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ANATOMY for GYMNASTICS Level 1 Lecture 1 Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage

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ANATOMY for GYMNASTICS Level 1 Lecture 1 Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DE GYMNASTIQUE Av. de la Gare 12 1003 Lausanne Suisse Tél. (41-32) 494 64 10 Fax (41-32) 494 64 19 e-mail: [email protected] www. fig-gymnastics.com FIG ACADEMY ANATOMY FOR GYMNASTICS Level 1 Lecture 1 Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage Tendons & Ligaments Add to Bone Names Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Joints Additional Reference Information Booklet Joint Movements ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS Branches of anatomy & physiology GENETICS The science of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY The science of body structures and The science of body functions, the relationships among structures. that is, how the body parts work. Subdisciplines Study of Subdisciplines Study of Structures that emerge from the time of the CELL PHYSIOLOGY Functions of cells. EMBRIOLOGY fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Functional properties of nerve cells. DEVELOPMENTAL Structures that emerge from the time of the Hormones (chemical regulators in the fertilized egg to the adult form. ENDOCRINOLOGY blood) and how they control body ANATOMY functions. Chemical and microscopic structure of CYTOLOGY cells. CARDIOVASCULAR Functions of the heart and blood Microscopic structure of tissues. PHYSIOLOGY vessels. SURFACE Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and IMMUNOLOGY How the body defends itself against ANATOMY palpation. disease- causing agents. GROSS Structures that can be examined without RESPIRATORY Functions of the air passageways and ANATOMY using a microscope. PHYSIOLOGY lungs. SYSTEMIC Structure of specific systems of the body RENAL such as the nervous or respiratory Functions of the kidneys. ANATOMY systems. PHYSIOLOGY REGIONAL Specific regions of the body such as the SYSTEMIC Functions of specific organ systems. ANATOMY head or chest. PHYSIOLOGY RADIOGRAPHIC Body structures that can be visualized with EXERCISE Changes in cell and organ functions as ANATOMY x-rays. PHYSIOLOGY a result of muscular activity. PATHOLOGICAL Structural changes (from gross to PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Functional changes associated with ANATOMY microscopic) associated with disease. disease and aging. Human anatomy and physiology involves learning about the “generic” structures and processes that are found in most adults. Basics of the LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMS Skeletal System Articular System Muscular System Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage Tendons & Ligaments Add to Bone Names Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Joints Additional Reference Information Booklet Joint Movements ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS ANATOMICAL POSITION ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS SUPERIOR Away from head, or lower part of a structure Toward the head, or upper part of a structure INFERIOR ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS POSTERIOR ANTERIOR (Dorsal) (Ventral) Toward the back of Toward the front of the body. the body. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS LATERAL LATERAL Farther from Farther from midline midline ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS MEDIAL MEDIAL Nearer to Nearer to midline midline ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS Toward the surface of the body. SUPERFICIAL ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS Away from the surface of the body. DEEP ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS Farther from the trunk DISTAL PROXIMAL Nearer to the trunk Quiz 1. The more proximal joint in the arm A. elbow B. wrist 2. The more distal joint in the leg A. ankle B. knee 3. The most lateral part of the hand A. little finger B. thumb 4. The most medial part of the foot A. big toe B. little toe 5. The nose is ___?__ to the chin A. inferior B. superior y LONGITUDINAL AXIS DIRECTIONAL TERMS - Know the Axes 0 z TRANSVERSE x SAGITTAL AXIS AXIS (Anterior-Posterior axis) DIRECTIONAL TERMS FRONTAL PLANE - Know the Planes Divides into Front & back 0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in PLANES In the FRONTAL PLANE (abduction / adductiion) From Martini DIRECTIONAL TERMS SAGITTAL PLANE - Know the Planes Divides in 2 Sides 0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in Planes In the SAGITTAL PLANE (flexion / extension) From Martini DIRECTIONAL TERMS TRANSVERSE PLANE - Know the Planes Divides Top & bottom 0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in PLANES In the TRANSVERSE PLANE (Rotation) From Martini Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage Tendons & Ligaments Add to Bone Names Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Joints Additional Reference Information Booklet Joint Movements ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS Skeletal System 1.Bones a) Structure b) Function c) Names 1. THE STRUCTURE OF BONE 1. Compact bone is the solid, hard outside part of bones. Cancellous (spongy) bone is found at ends of long bones, inside the compact bone. 2. Bones are covered on the outside by a fibrous membrane, the PERIOSTEUM, to which tendons and ligaments will attach. 3. There are 2 kinds of bones. Long bones located in the limbs & short bones in the skull, spine, & pelvis. 1. THE STRUCTURE OF BONE spongy bone compact bone 1. THE FUNCTION OF BONE 1. Supports soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscles. 2. Protects internal organs. 3. Provides movement together with skeletal muscles. 4. Stores and releases minerals. 5. Contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. 6. Contains yellow bone marrow, which stores fats. 1. MAJOR BONES OF THE BODY Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius (lateral) Cubitus or Ulna Carpals (wrist) (medial) Metacarpals (hand) fingers Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia (lateral) (medial) Tarsals (ankle) toes Metatarsals (foot) Skeletal System 2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Articular cartilage Articular cartilage 2.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Articular (hyaline) cartilage 1. Provides smooth articular surfaces for movable (synovial) joints 2. It Protects through shock absorbing. 3. Has poor regenerative (healing) capacity. Damage can lead to degeneration of tissue 4. Mainly subjected to compression forces. Skeletal System 2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.2 Growth a) Structure b) Function 2.2 THE STRUCTURE OF GROWTH CARTILAGE Epiphysis Growth cartilage (physis) Growth cartilage Epiphysis (physis) 2.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH CARTILAGE Growth plate (physis) 1. Responsible for growth in height. 2. Fuses (ossifies) in late teens resulting in cessation of growth. 3. Note: bumps (tubercles) on bones for tendon attachment also have growth plates. Skeletal System 1. Bones 2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.2 Growth a) Structure b) Function 2.3 Fibrocartilage a) Structure b) Function 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE Fibrocartilage From Martini 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE Fibrocartilage (wrist) From Martini 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE Fibrocartilage (knee) From Martini 2.3 THE FUNCTIONS OF FIBROCARTILAGE 1. Provides articular pad for some movable (synovial) joints. 2. Provides tough union between structures. 3. Examples of fibrocartilage pads in joints: • between ulna & metacarpals (wrist) • between vertebrae • lateral & medial meniscus cartilage (knee) Skeletal System 1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3.1 Ligaments a) Structure b) Function 3.2 Tendons a) Structure b) Function 3.1 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGAMENTS Ligaments (knee) From Martini 3.1 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGAMENTS Ligament (wrist) From Moore 3.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS 1. Strong rope-like tissue joins bone to bone. 2. Ligamentous joint capsule surrounds (encapsulates) moveable (synovial) joints. 3. Capsule is also reinforced with ligaments. 4. There are some ligaments within joints (for example: knee & hip). 5. In joints between long bones of the limbs there are often thick ligaments on each side of the joint (collateral ligaments). 3.2 THE STRUCTURE OF TENDONS Tendons (arm) From Lindsay 3.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF TENDONS Tendons 1. Strong rope-like tissue that joins muscle to bone. 2. Inserts into the periosteum of bone with some fibers actually interwoven into bone matix. 3. Sometimes in sheets called fascia. 4. Some tendons also serve as joint stabilizers (rotator cuff of shoulder) In pairs, #1 and #2 Partners take turns answering questions given by lecturer… ANATOMY for FIG ACADEMY Gymnastics Level 1 Lecture 1 CONTRIBUTORS Keith Russell, PhD (CAN) principal author The FIG appreciates the collaborative Adrian STAN (ROM, GBR) efforts by expert individuals who have worked to develop these presentations..
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