Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology What You Will Learn

1. How anatomy and physiology are related 2. The levels of organization in the human body 3. The major requirements of organisms 4. Homeostasis 5. The locations of the major body cavities 6. The organ systems 7. Anatomical terminology

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. 1.1 Origins of Medical Science • Early healers depended on superstition and magic. • Followed by observations of injuries, wound healing, and dead bodies. • This evolved into experimentation and creation of new terminology for anatomy & physiology. • Finally, study of corpses and cadaver dissection brought new knowledge of the human body.

Physiology: The study of the functions of the human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to nature” The structure of organs and parts of the human body determines the function.

All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which consist of atoms. • Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells 아원자입자 • Atom: tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon) • Molecule: particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose) • Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein) • Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) • Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell) • Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue) • Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach) • Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system) • Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)

Movement Change in position of the body or of a Digestion Breakdown of food substances into body part; motion of an internal organ simpler forms that can be absorbed and used Responsiveness Reaction to a change inside or outside Absorption Passage of substances through the body membranes and into body fluids

Growth Increase in body size without change in Circulation Movement of substances in body fluids shape

Reproduction Production of new organisms and new Assimilation Changing of absorbed substances into cells different chemical forms

Respiration Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon Excretion Removal of wastes produced by dioxide, and releasing energy from foods metabolic reactions (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)

The events inside the body which obtain, release, and utilize energy are the main part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. 1.5 Maintenance of Life 1. Requirements of Organisms Life requires / depends on 5 environmental factors: 1) Water: • most abundant substance in body. • environment for metabolic processes. • required for transport of substances. • regulation of body temperature. 2) Food: • provides necessary nutrients. • supplies energy. • supplies raw materials for building living tissue.

4) Heat: • heat is a form of energy in our environment. • helps maintain body temperature. • partly controls rate of metabolic reactions.

5) Pressure: • application of force on an object. • atmospheric pressure – important for breathing. • hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing.

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms: Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed.

There are 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism: Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli

Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the set point

Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

• Human body consists of 2 main portions: o Axial (몸통) portion: head, neck, and trunk o Appendicular (팔다리) portion: upper and lower limbs

두개강(머리뼈공간) Dorsal body cavity 배측체강 (등쪽몸공간)

척수강 (척주관)

흉강(가슴안)

Ventral body 횡경막(가로막) cavity 복측체강 (배쪽몸공간)

복강(배안)

복골반강 (배골반안) 골반강(골반안)

종격(가슴세로칸)

심막강(심장막공간)

Orbital cavities 이마굴(전두동) 안와(눈구멍) Middle ear cavities 중이강(가운데귀) 나비굴(접형동)

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by double- layered serous membranes (장막), which secrete serous fluid (장액) (slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers).

Serous membranes consist of 2 layers: • Visceral layer (내장쪽층): inner layer, which covers an organ • Parietal layer (벽쪽층): outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

Examples of serous membranes: Pleura (가슴막, 흉막, around lungs in thorax) Pericardium (심낭막, 심장막, around heart in thorax) Peritoneum (복막, 배막, around abdominopelvic organs)

Integumentary System: Protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D Skeletal System: Framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement Muscular System: Movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture.

Figures 1.16 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. Cardiovascular System: Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells and wastes Lymphatic System: Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. Digestive System: Receives food, breaks down food, excretes waste Respiratory System: Exchange of gases Urinary System: Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance, blood pressure

Organ System Major Organs Major Functions Integumentary Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands Protect tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors Skeletal Bones, ligaments, cartilages Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts Muscular Muscles Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid Control metabolic activities of body structures gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus) Cardiovascular Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body Lymphatic Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection Digestive Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, Receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small unabsorbed material and large intestines Respiratory Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine Reproductive Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, into female reproductive tract Produce and maintain egg urethra, penis Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an vagina, clitoris, vulva embryo, and function in birth process

Aging occurs from the microscopic to the whole-body level. These are some of the changes that occur with aging: • Hair loses pigment, becomes gray or white • Skin wrinkles due to decrease in subcutaneous fat • Skin stiffens due to decrease in collagen and elastin • Percentage of fats in the tissues increases • Elevated blood pressure may become hypertension • Elevated blood glucose may become type 2 diabetes mellitus • Tissues atrophy and organs shrink • Cells reach end of ability to undergo cell division, as they lose tips of chromosomes • Metabolic rate decreases • Decreased production of enzymes and other proteins • Some will develop dementia / Alzheimer disease

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. 1.8 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position: • Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward • Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a person standing in anatomical position.

• Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal (toward the back)

• Medial (toward the midline) / Lateral (away from midline)

• Bilateral (paired structures; on both sides)

• Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)

• Proximal (close to point of attachment to trunk) / Distal (farther from point of attachment to trunk)

• Superficial (close to body surface) / Deep (more internal)

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. 2. Body Sections or Planes • Sagittal section: longitudinal cut that divides body into left and right portions o Mid-sagittal/Median section: divides body into equal left and right portions o Parasagittal section: sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions • Transverse or Horizontal section: divides body into superior and inferior portions • Coronal or Frontal section: longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

 Levels of organization  Five requirements of organisms  Homeostasis  Body cavities  Serous membranes  The organ systems  Anatomical terminology