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Home , Anatomical terminology

FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DE GYMNASTIQUE

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Tendons &

Add to Bone Names

Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Additional Reference Information Booklet Movements

ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS Branches of anatomy & physiology

GENETICS The science of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring.

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY The science of body structures and The science of body functions, the relationships among structures. that is, how the body parts work.

Subdisciplines Study of Subdisciplines Study of

Structures that emerge from the time of the PHYSIOLOGY Functions of cells. EMBRIOLOGY fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Functional properties of cells.

DEVELOPMENTAL Structures that emerge from the time of the Hormones (chemical regulators in the fertilized egg to the adult form. ENDOCRINOLOGY ) and how they control body ANATOMY functions. Chemical and microscopic structure of CYTOLOGY cells. CARDIOVASCULAR Functions of the and blood Microscopic structure of tissues. PHYSIOLOGY vessels. SURFACE Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and IMMUNOLOGY How the body defends itself against ANATOMY palpation. disease- causing agents. GROSS Structures that can be examined without RESPIRATORY Functions of the air passageways and ANATOMY using a microscope. PHYSIOLOGY .

SYSTEMIC Structure of specific systems of the body RENAL such as the nervous or respiratory Functions of the kidneys. ANATOMY systems. PHYSIOLOGY REGIONAL Specific regions of the body such as the SYSTEMIC Functions of specific systems. ANATOMY or chest. PHYSIOLOGY

RADIOGRAPHIC Body structures that can be visualized with EXERCISE Changes in cell and organ functions as ANATOMY x-rays. PHYSIOLOGY a result of muscular activity. PATHOLOGICAL Structural changes (from gross to PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Functional changes associated with ANATOMY microscopic) associated with disease. disease and aging.

Human anatomy and physiology involves learning about the “generic” structures and processes that are found in most adults.

Basics of the LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMS Skeletal System Articular System Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage

Tendons & Ligaments

Add to Bone Names

Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Joints Additional Reference Information Booklet Joint Movements

ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS ANATOMICAL POSITION ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

SUPERIOR Away from head, or lower part of a structure Toward the head, or upper part of a structure INFERIOR ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR (Dorsal) (Ventral)

Toward the back of Toward the front of the body. the body. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

LATERAL LATERAL

Farther from Farther from midline midline ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

MEDIAL MEDIAL

Nearer to Nearer to midline midline ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Toward the surface of the body. SUPERFICIAL ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Away from the surface of the body. DEEP ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Farther from the trunk DISTAL

PROXIMAL Nearer to the trunk Quiz 1. The more proximal joint in the A. B. 2. The more distal joint in the leg A. B. 3. The most lateral part of the A. little B. 4. The most medial part of the A. big B. little toe 5. The is ___?__ to the A. inferior B. superior y LONGITUDINAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS - Know the Axes

0

z TRANSVERSE x SAGITTAL AXIS AXIS (Anterior-Posterior axis) DIRECTIONAL TERMS FRONTAL PLANE - Know the Planes Divides into Front & back

0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in PLANES

In the FRONTAL PLANE (abduction / adductiion)

From Martini DIRECTIONAL TERMS - Know the Planes Divides in 2 Sides

0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in Planes

In the SAGITTAL PLANE (flexion / extension)

From Martini DIRECTIONAL TERMS - Know the Planes Divides Top & bottom

0 MOVEMENT about AXES (red dots) in PLANES

In the TRANSVERSE PLANE (Rotation)

From Martini Overview OVERVIEW Anatomical Terminology ANATOMY LECTURE Level 1 Bone 1 Lecture 1 Cartilage

Tendons & Ligaments

Add to Bone Names

Joints in General The concepts presented LECTURE are supported by the 2 Specific Joints Additional Reference Information Booklet Joint Movements

ANATOMY CONTRIBUTORS Skeletal System

1. a) Structure b) c) Names 1. THE STRUCTURE OF BONE

1. Compact bone is the solid, hard outside part of bones. Cancellous (spongy) bone is found at ends of long bones, inside the compact bone. 2. Bones are covered on the outside by a fibrous membrane, the , to which tendons and ligaments will attach.

3. There are 2 kinds of bones. Long bones located in the limbs & short bones in the , spine, & . 1. THE STRUCTURE OF BONE

spongy bone compact bone 1. THE FUNCTION OF BONE

1. Supports soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscles. 2. Protects internal organs. 3. Provides movement together with skeletal muscles. 4. Stores and releases minerals. 5. Contains red , which produces blood cells. 6. Contains yellow bone marrow, which stores fats. 1. MAJOR BONES OF THE BODY

Clavicle

Humerus

Radius (lateral) Cubitus or Carpals (wrist) (medial) Metacarpals (hand) Pelvis (lateral) (medial)

Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Skeletal System

2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Articular cartilage

Articular cartilage 2.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

1. Provides smooth articular surfaces for movable (synovial) joints

2. It Protects through shock absorbing.

3. Has poor regenerative (healing) capacity. Damage can lead to degeneration of

4. Mainly subjected to compression forces. Skeletal System

2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.2 Growth a) Structure b) Function 2.2 THE STRUCTURE OF GROWTH CARTILAGE

Growth cartilage (physis)

Growth cartilage Epiphysis (physis) 2.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH CARTILAGE

Growth plate (physis) 1. Responsible for growth in height. 2. Fuses (ossifies) in late teens resulting in cessation of growth. 3. Note: bumps (tubercles) on bones for attachment also have growth plates. Skeletal System

1. Bones 2. Cartilage 2.1 Articular a) Structure b) Function 2.2 Growth a) Structure b) Function 2.3 a) Structure b) Function 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE

Fibrocartilage

From Martini 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE

Fibrocartilage (wrist)

From Martini 2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FIBROCARTILAGE

Fibrocartilage (knee)

From Martini 2.3 THE FUNCTIONS OF FIBROCARTILAGE 1. Provides articular pad for some movable (synovial) joints. 2. Provides tough union between structures. 3. Examples of fibrocartilage pads in joints: • between ulna & metacarpals (wrist) • between vertebrae • lateral & medial cartilage (knee) Skeletal System

1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3.1 Ligaments a) Structure b) Function 3.2 Tendons a) Structure b) Function 3.1 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGAMENTS

Ligaments (knee)

From Martini 3.1 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGAMENTS

Ligament (wrist)

From Moore 3.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS

1. Strong rope-like tissue joins bone to bone. 2. Ligamentous surrounds (encapsulates) moveable (synovial) joints. 3. Capsule is also reinforced with ligaments. 4. There are some ligaments within joints (for example: knee & ). 5. In joints between long bones of the limbs there are often thick ligaments on each side of the joint (collateral ligaments). 3.2 THE STRUCTURE OF TENDONS

Tendons (arm)

From Lindsay 3.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF TENDONS Tendons 1. Strong rope-like tissue that joins muscle to bone. 2. Inserts into the periosteum of bone with some fibers actually interwoven into bone matix. 3. Sometimes in sheets called . 4. Some tendons also serve as joint stabilizers ( of ) In pairs, #1 and #2

Partners take turns answering questions given by lecturer… ANATOMY for FIG ACADEMY Gymnastics Level 1 Lecture 1

CONTRIBUTORS

Keith Russell, PhD (CAN) principal author The FIG appreciates the collaborative Adrian STAN (ROM, GBR) efforts by expert individuals who have worked to develop these presentations.