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A Tale of Two States: a Comparative Study of Higher Education Reform and Its Effects on Economic Growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989

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A Tale of Two States: a Comparative Study of Higher Education Reform and Its Effects on Economic Growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989 Haston, Catriona M. (2010) A tale of two states: a comparative study of higher education reform and its effects on economic growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1780/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] A Tale of Two States: A Comparative Study of Higher Education Reform and its Effects on Economic Growth in East and West Germany 1945 – 1989 Catriona Macrae Haston BAHons; MPhil Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Economic and Social History Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences University of Glasgow Submitted September 2009 2 Abstract The hypothesis at the heart of this thesis is that long-term economic growth depends on the discovery and development of new ideas and technologies which enable innovation resulting in increased productivity. As technological innovation generally results from research processes instigated and performed by those with higher levels of education, it becomes important to analyse higher education as an economic actor as well as a symbolic institution of cultural and elite reproduction. The thesis compares the development of higher levels of human capital in East and West Germany over the period 1945 – 1990: states with two very different and competing myths of democratic legitimacy and radically opposed social, political and economic systems but both convinced that human capital development held the key to reconstruction and economic growth. In highlighting the imperatives for reform and outlining the main changes which took place in higher education within the strictures imposed by competing ideologies, the thesis assesses the effectiveness of human capital investment in terms of the success of the economic objectives identified by both countries. The thesis finds that the initial hypothesis is proven, albeit that its effectiveness was mitigated by a number of external economic shocks and internal social and political factors which, in the end, led to the demise of the East German regime. 3 Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 6 Acknowledgements 7 Author’s Declaration 8 List of Abbreviations 9 1 Introduction and Literature Review 10 Human Capital Development 12 Institutional Structure 19 Higher Education Historiography 27 Methodology 37 Chapter Outline 40 Part One: 1945 – ca. 1970 2 Higher Education in the German States 1800 - 1949 44 The Humboldtian University 45 Industrialisation and the Growth of the Technische Hochschulen 49 Higher Education in the Weimar Republic 55 The Rise of National Socialism 60 The Aftermath of World War II 65 Conclusion 69 3 Reform and Expansion of West German Higher Education 1945 – 1969 72 Restoration and Reconstruction 73 The Pre-reform Education System 75 Imperatives for Reform and Expansion 78 Reform and Expansion 89 Gaps in Technology US/FRG Comparison 94 Graduate Employability 98 Conclusion 102 4 Reform and Expansion of East German Higher Education 1945 – 1971 105 First Higher Education Reform 106 Second Higher Education Reform 113 The New Economic System 121 Third Higher Education Reform 124 Conclusion 132 4 Part 2: ca. 1970 – 1990 5 Change and Reform in West German Higher Education 1969 – 1990 136 1970s Rapid Expansion 137 Graduate Employability 143 Government Initiatives 146 1980s Changing Trends 150 Reform Initiatives 154 Higher Education and Economic Growth 158 Conclusion 162 6 Change and Reform in East German Higher Education 1971 – 1990 165 Restructuring Higher Education 166 Policy Reversal 175 Intensification and Rationalisation 182 Research in Higher Education 185 The Endgame 192 Conclusion 193 7 Conclusion 197 Questions 198 Challenges 199 Responses 202 Performance 210 Avenues for Future Research 214 Contribution to Historiography 214 Bibliography 216 5 List of Tables 2.1 Student Numbers in Technische Hochschulen 1890, 1900, 1910 53 2.2 Student Numbers in Universities and Technische Hochschulen (selected years 1913 – 1929) 57 2.3 Student Numbers in Universities and Technische Hochschulen (selected years 1929 – 1936) 62 3.1 Refugees from the German Democratic Republic 1949 – 1962 80 3.2 Immigration by scientists and engineers into the USA by last country of residence 1956 - 1966 81 3.3 Predicted growth in numbers of Abiturienten till 1970 (based on average annual growth rate from 1959) 83 3.4 Population of West German Länder 1939 – 1980 by age groups (in 1000s) 84 3.5 Abiturienten numbers 1957 – 1971 (1957 = 100) 90 3.6 Global indicators of R&D efforts in industrialised OECD member countries 1963 - 1964 95 4.1 Numbers of academics emigrating to the West 1955 - 1960 120 4.2 Level of output in selected socialist countries 1950 – 1969 (average annual % rates of growth) 131 5.1 University and Fachhochschule diplomas achieved in West Germany 1976 144 5.2 Percentage of student beginners West Germany 1977/78 – 1981/82 by type of institution 148 5.3 Desired course of study in West German Hochschulen by subject area 1972 – 1981 150 5.4 Employment in West Germany by economic area 1970 – 1989 by 1000s and % 158 6.1 Student numbers in East German Fach- and Hochschulen 1970 - 1980 168 6.2 Admissions to study technical sciences, agriculture and economics in East German Fach- and Hochschulen 1970 – 1980 and % change 170 6.3 GDR foreign trade by groups of countries 1971 - 1980 174 6.4 Student numbers in GDR Fach-and Hochschulen 1981 - 1988 177 6.5 Total reported inventions from GDR academic institutions for 1985 and 1986 189 6 List of Figures 3.1 West German higher education students in selected subjects 1955/56 – 1971/72 92 5.1 FRG Abiturienten expressing wish to pursue higher level education and those enrolling 1973 - 1981 152 6.1 Numbers registering for higher education in the GDR 1969 - 1988 177 7 Acknowledgements There are a great many people to whom I owe a great deal for their help and support during the preparation of this thesis. First and foremost must be my first supervisor Raymond G. Stokes who has been, in equal measure a tower of strength, a fount of knowledge, the soul of patience and a dispenser of calm. This thesis could not have been written without him. Thanks too go to my second supervisor, Catherine Schenk for her support and guidance. Grateful thanks go to the Faculty of Law, Business and the Social Sciences which funded my research. I cannot think of any environment more conducive to academic endeavour, or more friendly and supportive of its postgraduate students than the Department of Economic and Social History in the University of Glasgow. I am deeply grateful to it and to every single person in it for all they have done to facilitate this process. I am also greatly indebted to the department for help in financing my research trips to Germany and a number of conference trips and residential courses, for which I must also thank the Economic History Society and the Centre for Business History. A huge debt of gratitude is equally due to my fellow postgraduate students for chat, advice, solace, mutual reinforcement and of course, the ‘cake and comfort’ sessions. I cannot praise highly enough the advisors in the federal archives who were endlessly helpful and patient in finding and providing me with the primary source material necessary for the writing of this work. My thanks too go to Professors Anthony Nicholl and Jürgen Förster for their insightful and informative comments during long conversations about this project during my research trips to both establishments. None of this would have been in any way possible without the love, support and forbearance of friends and family, in particular my husband and daughters who must have sometimes wondered if this process would ever end. They have had to put up with a lot sometimes and I deeply appreciate it. Finally, I would like to dedicate this piece of work to the memory of the late Professor George Blazyca of the University of Paisley. If it had not been for his encouragement, support and belief in my abilities (when I had none) I would never have progressed beyond the completion of an ordinary degree, far less undertaken something of this complexity. I hope he would have been happy with the end result. 8 Author’s Declaration I certify that this is my own original work and that all sources used in producing it have been duly acknowledged and cited in the text. All translation from the original German is also my own unless indicated otherwise. This work has not been submitted for any other degree at the University of Glasgow or any other Institution. Catriona M. Haston 9 Abbreviations Used in the Text and Notes ABF Arbeiter/Bauer Fakultäten (Worker/Peasant Faculties) AdL Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften (Academy of Agricultural Sciences - GDR) AdW Akademie der Wissenschaften (Academy of all the Sciences – GDR) BLK Bund-Länder Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschungsförderung (Federal/Land Education Planning Commission) BMBW Bundesministerium für Bildung und
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