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Foundational Concepts of Myology and Kinesiology LWBK788-Ch1 01-11 LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 3 1 Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements

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Foundational Concepts of Myology and Kinesiology LWBK788-Ch1 01-11 LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 3 1 Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements LWBK788-Ch1_01-11_LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:02 PM Page 1 PART ONE Foundational Concepts of Myology and Kinesiology LWBK788-Ch1_01-11_LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 3 1 Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements CHAPTER OUTLINE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Lateral Inversion of the Foot Anatomical Position Superficial Eversion of the Foot Body Regions Deep Elevation Planes of Reference MOVEMENTS Depression Protraction Directional Terms Flexion Retraction Anterior Extension Upward Rotation Posterior Rotation Downward Rotation Superior Abduction Chapter Summary Inferior Adduction Workbook Proximal Circumduction Palpation Exercises Distal Horizontal Abduction Review Exercises Medial Horizontal Adduction KEY TERMS Anatomical position: a standard body position that is used to provide Medial: closer to the midline consistent orientation to the body from which directional terms are Lateral: farther from the midline referenced. Body is standing erect while head, feet, and palms face forward. Ipsilateral: pertaining to the same side Cephalic region: region of the head Contralateral: pertaining to the opposite side Cranium: includes top and back of the head Unilateral: one-sided, typically either right- or left-sided Thorax: region of the body between the neck and abdomen Bilateral: two-sided, typically right- and left-sided Sagittal plane: plane that divides the body into left and right sections Superficial: closer to the surface Frontal (coronal) plane: plane that divides the body into front and back Deep: sections farther from the surface Flexion: Transverse plane: plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections bending movement that occurs at a joint Dorsiflexion: Anterior: front or toward the front ankle movement, in which the top of the foot moves toward the front of the leg Posterior: back or toward the back Plantarflexion: ankle movement, in which the sole of the foot moves Superior: above downward, toward the back of the leg, or causes us to rise up on our toes. Inferior: below Lateral flexion: movement of neck, trunk, or lower spine that involves Proximal: closer to the trunk, typically used in reference to an extremity bending to the side Distal: farther from the trunk, typically used in reference to an extremity Extension: straightening movement that occurs at a joint 3 LWBK788-Ch1_01-11_LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 4 4 PART 1 FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF MYOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY Hyperextension: the movement of extension beyond anatomical position Inversion of the foot: movement of the sole of the foot inward toward the Rotation: a turning movement that occurs at a joint midline Supination: a turning movement that occurs within the forearm, causing Eversion of the foot: movement of the sole of the foot outward toward the forearm to rotate laterally the side Pronation: a turning movement that occurs within the forearm, causing Elevation: upward movement the forearm to rotate medially Depression: downward movement Abduction: a movement bringing a body part away from the midline or Protraction: movement in an anterior or forward direction out to the side of the body Retraction: movement in a posterior or backward direction Adduction: a movement bringing a body part closer to the midline or Upward rotation: turning movement of the shoulder blade or scapula, across the midline of the body such that the right scapula turns counterclockwise or the left scapula or Circumduction: movement of a body part in a circular direction, shoulder blade turns clockwise combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction Downward rotation: turning movement of the shoulder blade or scapula, Horizontal abduction: movement of a limb in a horizontal manner away such that the right scapula turns clockwise or the left scapula or shoulder from the midline of the body blade turns counterclockwise Horizontal adduction: movement of a limb in a horizontal manner toward and/or across the midline of the body his chapter is designed to provide you with the ter- which directional terms are referenced (determined). Western minology needed to study the muscles and move- anatomical position includes the following characteristics: Tments of the body. We begin with a study of 1. Standing erect (upright) anatomical language. Massage therapists frequently commu- 2. Arms at the sides nicate with each other and with other health care profes- 3. Facing forward (both head and feet) sionals, as well as with clients. Anatomical language allows you to communicate with precision and clarity about anatom- 4. Palms facing forward ical structures and locations, and the health issues that your Body Regions clients may be facing. In addition, you will need to under- stand anatomical language as you look at the many illustra- Anatomists have divided the body into several distinct re- tions included in this text. The pictures are shown from gions and named them with specific anatomical language. different perspectives and angles and are labeled with The head or cephalic region is subdivided into the cranium anatomical terms to help you understand the orientation of and face. The cranium includes the top and back of the head, the picture. For many students, the study of anatomical lan- and the face includes the area from the eyebrows down to the guage is like learning a foreign language. Give yourself chin. The neck region lies between the head and the chest. enough study time to grasp the terms we will use. The thorax is the region between the neck and the abdomen. After we cover anatomical language, we will explore the The front of the thorax is typically called the chest, and the names of the movements we can perform. Understanding the back of the thorax is commonly called the upper and mid back. terms that describe our body’s movements will be essential The abdominal region lies between the thorax and the pelvis, for studying the muscles and their actions. and the pelvic region is the area between the abdomen and the lower extremities. When combined, the thorax, abdomen, ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY and pelvis make up the trunk. In addition, the armpit area is called the axilla, and the front of the elbow is the antebrachial Because of the complexity of the body, a whole system of ter- area. The groin area is called the inguinal area. minology has been developed to help accurately describe the The extremities are divided into distinct areas, as well. In orientation of each part of the body to the other parts and to anatomical language, the arm is defined as the body part be- the whole. These terms may be grouped into four categories: tween the shoulder and the elbow. The forearm is defined as anatomical position, body regions, planes of reference, and the body part between the elbow and the wrist. In anatomi- directions. cal language, the thigh is defined as the body part between the hip and the knee, and the leg is defined as the body part Anatomical Position between the knee and the ankle. Anatomical position refers to a standard body position that Figure 1-1 shows a person in anatomical position, with is used to give us a consistent orientation to the body from body regions labeled. LWBK788-Ch1_01-11_LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 5 CHAPTER 1 Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements 5 Head (cephalic) Chest Armpit (axillary) (thoracic) Arm (brachial) Sternum Front of elbow Upper (antecubital limb or cubital) Abdomen Forearm (abdominal) (antebrachial) Groin Wrist (inguinal) (carpal) Pelvis Thigh femoral Lower limb Leg (crural) A B FIGURE 1-1 • Anatomical position showing the body regions. Planes of Reference include the following: The eyes and nose are on the anterior as- The anatomical planes of reference are another tool useful for pect of the face. A client complained of soreness in his anterior thighs. describing the body. Anatomical structures can be depicted from different perspectives to illustrate particular views. The Posterior plane that divides the body into right and left sections is Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body or the back called a sagittal plane. The plane that divides the body into of a body part, or closer to the back. Examples of using the term front and back (anterior and posterior) sections is called a include the following: The spine is most palpable on the posterior frontal or coronal plane. The plane that divides the body aspect of the body. A client has a sunburn on his posterior neck. into upper and lower portions is called a transverse plane. Figure 1-2 illustrates the planes of the body: A ϭ sagittal, Superior B ϭ frontal or coronal, C ϭ transverse. Superior (or cephalad) means above or refers to a location closer to the top of the head. This term is generally applied to Directional Terms the head, neck, and trunk (and not the extremities). Examples Directional terms allow us to communicate precisely about of using the term include the following: The chin is superior to the locations of bodily structures. We will use these terms fre- the navel. A client’s headache is felt directly superior to her eyes. quently to describe the locations of muscles and their at- tachment sites to bones. Inferior Inferior (or caudal) means below or closer to the feet. This Anterior term is generally used when referring to a location in the Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body or the front head, neck, and/or trunk. Examples of using the term include of a body part, or closer to the front. (Palmar is a similar term, the following: The chin is inferior to the nose. A client is experi- referring to the palm of the hand.) Examples of using the term encing back pain directly inferior to the 12th rib. LWBK788-Ch1_01-11_LWBK788-Ch1 1/11/11 10:03 PM Page 6 6 PART 1 FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF MYOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY FIGURE 1-2 • Planes of the body.
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