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Disconnected Realities Within Icelandic Agriculture

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Disconnected Realities Within Icelandic Agriculture Disconnected realities within Icelandic agriculture A field study of farmers' narratives on the changing landscape of domestic agricultural production in Hrunamannahreppur, Southern Iceland Hrönn Thorkelsdóttir Cover photo: Aerial photo of the town Fludir in Hrunamannahreppur ©Hannes Einar Einarsson, 2016. Department of Human Geography Masters Thesis, 30 HE Credits Geography Globalization, Environment and Social Change (120 Credits) Spring Term 2020 Supervisor: Anders Wästfelt Thorkelsdóttir, Hrönn (2020). Disconnected realities within Icelandic agriculture; A field study of farmers' narratives on the changing landscape of domestic agricultural production in Hrunamannahreppur, Southern Iceland. Human Geography, advanced level, master thesis for master exam in Globalization, Environment and Social Change, 30 ECTS credits. Supervisor: Anders Wästfelt Language: English Abstract This thesis is situated in the academic sphere of human geography. The overall aim is to identify the current challenges and possibilities Icelandic farmers face in terms of changes in importation laws. This research is exemplary in its field as it uses the narratives of the stakeholders, farmers in this case, as the main data source. The research questions were as following: Is there an agricultural cluster in the region and if so, how does it work; what challenges and possibilities do farmers in the municipality of Hrunamannahreppur face in terms of the recent import law and lastly; according to the farmers, how do policies and laws in Icelandic agriculture ensure long-term farming practices in Iceland. The thesis uses theories of agricultural localization theory, cluster theory and the concepts of competitive and comparative advantages along with the concept of food self-sufficiency. The methods used are semi-structured qualitative interviews during a field study in southern Iceland. Data sources include seven qualitative interviews with farmers in the selected area, a review of agricultural policies and frameworks, and other sources such as articles and media. The main findings are that there is an unexplained disconnect within agriculture and its actors, indicating that policies give preferentiality to economic gain rather than preserving long-term farming in Iceland. Keywords Agricultural clusters, innovation, competitive advantage, comparative advantage, agricultural frameworks, sustainability, farmers’ narratives, food self-sufficiency, long- term farming, Icelandic agriculture. 1 Acknowledgements I want to extend my gratitude to the participants of the research who welcomed me with open arms in short notice to make this thesis a possibility and guide me to other interesting individuals to interview. They provided profound answers, insights, and new discoveries which were very interesting to learn about. Furthermore, an extended gratitude to all the others in the region that supported my research and rooted me on. I would also like to thank my supervisor Anders Wästfelt for constructive, enthusiastic, and inspiring comments and feedback. Lastly, I would like to thank my daughter Mariam Heba for having tremendous patience during this process, and my extended family and friends for emotional support, grammar checks and pep-talks. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 2 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2.0 Aim and relevance of thesis ....................................................................................... 6 3.0 Background ................................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Natural conditions of Iceland .................................................................................. 7 3.2 Agriculture in Iceland ............................................................................................. 9 3.3 Agricultural frameworks, subsidies plans, and laws ............................................. 10 3.3.1 Subsidies plans ............................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Agricultural framework .................................................................................. 11 3.4 Changes in importation laws ................................................................................. 12 3.5 Present day situation in Icelandic agriculture ....................................................... 12 4.0 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................. 15 4.1 Agricultural localization theory ............................................................................ 15 4.2. Cluster theories .................................................................................................... 16 4.3 Clusters in Agriculture .......................................................................................... 17 4.4 Competitive and comparative advantage .............................................................. 18 4.4.1 Competitive advantage ................................................................................... 18 4.4.2 Comparative advantage .................................................................................. 19 4.5 Food self-sufficiency ............................................................................................ 20 5.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 21 5.1 Methods in Human Geography ............................................................................. 21 5.2 Qualitative research strategy ................................................................................. 21 5.2.1 Critique of qualitative research ...................................................................... 22 5.3 The research processes .......................................................................................... 23 5.3.1 Semi-structured interviews ............................................................................. 23 5.3.2 Location of field study ................................................................................... 24 5.3.3 Sampling method............................................................................................ 25 5.3.4 The qualitative interviews .............................................................................. 25 5.3.5 Thematic coding ............................................................................................. 28 5.4. Ethical statement .................................................................................................. 28 5.5. Limitations and Covid-19 Statement ................................................................... 29 6.0 Results ...................................................................................................................... 31 3 6.1 Clustering in Hrunamannahreppur ........................................................................ 31 6.2 Innovation within the region ................................................................................. 33 6.3 Advantages in the region ...................................................................................... 35 6.4 Concerns on import and regulations ..................................................................... 36 6.5 Food Security ........................................................................................................ 37 6.6 Changing consumption patterns & market demand .............................................. 37 6.7 A disconnect between farmers, policies, and consumers ...................................... 39 6.8 Sustainable and Organic farming .......................................................................... 40 7.0 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 42 7.1 Localization, advantages, and importation laws ................................................... 42 7.2 Disconnect between actors within agriculture ...................................................... 45 8.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 48 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 55 4 1.0 Introduction The conditions for agriculture in Iceland are shaped by the natural landscape and geology of the island. The island is mostly formed of lava, volcanic rock, and sedimentary rocks. There are numerous active volcanoes on the island and vast areas that are vulnerable for wind and water erosion. The agricultural sector has short cultivation cycles as temperatures are unusually low in the summer, well below average for other Nordic countries (Johannesson, 2010). Iceland has an abundance of natural resources that are unique in a global perspective; those include the access to geothermal water, high quality cold water and hydropower electricity which is not a common feature with other nearby countries in Europe. Due to its location and geological limitations the country is highly dependent on importation of for instance, oil, machinery,
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