento liberale è associato alla tradizione dell’Umanesimo classico e al dialogo con la cultura delle altre nazioni occidentali. Che il pericolo rappresenti una straordinaria opportunità, addirittura un’ancora di salvezza per la vita del singolo e della comunità, è ribadito al centro del Deutscher Geist in Gefahr, a metà del terzo capitolo. Parlando della crisi dell’insegnamento universitario in Germania, Curtius riporta le seguenti parole di Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Non siamo tanto più poveri quanto più siamo al sicuro, tanto più ricchi quanto più siamo esposti al pericolo? – non ci si deve esporre sempre di nuovo? Non aleggia un fiato di morte e di disfacimento su tutti quegli istituti dove la vita viene posposta al meccanismo della vita, negli uffici, nelle scuole pubbliche, nell’esercizio sicuro della funzione dei sacerdoti e via dicendo?3 Agli occhi di Hofmannsthal e di Curtius il pericolo rappresenta l’occasione per attingere di nuovo alla vita. Nelle parole di Hofmannsthal è concentrata l’essenza del ragionamento svolto nel Deutscher Geist in Gefahr. La Bildung, la cultura, la nazione, l’università, l’individuo, la società, l’Umanesimo sono certo minacciati e in parte già danneggiati dalle componenti ostili della realtà del 1932. I fattori che agiscono negativamente sono l’insulsa boria nazionalista; il confronto politico finalizzato al perseguimento di interessi particolari; la volontà, tanto di destra quanto di sinistra, di liquidare la tradizione culturale dell’Europa occidentale; la nuova società democratica e di massa abbandonata a se stessa, 3 H. von Hofmannsthal, Il libro degli amici, Milano, Adelphi, 20032, p. 12; E. R. Curtius, Deutscher Geist in Gefahr, Stuttgart/Berlin, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1932, p. 65. 8 al caos, e privata di qualsiasi forma di guida e ordine; un facile e comodo relativismo nei confronti dei valori dell’esistenza e della cultura, che non distingue tra ciò che vale di più e ciò che vale di meno e che si risolve in sostanza in una forma di indifferenza e nichilismo. Ma la crisi che attanaglia la Germania ha una causa originaria più profonda, che ha reso la nazione spiritualmente vulnerabile di fronte ai mutamenti degli ultimi decenni. La radice della crisi si trova nella perdita del contatto con la realtà e con la vita. Con realtà Curtius intende il mondo dei fatti (sviluppo tecnologico e diffusione del socialismo compresi) e le sue ripercussioni sulla sfera spirituale e psicologica delle persone; con vita intende la partecipazione appassionata, «personale» e «creativa» ai fatti della realtà e della cultura. In Germania la Bildung e l’Umanesimo hanno perso rapidamente, già nel corso del XIX secolo, ogni slancio vitale. Invece di affermarsi come alimento spirituale e morale dell’esistenza, si sono trasformati in erudizione, dottrina, esercizio accademico, materia di insegnamento, oggetto di ricerca scientifica: il «meccanismo della vita» ha prevalso sulla «vita». Solo abbracciando la Bildung umanistica la Germania trova l’unica posizione a cui di fatto essa storicamente appartiene, quella della cultura e della storia dell’Europa mediterraneo-occidentale. Per questo la Bildung umanistica deve trasformarsi in una sorgente di valori estetici e morali che attraverso l’«analogia» del passato col presente animino l’esistenza reale degli individui e delle comunità. Curtius trova il proprio modello di «esperienza» dell’Umanesimo nel Simposio di Platone, in cui si fondono reale contatto umano fra le persone, convivialità, gioia di vivere, scambio spirituale. L’Umanesimo può costituire una forza attiva a patto che si risolva in un’esperienza di «amore», quando cioè viene fatto proprio da coloro che già lo amano. Curtius dunque rifiuta qualunque piano di diffusione artificiosa, qualunque sforzo di convincere gli altri che l’Umanesimo sia buono e necessario: «l’Umanesimo […] rinunci alla propaganda e alle prediche. Ciascuno cerchi la salvezza dove gli pare. L’Umanesimo può e deve basarsi solo sulla libera adesione di coloro che lo amano».4 Gli amanti dell’Umanesimo possono trovare un particolare nutrimento estetico e spirituale negli scritti del Medioevo, da Agostino a Dante. Essi rivestono una particolare importanza per i tedeschi, e gli europei, del 1932. Nella crisi e nella barbarie dei cosiddetti secoli bui si prepara la rinascita delle fasi successive. I monaci salvano, copiano e trasmettono ai secoli seguenti i testi dell’Antichità greca e romana. È nel Medioevo da 4 Ivi, p.
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